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WORD, v., Vid. EXPRESS.
WORDY, verbosus (of persons and things ; using many words, or containing many words).
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WORK, s., || An outward action, opus (the proper word) : factum (thing done). Good works, recte, honeste facta (Cicero) : if = a virtuous life, virtus ; vita sancta (ib. ) : bad works, male facta ; maleficia (ib. ) : a work of love, of mercy, factum ab amore, a misericordia profectum. To make short work with anything, rem præcidere. || Labor, opus : opera : labor [SYN. in LABOR]. || Task, doing, opus. To complete a work begun, opus cœptum perficere, pertexere : it seems hardly like the work of men, vix humanæ opis videtur (Livius, 10, 29) : this is the work of a single man, hoc ab uno fit (Cicero, Mil., 33, 90). To begin or undertake a work, aggredi, suscipere aliquam rem ; inchoare opus ; ad opus faciendum se conferre (after Cicero) : to have a great work on hand, magnum opus habere in manibus (Cicero, Acad. 1, 1, 2) : to leave a work unfinished, opus omittere, inchoatum relinquere (after Cicero) : to put the finishing hand to one’s work, extremam manum operi imponere (Vergilius) ; summam manum imponere operi (Seneca) : this is not my work, hoc ego non feci ; hoc non per me factum est (after Cicero) : it is evidently the work of chance and accident, casu et fortuito aliquid factum esse apparet (Cicero) : clerk of the works, exactor operis (Columella, 3, 13, 10 ; cf. Livius, 45, 37). || A thing wrought and completed, product, opus ; factum. A little work, opusculum. || Plural, works = fortifications, etc., opera, plural ; munitiones ; munimenta. || Plural, works of a machine, machina : compages. || A written composition, opus ; also, corpus : monumentum (e. g., opera, monumenta Græcorum) : a small work = a little book, libellus ; opusculum (a short or trifling piece of composition, Horatius).
WORK, v., Intransitively, || To labor, opus facere (especially of agricultural labor ; for which we find more rarely operari) : laborem subire, obire : operam dare alicui rei : operam locare, ponere, consumere in aliqua re (Cicero) : in opere esse (Seneca) : in opere occupatum esse (Cæsar) : (of literary work), literarum studia exercere (Cicero) ; doctrinæ studiis navare (Johann August Ernesti) : to work with the needle, acu pingere (to embroider) : suere (to sew) : to work by lamp or candle light, especially before daybreak, lucubrare : to work all night, ad laborem nullam partem noctis intermittere : to work day and night, opus continuare diem et noctem : to work for pay, operam suam locare ; for anybody, alicui : work and pray, ora et labora ; auspicare laborem a precationibus (Ianus). || To exert force, take effect, vim habere (not vim exserere, which is not Latin) : efficacem esse (to work or be effective). The medicine works, concipitur venis medicamentum ; does not work, medicamentum imbecillius est quam morbus : the medicine works so powerfully, tanta vis est medicamenti : the medicine works well, commode facit (Celsus) : to work upon anything, vim habere or exercere in aliquid ; on anybody, aliquem or alicujus animum movere or commovere. || To ferment, vid. Transitively, tractare aliquid (general term, to handle anything) : dolare, edolare aliquid (to cut with a carpenter’s axe, wood, etc. Respecting asciare and exasciare, vid. HEW) : subigere (to prepare thoroughly, by kneading, ploughing, etc. ; e. g., bread, leather, land) : colere, excolere aliquid (to cultivate ; figuratively educate) : that can be easily worked, tractabilis : to work a ship, navem agitare (after Nepos) : to work land, agrum colere, moliri, arare (to plough) ; a mine, fodinam. || To work at, laborare : elaborare in aliqua re (to work hard at anything with a view to a result ; but elaborare aliquid = to pursue anything with great pains ; in Cicero only in the passive) : operam dare alicui rei ; versari or operam et studium collocare in re (to be occupied with anything) : to work at a fresh or anew, retractare (to take in hand again ; a writing, etc. ) : recolere (to cultivate again ; land, etc. ) : de integro facere (to make quite new again ; e. g., a play, fabulam). || To work off, tollere (to clear by work) : * opera sua compensare (to pay a debt by labor, instead of money) : at a printing-press, * librum typis exscribere, describere, exprimere (not imprimere) [vid. To PRINT]. || To work out = To work carefully and in all parts, elaborare (but in classic prose only in the passive, especially in the perfect participle) ; perficere, also with diligenter : concoquere (properly, to digest ; then, figuratively = to think over ; e. g., what has been read ; Seneca, Ep., 84, 6 ; for which Ep. 2, 4, ed. Rup., has excoquere) : = To get through by labor and diligence, perfodere : penetrare per aliquid (to penetrate through) : emergere re and ex re (figuratively, to work one’s way out from ; e. g., mendicitate) : tollere (to clear ; e. g., a debt by work).
WORK-BASKET, quasillus : calathus. Vid. BASKET.
WORK-DAY, dies negotiosus (opposed to dies sacer, Tacitus) : dies profestus (opposed to dies festus, Livius).
WORK-HOUSE, ergastulum (a house of correction ; at least, implying the idea of compulsory labor). To send to the work-house, in ergastulum ducere or dare. If only = poor-house, ptochotrophium or ptochium (Code Justinian).
WORKING, tractatio : tractatus (the handling a thing) : fabricatio : fabrica (artificial working, fabricating, e. g., æris et ferri) : cultio : cultus (the cultivation of land ; cultus also of the mind). To consider a thing worth working, dignum statuo aliquid, in aliquo elaborem. A working bee, apis mellificans (Cf., mellifera only in poetry) ; apis quæ mellificio studet : a working-day, dies negotiosus (considered as occupied in labor) ; dies profestus (not kept as a holiday).
WORKMAN, opifex (general term) : artifex (an artisan, a handicraftsman who employs skill, although only mechanical) : faber (one who works in hard materials, usually with an adjective, denoting his occupation ; e. g., faber tignarius, a carpenter ; faber ferrarius, a smith. Hence, artisans employed in a building, and those in the army employed in fortifying a camp, etc., were called fabri ; vid. Herzog, Cæs., B. G., 5, 11 ; also, Cicero, Cat., 4, 8, 17, includes workmen in the expression, qui in tabernis sunt) : the commonest workman, opifex vilissimæ mercis : a workman who sits at his work, sellularius (in Livius, 8, 20, distinguished from opifex : opificum vulgus et sellularii) ; sedentaria cujus opera est (Columella, 12, 3, 8) : workman’s tools, fabrilia (plural).
WORKMANSHIP, opus (often with by circumlocution ; e. g., vas præclaro, or antiquo, opere factum, of superior, ancient workmanship).
WORK-SHOP, officina (general term ; properly and figuratively) ; also, locus confecturæ (Plinius, 13, 12, 23) : fabrica (work-shop of a faber ; i. e., smith, carpenter, etc. ). The work-shops lie close below, opera fabrilis jacet (Seneca, Benef., 6, 38, 3) : textrina ; textrinum (for weaving) : artificium (of an artisan ; Cicero) ; also, pergula aitificii (Plinius).
WORK-WOMAN, operaria (Plautus, facete). If = needle-woman, puella or mulier quæ acu victum quæritat (vid. Terentius, Andr., 1, 1, 48) : * femina acu opus faciens.
WORLD, || The universe, mundus : universum : universitas : rerum universitas : natura rerum : res creatæ : before the foundation of the world, ante mundum conditum, creatum : ante res creatas : ante initia rerum : from the beginning of the world, inde a primis rerum initiis : inde a mundo condito. || The globe and its contents, orbis terræ, or orbis only (the globe) : orbis terrarum (the world, so far as it was known to the Romans) : terræ (countries). To sail round the world, orbem terræ circumvehi (Cf., not circumnavigare) : the old world, * orbis antiquus : the new world, * orbis norus ; * orbis recens cognitus ; * partes orbis terrarum recentiore ætate inventæ : the rulers of the world, terrarum principes (Livius) : a citizen of the world, totius mundi incola et civis (Cicero, Tusc., 5, 37, 108, where κόσμιος is translated mundanus, and explained by qui totius mundi se incolam et civem arbitratur) ; incola mundi. || Men of the same age or generation, homines qui nunc vivunt, qui nunc sunt, reperiuntur in orbe terrarum : homines, genus hominum : the ancient world, antiquitas ; antlqua tempora. || Things as they are, res quæ nunc sunt : ordo rerum, qualis hodie, qualis nunc, est : quite a new world, alia ætas ; novus rerum ordo (Bauer) : another world (in the Roman sense), inferi : locus inferorum : orcus ; (in the Christian sense), * altera vita : * mortui, mortuorum vita. || Men in general, especially men and things with which we are conversant, homines : vulgus (the greater number) : such is the world, sic vivitur (Cicero, Fam., 2, 15, 2) ; sic vita hominum est (Cicero, Rosc. Am., 30, 84) ; sic vita fert (Cicero, Att., 12, 22, 4) ; sic sunt homines, sic vulgus est (Terentius) : the way of the world, hominum mores ; sæculum : the great world, celebritas hominum ; celebrior vita ; sol ; lux : to publish to all the world, in publico proponere aliquid : a man of the world, homo politus et urbanus : homo lautus (Cicero) : morum peritus : omni vita et victu excultus atque expolitus (polished, refined) : hominum tractandorum peritus (practised, not inexperienced) : knowledge of the world, notitia hominum, rerum, temporum (Tacitus, Dial., 29) : to know the world, nosse, cognitos habere homines : multum versatum esse cum hominibus : to be ignorant of the world, non nosse homines, or hominum mores : imperitum esse
hominum or rerum : all the world knows it, omnes homines hoc sciunt : neminem fugit : nemo ignorat : the bravest man the world ever saw, unus post homines natos fortissimus vir (Cicero) : || Men of a certain class ; e. g., the literary world, homines docti, literati, eruditi (Cicero) ; better than civitas literaria (Wolf) ; civitas literata, erudita : respublica literaria. (Cf., Avoid orbis terrarum eruditus (Wyttenback). [Vid. “REPUBLIC of Letters. “] The fashionable world, homines cultiores, elegantiores. || Things temporal (opposed to things eternal), res humanæ : res vanæ, fluxæ, caducæ : (with reference to earthly pleasures) voluptates : illecebræ voluptatum (Cicero) : love of the world, rerum humanarum, etc., amor, studium, admiratio : contempt of the world, despicientia rerum : to live to the world, to love the world, deditum esse, servire voluptatibus : captum esse rebus vanis, studiis pravis : the wicked world, homines impii, mali, perditi. || Great number, vis : vis magna. || In the world (as an expletive), tandem (e. g., how in the world? quonam tandem modo? or by circumlocution ; e. g., I am the most unhappy man in the world, prorsus nihil abest, quin sim miserrimus, Cicero, Att., 11, 15, 3).
WORLDLINESS, rerum humanarum, vanarum, fluxarum, terrarum amor, studium, admiratio.
WORLDLY, || Earthly, terrester : terrenus (Cf., mundanus, in this sense, is not classical). || Human, humanus. || Secular, not spiritual, profanus. civilis. || Vain, addicted to things temporal, vanus : rerum inanium amans : voluptatibus deditus : a worldly mind, rerum inanium amor et studium. κυρικιμασαηικο
WORM, Properly, vermis (general term) ; diminutive, vermiculus (Plinius) : curculio (in grain) : tinea (that eats books, clothes, etc. ) : teredo (that eats wood, clothes, etc. ) ; (vermis) lumbricus (Celsus) ; * lumbricus teres (Linnæus ; in the human body) : the worms (as a disease), verminatio : to have worms, verminare : full of worms, verminosus (Plinius). [Vid. also, GLOW-WORM, SILK-WORM. ] || Figuratively. Ligament under a dog’s tongue, vermiculus ; lytta (Plinius) : to cut out this worm, lyttam exsecare. || The thread of a screw, Greek περικόχλιον (no term in Latin). || Anything tormenting, ægritudo animum exedens (of grief) ; morsus, stimuli, cruciatus (conscientiæ).
WORM-EATEN, vermiculosus (of fruit) ; cariosus (of wood). To be worm-eaten, vermiculari ; carie infestari ; in cariem verti.
WORMED, verminosus (full of worms ; said of fruit, and of the human body).
WORM-HOLE, vermiculatio (in fruit ; Plinius) : caries (in wood ; Vitruvius, Plinius).
WORMWOOD, absinthium (Plinius) : * artemisia absinthium (Linnæus). A decoction of wormwood, absinthii decoctum : poculum absinthiatum (Seneca, Suasor., 6) : wormwood wine (vinum) absinthiatum (Palladius) ; absinthites (Plinius, Columella)
WORMY, verminosus (Plinius) : vermiculosus (Palladius).
WORN, Vid. WEAR.
WORRY, || To tear, lacerate, laniare : dilaniare : lacerare : dilacerare. || To tease, harass, vexare : affligere : cruciare : exercere : male habere : molestia or incommodo afficere aliquem.
WORSE, deterior (that which has degenerated, from good to bad) : pejor (that which was originally bad, but is now more evil than it was). To make worse, deterius facere or in deterius mutare aliquid (to make worse instead of better ; opposed to corrigere) : in pejus mutare or vertere et mutare (opposed to in melius mutare) : corrumpere : depravare (to corrupt, deprave) : aliquid exulcerare (e. g., pain, dolorem ; affairs, matters, res) : exasperare aliquid (e. g., a cough, tussim) : to make anything worse (i. e., represent a thing worse than it really is), aliquid verbis exasperare : to make the evil worse, malum augere (to increase an existing evil) : malum malo addere (to add a new evil to one already existing) : you would only make the evil worse, in ulcere tamquam unguis exsisteres (Proverbially, Cicero, Dom., 5, 12). To grow worse, deteriorem fieri (to grow worse instead of better : e. g., anybody’s circumstances) : pejorem fieri (of a sick person ; Celsus, 3, 5) : in pejorem partem verti et mutari : in pejus mutari (to turn to the worse) : aggravescere : ingravescere (to become more oppressive, of any evil ; e. g., an illness) : the matter cannot grow or get worse than it already is, pejore loco non potest res esse, quam, in quo nunc sita est : the disease is growing worse and worse, in dies morbus ingravescit : to have grown worse, deteriore statu or conditione esse : pejore loco esse (relative to quality, circumstances, etc. ) : he will not be the worse for it, * non male sibi consultet. Proverbially. His bark is worse than his bite, vehementius latrat quam mordet. Vid. also, BAD.
WORSHIP, v., venerari : adorare (the latter, the stronger ; both with the addition ut deum, when the object is a person ; vid. Suetonius, Vit., 2) : colere (deos, in deorum numero ; by formal rites, etc. ). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) venerari et colere : aliquem admirari, colere, colere et observare (to admire greatly, esteem highly). Proverbially. To worship the rising sun, (semper) ad id, unde aliquis flatus ostenditur, vela dare (Cicero, De Or., 2, 44, 187) : Cf., adorare not in Cicero.
WORSHIP, s., veneratio : adoratio (act of worshipping, by prayer or other such homage) : cultus (by sacrifices). Divine worship, Dei cultus ; divinus cultus (general term) : res divinæ (things relating to the Deity) : sacra, -orum, neuter (everything which pertains to external worship, sacrifice, etc. ) : to celebrate divine worship, sacra procurare : sacris operari : res divinas rite perpetrare : to be present at divine worship, rebus divinis interesse (of the priest) : sacris adesse (of the people ; vid. “to be PRESENT”) : pertaining to divine worship, * ad Dei cultum (or ad res divinas, or ad sacra) pertinens : your worship (as a title), reverentia vestra (after Plinius, Paneg., 95, 6).
WORSHIPFUL, venerandus : venerabilis : admirandus : summa observantia colendus.
WORSHIPPER, cultor (deorum) : admirator (an ardent admirer). To be a worshipper of anybody, admirari, or magnopere, mirifice colere et observare aliquem (after Cicero) : to have a host of worshippers, multis esse admirationi : in multorum admiratione esse : multos habere sui studiosos et observantes (after Cicero).
WORST, adjective, pessimus. To bear or put up with the worst of things, æquo animo ferre, quod extremum est : I am the worst off, pessimo loco sunt res meæ : in the worst case, pessime ut agatur (after Cicero, Verr., 3, 47, 112) : anybody is one’s greatest or worst enemy, aliquem sibi inimicissimum or infestissimum habere : to suffer the worst, ultima pati : to make the worst of anything, aliquid in majus credere (to believe it worse than it is) : aliquid in majus accipere (to take it unnecessarily ill) : when the worst (of a disorder) is over, ubi inclinata jam in melius valetudo est (Celsus) : when patients are at the worst, quum (ægroti) pessimi sint (Celsus).
WORST, v., Vid. CONQUER.
WORSTED, s., * lana facta, tractata.
WORSTED, adjective, laneus.
WORT (herb), herba.
WORT (unfermented beer), mustum (hordei).
WORTH, s., || Value, pretium : æstimatio (properly) : pretium : dignitas (figuratively). [Vid. VALUE. ] || Excellence, virtus : great worth, præstantia : a man of great worth, vir singulari virtute præditus. Vid. EXCELLENCE, MERIT.
WORTH,
WORTHY, adjective, dignus aliqua re (Cf., not with a genitive ; neither can dignus be used without its case : also, observe that “worthy that, ” “worthy of, ” “worthy to, ” followed by a verb or participle, must be expressed by dignus qui, with a subjunctive ; dignus, with an infinitive passive, is found only in poets and in inferior prose).
Worthy of credit, fide dignus : dignus cui fides habeatur : worthy of commendation, dignus laude : laudandus : dignus qui laudetur : to esteem anybody worthy, dignari ; dignum habere, ducere, putare, judicare, existimare ; of anything, aliqua re, or with qui, quæ, quod : to be worthy, valere (to be valued at) ; in pretio esse, or pretii esse, with the genitives magni, parvi, pluris, etc. ; pretium habere, emi, vendi aliquo pretio (to be bought or sold at a certain price) : corn is worthy nothing, annona pretium non habet : corn is worthy a little more, annona carior fit : estates are now worthy nothing, nunc jacent pretia prædiorum : a sesterce is worthy two ases and a half, sestertius efficitur ex duobus assibus et tertio semisse : sestertius exæquat duos asses et tertium semissem : it is worth more to me than another thing, potior res est : it is worth while, operæ pretium est : if they be worth seeing, si videndo sint (Cicero) : to be worth more, pluris esse. || Worthy = good ; vid.
WORTHILY, digne : pro dignitate : pro merito.
WORTHINESS, dignitas, or by the adjective.
WORTHLESS, || Physically, vilis, parvi pretii (without great value or price) : tenuis (slight, poor) : levis (without intrinsic value) ; facete also levidensis : nullius pretii (of metals, etc., without value) : rerum inops (of writings ; vid. Horatius, A. P., 322) : inanis (void ; e. g., speech, letter) : miser (miserable, pitiable) : malus (bad) : corruptus (spoiled). || In a moral point of view, malus (inclined
to evil : opposed to bonus) : pravus (spoiled). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) malus pravusque : improbus (not acting in a proper manner) : nequam ; nihili (worth or good for nothing; opposed to frugi, especially of slaves) : inutilis (not fit for anything). A worthless person (rascal, squanderer, etc. ), nebulo ; also, homo nulla re bona dignus : to be worthless, nihili esse (vid. Cicero, Qu. Fr., 1, 2, 4) ; nullius pretii esse. Vid. also, CORRUPT.
WORTHLESSNESS, parvum pretium : tenuitas (want of importance) ; levitas (opposed to gravitas).
WOT, Vid. KNOW.
WOUND, s., vulnus (inflicted by a weapon or other sharp instrument) : plaga (by any instrument intended to injure) : ulcus (an open sore that has begun to fester : Cf., cicatrix is a scar, mark of a healed wound). To re-open or tear open a wound, recentem cicatricem rescindere : to irritate a wound, refricare obductam jam cicatricem : to sew up a wound, suturis oras vulneris inter se committere (Celsus) : to close up a wound, vulnus glutinare (of drugs which have that effect) : to bind up wounds, vulnera obligare : to inflict wounds (on a state, province, etc. ), vulnera (reipublicæ, provinciæ, etc. ) imponere : to be lame from or in consequence of a wound, claudicare ex vulnere wounds in front, vulnera adversa : cicatrices adversæ ; on the back, vulnera aversa.
WOUND, v., || Properly, vulnerare (general term, to inflict a wound ; i. e., to divide the flesh, etc., with a sharp instrument, τιτρώσκειν) : sauciare (to reduce to a wounded or unsound state, τραυματίζειν ; to put hors de combat : sauciare is said to denote the effect of the cutting instrument, and so the depth of the wound ; vulnerare, the effect of the cut, and so the separation of the parts, the open wound ; but Cf., sauciare, although classical, is rare ; it is not found in Cæsar). To wound severely, grave vulnus alicui infligere : to be severely wounded, graviter vulnerari : gravi vulnere ici : grave vulnus accipere : to wound mortally, alicui plagam mortiferam infligere : to be mortally wounded, mortiferum vulnus accipere. || Figuratively, vulnerare (e. g., animos ; aliquem verbis, voce) : lædere (to injure more or less slightly ; e. g., alicujus famam) : Cf., sauciare, in this figurative sense, is found only in Plautus.
WOUNDED, vulneratus (general term) : saucius (so as to be unfit for fighting ; the proper term for those wounded in battle) : Cf., attritus= galled ; ulcerosus = full of sores.
WOVEN, Vid. WEAVE.
WRANGLE,
WRANGLING : Vid. QUARREL, QUARRELING.
WRAP, || Properly, involvere ; (in anything), in aliqua re (e. g., sal in linteolo) : obvolvere (to wrap round, muffle up, cover over). To wrap up in paper, charta amicire (Horatius, Ep., 2, 1, 270) : to wrap a child in swaddling clothes, infantem involucris colligare (Plautus, Amph., 5, 1, 52) : to be well wrapped up, curiose vestimentis involvi or involutum esse (e. g., curiose vestimentis involvendus est, ne frigus ad eum aspiret, Celsus). || Figuratively, involvere (the proper word) : velare (to veil) : tegere (to cover) : obducere (to put round as a veil) : to wrap one’s self up in his virtue, sua virtute se involvere (Horatius, Od., 3, 29, 5).
WRAPPER, involucrum : tegumentum.
WRATH, ira : iracundia : bilis : stomachus : excandescentia : ira et rabies. SYN. in ANGER, vid.
WRATHFUL, iratus : iræ plenus : ira incensus. Vid. ANGRY.
WRATHFULLY, irate : irato animo : iracunde.
WREAK, to weak one’s vengeance upon anybody, ultione se explere (Tacitus, Ann., 4, 25) ; odium or animum satiare (Cicero) ; pœna alicujus satiari (Livius, 29, 9, fin. ).
WREATH, s., || Something curled or twisted : by tortus with the substantive. || A garland, sertum ; plural serta (Cf., corolla = chaplet). Vid. GARLAND.
WREATH, v., torquere : contorquere (to twist) : severe : nectere (to join).
WRECK, s., || Properly, navigium (a shipwreck) : navis fracta (a shattered ship) : navis or navigii reliquiæ (the remnants of a shattered ship). The timbers of a wreck, tabulæ navis fractæ. || Figuratively, Ruin, vid.
WRECK, v., frangere. To be wrecked, frangi ; naufragium facere (Cf., not naufragium pati) ; ad scopulos allidi or affligi ; saxis impingi (by striking on rocks) ; naufragio interire (to perish by shipwreck).
WREN, regulus (Auctor ad Carmen de philomela. ) : * motacilla regulus (Linnæus).
WRENCH, Vid. FORCE, SPRAIN.
WREST, || Properly, (vi) extorquere aliquid alicui (not ab aliquo, which is correct only of extorting money, corn, etc. ) : exprimere alicui aliquid : eripere alicui aliquid : per vim auferre alicui aliquid. To wrest anything out of anybody’s hands, extorquere aliquid de or ex manibus alicujus (but not de or ex aliquo) ; eripere de or e manibus alicujus. || Figuratively. To wrest the sense of anything, aliquid perverse interpretari : to wrest the meaning of a word, verbum in pejus detorquere.
WRESTLE, || Properly, luctari, or (post-Augustan) colluctari cum aliquo or inter se. || Figuratively, luctari : contendere : vires intendere. Vid. also, STRIVE.
WRESTLER, luctator : palæstrita (merely for exercise) : athleta (in the public games).
WRESTLING, luctatio (Cicero) : luctatus (Plinius : Cf., lucta and luctamen are poetical) ; also (figuratively), certamen.
WRETCH, miser (a miserable man) : perditus : nequam (an abandoned, wicked man).
WRETCHED, || Unhappy, miser (miserable) : miserabilis (pitiable) : flebilis (lamentable). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) miser et flebilis. A wretched look, aspectus miserabilis. || Bad, worthless, malus. A wretched man, homo malus, improbus, nequam, improbus ac nefarius. || Poor, in bad circumstances, miser (pitiable) : afflictus (broken down) : ærumnosus (burdened with trouble) : calamitosus (afflicted with many sufferings and adversities).
WRETCHEDLY, misere : miserabiliter : miserandum in modum (miserably) : male (badly).
Wretchedly poor, mendicissimus (Cicero).
WRETCHEDNESS, miseria (general term) : res misene or afflictæ (sad circumstances, pitiable state of affairs) : calamitas (occasioned by loss) : ærumnæ : vexationes (distress) : egestas (bitter poverty) : angustiæ temporum (bad times) : tempora luctuosa (mournful times). To be in wretchedness, in miseria esse or versari ; in summa infelicitate versari ; iniquissima fortuna uti : to be born to wretchedness, ad miseriam or miseriis ferendis natum esse : to deliver from wretchedness, a miseria vindicare ; ex miseriis eripere : to alleviate the wretchedness of anyone, miseriis aliquem levare.
WRETCHLESS, Vid. RECKLESS.
WRIGGLE, torqueri : se torquere : se versare. To wriggle into, se insinuare in or ad.
WRIGHT, opifex (with reference to labor) : artifex (with reference to labor and skill).
WRING, torquere. To wring the hands, manus torquere : to wring clothes (after washing), * aquam exprimere linteis : to wring anybody’s neck, contorquere fauces ; cervices alicujus frangere (Cf., gulam alicujus frangere [Sallustius, Cat., 55, 4] is unusual ; and collum alicui torquere = “to take a man by the neck, and twist it partly round” [a sort of punishment, or a milder torture] ; cf. Livius, 4, 53) : to wring from ; vid. EXTORT.
WRINKLE, s., ruga. To contract wrinkles, cutis culcatur rugis (Ovidius). κυρικιμασαηικο
WRINKLE, v., rugare (Plinius) : corrugare (Columella), contrahere (Cicero). To wrinkle the forehead, cogere rugas in frontem (Juvenalis).
WRINKLED, rugosus.
WRIST, carpus (Celsus).
Wrist-band, * fasciola subuculæ : with frilled wrist-bands, or frilled at the wrist, ad manus fimbriatus (-a, -um, Suetonius).
WRIT, || Anything written, scriptum. Holy Writ, literæ sanctæ, sacræ, or divinæ ; arcanæ sanctæ religionis literæ (Lactantius) : * corpus literarum sanctarum (collection of sacred writings). Cf., Biblia is modern, and scriptura sancta or sacra (Lactantius 4, 5, 9) is late Latin : scriptura, in classical Latin, is never = a writing, written document. As we read, or find, in Holy Writ, ut sanctæ literæ docent ; sicut sacræ literæ docent ; quod divinis literis proditum est. || In law, præscriptum : mandatum : * literæ de comprehendendo malefico editæ or emissæ ; or simply literæ (from the context). To issue a writ for, mandare alicui aliquid ; * literas edere, emittere de re.
WRITE, scribere (general term) : literas scribere or facere (Plautus ; to form letters) : dueere literarum formas (Ruhnken., of children learning to write) : hence, to write a good hand, or fine hand, lepida manu facere literas or scribere (after Plautus) : to write a bad, wretched hand, male, negligenter exarare literas [vid. also, HAND] : to write from a copy, literarum ductus sequi (Quintilianus, 10, 2, 2) ; versus ad imitationem propositos describere (after Quintilianus, 1, 1, 35) : literis consignare : literis mandare : scriptura, persequi (to note or put down in writing) : in chartam conjicere (to put hastily upon paper) : memoriæ causa in libellum referre (to put down in a note-book, in order to assist the memory) : enotare (to note or put down in writing what one has just read or thought of) : literis custodire : memoriæ prodere, tradere (to commit to writing) : conscribere (to compose
in writing) : To write down with abbreviations, to write down in short hand (what another says), aliquid velocissime notis excipere : to write briefly, breviter describere, exponere, complecti : to write fully, copiously, stilo uberiore explicare : to write in verse, versibus describere, persequi : well written, verbis apte comprehensus et conclusus : to write for one’s livelihood, calamo victum quæritare (after Terentius, Andr., 1, 1, 48) : to write a letter, scribere or conscribere epistolam (to compose a letter, with reference to the contents or substance of the letter ; whereas scribere literas, e. g., manu sua, refers to the manual act of writing) : to write (a letter) to anybody, (a) absolutely, literas ad aliquem dare or mittere (Cf., but not literas scribere, or simply scribere, ad aliquem or alicui) : to write fully, or at length, to anybody, literas dare ad aliquem plurimis verbis scriptas ; ad aliquem uberiores literas mittere ; (b) with notice of the contents of the letter, literas mittere (to send a letter to ; with an accusative and infinitive when the letter contains only statements or information, but with ut and the conjunct, when the letter contains a command, charge, etc. ) ; scribere alicui or ad aliquem (to inform or enjoin by letter ; with an accusative and infinitive, or with ut and a conjunction, according to the nature of the communication, as before) ; aliquem per literas certiorem fæere de aliqua re (or with an accusative and infinitive, to give intelligence of anything by letter) : to write concerning anybody or anything, scribere de aliquo or de aliqua re ; to anybody, alicui or ad aliquem (general term) epistolam conscribere de aliqua re ; to anybody, alicui (if by letter) ; librum scribere de aliqua re (a book) : to write against anybody, scribere in or adversus aliquem (general term) ; librum edere contra aliquem (to publish a book against anybody) : to write to one another, to correspond by writing, literas dare et accipere : to write back (in reply), literas rescribere or respondere : to write one’s self as = assume such or such a title or character in writing, se scribere aliquem (e. g., se A. Cornelium Cossum consulem scripserit, Livius, 4, 20, quite at the end) ; alicui est nomen (with a nominative or dative, more rarely a genitive, of the name) : his name is written with a d, * nomen ejus habet literam d : to read a written reply, ex libello respondere (Plinius, Ep., 5, 6, 5) : to preach a written sermon, etc., de scripto dicere(Cicero), or orationem, sermonem ex libello habere (cf., Suetonius, Oct., 84) : to write out, perscribere (to write fully and accurately) ; exscribere ; transcribere (to transcribe) ; transcribere ; transferre (to transfer from one book to another). || To compose (a book), (librum) scribere or conscribere ; edere (to publish). || Improperly. Anything is written on anybody’s forehead, aliquid ex ore ac fronte alicujus pernoscere potes (after Cicero, Fat., 5, 10).
WRITER, || One who writes, scribens : qui scribit : qui literas scribit. A good writer, qui eleganti or nitida, manu literas scribit (after Plautus, Pseud., 1, 1, 28). the writer of a letter, qui literas, epistolam scripsit, exaravit (after Cicero). || One whose profession or office it is to write, scriba ; also, (post-Augustan), a manu servus ; ab epistolis ; amanuensis (secretary, amanuensis) ; librarius (a transcriber of books). || Author of a book, scriptor : qui librum scripsit or conscripsit (the actual writer of it) : auctor (only so far as he is an authority for using a particular style, for a particular statement, etc. ; hence not without a genitive, unless this can easily be supplied by the context †) : Roman writers, Romani scriptores (who have written in Latin) ; rerum Romanarum auctores (Latin historians, who are our authorities for Roman history) ; Latinitatis auctores (writers of classical Latinity). || Writers (as a class), without genitive, qui libros scribunt or conscribunt.
WRITHE, se contorquere or torquere : torqueri.
WRITING, || The act, scriptio : scriptura : scribendi usus (habitual). Fond of writing, scribendi cupidus ; ad scribendum promtus ac paratus ; scribendi amore flagrans : a writing exercise, scribendi exercitatio, commentatio, meditatio : of or belonging to writing, scriptorius ; graphiarius (Suetonius, containing materials for writing) : writing materials, charta et atramentum (paper and ink), or charta (paper) only. || The manner, scribendi genus, ratio (Cicero) : scripturæ genus (Nepos). [Vid. also, STYLE. ] || Anything written, scriptum (Cf., not scriptio ; and scriptura in this sense, is late). || Plural. Writings, tabulæ (public formal documents ; with or without publicæ).
WRITING-DESK or TABLE, * mensa scriptoria.
With the Romans, the men wrote reclining on a lectulus lucubratorius ; the women, sitting on a cathedra ; vid. Böttiger, Sabin., 1, p. 65).
WRITING-MASTER, * magister scribendi.
WRITING-PAPER, * charta scriptoria.
WRITING-STAND, * vasculum atramenti et theca graphiaria.
WRITING-TABLET, codicilli (plural, Cicero) : pugillares (Plinius, Ep., Suetonius) : tabula literaria (Varro).
WRONG, adjective, non justus (not as it ought to be ; opposed to justus) : pravus (perverse, having a false direction ; opposed to rectus) : vitiosus (faulty) : falsus (false or mistaken ; of persons) : alienus (not suitable) : non opportunus : incommodus (inconvenient). The account is wrong, rationes non convenient : to form a wrong judgement respecting anybody, male, perperam, corrupte, non integre judicare de aliquo : to form a wrong conclusion, vitiose concludes (Cicero) : to give a wrong pronunciation to Greek words, perperam, male, Græca pronuntiare : wrong measure or weight, mensura non justa ; pondus non justum : to be wrong in the head, insanum esse ; insanire (Cicero) ; mentis non integrum esse (Horatius) : to pursue a wrong course or method, alienam, non rectam inire rationem, or ingredi viam, qua eo quo tendis pervenias, deducaris (after Cicero) : to be in the wrong road, aberrasse a recta via (properly) ; a virtute aberrasse (figuratively) : the wrong side, aversa pars ; aversum latus : the wrong key, clavis falsa, aliena : to come at the wrong time, alieno, non opportuno, tempore, non in tempore, venire : to go into the wrong house, alias, quam volebam, intrare ædes : you are wrong (= mistaken), falsus es (Terentius) : the clock is wrong, * horologium errat : to be wrong in computation, errare, falli, in numerando, computando.
WRONG, s., Vid. INJURY.
WRONG, v., lædere (general term, to hurt) : injuria afficere aliquem ; injuriam alicui facere, inferre, imponere ; injuriam jacere or immittere in aliquem (to inflict an injury upon). To think himself wronged, se læsum putare ; ægre or moleste ferre ; pro molestissimo habere (se, etc. ).
WRONGFUL, Vid. UNJUST.
WRONGLY, male (opposed to bene) : vitiose (opposed to integre) : non recte : minus recte : perperam : falso (Cf., perperam with reference to the object, falso with reference to the subject ; the former of a thing which is not right, the latter of a person who is mistaken or is in error). To judge wrongly, male, perperam, secus, corrupte, non recte judicare : to conclude wrongly, male, perperam, vitiose concludere, colligere (after Cicero).
WROTH, Vid. ANGRY.
WROUGHT, factus : confectus. Vid. WORK.
WRY, distortus : pravus : intortus : recurvus.
WRY-NECK (a bird), * iynx torquilla (Linnæus).
WRY-NECKED, qui est obstipa cervlce (Suetonius, Tib. 68) or obstipo capite.
WRYNESS, pravitas ; or by the adjectives.
WYCH-ELM, * almus scabra (Linnæus).
YACHT, * celox : cursoria (scilicet, navis, Sidonius, Ep., 1, 5). Vid. SHIP.
YAM, * dioscorea (Linnæus).
YARD, || A court, area : chors (for cattle ; vid. COURT). || A measure of three feet, duo cubitus (a cubitus being a foot and a half : Cf., the Roman gradus is less than a yard, about 2½ feet ; ulna is much more than a yard). A yard long, tripedalis (of three Roman feet). || The support of a sail, antenna (Cæsar), or antennæ, plural, (Ovidius, Hirt. ) : Cf., cornua = the extremities of the yard.
YARN, linum netum (linen yarn ; Ulpianus, Digests, 32, 3, 70, § 11) : lana neta (woollen yarn, ib. § 2). A thread of linen yarn, filum lini or linteum : a thread of woollen yarn, filum lanæ or laneum (both after Livius, 1, 32, and Plinius, 36, 15, 22).
YAWL, lembus : scapba. Vid. SHIP.
YAWN, v., oscitare (Cicero) : oscitari (Auctor ad Herennium) : dormitare (a sign of sleepiness). To yawn aloud, clare oscitare (Gellius).
YAWN, s., oscitatio.
With a yawn, oscitanter.
YE,
YOU, vos, plural, of tu.
YEA, || Yes, vid. || Indeed, truly, imo.
Yea rather, yea more, imo etiam ; quin ; etiam ; quin etiam ; imo vero etiam ; quin potius.
YEAN, eni̅ti : parĕre.
YEAR, annus (the proper name) : annuum tempus : anni or annuum spatium (the space of a year). A half year, semestre spatium ; sex menses : in the pasty., anno superiore, exacto, transacto, circumacto, etc. (Cf., not elapso) : to enter upon a new year with good thoughts and resolutions, novum annum faustum et felicem reddere bonis cogitationibus : to wish anybody a happy new year, optari alicui et ominari in proximum
annum læta (after Plinius, Ep., 4, 15, 5) : to wish one another a happy new year, primum incipientis anni diem lætis precationibus invicem faustum ominari (Plinius, 28, 2, 5 ; cf. Ovidius, Fast., 1, 175, cur læta tuis dicuntur verba kalendis) : the year before, anno ante ; anno superiore or proximo : the year after, or the next year (speaking of past time), anno postero : a year after he was banished, postero anno quam ejectus est : three years after he had returned, post tres annos or tertium annum quam redierat ; tertio anno quam redierat ; tribus annis or tertio anno postquam redierat ; tertio anno quo redierat : in the course of the year, anno vertente : every other year, alternis annis : every year, singulis annis ; quot annis : every third, fourth year, tertio, quarto quoque anno : for a year, annum (e. g., potestatem annum obtinere ; aliquem annum lugere) : not to have convoked the Senate for nearly a year, anno jam prope senatum non habuisse (Livius) : three times a year, ter in anno : to put off anything for a year, for this year, for many years, aliquid differre in annum, in hunc annum, in multos annos : this year, hoc anno (less commonly in hoc anno) : taking one year with another, ut peræque ducas, etc. (i. e., upon an average of several years, hos numquam minus, ut peræque ducerent, dena millia sestertia ex melle recipere esse solitos) : a whole year, annus integer : above (or more than a year), plus : amplius (more) : major, majus (older) : Cf., et quod excurrit, very late ; e. g., Paullus, Digestsdecem et quod excurrit ; Vegetius, Mil., 1, 28, viginti et quod excurrit annorum pax) : it is more than twenty years, amplius sunt viginti anni : above a year, plus annum (e. g., cum aliquo vivere) ; annum et eo diutius (e. g., esse in Gallia cum aliquo simul) : it is more than three years since, amplius sunt tres anni ; amplius triennium est : it is a year since, annus est quum, postquam, etc. : it is not yet ten years since, nondum decem anni sunt quum, etc. : how long is it since this happened? St. It is now twenty years, quam diu id factum est? St. Hic annus incipit vicesimus : a year had scarcely elapsed, annus vix intercesserat : in the winter of the year 1000, hieme, qui fuit annus millesimus (after Cæsar, B. G., 4, 1, near the biginning) : a space of two, three, six, ten years, biennium, triennium, sexennium, decennium (or duo anni, etc. ) : a year old, anniculus ; unius anni (general term) ; unum annum natus (of persons) : to be so many years old, natum, with accusative of the years ; or esse, with genitive of the years : to be above so many years old, vixisse, confecisse, complevisse (so many years) : thus, he is nineteen years old, decem et novem annos natus est ; decem et novem annorum est : he is above ninety years old, nonaginta annos vixit, confecit, complevit ; also, nonagesimum annum excessisse, egressum esse : above or under thirty-three years old, major or minor annos tres et triginta natus, or major (minor) annorum trium et triginta ; also, major (minor) quam annos tres et triginta natu (Cicero) or natus (Nepos) ; major (minor) quam annorum trium et triginta : I take him to be sixty years old, if not more, sexaginta annos natus est, aut plus, ut conjicio : he died at the age of thirty-three, decessit annos tres et triginta natus : in the thirtieth year of his age, tricesimum annum agens : in years, magnus natu ; magno natu ; grandior or pergrandis natu ; ætate provectior or grandior ; ætate jam senior (of advanced age) ætate affectus (grown old ; all of persons) ; vetus or vetulus (somewhat old ; of persons and things : Cf., grandævus is poetical) : to be in years, annosum esse (of animate and inanimate objects) ; ætate provectiorem esse : longius ætate provectum esse ; grandiorem natu esse (of persons) ; vetustum esse (of things) : to advance in years, senescere ; longius ætate procedere or provehi : in course of years, ætate ; tempore procedente : season of the year, anni tempus : the four seasons of the year, quatuor anni tempora ; commutationes temporum quadripartitæ. κυρικιμασαηικο
YEARLY, adjective, annuus (lasting a year ; taking place throughout the whole year ; also, annalis ; Varro) : anniversarius (returning at the expiration of a year ; in this sense annuus is poetical).
Yearly festivals, sacra anniversaria ; festi dies anniversarii : yearly salary, income, etc., annua, -orum, neuter, or annua pecunia (general term, Seneca, Benef., 1, 9, 4 ; Tacitus, Ann., 13, 34, 1) ; merces annua (as pay ; e. g., of a physician ; vid. Plinius, 29, 1, 5) ; annua salaria, -orum, neuter (as a kind of pension ; e. g., to poor senators ; Suetonius, Ner., 10) : to appoint a yearly salary to anyone, annua or annuam pecuniam alicui statuere, constituere : to give a yearly salary to anyone, annua alicui præstare or præbere : to give anyone a yearly salary of five hundred thousand sesterces, offerre alicui in singulos annos quingena sestertia.
YEARLY, adverb, quotannis : singulis annis : in singulos annos (for every year).
YEARN, desiderare aliquid : esse in desiderio : teneri desiderio alicujus rei : desiderium alicujus rei me tenet, cepit : requirere aliquem or aliquid : flagrare, æstuare alicujus rei desiderio.
YEARNING, desiderium (ardens, summum).
YEAST, * fermentum fæcibus zythi expressum.
YELL, v., ululare : ejulare (with lamentation).
YELL, s., ululatus ; ejulatus ; ejulatio ; ploratus ; or (of several) comploratio (with lamentation).
YELLOW, gilbus : gilvus : helvus (like honey ; vid. Voss., Vergilius, Georg., 3, 83) : flavus : flavens (yellow as gold ; composed of green, red, and white, like the ripe ears of corn, hair, etc. ; Greek, ξανθός, for which we find, also, aureus) : fulvus (with a red or brown tinge ; darker than gold) : tuteus (of an orange or brimstone color ; paler than rufus : Cf., flavus, fulvus, and luteus signify yellow passing over into red ; and hence in Gellius, 2, 26, they are reckoned among the red colors) : badius (of a pale yellow) : luridus (of a dull yellow, of a yellowish green) : galbanus (like young corn and the sprouts in spring ; of a greenish yellow, χλωρός) : cadaverosus (sallow, as a corpse) : ravus (ofa grey or dark yellow) ; also, aureus (of a gold yellow) : cereus, cerinus (yellow as wax) : croceus (of a saffron color) : sulphureus (of a brimstone color) : silaceus (like ochre) : citri colore (of a citron color ; Cf., not citrinus, a false reading, Plinius, 19, 5, 23). To be yellow, flavere : to become or grow yellow, flavescere.
YELLOWISH, subflavus (Suetonius) : color in luteum inclinatus or languescens (both Plinius ; luteus = “the color of the flower ;” lutum, saffron).
YELP, gannire.
YEOMAN, agri, agrorum possessor or dominus : agrarius (Cicero, Att., 1, 19, 4 ; landed proprietor) : liberi prædii possessor (having a freehold) ; plural, aratores : yeomen of the guard, custodes corporis ; stipatores corporis ; satellites (from the context). Vid. LIFE-GUARD.
YES (as an affirmative answer), ita : ita est : sic est (so it is) : recte (an expression of courtesy in affirmation ; quite right, very well) : certe (certainly, surely, denotes the conviction with which one affirms a thing) : vero (indeed, truly, affirms with greater emphasis) : etiam : sane : sane quidem (it is self-evident ; at all events) : imo (Cf., in itself is never an affirmative particle in replies, but rather opposes what has been said before ; either something stronger, “yea even, ” or something corrective, “yea rather ;” e. g., qui hoc? intellexistin’ ? an nondum ne hoc quidem? D. imo callide, yes, perfectly). The Latins, however, usually affirm, not by any such particle, but more closely and emphatically by a repetition of the word on which the emphasis rests in the interrogation ; e. g., will you come? veniesne ? yes I veniam! do you want me? mene vis? yes! te! Clitipho came here. Alone? Clitipho huc adiit. Solus? Yes! solus! I say yes, aio : affirmo : annuo (by nodding the head) : you say yes, but I say no, tu ais, ego nego : to answer yes or no, aut etiam aut non respondere : to say yes to anything, in aliqua re assentire : to answer yes to anything, aliquid affirmare : only say yes, fac promittere.
YESTERDAY, heri : hesterno die : (in epistolary style) pridie ejus diei quo hæc scribebam (vid. Grotefend, § 246) :
Yesterday evening, heri vesperi : yesterday morning, heri mane : the day before yesterday (adverbially), nudius tertius ; (substantively) dies qui nudius tertius fuit : of yesterday, i. e., lately, nuper admodum factus (natus).
YET, || However, but, tamen, attamen ; verumtamen (but however, but yet, οὐ μὴν ἀλλά) : nihilominus (nevertheless) : quamquam, etsi (although, however, μέντοι, καίτοι : both chiefly, as in Greek μέντοι, in an exception which a speaker himself makes, where also we may use sed ; vid. Cicero, Cat., 1, 9, 22 ; ad Div., 7, 24, 2 ; Muren., 41, 89) : sed (in transitions, when the discourse is suddenly broken off ; e. g., yet let us omit that, sed id omittamus ; yet enough of this, sed hæc hactenus) : sed, tamen, verumtamen (in resuming interrupted discourse, after a parenthesis, etc. ; vid. Cicero, N. D., 1, 32, quite at the end ; Verro, 3, 2, near the biginning ; cf. Heusing., Cicero, Off., 1, 1, 3) : atque (however, in passing to another part of a speech ; vid. Dachne, Nep., Lys., 1, 4 ; Ruhnken, Terentius, Andria, 1, 3, 20) : saltern (at
least, in a limitation).
Yet at least, yet certainly, at, at saltem, or at. . . saltem (after negative propositions ; vid. Cicero, ad Div., 9, 8, 2 ; Sext., 3, quite at the end) : yet at last, yet at length, tamen, tandem (when anything long wished or hoped for is attained ; vid. Bremi, Suetonius, Oct. 91 ; Mœb., Cæs., B. G., 3, 21) : yet not, neque tamen ; non tamen ; tamen. . . non (vid. Krebs, §808). || Denoting a condition, sed : yet so, yet only in so far. . . that or that not, sed tamen ita. . . ut, or ut ne ; also simply ita. . . ut, or ut ne, when the first proposition is limited by the second (vid. Cicero, ad Div., 16, 9, 3 ; Cat., 4, 7, 15 ; cf. Beier, Cicero, Off., 1, 25, 88, p. 199, sequens) : || (Of time), still, adhuc (to this time) : ad id ; ad id tempus (to that time) : etiam (pointing out the existence of a certain circumstance at a certain period, as implying surprise or displeasure) : etiamnunc ; etiamnum (the same, with emphasis) : not yet, nondum (to denote the non-existence or non-occurrence of an expected event, state, etc., as contemporaneous with the occurrence of some other event, which may be either past, present, or future : ille quid agat, si nondum Roma es profectus ad me scribas velim) ; haud dum, non. . . etiam (makes the verb of the sentence more emphatic) : you do not yet thoroughly know me, non satis pernosti me etiam qualis sim (Terentius, Andr., 3, 2, 23) : adhuc non (even up to the present moment, with reference to the previous space during which the event has not taken place ; with reference to the past, we must use ad id tempus non ; ad id non) : not yet. . . but, nondum. . . sed : and not yet, neque dum ; neque adhuc : nothing yet, nihildum ; nihil adhuc : not yet, nullus dum ; nullus etiam nunc (all with same difference as nondum, non etiam, adhuc non ; vid. [Vid. OBS. in HITHERTO. ] || Yet, in adding, strengthening, etc., and with comparatives ; etiam, with comparative : Cf., not adhuc till Quintilianus, etc. ; also in adding particulars, etc., that are to be taken besides and equally with what was before mentioned : etiam alii ; etiam insuper : I make yet one more request, unum etiam vos oro, ut, etc. vid. STILL.
YEW-TREE, taxus. Of yew-tree, taxicus (Cf., taxeus, poetical).
YIELD, || Transitively. To bear, produce (of the earth, trees, etc. ), ferre, efferre, proferre : fundere, effundere (of nature, the earth, a field ; fundere and effundere = yield abundantly). To yield fruit or produce, ferre fruges, or ferre only : fructum afferre : efferre (especially of a field). The tree yields its fruit, arbor fert. || To give, afford, etc., afferre (to bring) : facere, efficere (to cause) : esse (with dative) : parere (beget, dolorem, tædium, etc. ) : creare (make, create ; e. g., periculum, errorem, voluptatem) : præstare (to supply). To yield profit or pleasure, utilitatem or voluptatem afferre ; usui or voluptati esse : to yield anybody continual pleasure, voluptatem perpetuam præstare alicui ; comfort, consolation, solatium dare, præbere, afferre ; solatio or solatium esse. To yield no consolation (of things), nihil habere consolationis. || To deliver up, tradere ; dedere : to yield up the ghost, [vid. DIE]. || To concede, grant (in disputation), concedere (general term) : confiteri (without conviction) : assentiri (with conviction) : dure (as a ground to argue upon). Do you yield that, etc. ? dasne? (with accusative and infinitive).
Who would not yield this? quis hoc non dederit? if you yield this, you must also yield that, dato hoc, dandum erit illud : this being yielded, quo concesso ; quibus concessis. || Intransitively. To give way, cedere : the sand yields (to the foot), sabulum vestigio cedit : a cushion which does not yield (when one sits on it), culcita quæ corpori resistit. || Not to resist, cedere, concedere (general terms) : * morem gerere, obsequi (to comply with) : manus dare (to declare one’s self conquered ; vid. Herzog, Cæs., B. G. 5, 31) : to yield to a person in anything, cedere alicui in aliqua re : to yield to the entreaties of anybody, alicujus precibus cedere ; alicujus precibus locum dare or relinquere ; alicui roganti obsequi : to yield to the will of anybody, alicujus voluntati morem gerere or obsequi : not to yield, in sententia sua perstare or perseverare. || To give one’s self up to, alicui rei se dedere : studio alicujus rei se dedere or se tradere. PHR., voluptatibus se dedere or se tradere ; servire ; astrictum esse deditum esse. || To be inferior, cedere ; concedere (vid. Herzog, Cæs., B. G., 5, 7) : inferiorem esse aliquo (to be under) : to yield to a person in nothing, non cedere or non concedere alicui in aliqua re ; non inferiorem esse aliquo aliqua re, parem esse alicui aliqua re (to be equal) : æquare or æquiparare aliquem aliqua re (to equal) : not to yield to one in luxury, aliquem luxuria æquare.
YIELDING, s., by circumlocution. Our yielding at all proves at once, etc., demonstrat id ipsum, quod cedimus (e. g., eos graves [esse] intolerabiles, Quintilianus, 6, 2, 16).
YIELDING, obsequens ; obsequiosus ; facilis ; indulgens. SYN. in COMPLAISANT.
YOKE, s., jugum (properly and figuratively) : jugum servitutis : jugum servile ; servitus, -utis (figuratively). To put on or impose a yoke, jugum alicui imponere (properly and figuratively) : to take off a yoke, jugum alicui solvere or demere (properly) ; aliquem eximere servitio (figuratively) : to shake off a yoke, jugum excutere ; jugum exuere ; jugo se exuexe (properly and figuratively ; exuere, with the idea of gradually shaking off) ; jugum servile a cervicibus dejicere ; servitutem exuere (figuratively) : to bring anybody under the yoke of slavery, alicui jugum servitutis injungere : to deliver anybody from a yoke, jugum servitutis a cervicibus alicujus depellere : to submit to a yoke, jugum accipere (all figuratively) : to keep under the yoke of slavery, aliquem servitute oppressum tenere. Hence, by metonymy = a pair of oxen (yoked together), jugum (boum).
YOKE, v., jugum imponere (e. g., bubus) ; jugo aliquem subdere et ad currum jungere (Plinius, 8, 16, 20) ; (boves) jugo jungere (Cicero). To yoke together, (boves) conjungere.
YOKE-FELLOW, conjux (husband or wife) : socius (companion).
YOLK, vitellus (the proper word) : luteum (Plinius, the yellow).
YON,
YONDER, qui, quæ, quod illic, istic, ibi est ; or by iste, -a, -ud ; ille, -a, -ud. And yonderhe is, atque eccum (said by one, pointing to the object) : yonder comes Davus, Davum video.
YORE, Of yore, in time of yore, olim ; antiquitus ; patrum or majorum memoria ; antehac. SYN. in ANCIENTLY.
YOU, tu (singular nominative) : vos (plural nominative) : te (singular accusative) : vos (plural accusative).
YOUNG, adjective, and vid. || Of persons, parvus, parvulus (not yet grown up ; opposed to adultus) : infans (under the seventh year) : puer, puella (a boy, girl, to the seventeenth year and beyond) : adolescentulus, adolescens (to the thirtieth year and beyond) : juvenis (a young man, to the forty-fifth year and beyond : Cf., puer is said of persons older than the seventeenth year, to denote their want of experience ; adolescens, especially, also, as implying absence of caution and considerateness which belong to old age ; and juvenis, as implying that the party is in the prime of life, still in full vigor) : filius (a son, as opposed to his father ; e. g., the young Marius, Marius filius) : a young man, puer, adolescens, juvenis : filius (a son, opposed to his father) : young people [vid. YOUTH] : still very young, plane puer : peradolescentulus : that is still too young for anything, cujus setas non matura alicujus rei. To make young again, juveniles annos reddere alicui ; alicui juvenilem quandam speciem reddere ; renovare : to grow young again, juvenescere ; repuerascere ; renovari. || Of animals, pullus (substantive, with the name of the animal added in an adjective ; e. g., a young horse, pullus equinus) : catulus (of the young of dogs and cats ; e. g., catulus canis ; catulus felis : figuratively, also, of the young of other animals ; e. g., of swine, sheep, serpents) : juvencus, juvenca (a bullock, heifer ; juvencæ also, figuratively of young hens; opposed to veteres gallinæ ; Plinius, 10, 53, 74). The young, soboles ; quæ bestiæ procreant (procrearunt) ; quæ procreata sunt ; quæ nata sunt : to bring forth young, fetus edere or procreare catulos parere. || Of trees and plants, novellus : a young vine, vitis novella. || Of other things ; novus : a young (lately married) wife, nova nupta : a young husband, novus maritus. κυρικιμασαηικο
YOUNGER, junior, minor, or inferior ætate : annis inferior, ætate posterior (later inrespect of age) : natu minor, minor (especially of the younger of two brothers). A whole year younger, toto anno junior : some years younger, aliquot annis minor.
YOUR, vester (vestra, vestrum) : vestrum (among you) : tuus, -a, -um (singular ; e. g., your majesty, tua majestas). On your account, vestra causa, propter vos.
YOURSELF, tu ipse : tute : tutemet : (plural), vos ipsi : vosmet : vosmet ipsi.
YOUTH, || The age of youth, pueritia : ætas puerilis (childhood, to the time when the young Roman assumed the toga virilis, in his seventeenth year. From this year to the forty-sixth or fiftieth, persons able to bear arms were called juniores, as opposed to seniores)
: adolescentia (from the seventeenth to the thirtieth, or even the fortieth year ; the period in which the youth is ripening into the man) : juventas, ætas integra or confirmata (the vigor of manhood ; from the thirtieth to the fortieth or fiftieth year) : juventas (youth in its first bloom) : juventa (rare in prose ; the whole period, years of youth) : in one’s youth, in pueritia : in adolescentia (Suetonius, Claud., 41) ; but usually by puer or adolescens (when a boy, when quite a youth) : from youth up, a puero : a parvo : a parvulo : a pueris : a parvis : a parvulis (the last three of several, or when one speaks of himself in the plural number) ; ab adolescentia : ab adolescentulo : from earliest youth, a primis temporibus ætatis : a prima, or ab ineunte ætate : ab initio ætatis : a prima or ab ineunte adolescentia : a primo juventæ flore : from tender youth, a prima infantia : a tenero : a teneris, ut Græci dicunt, unguiculis (ἐξ ὀνύχων, in epistolary style ; Cicero, ad Div., 1, 6, 2 ; not to be used in other prose) : the flower of youth, flos ætatis. ætas florens : flos juventæ : ætas integra : to be in the (first) flower of youth, in (prima) flore ætatis esse : ætate florere : to be stili in the flower of youth, integra esse ætate : to die in the very flower of youth, in ipso ætatis flore exstingui : in primo flore exstingui : medio in spatio integræ ætatis eripi rebus humanis. || Young persons, pueri, puellæ (boys, girls) : adolescentes, virgines (youths, young women) : juventus, juvenes (young persons of both sexes) : juniores (young men able to bear arms ; opposed to seniores ; vid. above) : the youth of both sexes, juvenes utriusque sexus.
YOUTHFUL, puerilis, or by the genitive, pueri or puerorum : adolescentis or adolescentium (genitives), quod adolescentia fert : juvenilis. SYN. in YOUTH.
YOUTHFULLY, juveniliter.
YULE, Vid. CHRISTMAS.
ZANY, || Buffoon, vid. || Simpleton, homo ineptus, insulsus, fatuus.
ZEAL, studium : industria (unwearied activity). Burning, fiery zeal, studium ardens : ardor : fervor : constant zeal, assiduitas : stirring, active zeal, alacritas : studium acerrimum : to apply one’s zeal to a thing, omne studium ad rem conferre : to pursue one’s studies with zeal, studia urgere : studia concelebrare (of several ; Cicero, Invent., 1, 3, 4) : to pursue them with less zeal (than formerly), studia remittere : to have a zeal for anything, studio alicujus rei teneri : to have great zeal, to burn with zeal for anything, studio alicujus rei flagrare, ardere, incensum esse : zeal is excited, studium incitatur, inflammatur, incenditur : to kindle, awaken zeal in a person for anything, alicujus studium aliquid faciendi commovere : with zeal, studio : studiose : with great zeal, summo studio : studiosissime.
ZEALOT, acer alicujus rei defensor, propugnator.
ZEALOUS, studiosus (always with a genitive of that on which one’s zeal is bestowed) : acer (sharp, fiery, etc. ) : ardens (burning) : vehemens (violent). A zealous patriot, civis acerrimus : to have a zealous desire for anything, alicujus rei desiderio incensum esse or flagrare.
ZEALOUSLY, studio : studiose : acriter : ardenter : enixe (with energy) : intente (with attention and diligence) : industrie (with constant exertion). To desire zealously, ardenter cupere : to assist one zealously in anything, aliquem enixe adjuvare ad aliquid (e. g., ad bellum) : to do, accomplish anything zealously, aliquid enixe facere (e. g., alicujus imperata) : to labor more zealously, intentius opus facere : very zealously, omni or summo studio : studiosissime : enixissime : to support anybody most zealously, aliquem enixissime juvare : to be most zealously devoted or attached to anybody, esse alicujus studiosissimum or cupidissimum.
ZEBRA, * equus zebra (Linnæus).
ZEBU, * bos Indicus.
ZENITH, * punctum verticis quod vulgo vocant zenith. The sun is in the zenith, * sol huic loco supra verticem est.
ZEPHYR,
Zephyrus, Favonius (Cicero).
ZERO, * zero, nom. indeclinable. Figuratively. To fall to zero, ad nihilum venire : to be at zero, nihil valere : nullo numero, loco, esse. ZEST, Vid. RELISH.
ZIGZAG, discursus torti vibratique (of lightning, Plinius, Ep., 6, 20, 9). To form a zigzag, errorem volvere (Livius) : zigzag letters, * literarum figuræ tortuose serpentes. The nearest adjective is tortuosus.
ZINC, * zincum (Linnæus).
ZODIAC, orbis signifer (Cicero, Div., 2, 42, 89) : circulus signifer (Vitruvius, 6, 1, 1) : circulus, qui signifer vocatur (Plinius, 2, 4, 3) ; or simply signifer (id., 2, 10, 7) : orbis in duodecim partes distributus (Cicero, Tusc., 1, 2S, 68) : orbis duodecim signorum (Cicero, N. D., 2, 20, 53) : limbus duodecim signorum (Varro, 2, 3, 7). Cf., The Greek Zodiacus is found only in later writers.
ZONE, || A girdle, cingulus. || A division of the earth, cingulus terræ (Cicero, Somn. Scip., 6, or De Rep., 6, 20, 21. Cf., In poets and post-Augustan prose, usually zona) : cœlum : cœli regio, ora, or plaga (quarter of the heavens) : positio cœli (Tacitus, Agr., 11, 3) : regio (district). The torrid zone, zona torrida (Plinius) ; ardores (Sallustius, Jug., 18, 9). The frigid zones, glaciales cœli regiones (after Columella, 3, 1, 3) : the temperate zones, temperatæ cœli regiones (Vitruvius). For a poetical description of the five zones, vid. Vergilius, Georg., 1, 233-238.
ZOOLITE, * pars animalis in lapidem conversa, mutata.
ZOOLOGICAL, By genitive, animantium. A zoological garden, vivarium (Varro) : septum ferarum (after Livius).
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ZOOLOGY,
ZOOGRAPHY, * zoologia : zoographia (technical term) : * descriptio animantium.
ZOOPHYTE, * zoophytum (Linnæus).
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