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WEIGH, v, || Properly, pendĕre (general term) : pensare (to weigh carefully or exactly) : ponderare (to try the weigh of anything) : examinare (to bring to the scales). To weigh anything by a certain weight, ad certum pondus examinare aliquid. || Figuratively, To balance, examine, pendĕre aliquid ex re : pensare, ponderare aliquid re and ex re : perpendĕre ad aliquid (to weigh exactly). To weigh virtues and vices exactly against each other, perpendere vitia virtutesque : to weigh every word in a balance, unumquodque verbum statera examinare (Varro, ap. Non., 455, 21 ; cf. Cicero, De Or., 2, 38, 159) : to weigh words, pondera verborum examinare ; (carefully), esse verborum pensitatorem subtilissimum (Gellius, 17, 1).
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|| To ponder, expendere : perpendĕre : pensitare : ponderare : examinare (to consider the reasons for and against) : considerare, especially with cum animo, in animo, or secum (to debate in one’s own mind) : reputare (to bethink one’s self, consider ; especially with secum animo or cum animo) : agitare mente, animo, in mente, or cum animo : volutare secum, animo, in animo : volvere animo or secum : versare secum in animo (to turn over or revolve in one’s mind, to meditate upon) : Cf., volutare, volvere, etc., never thus used by Cicero, frequently by Livius, and Sallustius.
WEIGH DOWN, gravare : degravare. Vid. also, OPPRESS.
WEIGHER, pensitator. To be a most minute weigher of words, esse verborum pensitatorem subtilissimum (Gellius, 17, 1) : Or by the verbs.
WEIGHT, || Measure or relation of heaviness ; also heaviness itself ; (a) Properly, pondus. Roman weight, Romana pondera, nominative plural, (vid. Livius, 38, 38, quite at the end, talentum ne minus pondo octoginta Romanis ponderibus pendat ; i. e., not less than eighty pounds in Roman weight) : all things fall to the ground by their own weight, omnia pondere suo in terram feruntur : of great weight, gravis (opposed to levis) ; grandi pondere : a pound in weight, libram pondo (sc. valens ; vid. Livius, 3, 29) : a thousand pounds’ weight of gold, mille (sc. libras) pondo auri (Livius, 5, 48, quite at the end) : of the weight of a silver denarius, ad pondus argentei denarii pensum. (b) Figuratively. Importance, pondus : momentum (that which turns the scale, ῥοπή) : auctoritas (authority, influence) : vis : gravitas (power, force).
Weight of words, pondus verborum (vid. Quintilianus, 10, 1, 97) : a man of great weight, homo in quo summa auctoritas est et amplitudo (as a statesman) ; homo gravis (to whom much is usually assigned) : words without weight, verba sine pondere : to have weight, gravem esse (of things and persons) ; aliquo numero atque honore esse (to stand in good repute ; of persons) : the thing has weight, res habet gravitatem : to have weight with anyone, pondus or aliquid ponderis habere apud aliquem (of things) ; aliquo loco et numero esse apud aliquem , numerum obtinere apud aliquem (of persons) : to have great weight with anyone, magnum pondus habere, or maximi ponderis esse apud aliquem (of things) ; multum auctoritate valere or posse apud aliquem (of persons) : to have no weight, nullius ponderis esse ; ponderis nihil habere (of things) ; tenui or nulla auctoritate esse (of persons) : to attach weight to anything, vim tribuere alicui rei : to give weight to a thing, alicui rei pondus afferre : weight of argument, vis ; momentum ; [vid. COGENCY]. || A body of a certain weight ; (a) by which one weighs other bodies, pondus (general term ; especially that which is placed in a scale) : sacoma, -ătis, neuter (σήκωμα, τό, weight hung on the other side of the balance or beam) : æquipondium (so far as it forms a counterpoise to a heavy body). A false weight, pondera iniqua (vid. Livius, 5, 48, quite at the end ; to use such, adhibere) : a stamped weight, pondus publice probatum (after Modestinus, Digests, 48, 10, 32, No. 1) : to put weights in the scale, pondera in libram imponere : to buy or sell by weight, pondere emere or vendere : to give by weight, ad sacoma appendere : to weigh out, give or take anything by the weight of a silver denarius, aliquid ad pondus argentei denarii pendere (e. g., a medicine, etc. ) ; to deliver anything by weight, ad sacoma pondus alicujus rei præstare (vid. Vitruvius, 9, præf., §9 and 10). || That which one hangs on to anything ; perhaps libramentum plumbi (with Livius, 24, 34).
WEIGHTILY, graviter. Mostly by circumlocution ; e. g., firmissimis ad probandum argumentis uti ; firmissimum aliquid afferre ; rationes non satis firmas afferre.
WEIGHTY, || Heavy, vid. || Cogent, forcible, gravis : firmus, or firmus ad probandum. It appears to me that this is a most weighty argument, firmissimum hoc afferri videtur : it does not appear to me that the reason given by you is a very weighty one, rationem eam, quæ a te affertur, non satis firmam puto (Cicero) : a very weighty argument, argumentum firmissimum, potentissimum (Quintilianus) : not weighty, infirmus (Quintilianus).
WELCOME, adjective, acceptus (gladly received) : gratus (causing in us a feeling of obligation, from its value to us) : jucundus (causing in us the feeling of delight) : suavis : dulcis : mollis (suavis, dulcis, sweet ; mollis, gentle ; agreeably affecting the mind : all these of persons and things) : carus (dear) : dilectus (valued, beloved) : gratiosus alicui or apud aliquem (high in his favor). A welcome time, commodum tempus ; opportunum or idoneum tempus : very welcome, pergratus ; perjucundus : to be welcome, jucundum esse ; placere (both of persons and things).
WELCOME, v., aliquem salvere jubeo : benigne aliquem excipere (i. e., to give a hearty welcome).
We all welcome you heartily, carus omnibus exspectatusque venis : I welcome you, salve ; very heartily, plurimum te salvere jubeo.
WELCOME, interjection, salve! salutem tibi imprecor !salvere te jubeo! exoptatus, exspectatus, mihi ades! gratus hospes ades, venis.
WELCOME, s., salutatio (a greeting). Mostly by circumlocution ; e. g., a hearty welcome to you! plurimum te salvere jubeo! to give a welcome to anybody, benigne accipere aliquem.
WELD, conferruminare (Plinius).
WELFARE, salus, -utis ; incolumitas (safety) : bonum : commodum (good condition). The general welfare, omnium salus ; communis salus : the public welfare, or welfare of the country, salus publica, or simply res publica : the welfare of mankind, salus gentium : to contribute to one’s welfare, saluti esse ; esse ex re alicujus : to wish one’s welfare, aliquem salvum esse velle : to study anyone’s welfare, saluti alicujus consulere or servire : to seek to promote anybody’s welfare, alicujus commodis or utilitatibus servire ; alicujus saluti prospicere : to consult the general welfare, bono publico or communi utilitati servire ; rei publicæ commodo tueri ; utilitati publicæ studium navare ; ad utilitatem publicam omnes labores referre.
WELKIN, ær : cœlum. Vid. SKY.
WELL, s., puteus (a pit dug for that purpose) : fons (a fount or fountain, vid. ). To dig a well, puteum fodere, effodere : medical well or wells, fons medicæ salubritatis ; fons medicatus : aquæ medicatæ or medicamentosæ ; aquæ salubres ; or (from the context) aquæ only : a hot well, calidus fons medicæ salubritatis : every hot well is a medical well, omnis aqua calida est medicamentosa : Cf., castellum = reservoir, in which the water from several aqueducts is collected, and from hence distributed over the city (according to Festus, dividiculum) : crater (κρατήρ = the basin of a well). The cover of a well, * putei operculum : the (marble) edge of a well, puteal (περιστόμιον, Cicero, Att., 1, 10, 3 ; cf. Paullus, Digests, 19, 1, 14) : one that digs a well, putearius (Plinius, 31, 3, 28) : the feast of the wells (at Rome), fontanalia (Varro, L. L., 6, 3, § 22).
WELL, adjective, || In good health, sanus (opposed to æger) : salvus (opposed to corruptus, perditus) : integer (opposed to debilitatus, fractus, fessus) : valens : validus (in full strength) : firmus (of a good constitution ; opposed to infirmus) : robustus (strong ; opposed to imbecillus : Cf., saluber = sound, not diseased, and so healthy, in Sallustius, Livius, Tacitus, and Martialis, but not in Cicero, and Cæsar). To be not quite well, minus valere, ægrotare (to be sick) ; languere (to be weak) ; male mihi est ; non commode valeo : to be not yet quite well, nondum satis firmo corpore esse (Cicero) : to get well, convalescere ; evadere, recreari exmorbo(Cicero) ; ex incommodâ valetudine emergere (Cicero, Att., 5, 8, 1) : to be well, valere ; bene valere ; salvere ; belle se habere ; recte est mihi ; corpore esse sano, firmo (Cicero) ; uti valetudine bona (Cicero, Cæsar), prospera (Suetonius) ; integra esse valetudine (Cicero) ; corpore esse salubri (Sallustius, Jug., 17, 6) : to be quite or extremely well, optima valetudine affectum esse (Cicero) ; firmissima uti valetudine (Tacitus) ; incorrupta sanitate esse (Cicero) : to be never well, numquam bona uti valetudine ; semper incommoda esse valetudine (Cicero) to be always well, tueri valetudinem integram ; semper bona uti valetudine : my people are never so well in any other place, mei nusquam salubrius degunt (Plinius, Ep. 5, 6, 46) : to look well, sanitatem corporis vultu prodere. || Right, vid.
WELL, adverb, bene (the proper word) : belle (finely, prettily) : jucunde : suaviter (pleasantly, agreeably ; e. g., to smell or taste) : commode (properly, duly, rightly ; e. g., saltare, verba facere) : scienter, scite (skilfully ; e. g. scienter tibiis cantare ; scite convivium exornare : to dress well, scite coli) : probe : recte : pulchre : præclare (properly, rightly, according to one’s wishes, according to the nature of a thing ; probe, thoroughly). I understand, remember very well, præclare intelligo, memini : to suit or fit well (of a garment), aliquem satis decere : to live well, bene victitare (comedy) ; laute vivere (magnificently) : to look well (= to be handsome or beautiful), bona esse forma ; commendari forma, specie, facie : all things go on well with me, bene mecum agitur ; bono loco sunt res meæ ; apud me recte omnia sunt : to wish one well, bene velle (Terentianus) ;
bene cupere, favere alicui (Cicero) : to do well, bene rem gerere ; ex sententia gerere aliquid : the matter turned out or went off well, confecta res ex sententia est ; meis optatis fortuna respondit : to buy well (= to one’s advantage), bene emere : to take anything well (= in good part), in bonam partem accipere aliquid probare, approbare aliquid (opposed to in malam partem accipere, male interpretari) : herein you do well, hoc bene, prudenter, facis, agis : not to be able to let well alone, manurn de tabula non scire tollere (proverbially, Plinius, 35, 10, 86, No. 10, § 80) : it will be well to do so and so, (de aliqua re) non nocuerit facere, etc. ; non inutile erit aliquid or aliquid facere : it is well that you are coming, peropportune venis ; opportune te offers (said to a person whom one meets vjhen looking for him) : well! bene facis or fecisti (in approbation) ! non repugno! nihil impedio! lepide! licet (Plautus, I have nothing to say against it)! satis est (it is enough)! dictum puta ! teneo (I understand you, says one who receives a commission)! well to do in the world, satis dives ; modice locuples ; or (of those who are very wealthy) bene nummatus ; pecuniosus ; abundans ; copiis rei familiaris locuples et pecuniosus ; opulentus : well done! bene! recte! bene, recte fecisti ! laudo tuum factume ! well-nigh, fere ; circiter.
WELL-AFFECTED, bene sentiens : benevolus : amicus (well-disposed toward) : propitius (gracious, favorable ; of superiors toward inferiors). [Vid. also, AFFECTIONATE. ]To be well-affected, deditus alicui or alicui rei ; addictus alicui or alicui rei (devoted). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) addictus et deditus. devotus alicui or alicui rei (much attached, post-Augustan). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) deditus devotusque [vid. also, DEVOTED] : to be well-affected toward ; vid. To FAVOR.
WELL-BEING, salus, -utis (general term) : valetudo bona (relative to bodily health) : sanitas (health) : felicitas (happiness) : incolumitas (a state of being uninjured) : I am taking anybody’s well-being to heart, aliquem salvum esse volo : to care for anybody’s well-being, saluti alicujus consulere or servire : to further anybody’s well-being, alicujus commodis or utilitatibus servire ; alicujus saluti prospicere : not to care for anybody’s well-being, alicujus saluti deesse. Vid. also, HAPPINESS.
WELL-BORN, honesto loco ortus ; honesto genere (natus).
WELL-BRED, bene, or ingenue, or liberaliter educatus : bene moratus (well-mannered). Vid. also, the SYN. of CIVIL.
WELL-BUILT, bene ædificatus (of buildings) : bene figuratus ; formosus (of persons).
WELL-DISPOSED,
WELL-INCLINED, Vid. WELL-AFFECTED.
WELL-FAVORED, Vid. BEAUTIFUL, HANDSOME.
WELL-KNOWN, bene notus : omnibus notus : notus atque apud omnes pervulgatus. It is well-known to me that, me non fugit ; me non præterit ; non ignoro (with an accusative and infinitive).
WELL-MET! Vid. WELCOME.
WELL-SPENT, by circumlocution with the verbs collocare in aliqua re ; impendere in or ad aliquid ; conferre ad aliquid : tempus bene locare or collocare (if of time).
WELL-VERSED, multum versatus in aliqua re (having much practice in) : alicujus rei peritissimus (well skilled in) : non ignarus alicujus rei (not unacquainted with) : perfectus in aliqua re (thoroughly acquainted with). ” To be well-versed in anything” may also be expressed by callere aliquid.
WELL-WISHER, Vid. WELL-AFFECTED, FRIEND.
WELT, s., * margo : extremus quasi margo calcei (after Plinius, Ep., 5, 6, 9). Cf., Not limbus, which = border.
WELT, v., * circumsuere.
WELTER, volutare se : volutari (to roll, wallow). To welter in one’s blood, sanguine madere, perfusum esse ; se in suo vulnere versare (Vergilius).
WEN, ganglion.
WENCH, s., Vid. GIRL.
WENCH, v., scortari (Plautus, Terentianus) : lubidinibus indulgere : stupra facere.
WEST, occĭdens. occasus. To lie or be situate toward the west, ad occidentem (solem) vergere ; occidentem solem spectare : the west = western regions, regio ad occidentem vergens ; obeuntis solis partes Cicero, Somn. Scip., 6) ; occĭdens (vid. Tacitus, Ann., 6, 46, 3 : Cf., vespertina regio is poetical) : the west wind, veniens ab obeuntis solis partibus, or veniens ab occidente, ventus (ventus occidentalis, op. Gellius, 2, 22, § 22, not classical) ; zephyrus ; Favonius (Cf., Caurus is the northwest wind) : flans ab occasu ventus (Plinius) : Rain from the west, ab occasu veniens imber (Vergilius).
WESTERLY, ab occidente (e. g., a westerly breeze, aura spirans ab occidente). Vid., also, WEST, WESTERN.
WESTERN, ad occidentem (solem) vergens : occidentem solem spectans. Cf., Occidentalis is not classical.
WESTWARD, ad occidentem or ad occasum versus : in occidentem or occasum.
WET, adjective, humidus (that which is moist, or that which brings moisture ; opposed to aridus and siccus) : humectus (old Latin and post-classical) : Cf., madidus and madens, uvidus and udus = moist. To be wet, humidum esse ; humere (poetical and post-Augustan) : to grow or become wet, humescere. || If = rainy, vid.
WET, v., humidum facere or reddere (Cf., humectare only in poetry and post-Augustan, prose) : conspergere (to sprinkle ; opposed to rigare = “to water”). To wet through, soak with wet, madefacere ; madidum reddere ; (entirely) totum madidum reddere ; permadefacere : to be wetted through, madefieri (e. g., pluvia, imbre) : madidum reddi (aqua, sudore, etc. ) : to become completely wetted through, permadescere : to be wet through, madere ; madidum or madefactum esse (e. g., imbre).
WET-NURSE, nutrix, cui parvulus delegatur, ut eum uberibus alat (after Tacitus, Germ., 20), or nutrix only (adhibere puero nutrices, Gellius, 12, 1 ; opposed to “nursing her own child”).
WETHER, vervex, -ecis, m. (properly and figuratively).
WETNESS, humor ; plural, humores (general term) : cœli status humidus, uvidus, or pluvius (wet weather).
WETTISH, humidulus (poetical) : subhumidus (Celsus).
WHALE, balæna (Plinius) : cetus (any large fish or sea-monster).
Whale fishery, captura balænarum : whale-bone, os balænæ. κυρικιμασαηικο
WHALER, * balænarum insidiator : * captans balænas.
WHARF, navale (as a place at which ships lie) : * crepidines (as to the construction, with masonry).
WHAT, pron. || Without reference to any antecedent, qualis (of what sort or kind) : qui (of what character) : quis (who) : quantus (how great).
What joy! quod gaudium! what a troublesome business! quam molesta res! what kind of man do you suppose me to be? quis tibi videor? || With reference to an antecedent, qui.
What (= that which) you told me, id quod or ea quæ mihi dixisti.
WHAT, interrog., (dependent and independent), qui? quis? quinam? quisnam? The forms compounded with nam add life and spirit to the question [ = what, pray? pray, what?]. They may be used in direct as well as indirect questions ; mostly when the answer “no” is expected [quænam sollicitudo vexaret impios sublato suppliciorum metu?]On the difference between quis, quid, aud qui, quæ, quod, observe (1) that quis is used substantively ; qui, adjectively [a distinction which is lost in the oblique cases, and even in plural nominative]. (2) When quis is found with a substantive [i. e., apparently used adjectively], the inquiry is after the name only, not the kind or character : quis philosophus. . . pronuntiavit? he asks “who, being a philosopher, or what philosopher, has uttered the sentiment?” qui philosophus. . . pronuntiavit, would = “what sort of a philosopher?” So when qui is used substantively, it refers to the character or sort. Themistocles domino navis qui sit aperit [not only who, but how great a man] ; quis sim, ex eo, quem ad te misi, cognosces writes Lentulus to Catiline in an anonymous letter ; the name, therefore, is meant ; qui sis, non unde natus sis, reputa = “remember what you are, of what character ;” so in direct questions, occiso Roscio qui primus Ameriam nuntiat? [Rosc. Am., 34. ] Zumptwould read quis, but Krüger observes thtre is also reference to the character of the messenger, Mallius Glaucia. There are, however, some passages, even in prose, where quis is used for qui ; e. g., quisve locus [Livius, 5, 40] ; and qui appears to be used for quis occasionally on euphonic grounds ; e. g., before s or a vowel, as, qui scit? for quis scit? Zumpt, 134 ; Krüger, 430. Kuhner, 125. (3) The neuter quid is used in definitions, etc., quid est mulier? quid sunt divitiæ? also with reference to a person’s character ; neque enim tu is es, qui quid sit, nescias [so with demonstrative and relative, quod ego fui . . . id tu es]. ecquis? (ecquæ, ecquod, asks with liveliness and emotion whether there is any, implying there is not, ecqua civitas est tam potens, . . . rex denique ecquis est, qui senatorem populi Romani tecto ac domo non invitet?) || What (= what sort of) ; what sort of, qualis ; sometimes qui, quis.
We have seen above that this meaning belongs principally to qui, and to the neuter quid. The neuter may be followed by a genitive, exponam vobis breviter quid hominis sit (Cicero, Verr., 2, 2, 54) ; so quid hoc turbæ est?, etc., sciturum, quid ejus esset (Cicero, Fam., 16,
2).
What a man he is! qualis hic est vir! qui vir! what a friend the person to whom I have entrusted my property has turned out! qualine amico mea bona commendavi! he has written me word what (=what kind of) works he has read, scripsit mihi quos libros legerit. || What? (in abridged sentences of surprise, etc., followed by another question), quid (nonne etc. ; e. g., quid? eundem nonne destituisti? Cicero). || What. . . for? (why?) quid, or the adverbs for why [vid. ]. Tell us what you are come for, eloquere, quid venisti, Plautus ; so quid ego argumentor ? etc. (Cicero).
What reason is there for, etc., quid causæ est, cur, etc. : what reason, then, have you for complaining? quid est igitur, quod querare? || Cf., What, sometimes = “how great, ” quantus [e. g., in what dangers I have escaped! I will warn him what a disgrace it is, quanto opprobrio sit]. Cf., I don’t know what to write, non habeo quid scribam [nihil habeo, quod scribam = I have nothing to write ; Pract., Intr., App., 27].
WHATEVER,
WHATSOEVER, quicumque : quisquis (the first adjeciively ; the second substantively [but quisquis honos, etc., Vergilius] ; in the oblique cases this is not observed). By whatever means I can, quacumque ratione ; quoquo modo. OBS. (1) Whatever it may be, is quidquid est or erit (not subjunctively). (2) Cuicuimodi is found for cujuscujusmodi = of what kind soever (vid. Zumpt, ad Cic., Verr., 4, 41). (3) Quicumque is used if among a number of subjects of the same species or kind none is excepted or excluded : quisquis, whenever among such a number none of the parts is different or considered as such from the rest ; e. g., whatever [= anything, all] we see with our eyes, omnia quæ oculis cernimus.
WHEAL, pustula : pusula. Cf., Vibex = weal, mark of a stripe.
WHEAT, triticum. A wheat-field, ager tritico consitus : wheat land, solum tritico colendo utile, aptum : wheat harvest, messis triticea : wheat flour, farina triticea : a grain of wheat, tritici granum (Cicero) : wheat straw, stramentum triticeum.
WHEATEN, triticeus.
WHEEDLE, blandiri alicui. To wheedle out, eblandiri : to wheedle anybody out of anything, aliquid alicui or ab aliquo exprimere blanditiis (Cicero). Vid. also, CAJOLE.
WHEEDLER, homo blandus (flattering by sweet words). Sometimes assentator, adulator.
WHEEDLING, blanditiæ (insinuating words, caresses) : blanditiæ et assentationes (Cicero) : blandimentum (caressing means by which one endeavors to win over anybody) : adulatio (base flattery).
WHEEL, rota (general term) : tympanum (τύμπανον, a wheel composed of boards, etc., like our wheels of water-mills) : radii (the spokes of a carriage-wheel ; e. g., to put one’s head into the wheel, caput radiis inserere) : terebra (a stone-cutter’s wheel) : * rhombus, cujus ope nentur stamina ; or, by metonymy, * machina, qua nentur stamina (a spinning-wheel) : rota figularis or figuli (a potter’s wheel). To lock a wheel, sufflaminare rotam : rotam (multo) sufflamine stringere († Juvenalis).
Wheel in a pulley, orbiculus (per tres orbiculos circumvehi, to pass over three wheels) : toothed wheels, dentata tympana (of solid wheels ; Vitruvius). Cf., Wheel (= instrument of torture) [vid. RACK]. To break anybody on the wheel, alicui crura frangere or effringere : death on the wheel, * rotæ supplicium. || A carriage moving on wheels [vid. COACH, CARRIAGE]. || Circular motion, decursus, -ûs : decursio (of a body of soldiers, evolution) : circulatio : circinatio : ambitus rotundus (rotation) : circuitus, -ûs : circuitio (a compass or compassing about) : gyrus (the orb or circle described by anything moving round a centre).
WHEEL, v., || Transitively, in gyrum ducere : circumagere (to wheel round ; e. g., equos, Livius, 8, 7, to wheel their horses round). || Intransitively, circumagi : in gyros ire : gyros edere, peragere, ducere. || Military ; right wheel! in hastam! left wheel! in scutum! (vid. Herzog Cæs., B. G., 1, 25).
WHEEL-BARROW, pabo (Isidorus, Gloss. ; explained by vehiculum unius rotæ).
WHEEL-DRAG, sufflamen. To put on the wheel-drag, sufflaminare rotam.
WHEEL-HORSE, equus curru junctus.
WHEEL-RUT, orbita (impressa). Cf., Orbes rotarum circumacti are (after Plinius, 8, 16, 19) the circles which the wheels describe in their rotations. To be hardly able to detect the wheel-ruts, impressam orbitam vix videre posse (Cicero, Att., 2, 21, 2).
WHEEL-STONE, Vid. GRINDING-STONE.
WHEEL-WORK, rotæ.
WHEEL-WRIGHT, * rotarum artifex. || A coach-builder, etc., vehicularius, or carpentarius, or rhedarius, or plaustrarius artifex. SYN. in CARRIAGE.
WHEEZE, cum sono et anhelatione spirare : spiritum trahere : ægre moliri. He wheezes, interclusus spiritus arete meat (Curtius, 3, 6, 14).
WHEEZING, anima gravior et sonantior (Curtius).
WHELP, s., catulus (of the young of dogs or cats ; e. g., catulus canis ; catulus felis ; then also by metonymy, of other animals). Vid. also, YOUNG.
WHELP, v., parĕre : partum edere (in general). Vid. also, To BRING FORTH.
WHEN, quum : ubi : quando : ut. Cf., Quum denotes the coincidence of two facts, so that either both happen at the same point of time, or one happens whilst another is still going on or is immediately consequent to it : it is = “at the same time as, ” or “as often as. ” As a pure particle of time, when no relation of cause and effect is to be expressed, it takes indicative of present and perfect (and also the imperfect and pluperfect of repeated actions = “as often as”) ; but in historical narrative the subjunctive of imperfect and pluperfect ; e. g., when Artaxerxes intended to declare war against the king of Egypt, he requested from the Athenians Iphicrates as general, quum Artaxerxes Ægyptio regi bellum inferre voluit, Iphicratem ab Atheniensibus petivit ducem ; when Epaminondas had conquered the Lacedæmonians at Mantinea, he asked whether his shield were safe, Epaminondas, quum vicisset Lacedæmonios ad Mantineam, quæsivit, salvusne esset clipeus (vid. Grotefend : § 168, Obs. 2, § 233 ; Zumpt, § 577, sequens and the followings). It is followed by the subjunctive when it is dependent on another member of the sentence, when it is used conditionally, or when the sentiments or language of a second party are represented. Quo tempore, ubi, denote a point of time from which some other takes its beginning ; usually with the indicative ; with the subjunctive only when anything is represented as merely accidental or probable : quando denotes some indefinite point of time, past or future, and hence it can be employed interrogatively, indefinitely, and relatively ; it takes the subjunctive only in indirect interrogatives, otherwise the indicative : ut = “as soon as, ” denoting an event as succeeded by another, always with an indicative : In English, “when” is frequently put in the first clause of a sentence, where in Latin it must be put with the second, quum being then used to give prominence to the idea of time. This occurs especially after “already, now, scarcely, not yet ;” e. g., when scarcely a year had intervened, he accused him, vix annus intercesserat, quum ilium accusavit : when spring was near, Hannibal broke up his winter-quarters, jam ver appetebat, quum Hannibal ex hibernis movit. Scarcely. . . when (but just. . . when), commodum or commode. . . quum (colloquial ; e. g., commodum discesserat Hirtius, quum tabellarius venit : emerseram commode ex Antiate in Appiam. . . quum etc. ) : vix or vixdum. . . quum (e. g., vixdum episto lam tuam legeram quum ad me Curtius, venit). “When” is very frequently expressed by the participle in the same case with the noun to which it belongs, if there be only one subject in the sentence ; but if there be two or more subjects, then the ablative absolute is employed ; e. g., when Tarquinius was besieging Ardea he lost the kingdom, Tarquinius Ardeam oppugnans perdidit regnum : when Alexander was about to invade the territories of he Persians he gave Susa to Archelaus, Alexander Persidis fines aditurus Susa urbem Archelao tradidit : when Dionysius had been expelled from Syracuse, he taught children at Corinth, Dionysius Syracusis expulsus Corinthi pueros docebat : when Tarquinius Superbus was king, Pythagoras came to Italy, Pythagoras, Tarquinio Superbo regnante, in Italiam venit : when Carthage had been destroyed, the morals of the Romans became corrupt, Carthagine diruta, Romanorum mores corrumpebantur (vid. Grotefend, § 228 and 230 ; Zumpt, § 635, 639, and 640). In the same manner the ablative absolutely, must frequently be employed where in English two members of a sentence have only one subject, but the action of the one is considered as absolute or independent, whilst the subject can be referred only to the action of the other member ; e. g., when Cæsar had gone round all the winter-quarters, he found the ships of war completely equipped, Cæsar, circuitis omnibus hibernis, naves longas invenit instructas.
WHENCE, || Interrogative, (1) Of place, unde? ex aliquo loco? whence are you? (i. e., of what country?) cujas es? when he was asked whence he came, quura interrogaretur, cujatem se esse diceret. (2) Of persons, means, etc., unde? a or ex quo homine? (from whom?) ex aliqua re? (from what?) whence have you this? a quo hoc accepisti (general term) =? unde datum hoc sumis? (who gave you this?) unde id scis? (how
do you know this?) whence comes it, that? unde fit, ut, etc. || Relative, (1) Of place, unde : ab aliquo loco : ex quo loco. They returned to the place whence they came, reversi sunt, unde profecti erant. (2) Of a cause or source, unde.
Whence it comes that, unde, or ex quo, fit, ut ; qua ex re fit, ut.
WHENCESOEVER, undecumque : unde unde.
WHENEVER, or
WHENSOEVER, quoties : quotiescumque (as often as) : tarn sæpe.
WHERE, ubi : qua (Cf., it is often expressed by qui, quæ, quod ; e. g., domus in qua natus sum, the house where or in which I was born) : ad omnes aditus, qua adiri poterat (at all the avenues where or from which one might approach) : apud or ad quem, quam, quod (referring to place) : in quo : in aliqua re : in quibus : in quibus rebus : ubi (relating to things).
WHERE, interrogative, ubi? ubinam? quo loco? quo loci? (the latter mostly in indirect questions ; e. g., se nescire, quo loci esset. )
Where in the world? ubi gentium? ubi terrarum?
WHEREAS, quoniam : quando : quandoquidem. [Vid. also SINCE] Cf., “Whereas” is often omitted, the adversative relation of the two clauses being denoted by the antithesis of the statements themselves ; e. g., te enim dicere audiebamus, nos omnes adversarios putare, nisi qui nobiscum essent, te (= whereas you) omnes qui contra te non essent, esse tuos (Cicero).
WHEREBY, || Interrogative, qua re? (by what?) qua ratione? qua viæ? (in what way?) quo pacto? (by what means?) || Relative, (1) With reference to place, per quem (locum), per quos, etc. (2) With reference to means, quo : qui : quibus : per quem, quam, quod, etc.
WHEREFORE, || As dependent Interrogative [vid. WHY]. || As relative conclusive particle, quare : quamobrem (refer to one definite ground distinctly stated) : quapropter : quocirca (refer to a number of grounds collectively, some of which may be implied only = for these and similar reasons, motives, etc ; vid. Heindorf, Pr. Intr., ii, 583) : proinde (is a hortatory “wherefore, ” used in animated appeals, in speeches, etc. = igitur cum exhortatione quadam, Heindorf, Pr. Intr., ii, 368).
WHEREIN, || Interrogative, in quo? in qua? in quibus? || Relative, (in) quo, (in) qua, (in) quibus.
WHEREOF, cujus : cujus rei : dealiquo : de aliqua re (singular) : quorum : de quibus (plural).
WHERETO,
WHEREUNTO, || Interrogative, quo? quorsum? quorsus? ad quid? ad quam rem? || Relative, cui, or ad quod, etc. (e. g., imperium Romanum, cui pedetentim multæ externæ provinciæ adjectæ fuerant : pecuniam non in eam rem impendisti, ad quam destinata erat).
WHEREUPON, quo facto (after this had taken place) : quibus verbis (after this had been said) : post quæ (after which things) : qua re (on what ; interrogatively ; e. g., quanam re confidit?).
WHEREVER or
WHERESOEVER, ubivis (at any place you like) : ubi ubi (at whatever place it be) : ubicumque (at any place, no matter which) : anywhere, alicubi (at any place, if one does not wish to name or point out a particular place) : uspiam (at any place indiscriminately) : usquam (at every place promiscuously, at all places). || Denoting motion to a place ; e. g., whereever (= whithersoever) in the world, quo terrarum ; quo gentium ; quoquo terrarum or gentium ; quovis gentium. Vid. WHITHERSOEVER under WHITHER.
WHERRET, Vid. TEASE.
WHERRY, cymba : cymbula : linter (canoe) : navicula : navigiolum (a small boat). Vid. BOAT.
WHERRY-MAN, nauta : lintrarius (Pand. ).
WHET, cote acuere aliquid : in cote subigere (Vergilius) : exacuere (properly and figuratively).
WHETSTONE, cos, cotis.
WHETHER, pronoun, uter.
WHETHER, conjunction, ne (suffix, attached to the chief word of the clause, on which the stress of the inquiry is laid) : num (simply as the sign of a question ; vid. Zumpt, § 351, note. Cf., We rarely find utrum in single questions ; an, in classical prose, is only = our “or” after “either, ” “whether ;” vid. Zumpt, § 353 : as the sign of indirect interrogation, it occurs only in writers of the Silver Age, beginning with Curtius). I ask you whether you have given him money, quæro dederisne ei pecuniam, or num ei pecuniam dederis (Cf., not an ei pecuniam dederis, which is unclassical). He asked me whether I wanted anything, quæsivit ex me, numquid vellem : I asked him whether anybody would come, quæsivi ex eo, ecquis esset venturus : let me know whether you will come, ecquid venturi sitis, fac sciam. || After words expressing doubt, hesitation, or the like ; e. g., dubito (I doubt), dubium est (it is doubtful), incertum est (it is uncertain), delibero (I am considering), hæsito (I am undecided), and especially after haud scio or nescio (I do not know), “whether” is expressed by an : I doubt whether I ought not to prefer this man to all others, dubito an hunc primum omnium ponam : death is certain, but it is uncertain whether or not it will take place on a particular day, moriendum certe est, et id incertum, an eo ipso die. I do not know whether I should not place, dubito an ponam (not annon ponam) ; so also without a negative expressed in Latin after haud scio, nescio, etc. ; vid. Zumpt, § 354. || After verbs of seeing, expecting, attempting, “whether” is sometimes expressed by si (Greek εἰ) ; e. g., Helvetii nonnumquam, si perrumpere possent, conati sunt (Cæsar) ; tentata res est, si primo impetu capi Ardea possit (Livius) ; visam si domi est (Terentianus). || In a double interrogation :
Whether. . . or, utrum. . . an ; e. g., permultum interest, utrum perturbatione aliqua animi, an consulto et cogitato injuria fiat (Cicero) : (more rarely) num. . . an ; e. g., illud considerandum videtur, num propter imbecillitatem atque inopiam desiderata sit amicitia, an esset antiquior, etc. (Cicero) : also by ne. . . an ; e. g., quæritur, unusne mundus sit, an plures (Cicero : Cf., ne. . . ne and an. . . an for utrum. . . an are very rare) : whether or not, utrum. . . necne ; ne. . . annon. Sometimes utrum, etc., in the first clause is omitted ; e. g., interrogatur, pauca sint, anne multa (Cicero) ; nihil interest civis sit an peregrinus (Cicero). Sometimes both signs of interrogation are omitted ; e. g., velit, nolit, scire difficile est (Cicero). || Whether. . . or (=be it that. . . or be it that ; when the speaker either does not know which is the right supposition, or chooses to leave it undecided), sive. . . sive (Cicero) ; seu. . . seu (not Cicero, but Cæsar) Cf., seu. . . sive or sive. . . seu are post-Augustan, Pr. Intr., ii, 543. Sometimes vel. . . vel ; e. g., pace vel Quirini vel Romuli dixerim : whether by divine inspiration, or from a sort of presentiment, sive divinitus, sive aliqua conjectura (so sive casu, sive consilio deorum immortalium factum est). Sometimes the verb is expressed : you will recover, whether you take medicine or not, sive adhibueris medicinam, sive non adhibueris, convalesces.
WHEY, serum.
WHEYEY, serosus (Columella, full of whey) : sero similis (like whey).
WHICH, || Relative, qui, quæ, quod.
Which way, qua (in what direction) ; quo modo (by what means) : which of two = whether, uter ; (of several) quisquis. || Interrogative, uter : quis ; e. g., which of you (two) did it? uter fecit? which of you said this? quis vestrum hoc dixit? (of several).
WHICHEVER, utercumque (of two) : quicumque : quisquis (of several).
WHIFF, halitus.
WHILE, s., tempus (time) : spatium (space of time) : mora (delay) : otium (leisure). A little while, breve spatium ; paullulum temporis ; paullulum : for a little while, parumper (in the sense of abridging) ; paullisper (in the sense of patiently waiting ; e. g., I turn for a little while from the dreams, discedo parumper a somniis : wait a little while, paullisper mane) : a little while after, non ita multo post : in a little while, intra breve spatium (within a short time) ; brevi tempore interjecto ; post breve tempus ; paullo post (after a little while, soon after) : a good while, aliquantum temporis : a good while after, aliquanto post : a long while, longum tempus ; multum temporis : a long while after, post longum tempus ; longo tempore interjecto : in the mean while, interea : interim (according to Döderlein, the former marks a space, the latter a point, of time ; vid. Pr. Intr., ii., p. 196, 7).
WHILE,
WHILST, conjunction, dum (during the time that ; as ; denoting that one event is contemporary with another ; generally joined with the present indicative, even when events of the past time are spoken of, but we sometimes find the perfect : dum in the sense of quamdiu, “as long as, when referring to the past time, is regularly joined with the imperfect ; Zumpt, § 506, 507 ; the answering clause often begins with subito, repente : to mark a sudden, unexpected event, integer jam, interea jam, in Livius, interim) : donec (not used = “as long as” before Augustan poets and Livius) : quum (at the time when, denoting simultaneousness, with the perfect or imperfect indicative, the perfect being used in historical narratives, the imperfect in descriptions : the simultaneousness is marked more emphatically by adding interea or interim ; Zumpt, § 580). As used to point out the coexistence of two states, etc., that should not coexist, quum interea, or quum only ; e. g., bellum subito exarsit,
quum Ligarius, domum spectans, nullo se negotio implicari passus est (“while Ligarius all the while, ” etc. ).
WHILE AWAY, tempus, horas, or tempora tarde labentia fallere aliqua re (e. g., sermonibus, narrando ; vid. Ovidius, Metamorphoses, 8, 652 ; Tristia, 3, 2, 12 : Cf., otium fallere would be quite wrong, since otium means only absence of serious business). To while away the time, ad tempus fallendum, ad horas fallendas.
WHILOM, olim : quondam (once, formerly ; opposed to nunc) : antea : antehac (antea, “before that time ;” antehac, “before this time”) : antiquitus (in ancient days) : patrum or majorum memoria (in our fathers’ times).
WHIM, celer motus ingenii : impulsio : commentum (an invention) : libido. As one’s whim is, ad libidinem alicujus : a foolish whim, ineptum ; absurdum consilium : according to one’s whim and fancy, ad animi sui arbitrium ac libidinem (after Cicero).
WHIMPER, vagire : ejulare. Vid. CRY, v.
WHIMSICAL, stultus et inæqualis (Seneca, Vit. Beat., 12) : homo, cui nihil æquale est (after Horatius ; irregular, eccentric) : ineptus : absurdus : ineptus inersque (foolish, lazy person, never acting steadily) : morosus : difficilis. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) difficilis ac morosus (indulging such whimsical humors that it is almost impossible to please him).
WHIMSICALLY, There is no adverb that answers to this. Sometimes mire : mirum in modum (strangely) : varie (with variety) : ad libidinem ; ex libidine (according to individual fancy, without regard to the general practice) : insolenter (unusually).
WHINE, s., * vox ficta simulataque : * sermo rictus simulatusque ; or * vox flebilis.
WHINE, v., * vocem fictam simulatamque, or vocem flebilem mittere : * sermone ficto simulatoque uti.
WHINNY, hinnire : hinnitus edere.
WHIP, s., flagellum (Cicero) : flagrum (Livius, of single thongs ; if these were armed with iron points, it became scorpio) : scutica : lora, plural (scourge ; of thongs interwoven ; hence nearer to our “whips. ” Horace’s ut scutica dignum horribili sectere flagello makes the scutica lighter than the flagellum) : lorum (not so heavy as lord, plural) : to crack a whip, insonare flagello (Vergilius, Æn., 5, 679). Cf., The Romans seem to have used a “cane” (virga, qua aliquis ad regendum equum utitur, Cicero), rather than a whip, for riding ; but vid. the passage in Vergil, above quoted ; and flagellum was also used for oxen, Columella 2, 2, 26.
WHIP, v., || To strike with a whip, flagellare : flagris cædere. To whip a top, turbinem agere, flagellare. || To sew slightly [vid. SEW]. || With a preposition, off, out (= to take off nimbly ; colloquially vulgar), rapere, abripere.
WHIRL, s., turbo : vertigo : gyrus : verticillus (the whirl or hurl of a spindle).
WHIRL, v., || Transitively, torquere : circumagere : circumvolvere : vertigine rotare : volvere in orbem : in gyrum ducere. || Intransitively, torqueri : circumagi : in gyros ire : gyros peragere or edere.
WHIRLIGIG, * verticillus lusorius (Cf., turbo = a top ; trochus = a hoop. )
WHIRLPOOL, vortex (the proper word) : gurges (a strong eddy) : vorago (an abyss).
WHIRLWIND, turbo (violent and destructive) : vortex (less violent).
WHISK, s., scopula.
WHISK, v., * scopula purgare : * scopula pulverem excutere.
WHISKERS, we may say genæ pilosæ (Cicero, Pis., 1, 1), or genæ hirsutæ (rough cheeks, Martialis, , 6, 52, 4). Cf., The Romans did not wear whiskers.
WHISPER, s., susurrus (the proper word) : susurratio (a whispering). Gentle whispers, susurri lenes (Horatius, Ep. ), blandi (properly).
WHISPER, v., insusurrare alicui aliquid in aures or ad aurem : dicere alicui aliquid in aurem (Horatius, Sat., 1, 9, 9) : ad aurem admonere aliquem ut caveat, ne, etc. (to whisper a warning in any one’s ear that he do not, etc., Cicero, Fin., 2, 21, 69) : subjicere alicui aliquid (to suggest).
WHISPERER, qui in or ad aurem alicujus insusurrat.
WHISPERING, susurratio : susurrus (whisper).
WHIST, interjection, Vid. HUSH.
WHIST, s., lusus (paginarum, qui vocatur “whist, ” when these additions are necessary for perspicuity).
WHISTLE, s., sibilus ; plural, sibili (rare) and sibila, -orum (common : the former seems to denote single hisses, the latter a continued hissing).
WHISTLE, v., Intransitively, sibilare (general term for any whistling or hissing noise produced by a person with his mouth, by a serpent, the wind, etc., ; vid. Auctor ad Herennium, 4, 31 ; Quintilianus, 8, 6, 31) : fistula or tibia canere (to blow on a reed, fife, etc. ). To whistle (for anyone to come), * aliquem sibilo advocare.
We must whistle to oxen, to make them drink freely at the water, boves ad aquam duci oportet, sibiloque allectari quo libentius bibant (Columella, 2, 3, 2). || Transitively, To whistle a tune, * canticum sibilando exprimere (with the mouth) ; * canticum fistula (on a reed) or tibia (on a fife) canere.
WHIT, by circumlocution ; e. g., (let him do one thing or the other), I do not care a whitfor it, ne ciccum interdium (Plautus, Rud., 2, 7, 22) : he shall not get one whit, ne ciccum accipiet or auferet (after the above passage). Also expressed by nihil or ne minima quidem re or minime (not in the least ; e. g., offendere aliquem). Every whit : vid. ALL.
WHITE, adjective, albus (colorless ; opposed to ater) : candidus (of a bright color, clear, pure, shining ; opposed to niger) : canus (grey, silvery ; of hair and water) : albidus (whitish, comparative).
White as snow, niveus : white as milk, lacteus : white lilies, lilia candida (Ovidius) : white roses, rosæ candidæ, albentes : not to be able to distinguish black from white, atra et alba discernere non posse (Cicero) : to be white, albere : white bread, panis candidus (Quintilianus) : white wine, vinum album (Plinius), candidum (Palladius) : to make black white, quidvis probare alicui posse (Plautus). Troverbially. To wash a blackamoor white, ebur atramento candefacere (Plautus, Mostellaria, 1, 3, 102) ; nudo detrahere vestimenta (Plautus) : a white lie, mendaciunculum (little lie) ; mendacium modestum (opposed to mend, impŭdens).
WHITE,
WHITENESS, album (white color) : albitudo (as an abiding quality) : candor (brilliant, dazzling white). The white of the eyes, album oculorum (Celsus) : the white of an egg, album ovi. Cf., Albugo was a white speck in the eye (as disease). Albumen, albumentum, albor (ovi) are all late.
WHITE-LEAD, cerussa.
WHITEN, || Transitively, dealbare : album addere (in vestimentum). || Intransitively, albescere (Plinius, Horatius, Ovidius) : inalbescere (Celsus) : canescere (of hair ; Plinius).
WHITEWASH, v., dealbare : opere albario polire (with a kind of white mortar). To coat over whitewashed walls, albaria tectoriorum interpolare aliqua re (Plinius, 35, 15, 56) : Cf., trullissare = parget. Figuratively. To whitewash anybody, * fucare aliquem.
WHITEWASHER, dealbator (Codex Justinianus).
WHITHER, (Interrogative), quo? quem in locum? quorsum? in quam partem? whither shall I go? quo me vertam? || Not interrogative, (1) Without reference to anything foregoing ; aliquo : whither in the world, quo terrarum ; quo gentium : any whither, quoquam (to some place, indefinitely) : quopiam (to some place, although it matters not what).
Whithersoever, quocumque : quacumque (to any or every place, be it what it may) : quovis : quolibet (to any place which one may choose). (2) With reference to something preceding, quo.
WHITING, || A kind of fish, * gadus merlangus (Linnæus). || A soft chalk, * creta mollior.
WHITISH, subalbus (Varro) ; subalbidus : subcandidus : candidans : albicans (Plinius) : albidus (Vitruvius, Columella). To be whitish, candidare : albicare.
WHITLOW, paronychia : paronychium (Plinius, in the plural).
WHITSUNDAY, * dies primus Pentecostes (technical term).
WHITSUNTIDE, Pentecoste (ecclesiastical) ; dies festi Pentecostes (ecclesiastical).
Whitsuntide holidays, feriæ Pentecostales (Ruhnken).
WHIZ, stridere : sibilare (especially with a hissing or whistling sound : Cf., bombum facere = buzz).
WHO, || Interrogative. In direct interrogations ; quis (more rarely qui, which is used when not the name, but the character, or kind of person is intended. [vid. on WHAT]) : quisnam. In indirect interrogations, quinam : who are you? quæso, quid tu hominis es? who is this woman? quis illæc est mulier? who does not know? quis est qui nesciat? who is there? quis tu? || Relative ; qui. I know not who you are, nescio te : not to know who Aristides is, ignorare Aristidem (Nepos) : I will make you know who I am, faciam sentias qui sim.
WHOEVER,
WHOSOEVER, quicumque : quæcumque ; quisquis : quæquæ. Cf., These pronouns take the indicative, not the subjunctive, in direct and independent clauses ; it is a false refinement of modern Latin writers to use the subjunctive, for example, in such cases as the following : quamcunque doctrinae partem sibi examinandam sumsisset (Ruhnken) for sumserat ; quicunque appeterent (Muretus) for appetebant ; quidquid ætas reliquerit (Muretus) for reliquit (Krebs).
WHOLE, adjective || Sound, unbroken, integer (unmarred. unmutilated ; opposed to truncus, læsus, etc. ) : plenus (full, that has no empty space ; complete). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) plenus atque integer ; solidus (that has no hole). || Entire, complete ; all, total ; totus (opposed to single parts) : integer (of a thing itself in its state of integrity) : omnis (every, all ; plural, omnes, all, without exception ; opposed to nulli, pauci, aliquot, etc. ) : cunctus (collectively, considered as really united ; opposed to dispersi, sejuncti. Hence in the singular, it is used only with collective nouns ; e. g., senatus cunctus) : universus, universi (all, as united in our conception ; opposed to singuli, unusquisque. It excludes exceptions like omnes, but with more reference to the whole than to the separate units that compose it) : Cf., omnis Italia, geographically ; Italia cuncta, figuratively = all the inhabitants of Italy. In poetry “whole” is sometimes expressed by quam longus (-a, -um) ; e. g., nunc hiemem inter se luxu, quam longa fovere (Æn. 4, 193) ; et vacuus somno noctem, quam longa, peregi [scilicet, quam ea longa est] (Ovidius, Am., 1, 2, 3). The whole world, mundus hic omnis or totus (this world) ; universitas rerum (the universe) : with one’s whole heart, toto pectore : with one’s whole mind, totus ex mente et animo.
WHOLE, s., totum : tota res (opposed to single parts) : unum (as an unit) : omnia, -ium, neuter (all the part) : universum : universa res : universitas (all single parts taken together) : universum genus, or simply genus (the whole kind, as opposed to the species) : corpus (the whole as forming one independent body) : summa (the chief, the most important part in a thing) : solidum (a whole debt, as opposed to smaller sums) : respublica (the state, as opposed to single citizens) : the whole depends upon this, that, etc., totum in eo est, ut, etc. : in the whole, omnino (in comprehending a number of single things, or in opposing a number to a single thing ; e. g., there were five in the whole, quinque omnino erant) : omni numero (in the entire number ; e. g., Padus omni numero triginta flumina in mare Adriaticum defert). But if this expression denotes that a thing is to be comprehended in its totality, then it is rendered by universus (e. g., the thing being taken as a whole, re in universum considerata ; si rem omnem spectas).
WHOLESALE, magnus : A wholesale trade, mercatura magna ; mercatura magna et copiosa, multa undique apportans : to carry on a wholesale trade, facere mercaturam magnam or magnam et copiosam : a wholesale dealer or merchant, mercator ; qui mercaturam magnam facit.
WHOLESOME, salutaris : saluber or salubris (properly and figuratively).
WHOLLY, ex toto (perfectly, completely ; e. g., tutum esse) : ex integro (anew, afresh ; e. g., aliquid efficere novum) : ex omni parte (in every respect ; e. g., beatum esse) : omni numero : omnibus numeris ; omnibus numeris et partibus (in all its parts) : omni ratione (in every manner ; e. g., aliquem exinanire) : plane ; omnino ; prorsus (entirely, altogether) : longe ; multo (by far before alius and aliter) : valde (very ; strengthening the word with which it is joined) : It is wholly false, falsum est id totum : I am wolly thine, totus tuus sum ; totus tibi deditus sum : he is wolly uneducated, omnino omnis eruditionis expers est : he is wolly made up of deceit and lies, totus ex fraude et mendaciis factus est or constat : wolly to deny, præfracte negare, ejurare : to be wolly of a different opinion, longe aliter sentire ; tota sententia dissidere (Cicero, De Fin., 4, 1, 2) : to be wolly different, longe secus esse ; longe aliter se habere. The Latins, however, frequently express “wholly” by per in composition, (e. g., hoc mihi perplacet ; pernegare), or by a superlative (e. g., homo perditissimus).
WHOOP, Vid. SHOUT, BATTLE-CRY.
WHORE, meretrix : meretricula : scortum : mulier omnibus proposita (Cicero) : mulier quæ domum suam omnium cupiditati patefecit (Cicero, Cœl., 20, 40). A common whore, prostibulum (Terentianus) ; prostibulum populi (Plautus) ; lupa ; quadrantaria ; scortum vulgare (Cicero).
WHOREDOM, scortum : To commit whoredom (said of men), stuprum facere (Cicero) ; stupri consuetudinem facere cum aliqua (Suetonius) ; scortari (Terentianus) : (said of women) = to play the harlot, meretricem esse (Cicero) ; meretricium facere (Suetonius, Cal., 40) ; corpore quæstum facere (Plautus) ; corpus publicare (Plautus) or vulgare (Livius) ; pudicitiam publicare (Tacitus) ; se omnibus pervulgare ; se ad omnes libidines divulgare (Cicero) ; pudicitiam prostituere (Suetonius) ; pudicitiam in propatulo habere (Sallustius, Cat., 13, 3).
WHOREMONGER, scortator (Horatius, Sat. ) ; ganeo (Cicero) ; stuprator (Quintilianus) ; homo libidinosus (Cicero).
WHORISH, meretricius (the proper word) : libidinosus (lascivious) : impudi̅cus (immodest).
WHORTLEBERRY, * vaccinium mirtillus (Linnæus). κυρικιμασαηικο
WHY, cur? quamobrem? (in asking for the end) : quare? (in asking for the cause or occasion) : quapropter? qua de causâ? quid est cur? quid est quapropter? quid est causæ cur? quid est quod? (in asking for the motive) : quid (denotes in general that to which the verb refers ; e. g., quid rides? why do you laugh? i. e., at what do you laugh? what is the object of your laughter?) : why not? cur non, with an indicative (asking the reason why a thing is not done) : quidni, with a subjunctive (asking, with astonishment, how it is that another does not perceive the reason of a thing) : quin, with an indicative (refers to an urgent necessity of doing something ; e. g., cur non domum uxorem arcessis? quidni possim? quin quod ferendum est fers?). There is no reason (what reason is there, etc. ) why I should not do this, nulla est causa (quid causæ est? etc. ), quin hoc faciam : why can’t they? etc., quid est causæ, quin. . . possint (e. g., coloniam deducere)?
WICK, ellychnium ; pure Latin linamentum (wick of a lamp) : cande̅læ or cerei filum (the wick of a candle ; consisting of one thick thread, Juvenalis, 3, 287).
WICKED, scelestus : sceleratus : nefarius : nefandus : impius : improbus (Cf., scelestus has reference to the mind = ad scelera pronus or promptus ; sceleratus, to actions = sceleribus pollutus atque opertus. Hence, scelestus is applied to persons ; sceleratus, to things ; and, in general, things can be called scelesta only by personification. In like manner nefarius and impius are applied to the impiety of the person who acts ; only with this distinction, that the impius is wicked only in mind, the nefarius in his actions also ; whereas nefandus refers to the horrible enormity of an action) : malus (wicked by nature ; opposed to bonus) : pravus (corrupted by bad habits). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) malus pravusque ; homo nequam (a worthless fellow ; opposed to frugi). According to Döderlein, malus homo is a morally bad man ; but nequam, a good-for-nothing man, whose faultiness shows itself in aversion to useful labor, and a propensity to idleness and folly; opposed to frugi ; pravus, a man whose character has taken a vicious direction ; in a physical, or intellectual, or moral point of view; opposed to rectus. (Handbook, p. 131. ) A wicked action, impie factum ; scelus ; nefas.
WICKEDLY, scelerate : impie : improbe. SYN. in WICKED.
WICKEDNESS, impietas : improbitas (or by the adjective). A deed of wickedness, impie factum ; scelus ; nefas : to commit wickedness, impie facere : to commit great wickedness, multa impie nefarieque committere.
WICKER, vimineus (the proper word) ; craticius (wattled, of hurdles).
Wicker work, opus vimineum, craticium, e viminibus contextum ; also, crates (hurdle, crate).
WIDE, adjective, latus (broad) : laxus ; amplus (not close together, large) : spatiosus (roomy) : patulus (far-spreading). A wide plain, ampla, lata planities ; latus, late patens, amplus campus : a ditch five feet wide, fossa quinque pedes lata : wide open, patulus (e. g., fenestræ patulæ) : of a wide signification, late patens ; latus : but this has a wider signification, at hoc latius est or patet (opposed to angustius valere) : to be wide of the mark, a scopo aberrare.
WIDE,
WIDELY, adverb, late. Far and wide, longe lateque (e. g., diffundi).
WIDE-MOUTHED, ore patulo.
WIDE-SPREADING, patulus (especially of branches and trees) : patulis diffusus ramis (properly ; that spreads its branches wide, of trees) : quod longe lateque serpit (in general).
WIDEN, dilatare (to make broader) : laxare (to open what before was close or dense) : amplificare (to enlarge) : extendere : promovere (to enlarge).
WIDENESS,
WIDTH, latitudo (breadth) : laxitas (looseness) : amplitudo (space).
WIDOW, vidua. To become a widow, viduam fieri (Cicero) ; in viduitate relinqui (Livius, 40, 4) : a widow’s portion, * pecunia viduæ alendæ, sustinendæ data, destinata ; * annua, quæ viduis præbentur : a widow’s fund, * ærarium viduis sustinendis, alendis ; ærarium viduarium (Wyttenback).
WIDOWER, viduus (Plautus). To become a widower, viduum fieri ; amittere uxorem (Cicero).
WIDOWHOOD, viduitas (Cicero, Livius).
WIELD, || Properly, tractare, adhibere aliquid : uti aliqua re. || Figuratively, curare, administrare, gerere, exercere
aliquid. || To wield the sceptre ; vid. SCEPTRE, REIGN.
WIFE, conjux (as a partner in marriage) : uxor (as lawfully married) : marita (a married woman). To take a wife, uxorem ducere : to take anybody to wife, aliquam in matrimonium ducere ; aliquam ducere uxorem ; aliquam ducere : to have as a wife, aliquam uxorem habere ; aliquam in matrimonio habere : to give a woman to anybody as wife, in matrimonium dare or collocare aliquam alicui ; aliquam alicui in matrimonio or nuptum collocare : to become the wife of anybody, nubere alicui : what sort of woman have you for a wife? quid mulieris uxorem habes?not to take a wife, matrimoniis se abstinere (after Suetonius, Cæs., 51, in. ) : to have two wifes at the same time, duas simul uxores habere.
WIG, capillamentum (Suetonius) ; caliendrum (Horatius, Sat., 1, 8, 48 ; vid. Heindorf, ad loc. ) ; also, galericulum (especially such as our modern perrukes ; Suetonius, Oth., 12 ; vid. Bremi, ad loc. ) ; crines empti (Ovidius, false hair ; vid. Böttiger, Sab. I, p. 141).
WIG-MAKER, capillamentorum textor (Dan. ).
WILD, || Not tame, ferus : ferinus(†) : immanis (opposed to humanus, mitis) : wild beasts, feræ or immanes bestiæ ; or simply feræ ; belluæ silvestres (opposed to bestiæ cicures) : a wild ass, onager : a wild boar, aper : a wild bull, taurus silvester (Plinius) ; urus (Cæsar) : a wild horse, equus ferus. || Not cultivated, silvester : agrestis (of plants) : incultus : horridus : vastus (of the soil). || Rude, uncultivated, savage, ferus (uncivilized) : ferox (of fierce aspect) : agrestis (clownish ; opposed to urbanus, humanus) : immanis (unmannerly ; opposed to humanus, mansuetus) : incultus (unpolished ; opposed to cultus, politus) : rudis (coarse, rude in manner ; opposed to humanus, urbanus) : barbarus (opposed to doctus, politus). A wild mode of life, vita fera agrestisque. || Violent, furious, sævus : ferox : a wild look, vultus trux ; oculi truces : a wild and confused cry, clamor inconditus turbidusque.
WILDERNESS, locus desertus : locus vastus et desertus : solitudo vasta : solitudo avia. A complete wilderness, omnis humani cultus solitudo (Curtius, 7, 3, 12) : to retire into the wilderness, secedere or discedere in solitudines : to pass one’s life in a wilderness, degere ætatem inter feras : to turn a country into a wilderness, vastas solitudines facere ex terra ; vastitatem reddere in terra ; tectis atque agris vastitatem inferre.
WILDFIRE, * ignes, plural.
WILDLY, By the adjective.
WILDNESS, feritas : natura immanis : immanitas. Usually by the adjective.
WILE, ars : artificium (only in comedy ; also, techna) ; dolus. Vid. ART.
WILILY, astute : callide : vafre : subdole.
WILINESS, astutia : vafrities : versutia : calliditas : dolus.
WILL, s., || Faculty of volition, voluntas : divine will, numen : free will, libera voluntas (Cicero, Fat., 10, 20) ; liberum arbitrium (Livius, 4, 43 ; 32, 37 ; 37, 1) ; or simply arbitrium (Cicero) ; optio (option, choice). || Exercise and manifestation of this faculty in any particular case, voluntas : the will (of the Senate or of an influential individual), auctoritas : will (of the people), jussus : will and pleasure, arbitrium ; libido : that is my will and pleasure, hæc est voluntas mea ; ita, hoc volo ; ita fert animus ; sic stat sententia : according to one’s own will, sua voluntate (Cæsar) ; ad suum arbitrium ; ad suam libidinem : to depend upon another’s will, alieni esse arbitrii (Livius) ; non sui esse arbitrii (Suetonius) ; non esse sui juris ; non esse in sua potestate ; aliunde pendere : I have nothing but my good will, mini nihil suppetit præter voluntatem (Cicero, Fam., 15, 13, 2). || Purpose, design, voluntas : propositum : sententia : consilium : animus. || Inclination, wish, voluntas : optatum : votum : studium : to do anything against one’s will, aliquo nolente, invito, contra voluntatem alicujus aliquid facere : to do anything according to one’s will, facere aliquid ex alicujus voluntate (Cicero) ; ad nutum et voluntatem alicujus facere aliquid : to yield to anybody’s will, voluntati alicujus parere, obsecundare, morem gerere (Cicero) ; morigerari alicui ; animum alicui explere ; obtemperari alicujus voluntati. || Approbation, assent, assensus : consensus : comprobatio. || A testament, testamentum ; sometimes tabulæ (when the context fixes the sense) ; suprema voluntas (Ulpianus) : to make a will, testamentum facere (general term), componere, scribere ; testamentum nuncupare (the contents of the will being read in the presence of witnesses) : to be entitled to make a will, factionem testamenti habere : to die after having made a will, testato decedere : to die without having made a will, intestatum, or intestato, decedere : to draw up a will, testamentum conscribere : to seal a will, testamentum obsignare : to open a will, testamentum resignare or aperire : to set aside a will, testamentum mutare, rumpere, irritum facere : to forge a will, testamentum subjicere, supponere : a will-forger, testamentorum subjector, testamentarius : to appoint or provide by will, testamento cavere. Not to notice anybody in one’s will, alicui nihil legare ; in testamento immemorem esse alicujus.
WILL, v., || To be determined, to have formed a resolution, velle ; constituisse aliquid ; est mihi aliquid in animo ; habere aliquid in animo. || To wish, desire, velle, cupere ; (in a high degree), avere, gestire, petere, expetere, appetere aliquid. As you will, ut libet : would that! velim (expressing a direct wish for something possible) : vellem (a conditional wish for that which perhaps may not be possible) : to will rather, malle. || To require, demand, postulare, requirere aliquid.
WILLFUL, || Self-willed, obstinate, obstinatus : pervicax : pertinax : præfractus : contumax [SYN. in OBSTINATE]. || Done with design, quod consulto et cogitatum fit (of things ; e. g., injuria, quæ consulto et cogitata fit) : a willful offence, crimen voluntatis (opposed to crimen necessitatis, Cicero, Lig., 2, 5) : not willful, inconsultus (without consideration) ; temerarius (rash) ; fortuitus (by mere chance).
WILFULLY, consulto : consilio : cogitate (with premeditation) ; (The words are found in this connection and order. ) consulto et cogitate : voluntate (from choice or according to one’s own will ; opposed to casu). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) voluntate et judicio : data et dedita opera : de or ex industria (with intention, designedly, on purpose) : sponte (without any outward inducement, from an inner impulse) ; also personally, with sciens or prudens (with knowledge, knowingly). To do anything willfully, consulto et cogitatum facio aliquid : to offend anybody willfully, alicui de industria injuriam facere : not willfully, imprudenter ; per imprudentiam ; inconsulte ; temere ; also, (The words are found in this connection and order. ) inconsulte et temere ; temere ac fortuito ; casu (by chance).
WILFULNESS, animus obstinatus : obstinatio : pervicacia : animus pervicax : pertinacia : animus præfractus : contumacia. SYN. in OBSTINACY.
WILLING, libens : paratus : promtus : facilis : propensus. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) promtus et paratus ; facilis et promtus. To be willing to do anything, promtum, paratum esse ad aliquid non gravari aliquid facere ; promto or alacri animo suscipere aliquid.
WILLINGLY, libenter : promte : animo lubenti, promto, facili : non gravate. Most willingly, very willingly, promtissime (Plinius, Ep. ) ; lubentissimo animo (Cicero) ; animis lubentissimis (of several).
WILLINGNESS, animus libens, promtus, facilis ; facilitas.
With willingness [vid. WILLINGLY] : with the greatest willingness, promtissime (Plinius, Ep. ) ; lubentissimo animo (Cicero).
WILLOW, salix. Of willow, saligneus or salignus : a bed of willow, salictum.
WILY, callidus : versutus : vafer : astutus : subdolus. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) callidus et astutus ; astutus et callidus ; versutus et callidus. SYN. in CUNNING.
WIMBLE, terebra.
WIN, lucrari : lucrificare aliquid : aliquid proficere, acquirere : consequi : assequi : vincere : tollere [SYN. in To GAIN] : conciliare (aliquem ; alicujus animum ; to one’s self, sibi, also amorem sibi ab omnibus ; alicujus voluntatem sibi ; alicujus benevolentiam sibi) : parare : comparare (general term for procure). To win the favor of men by anything, aliqua re hominum (plebis, etc. ) animos ad benevolentiam allicere : to win men’s hearts in favor of anybody, animos (hominum, plebis, etc. ) conciliare ad benevolentiam erga aliquem ; the favor of the people, conciliare alicui favorem ad vulgus : to win a person by money, aliquem pecunia conciliare : there is no surer way of winning men’s hearts, eo nihil popularius est. To win by anything, etc. [vid. To GAIN]. To have never won more (at play), numquam se prosperiore alea usum esse : to have won 50, 000 sesterces (at dice), vicisse L. millia nummum : he who threw the “Venus” won all these denarii, hos tollebat universos, qui Venerem jaciebat : to win the pool, nummos universos tollere. To win a battle, etc., superiorem discedere ; in prœlio or pugna vincere ; victoriam ex hoste referre : the enemy won the battle, hostis vicit or victor evasit : to win anybody’s consent to do anything, alicui id persuadere, ut, etc. : to win from anybody
(at play), eludere aliquem aliquid. To win a bet, sponsionem or sponsione vincere : to win a cause, a prize [vid. To GAIN (a cause, a prize)] : to win a third triumph, tertium triumphum deportare (Cicero).
WINCE, calcitrare : calces remittere (to kick ; of horses) : se torquere or vertere (to twist one’s self about).
WINCH, sucula.
WIND, s., || Properly, ventus (general term) : a stormy wind, turbo : procella : a gentle wind, aura : ventus lenis : a favorable wind, ventus idoneus, secundus : a contrary wind, ventus molestus, adversus : a strong wind, ventus vehemens, sævus ; immodicus, gravis (Columella) : the wind rises, etc., ventus cooritur, increbrescit, intermittit, remittit, cessat : omnis vis venti cadit : exposed to the wind, ventis obnoxius : the wind rages, sævit ventus (Cæsar, B. G., 3, 13, towards the end) : this wind is unfavorable to those who are sailing from Athens, hic ventus adversum tenet Athenis proficiscentibus (Nepos) : to drive (or be driven, send, etc. ) before the wind, se vento dare (dedisse, etc. ; Cæsar, B. G., 3, 13, towards the end) : to speak to the wind, dare verba in ventos (Ovidius) ; profundere verba ventis (Lucretius) ; ventis loqui (Ammianus) ; surdis auribus canere (Livius) : to be wind-bound, ventis detineri in aliquo loco ; venti aliquem tardant : wind instruments, pneumatica organa (Plinius, 19, 4, 20) : to sail with a side wind, pedem facere or proferre ; ventum obliquum captare. || Flatulency, ventus (Cicero) ; flatus (Suetonius) : a breaking of wind, crepitus ventris (e. g., crepitum ventris emittere, Cicero). || Empty words, mera mendacia (plural) : it is a mere wind, nihil veri subest.
WIND, v. To scent, vid.
WIND, v., || Transitively, volvore : torquere. To wind off, explicare : to wind round, circumvolvere (aliquid alicui rei) : to wind into a ball, glomerare : to wind up (as with a windlass), trochlea tollere or elevare ; ope trochleæ, ergatæ aliquid subducere, elevare, tollere : to wind one’s self into a person’s favor or good graces = insinuate, vid. || Intransitively, torqueri ; volvi ; curvari ; se volvere, torquere, convolvere ; sinuari (as a river, plain, etc. ; e. g., campus inter Visurgim et colles inæqualiter sinuatur, Tacitus, Ann., 2, 16) : to wind round trees (as creeping plants), se circumvolvere arboribus (Plinius ; vid. also, TURN).
WIND, v., = To blow (a horn), cornu inflare. Vid. BLOW.
WIND UP a clock, * horologium intendere ; a discourse, orationem concludere, absolvere.
WINDED, Short-winded, anhelans (panting : CF., anhelus, poetical) ; suspiriosus (Plinius, Columella) : long-winded, (figuratively) tædium or satietatem afferens, molestus.
WINDING, s. Vid. BEND, CURVE.
WINDING, adjective, flexuosus (e. g., iter, Cicero).
WINDING-SHEET, * ferale amiculum : vestis or tunica funebris.
WINDING-STAIRS, * scalæ quasi in cochleam serpentes : (Cf., scalæ annulariæ, in Rome, Suetonius, Aug., 72 ; probably, the quarter of the ring-makers, Freund).
WINDLASS, ergata : trochlea ; or Latin prehensio (Cæsar, B, C, 2, 9). Cf., Rechamus and artemon are parts of a windlass or crane. Vid. more in CRANE.
WIND-MILL, mola venti (after mola aqua ; Codex Justinianus, 2, 42, 10). The miller in a wind-mill, * moderator molæ venti.
WINDOW, fenestra (an opening in a wall to admit both light and air. Cf., The fenestræ were secured with window-shutters, curtains, and lattice-work ; afterward, under the emperors, with the transparent lapis phengites or specularis, talc or mica ; hence specularia, such windows ; also, hot-house windows, Martialis, , 8, 14) : vitreæ (glass-windows are mentioned for the first time in the fourth century, Hieronymus, in Ezech., 40, 16). A blind window, fenestræ imago (Vitruvius, 4, 2, 4) : having windows, fenestratus : to open the windows (so as to let air into a room), cubiculi fenestras patefacere, sic ut perflatus aliquis accedat (vid. Celsus, 3, 19) ; perflatum in cubiculum totis admittere fenestris (Ovidius, Plinius).
WINDOW-FRAME, * margo ligneus fenestræ.
WINDOW-GLASS, vitrum. A pane of window-glass, * vitrea quadrata.
WINDOW-SHUTTERS, foriculæ (Varro, R. R., 1, 59, 1) : luminaria, plural, (Cato, R. R., 14, 2, Schneider ; Cicero, Att., 15, 26, 4).
WINDOW-TAX, tributum in singulas fenestras impositum (after Cæsar, B, C, 3, 32) : exactio fenestrarum (after Cicero, ad Div., 3, 8, 5, exactio capitum atque ostiorum, i. e., a poll-tax and door-tax).
WINDPIPE, aspera arteria (Cicero) : animæ canalis (Plinius). Cf., Animi or spiritus meatus = respiration.
WINDWARD, pars in ventum obversa (vid. Plinius 14, 21, 27) : pars ad ventum conversa (vid. Cicero, Verr., 4, 48, 107). This is the windward side, hinc ventus inquietus (Plinius, Ep., 2, 17, 16).
WINDY, ventosus (properly and figuratively).
Windy weather, cœlum ventosum, (cælum ventosum) ; ær ventosus (Plinius) : a windy day, dies ventosus (Quintilianus) : it is very windy today, vehemens flat, coortus est, hodie ventus.
WINE, vinum : temetum (an antiquated and poetical name for wine). Old wine, vinum vetus (Cicero), vetustum (Plautus), vetulum (Catullus) : new wine, vinum novum (Cicero), novitium (Plinius), recens (Scribonius), novellum (Palladius) : home-made wine (not foreign), vinum patrium or vernaculum : red, dark-colored wine, vinum rubrum, atrum, nigrum (Plinius) : white, light-colored wine, vinum album (Plinius), candidum (Palladius) : weak wine, wine that has no body, vinum dilutum (Celsus), infirmi saporis (Columella), imbecillum (Plinius), nullarum virium (Celsus) : strong or full-bodied wine, vinum validum (Plinius), firmum (Columella) : to drink much wine, largiore vino uti (Livius, Curtius) : to be heated with wine, vino incalescere (Livius) ; mero calescere (Horatius), incalescere (Curtius) : given to wine, too fond of wine, in vinum pronior (Livius) ; vinosus (Horatius) : a wine flask or bottle, lagena : spirits of wine, * spiritus vini : the smell or flavor of wine, odor vini ; odor vinosus : a wine glass, * scyphus vitreus : the wine trade, * negotium vinarium : lees of wine, fæces vini (Columella) : a wine-cellar, cella vinaria (Cicero) : a wine country, terra vinealis (Columella), vitifera (Plinius), vitfebus ferax : duty on wine, vectigal vino impositum ; portorium vini (Cicero, Font., 5, 9) : a good judge of wine, judiciorum ac palati peritissimus (Plinius, 14, 6, 8).
WINE-BIBBER, homo vinosus (Plautus) : in vinum effusus (Curtius), homo vinolentus (Cicero).
WINE-CELLAR, apotheca, or, Latin horreum vini or cella vinaria (Cf., not œnophŏrum, which is = a vessel containing wine).
WINE-MERCHANT, vinarius.
WING, || Properly, ala.
Wings, alæ ; pennæ (alæ is used also of insects ; pennæ only of birds ; according to Quintilianus, 1, 4, 12, pinnæ for pennæ is wrong) : to have wings, alatum esse (poetical, properly) ; volare (figuratively, of time) : to clip the wings, pennas alicui incidere (properly and figuratively ; Cicero, Att., 4, 2, 5) : to clip his wings, alas intervellere (i. e., pluck some of the feathers out ; improperly ; Plautus) : the wings grow again, pennæ renascuntur (properly and figuratively). || Figuratively, (a) Of an army, cornu (a wing of the main army of the Roman legions) : ala (one of the wings of the cavalry and allies which extended beyond the Roman legions ; vid. Gellius, 16, 4) : The troops which formed the wings, alarii ; so, also, alariæ cohortes (vid. commentators on Cæsar, B. G., 1, 51) : to be in the right wing, to form the right wing, dextrum cornu tenere ; in dextro cornu consistere : to attack the left wing, invadere sinistrum cornu. (b) A side building of a house, tectum quod est viæ junctum (a building projecting from the main building toward the street, Gellius, 16, 5) : ala (one of the walks or halls on the right or left side of the court in a Roman house, Vitruvius 4, 7, 2 ; 63, 4, sq. ). To build another wing (to a building), accessionem adjungere ædibus. (c) Of a door, foris : valva (rarely in the singular).
WINGED, || Properly, volucer : pennatus : (poetical and post-Augustan, ales, alatus, penniger. ) || Figuratively, volucer : incitatus. Vid. also, SWIFT.
WINK, s., nictus, -ûs, or by oculi. To give a wink, nictu loqui ; oculis nutuque loqui (Ovidius) ; nictare (Plautus).
WINK, v., || To open and shut the eyes, nictare. || To connive, connivere in re (to wink at it) : alicui rei or alicui aliquid ignoscere (to hold excused, to take no notice of) : alicui or alicui rei indulgere (to indulge anybody in anything) : indulgentia tractare aliquem (to treat anybody with indulgence) : omittere : prætermittere (to let anything pass, not punish it).
WINNING, facundus : perfectus ad persuadendum (persuasive) : venustus (charming) : suavis (agreeable) : blandus (flattering) : amœnus (Cf., rare, and post-Augustan, in this sense). A mild and winning temper, ingenium mite et amœnum (Tacitus, Ann., 2, 64, 3) : a winning deportment, winning manners, mores suaves ; morum suavitas.
WINNOW, Properly, (frumentum) ventilare or evannere. || Figuratively, rem excutere, scrutari, perscrutari.
WINNOWING-FAN, vanus : ventilabrum.
WINTER, s., hiems : bruma (poetical)
: tempus brumale (Cicero, in Arat. ), tempus hibernum, hiemale (Cicero). Of or belonging to winter, hibernus ; hiemalis ; brumalis : a severe winter, hiems gravis (Cæsar), acris (Plautus), gelida (Livius) : a very severe winter, hiems maxima, summa, teterrima (Cicero) : a rough, dreadful winter, hiems sæva (Livius, Columella), aspera (Sallustius, Velleius), atrox (Columella) : a mild winter, hiems clemens (Plinius), mollis (Columella) : an early winter, hiems matura (Cæsar), præmatura (Tacitus) : severity, mildness, of a winter, hiemis violentia, sævitia (Columella), clementia (Columella), modestia (Tacitus) : during the winter, hiemis spatio (Livius) ; hiberno tempore (Cæsar) : in the depth of winter, summa, hieme : at the beginning of winter, hieme inita : winter is near, hiems subest (Cæsar), instat (Curtius), appetit (Livius) : winter is almost ended, hiems præcipitat, or exacta, confecta est : the winter season, tempus hibernum (Cicero), hiemale (Nepos) ; hiemis tempora (Columella) : a winter evening, night, vespera, nox, hiberna, hiemalis, brumalis : to stand or live through the winter (of plants), perhiemare ; perennare (Columella) : a plant that stands the winter, planta, herba, hiemis patiens : to pass the whole winter any where, perennare in alterum ver (Columella, 12, 20).
WINTER, v., hiemare aliquo loco (general term) : hibernare aliquo loco (especially of troops, Cicero, Livius).
WINTER-QUARTERS, castra hiberna, or simply hiberna, -orum, nominative plural, (general term) hibernacula (barracks). To provide winter-quarters, hiberna præparare : to station in winter-quarters, in hibernis collocare ; in hiberna deducere (to lead into winter-quarters) ; in hiberna dimittere (to send to winter-quarters) ;per hiberna distribuere ; in hiberna dividere (to distribute into winter-quarters in different places) : to take up winter-quarters, hiberna sumere : to go into winter-quarters, in hibernacula concedere : to be in winter-quarters, in hibernis esse or contineri ; (in any place), (in) aliquo loco hibernare, hiemare, or hiberna agere.
WINTERLY, hibernus (of or belonging to winter) : hiemalis (as in winter, like winter) : A winterly day, dies hibernus ; dies hiemalis (if rainy or stormy) ; dies brumalis (as being short) ; dies frigidus et nivalis (cold and snowy).
WIPE, tergere : detergere : extergere (to remove by wiping, to clean while wiping) : abstergere (to wipe away). To wipe one’s hands, manus tergere or sibi extergere. || To dry, siccare : exsiccare. To wipe away one’s tears, lacrimas abstergere : to wipe one’s nose, se emungere. || To wipe out, extergere : pertergere (to clean by wiping) : exstinguere : delere (to wipe out anything written). To wipe out with one’s tongue, lingua delere (Suetonius, Cal., 20). || To clean, vid.
WIRE, * filum tortum : * filum metallicum (wire of metal) : * filum ferreum (iron wire). To draw wire, * æs in fila ducere : wire work, transenna (wire netting, as it were, for windows ; grating of wire-work) : reticulum (net of cat-gut ; but also of wire ; Festus, in voc. Secespitam) : net-work of brass wire, reticulum æneum : a wire string (of a musical instrument), * chorda metallica. κυρικιμασαηικο
WISDOM, sapientia (epithet, magna, summa, admirabilis, incredibilis ; singularis ; pæne divina, perfecta, Cicero ; consummata, Seneca ; præclara, præstans, gloriosa ; tenuis ; perversa, Cicero). Cf., Cicero defines it thus : rerum divinarum et humanarum scientia ; rerum divinarum et humanarumcausarumque, quibus hæ res continentur, scientia ; and he calls it mater omnium bonarum artium ; princeps omnium virtutum. To acquire wisdom, sapientiam adipisci, sibi parare, assequi : you are absolute wisdom, tu quantus quantus nil nisi sapientia es (Terentianus).
WISE, adjective, sapiens : sapientia præditus.
Wise in or with respect to anything, alicujus rei peritus (skilled in, especially with practical knowledge) ; sciens, gnarus, or non ignarus alicujus rei (having knowledge or information of anything) ; intelligens alicujus rei (having insight into, understanding) : very wise, persapiens : to be wise, sapore ; sapientia præditum esse ; sapientia consilioque multum posse : to become wise, sapientem fieri, effici : a wise saying, sapienter dictum (Cicero) ; sapiens dictum (Carbo ap. Cic. ) : a wise action, sapienter factum ; sapiens factum (Valerius Max. ) : a wise man, sapiens ; homo sapiens.
WISE, s., modus : ratio. On this wise, hoc modo ; hac ratione ; ad hunc modum : in no wise, nullo modo nulla ratione ; nullo pacto.
WISEACRE, homo ineptus, insulsus, fatuus.
WISELY, sapienter (e. g., facere, dicere). Very wisely, persapienter : sapientissime.
WISH, s., optatio (act of wishing) : optatum : cupitum (Plautus, Terentius, a thing wished, object of desire) : desiderium (longing for a thing absent ; also, the thing longed for) : voluntas (will, desire) : votum (a vow, a wish embodied in a prayer). To follow with best wishes, optimis ominibus prosequi : to have or cherish a wish, optare (with an infinitive) ; est in optatis or in votis (with an infinitive) : to be the object of one’s wishes, ab aliquo expeti : to fulfil or meet one’s wishes, facere quæ aliquis optat or vult ; alicujus voluntati satisfacere or obsequi ; aliquem voti compotem facere : I have obtained my wish, optatum impetro ; adipiscor quod optaveram or quod concupiveram ; voti damnor ; voto potior ; voti compos fio ; quæ volui mihi obtigerunt : according to one’s wish, ex optato ; ex sententia ; ad alicujus voluntatem : everything proceeds according to my wishes, cuncta mihi procedunt ; nihil mihi accidit quod nolim ; fortuna in omnibus rebus respondet optatis meis : every wish has hitherto been gratified, nihil adhuc mihi præter voluntatem accidit : to follow one with best wishes, aliquem optimis ominibus (Cf., not votis) prosequi.
WISH, v., || To desire, long for, optare : exoptare (with an accusative or infinitive) : in optatis mihi est : in votis est (with an infinitive) : cupere (with an accusative or infinitive) : cupere optareque : concupiscere (with an accusative or infinitive : Cf., optare and its cognates refer to the idea of good in the object of a wish ; cupere and its cognates to the emotion of wishing itself, or the mere impulse of the mind) : velle (with an infinitive) : aliquid desiderare (to miss). I wish nothing more earnestly, nihil est quod malim : I could wish, velim or mallem ; optem or optaverim (Cf., with this distinction, that the present tense is used when the wish relates to something possible, or that is likely to be attained ; but the imperfect or perfect when the wish is for something understood to be unattainable or impossible) : wished, optatus ; exoptatus : to be wished, optabilis (Cicero) ; exoptabilis (Plautus) : to wish one joy, alicui gratulari ; (concerning anything), aliquid, or de aliqua re : to wish beforehand, voto præcipere (in the Silver Age, voto præsumere ; e. g., Plinius, Ep., 3, 1, 11) : to wish anybody anything, precari alicui aliquid (good or evil) ; imprecari alicui aliquid (evil) : to wish anyone well, or ill, bene, male precari alicui : to wish well to anybody (give him one’s good wishes, etc. ), bene velle, or bene cupere alicui, or cupere alicui, or favere et cupere alicui (Cæsar) ; optimis ominibus aliquem prosequi (especially one setting out on a journey) : to wish everything bad to anyone, detestari aliquem omnibus precibus ; tristissimis ominibus aliquem prosequi (especially on setting out for a journey) : to wish him well with all my heart, ex animo bene velle alicui. || To desire to have anything done, velle. Do you wish anything? num quid vis? num quid imperas? do you wish anything else? num quid ceterum vis? as you wish, ut placet ; ut videtur ; ut jubet.
WISHING, optatio. Vid. WISH, s.
WISP, || A small bundle of straw, etc., manipulus : fasciculus manualis (manipulus when loose = a handful ; fasciculus, if tied up). || A small brush, penicillus : scopula (Columella).
WIST, Vid. KNOW.
WISTFUL, severus : gravis (earnest) : plenus desiderii : desiderio flagrans, incensus (longing).
WIT, ingenii acumen, or simply acumen (shrewdness, cleverness, quickness of intellect) : dicacitas (in repartee, sharp sayings, etc. ) : lepos (neatness and elegance of diction) : facetiæ (humor, jocoseness) : lepos facetiæque : sal ; plural, sales (pungency, smartness) : sal et facetiæ, breviter et commode dictum (a bon-mot) : dicterium (a short and acute remark or saying). Low wit, facetiæ scurri̅les : satirical wit, facetiæ acerbæ ; sales acerbi : he has some wit, aliquid est in eo ingenii (Cicero) : to have a ready wit, ingenium in numerate habere (Quintilianus) : to be in one’s wits, sapere ; animi or mentis compotem esse : to be out of one’s wits, desipere ; delirare ; insanire : to be at one’s wits’ end, ad incitas redigi. || A man of wit, homo acri ingenio, ingeniosus, or acutus (clever) : homo acutus, elegans, facetus (Cicero, clever and humorous) : jocosus (merry and jocose) : dicax : scurra (a low jester). TO WIT, nempe : nimirum : scilicet. Vid. NAMELY.
WITCH, s., saga : maga : venefica (Plautus) : anicula cantatrix (Appuleius).
WITCH, v., Vid. BEWITCH.
WITCHCRAFT, || Act of bewitching, fascinatio : effascinatio : incantatio (late ; vid. ENCHANT). || The art of bewitching, ars magica : magice : veneficium (Livius). To understand witchcraft, * artes magicas novisse : to
practise witchcraft, artes magicas tractare.
WITH, || In connection, in common, (1) Of common action, cum : una cum.
We also frequently find the simple ablative with an adjective, if the person acting with another is regarded as a means and instrument ; e. g., to make a league with anyone, fœdus facere (etc. ) cum aliquo : to walk in the street with anyone, una cum aliquo ire in via : to march out with the troops, cum copiis egredi : to march out with all the troops, omnibus copiis egredi (this construction is common, especially after the verbs proficisci, venire, sequi, adesse) : I do not know how it will be with me, nescio quid me futurum sit : it is all over with me, actum est de me! occĭdi! perii! to come to an end with anything, aliquid ponere in fine. Cf., On expressing or omitting cum, vid. Zumpt, § 472 – 474, with the notes. (2) Of friendly co-operation or intercourse, cum. A verb compounded with cum is followed either by another cum or by a dative ; e. g., what have I to do with you? quid mihi tecum est rei? I stand in a connection, or in no connection, with anybody, aliquid or nihil mihi est cum aliquo : to agree with any person or thing, cum aliquo, cum aliqua re, or simply alicui rei consentire ; congruere alicui rei or cum aliqua re : to be connected with anyone, jungi, conjungi alicui or cum aliquo (the participles of which verbs, junctus and conjunctus, are followed, in Cicero, also by a simple ablative). If two things are combined by idem (one, one and the same), the following “with” is expressed by qui or a conjunction, rarely by cum with an ablative (Cf., the simple dative is a Grecism, and usual only in the poets) ; e. g., at one time the Academics were one with the Peripatetics, Academici et Peripatetici quondam iidem erant. (3) Of union and joint participation, (a) in leagues, etc., cum. To have an alliance with anyone, societatem habere cum aliquo : to co-operate with anyone, facere cum aliquo ; stare cum aliquo or ab aliquo (cum denotes mutual operation, but a represents one party as active, the other as quiescent) : to carry on war with one party against another, cum aliquo bellum gerere adversus aliquem : (b) = by means of, (α) a person, per with an accusative ; alicujus opera ; alicujus opere, auxilio (with the help of) ; aliquo auctore (after the example of anyone ; e. g., I have adopted this reading with Ruhnken, * hanc lectionem auctore Ruhnkenio recepi, where cum Ruhnkenio would not be Latin). If the person be regarded as a means and instrument in the hand of the subject, then we may use also the simple ablative ; e. g., Cæsar, with the legion which he had with him, raised the wall to the height of, etc., Cæsar ea legione, quam secum habebat, murum perduxit in altitudinem, etc. To say with anyone, i. e., to employ the words of anyone, is expressed in Latin by alicujus verbis uti (Cf., not, as in modern Latin, by cum aliquo loqui) e. g., to say with Horace, ut Horatii verbis utar (vid. Quintilianus, 6, 3, 23), or simply auctore Horatio (vid. Cicero, Or., 21, 69). (β) a thing, either by the simple ablative (if a real means or instrument is denoted), or by per with an accusative (if, rather, the external circumstances concurring with an action, the way and manner, are to be expressed) ; e. g., to push with the horn at anyone, cornu petere aliquem ; with force, vi ; per vim ; with opportunity, per occasionem ; occasione data ; with reproach, per contumeliam. (4) Of hostile relations, cum : contra, adversus, with an accusative (against, especially where cum would occasion obscurity, since it denotes also = “in league with, ” etc. ) ; e. g., to fight with anyone, pugnare cum aliquo : to carry on war with anyone, bellum gerere cum aliquo, or contra (adversus) aliquem. After a substantive, such as “war, ” “battle, “, etc., the Latins express “with” also by cum in connection with a participle ; e. g., the war with the Gauls, bellum cum Gallis gestum (Cf., bellum cum Gallis alone would not be right), or by an adjective of the people, etc., with whom the war is carried on ; e. g., the war with the Gauls, bellum Gallicum ; or by the genitive of the person with whom the war is carried on ; e. g., the war with the pirates, bellum prædonum : the war with Pyrrhus, Pyrrhi regis bellum. || In company, in attendance, (1) Of persons, cum. The legions which he had lost with Titurius, legiones, quas cum Titurio amiserat. But if “with” denotes only that an action has reference to several persons, the Latins usually employ only a connective particle (et, ac, atque) ; only poets and historians use cum for et (as in Greek, αύν for καί) ; e. g., the women were killed with their children, mulieres atque infantes occisi sunt : the general, with some of the nobles, is taken, dux cum aliquot principibus capitur or (as always in the historians) capiuntur. (2) Of things, cum. The Latins frequently express this “with” (i. e., furnished, supplied, etc., with) by participles ; e. g., indutus aliqua re (clothed with) ; portans aliquid (carrying) ; manu gerens aliquid (having in the hand) ; addita or admixta aliqua re (with the additional admixture of) : with a ladder, cum scalis ; scalis instructus ; scalas portans : with a club (in the hand), cum clava ; clavam manu gerens : to give anyone water (mixed) with salt, dare alicui aquam cum sale, or dare alicui aquam addito or admixto sale. || Of contemporaniety, (a) With a person, cum ; e. g., he was in Cilicia with me as military tribune, fuit in Cilicia mecum tribunus militum. (b) With a thing, cum ; e. g., with these words he returned to Rome, cum his Romam rediit. Hence, also, of contemporaneous and immediate operations and consequences, cum ; non sine ; e. g., with pleasure (to hear, etc. ), cum voluntate : with great danger, cum or non sine magno periculo : with great care, cum magna cura. In many cases, however, the Latins have proper adverbs for such expressions ;e. g., with care, diligenter : with prudence, prudenter : with truth, vere : or they employ a participial construction : as, with the neglect of all things, omnibus rebus postpositis : with speed, adhibita celeritate. || According to, in consideration of, in consequence of, secundum (to denote agreement) : e or ex (to denote causality) : pro (to denote relation, and a standard by which anything is to be measured) : in, with the ablative (suggesting the presence of a property or quality, in consequence of which something happens).
With your dignity, you cannot act otherwise, pro dignitate tua non aliter agere poteris : with your great learning, you will not overlook this, in tanta tua doctrina hoc non prætermittes. But Latin writers use pro, etc., only in speaking of a definite measure or degree of any property or quality : when the idea is indefinite, they turn the expression by using a relative pronounor some other circumlocution ; e. g., I hope that, with your prudence and moderation, you are well again, spero, quæ tua prudentia et temperantia est, te jam valere : with your prudence nothing will escape you, qua es prudentia, te nihil effugiet : with his character, I by no means know whether he will change his mind, haud scio hercle, ut homo est, an mutet animum : with his madness, ut est dementia (Terentius, Ad., 3, 3, 35). || Notwithstanding, in, with the ablative ; e. g., with all the variety of their views, they all desired a king, in variis voluntatibus regem tamen omnes volebant : with great debts, they have also greater property, magno in ære alieno majores etiam possessiones habent. Or the idea is changed into a verbal proposition with licet or quamquam ; e. g., with all his prudence, he was, however, deceived, licet prudentissimus esset, tamen deceptus est : with his great services to the state, he could not, however, attain the consulship, licet optime meritus esset de republicâ, consulatum tamen consequi non poterat. || In company or together with (denoting concomitancy) : cum : apud (for which we frequently find ad ; vid. Held., Cæs., B. C., 3, 60 : Herzog, Cæs., B. G., 3, 9 ; Grotefend, § 126, Obs. 8 ; Zumpt, § 296) : penes ; often, also, by the simple genitive or dative. To dwell with anyone, habitare cum aliquo (together with one) or apud aliquem (in his house) : to dine with anyone, cœnare apud aliquem : to be brought up with any one, in alicujus domo educari : to have one always with him, aliquem sibi affixum habere : to be always with one, ab aliquo or ab alicujus latere non discedere : he was with me today, hodie ad me erat. || In the language, in the estimation or opinion of, apud : ad.
With our ancestors, apud majores nostros : to be with all nations sacred and inviolable, ad omnes nationes sanctum esse : with Xenophon (in his works), apud Xenophontem (Cf., not in Xenophonte) : Segesta, which, with the Greeks, is Egesta, Segesta, quæ Græcis Egesta est : with us this is considered a crime, id nostris moribus nefas habetur. || With reference to, apud. To avail much with anyone, multum valere, magna in gratia esse, apud aliquem. || In the hand or power of ; e. g., with God nothing is impossible, per Deum omnia fieri possunt : it rests with me, penes me est. Cf., At the end of a clause, after an infinitive, with = with which ; e. g., “a knife to cut with, ” = “a knife with which one may cut. ” You have persons to joke with, habes quibuscum jocari possis. He consults the Senate what they would wish to have done with those who, etc., refert quid de iis fieri placeat, qui, etc. (Livius).
WITHDRAW, || Transitively, abducere
: deducere : avertere : avocare. To withdraw one’s self from anybody, defugere aliquem : defugere alicujus aditum sermonemque detrahere : subtrahere (to take away secretly, including the idea of force) : subducere (to take away secretly, without force) : adimere (to take away from, without force) : abstrahere a, etc. (to draw or remove from anything, with force) : eripere (to snatch away forcibly) : surripere aliquid ab aliquo or aliquem alicui rei (to snatch away secretly, by stealth) : fraudare aliquem (aliquid) aliqua re (to withdraw unjustly, to cheat, defraud) : to withdraw one’s service from the state, reipublicæ deesse : to be withdrawn from the sight, ex oculis auferri, eripi ; e conspectu tolli. || Intransitively. To retire, se removere : se abducere : recedere a re (to retire) : vitare, evitare, devitare aliquid (to shun, avoid) : deesse alicui rei (to be wanting, as to help or service) : aliquid deprecari (to decline ; e. g., an office) : aliquid detrectare (to refuse ; e. g., militiam) : aliquid subterfugere (secretly to endeavor to escape ; e. g., militiam). To withdraw from a party or company, se subducere de circulo : to withdraw from public business, deesse reipublicæ ; a republica recedere ; a negotiis publicis se removere ; de foro recedere ; entirely, se subtrahere ab omni parte reipublicæ : to withdraw from anybody’s sight, se removere ab alicujus conspectu ; recedere ab alicujus conspectu ; fugere alicujus con spectum ; vitare alicujus conspectum. || To depart, abire ; discedere ; proficisci (general term, to remove from a place) : se recipere, redire (to retreat ; e. g., from a battle) : to withdraw with the garrison, præsidium educere and deducere (to lead out, to lead away) : to withdraw without accomplishing an object, infecta re redire : to withdraw from a siege, obsidionem omittere.
WITHER, v., Transitively. Properly, torrere : urere : adurere. Figuratively, corrumpere (to spoil) : perdere (to destroy). || Intransitively. Properly, flaccescere (Columella) ; languescere (Vergilius) : used by Cicero in a figuratively sense = to decay, deflorescere (of blossoms and flowers) ; viescere (to shrivel up, Columella). Figuratively, corrumpi : deflorescere : exarescere : interire (to perish).
WITHERED, flaccidus ; languidus ; marcidus. To be withered, flaccere ; marcere ; languere.
WITHHOLD, retinere : detinere : comprimere (e. g., frumentum, Cicero ; annonam, Livius). To withhold one’s approbation or assent, assensum cohibere, retinere, sustinere.
WITHHOLDING, s., retentio (e. g., of assent, assensionis, Cicero, Acad., 2, 19, 59).
WITHIN, preposition, intra (within a space or time) : inter (during a time, refers only to time past, time which elapsed while anything happened, not the point from and to which, which is denoted by intra, withinand still before the expiration of a period ; both followed by an accusative) ; in with an ablative (in a time, chiefly of shorter periods, and when no numeral is connected with the time ; e. g., within an hour, in hora ; within a year, in anno ; for which we find, also, anno vertente, in the course of the year ; vid. Schütz. Lex. Civ. in v. Vertens).
WITHIN, adverb, intus (toward the interior) : interius (in the midst or interior; opposed to exterius) : intrinsecus (toward the inner part, on the inner side; opposed to extrinsecus, exterius) ; ex interiore parte ; ab interioribus partibus (from within ; opposed to extrinsecus, ab exterioribus partibus) : Cf., intra and intro, in this sense, are not classical.
WITHOUT, preposition, || Denoting want or absence, sine. (Cf., Avoid absque in prose ; it is found only in the comedians, and in writers after the best age ; the few passages of Cicero from which it has been cited are doubtful ; nor was it used as exactly equivalent to sine until the later period of the language. Cf., Avoid, also, citra ; vid. Zumpt, §306 ; Ramsh., § 150, 3).
Without hope, sine spe : without delay, sine mora : without doubt, sine dubio : without distinction, sine discrimine : without any, etc., sine ullo, etc. (Cf., Avoid omnis in this connection ; e. g., do not say sine omni dubitatione for sine ulla dubitatione. ) “Without” may often be expressed by the use of nullus ; e. g., nullo labore ; nulla molestia ; nullo delectu ; nulla elegantia ; nullo ordine : also by various (negative) adjectives, adverbs, and verbs ; e. g., imprudens, imprudenter ; incautus, incaute ; impudens, impudenter, etc. : without intermission, continenter (Cæsar. ) : without learning or refinement, expers eruditionis, humanitatis : without care, vacans ab omni molestia ; vacans curis. To be without feeling, sensu carere : without friends, help, inops ab amicis ; inops auxilii. || Denoting exclusion, sine ; præter (except ; vid. also, EXCEPT) : I know that without your telling me, hoc, a te non monitus, non edoctus, scio : he does nothing without his friend, nihil agit, molitur, priusquam amicum consulerit. || On the outside of, extra. || Without, before the participial substantive : (1) by non with, a participle, or a negative adjective with prefix in- ; e. g., fecit aliquid non rogatus (without being asked) : imprudens (without knowing it). If the sentence is negative, nisi must be used ; e. g., Cæsar, exercitum numquam per insidiosa loca duxit nisi speculatus locorum situs (without having the ground previously examined by scouts) : (2) by participle ablative absolute, with non, nullus, nemo : he went away, epistolâ non lectâ (without reading the letter) : nullâ præstitutâ die (without fixing any day) : (3) by neque and a verb : many persons praise poets without understanding them, multi poetas laudant, neque in telligunt : (4) by ut, with subjunctive : numquam laudavit, ut non adjiceret, etc. (without adding) : in an affirmative sentence, ita must be inserted ; I enjoy anything withoutperceiving, etc., aliqua re ita potior, ut non animadvertam, etc. : (5) quin with subjunctive (after negative sentence) : numquam adspexit, quin fratricidam compellaret : (6) “I do anything (indeed), but not without. . . ” is aliquid ita facio, ut, etc. ; e. g., aliqua re ita potior, ut animadvertam (I enjoy anything, but not without perceiving, etc. ).
WITHOUT, adverb, || Denoting want or absence : by quin ; e. g., nullum prætermisi diem quin ad te literas darem (Cicero) ; numquam illos aspicio quin hujus meritum in me recordor (Cicero) : or by a participle with non ; e. g., quod verum est, dicam, non reverens assentandi suspicionem (Cicero) ; nihil feci non diu consideratum (Cicero) : or by an ablative absolute with a negative ; e. g., verborum sonitus, nulla subjects, sententia (Cicero) ; nihil potest evenire nisi causa antecedente : or by nec (Auctor ad Horatius, 4, 2, 39 ; Cicero, Div., 2, 17, 40) ; ut non (Cicero, Fin., 2, 22, 71) ; or qui non (Cicero, Manil., 11, 31). || Denoting exception ; by præter. || Ora the outside, extra. From without, foris (opposed to domi) ; extrinsecus (from the outside inward ; opposed to intrinsecus). || Not within, outside, extra ; exterius (on the outer side) ; foras ; foris (out of doors) : from without, extrinsecus. To pitch within and without, (vasa) intrinsecus et exterius picare (Columella, 12, 43, 7) : ideas come into our minds from without, irrumpunt extrinsecus in animos nostros imagines (Cicero, Acad., 2, 40, 125). “From without” with substantives may be expressed by the adjective, externus ; e. g., aid from without, auxilia externa (opposed to domesticæ opes, Cæsar, B. C., 2, 4).
WITHSTAND, resistere : obsistere : reniti : repugnare (properly and figuratively).
WITHY, vimen. Made of withes, vimineus : withy bed, viminetum (Varro) : Cf., salix = willow.
WITNESS, s., || Testimony, testimonium. To bear witness, testem esse ; testimonium dicere ; pro testimonio dicere ; testari ; testiricari : to bear false witness, falsum testimonium dicere or præbere : the very words bear witness to the fact, ejus rei ipsa verba testimonio sunt : to call to witness, testari aliquem ; testem facere aliquem ; God, Deum testari or Deum invocare testem ; gods and men, deos hominesque testari or contestari : antestari aliquem (in legal matters, before the introduction of a cause into court. The question put was, licet antestari? If the party consented, the person appealing to him touched the tip of his ear. In non-judicial matters it occurs only in Cicero pro Milone, 25, 68). || One who bears, testimony, testis. To call a witness, testem citare : to bring a witness, testem producere : to call a witness to prove, testem citare or vocare in testimonium alicujus rei.
WITNESS, v., || To attest, testari (general term) : attestari : testificari : testimonio confirmare (confirm by one’s evidence) : testimonio esse : testem esse (to be a witness ; the former of things, the latter of persons) : affirmare (to affirm positively) : clamare (to cry out). || To see, observe, vid.
WITTICISM, facete, acute, salse dictum ; plural, facetiæ, argutiæ, dicteria.
WITTILY, facete (Cicero) : haud infacete (Velleius) : festive : lepide : salse (Cicero) : non invenuste (Plinius, Ep. ).
WITTY, dicax : facetus : non infacetus : salsus : urbanus. Vid. WIT.
WIZARD, magus (μάγος) : veneficus (a preparer of poisonous drugs for the purposes of enchantment) : qui inferiorum animas elicit ; qui animos or mortuorum imagines excitat (after Cicero, Vatin., 6, 14 ; Ennius, Cic., Tusc.,
1, 16, 37) : qui jubet manes exire ex sepuleris (after Ovidius, Met., 7, 206) : qui infernas umbras carminibus elicit (Tacitus, Ann., 2, 28, 2) : eliciendi animulas noxias et præsagia sollicitare larvarum gnarus (Ammianus, all of one who raises spirits ; the last, for the purpose of inquiring the future) : qui adjuratione divini nominis dæmonas expellat (expeller of evil spirits ; exorcist, Lactantius ; in late writers, exorcista).
WIZENED, retorridus (properly and improperly ; e. g. mus, frons, etc. ; post-Augustan).
WOAD, vitrum (vid. Herzog, ad Cæsar, B. G., 5, 14 ; [called, also, glastum in Plinius] Cæsar, Plinius, Vitruvius) : * isătis tinctoria (Linnæus). To dye with woad, vitro inficere aliquid.
WOE, [Vid. GRIEF, SARROW, CALAMITY. ]
Woe is me! væ mihi! væ mihi misero! proh dolor! me miserum !
WOEFUL, tristis (sad, whose grief or sorrow about present evils is visible and impressed on his face) : mæstus (sad, melancholy ; properly, of persons, but also of things ; vid. also, SAD). Rather woeful, subtristis (rare ; Terentianus) : very woeful, pertristis ; permæstus : miser (that excites compassion ; e. g., situation, res ; fate, fortuna ; life, vita) : miserabilis (miserable ; e. g., aspect, sight, aspectus) : luctuosus (sad, sorrowful ; e. g., death, exitium) : flebilis (that will draw forth tears). To have a woeful countenance, vultu animi dolorem præ se ferre ; vultu tristi or mæsto esse : with a woeful countenance, mæsto et conturbato vultu (Auctor ad Herennium) : woeful news, tristes nuncii : a woeful end, tristis exitus or eventus : woeful times, tempora misera, dura, or iniqua ; misera tempora et luctuosa (Cicero) ; temporum iniquitas, gravitas, or calamitas.
WOEFULLY, misere : miserabiliter : flebiliter (poetical, flebile) : luctuose ; also, miserandum in modum. SYN. in WOEFUL.
WOLF, || A wild animal, lupus : lupa (a she wolf ; also, lupus femina, in old Latin, Quintilianus, 1, 6, 12). Of or belonging to a wolf, lupinus : to devour like a wolf, lupino victu devorare (Prudentius, περὶ στεφ, 1, 98).
Wolf-hunting, * venatio luporum. To go out wolf-hunting, lupos venari. || A corrosive ulcer ; vid., CANCER.
WOLF-DOG = Shepherd’s dog. Vid. DOG.
WOLF’S CLAW, * ungula lupi or lupina : * lycopodium (Linnæus). κυρικιμασαηικο
WOLF’S MILK, tithymalus (τιθύμαλος) : * euphorbia (Linnæus).
WOLF’S WORT, aconitum (Plinius, Vergilius).
WOMAN, femina (in respect of sex ; opposed to vir) : mulier (with reference to age, not a girl) : sexus muliebris (woman collectively ; i. e., the female sex). A young woman, puella (a girl) : virgo (a virgin) : adolescentula ; juvenis (the former, a young person up to twenty or even thirty years of age ; the latter, from thirty to fifty, but sometimes used also for the former) : an old woman, anus (general term) : vetula (implying dislike or contempt).
Woman-kind, sexus muliebris (the female sex) : mulieres (women of staid age) : feminæ (women ; opposed to viri, men) : women’s clothes, vestis muliebris ; vestimentum muliebre : in women’s clothes, veste muliebri indutus ; in muliebrem modum ornatus.
WOMANISH,
WOMANLIKE, muliebris (of or by a woman) : effeminatus ; mollis (effeminate).
WOMANLY, muliebris : femineus. Cf., Avoid femininus, which is late.
WOMB, uterus (the proper word) : venter (general term, as to outward appearance) : alvus (as containing the uterus). To kill a child in the womb, partum in ventre necare (poetical) : a child in the womb, fœtus : from the womb, a prima infantia ; a primis ætatis temporibus ; ab initio ætatis.
WONDER, s., || Astonishment, miratio : admiratio. To excite wonder, admirationem facere, efficere : admirationem habere, or, more commonly, movere (to excite wonder ; of things). To be seized with wonder, admiratio me capit or incessit. Full of wonder, mirabundus. || A wonderful thing, res mira : miraculum : prodigium : portentum. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) portentum et miraculum : ostentum (supernatural appearance, having an ominous character) : monstrum (an unnatural animal or man). A wonder (= a wonderful person), * homo mirificus : the seven wonders of the world, * septem miracula mundi : it is no wonder, non mirum est ; non est quod miremur : it is a wonder, mirum or mirandum est : is it any wonder ? mirandumne id est ? what wonder is it? quid mirum? “No wonder” may often be translated by quippe, scilicet : no wonder, for he was a very liberal person, quippe benignus erat (Horatius, Sat., 1, 2, 4). To perform wonders, * miracula edere.
WONDER, v., mirari (to be astonished or surprised at something strange, great, or interesting) : admirari (to admire as great or striking, or as deserving praise or blame) : demirari (to be astonished at some striking appearance) : admiratio aliquem incessit ; stupere admiratione. To wonder that, mirari quod, or accusative and infinitive : to wonder at anything, mirari, admirari, demirari aliquid, de aliqua re ; mirum mihi aliquid est, videtur : to wonder greatly, valde, admodum, vehementer, magnopere mirari : I wonder what could have been the reason why, miror quid causæ fuerit quare.
WONDERFUL, mirus : mirandus : admirandus : mirabilis : admirabilis : mirificus. Very wonderful, permirus : wonderful things, res miræ ; mirabilia ; miracula ; monstra. To perform wonderful cures, mirabiliter mederi ægrotis (Plin) :
WONDERFULLY, mirum in modum : mirandum in modum (Cf., but not in mirum modum) : mirabiliter : admirabiliter : monstrose : prodigialiter (Horatius, A. P. ).
WONDERFULNESS, admirabilitas (Cicero) : Cf., mirabilitas (Lactantius). Mostly by the adjective.
WONT, s., mos : consuetudo. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) mos atque consuetudo. Vid. also, CUSTOM.
WONT, v., solere : assolere : consuevisse : assuevisse (Cicero) ; insuevisse (Tacitus). I am wont to, sic assuevi, consuevi ; hæc est mea consuetudo ; ita facere soleo ; ita fert mea consuetudo (Cicero) ; sic meus est mos (Horatius). One is wont to, consuetudo hujus rei facta est (Celsus).
WONTED, suetus : assuetus (Livius) : assuefactus : consuetus : solitus : notus (Cicero).
WOO, aliquam colere (Suetonius, Otho, 2) ; alicujus cultorem esse (Ovidius, A. A., 1, 722) ; amare aliquam or amatorem esse alicujus (a cultor is not necessarily an amator (Ovidius) : alicujus amore teneri or captum esse (to be in love with) : Cf., nuptiis ambire is of a man to whom proposals of marriage are made (Tacitus, Germ., 18) : so connubiis ambire.
WOOD, || Timber, lignum (general term) ; plural, ligna (pieces of wood, especially fire-wood) : materia, more rarely materies (timber, whether standing, or felled and squared) : materiatio (timber used for building). To grow or increase in wood, in materiam et frondem effundi : the more we trim trees, the more do they grow in wood, quo plus putantur arbores, eo plus materiæ fundunt. To cut or fell wood, ligna or materiam cædere : to cleave wood, ligna findere : to fetch wood, lignari ; materiari : to be of wood, de ligno esse ; of wood, ligneus.
Wine that is in the wood, vinum doliare (Ulpianus, Digests). || A place where trees grow, silva (a number of trees together, with thick underwood) : saltus (a forest, especially, as some suppose, a thickly wooded ravine, or mountain dell ; vid. Herzog ad Cæsar, B. G., 7, 19 : Voss. ad Vergilius. the German-Latin Lexicon of Georges, 1, 16 ; also a wood where cattle feed, or a wooded chain of mountains ; hence distinguished from mons and silva ; silvis aut saltibus, Cæsar ; saltus silvasque, Vergilius ; montes saltusque, Justinus) : nemus (a plantation) : lucus (a sacred grove). A thick wood, magna, densa silva.
WOODCOCK, * scolopax rusticola (Linnæus).
WOODEN, ligneus ; diminutive, ligneolus.
WOOD-LOUSE, oniscus, multipeda, centipeda (Plinius).
WOODMAN, qui ligna cædit (Cf., lignicida was not in use ; Varro, L. L., 8, 33, § 63).
WOOD NYMPH, nympha silvæ (Cf., nympha silvicola is poetical) : dryas : hamadryas (a tree nymph).
WOODPECKER, picus arborarius (Plinius) : * certhia familiaris (Linnæus).
WOODY, silvester (Cicero) : silvosus (Livius) : nemorosus (Plinius, Ep. ) : Cf., saltuosus = full of woody mountains and ravines (Sallustius, Livius).
WOOER, procus (Cicero, Vergilius) : amasius (Plautus, lover, sweetheart).
WOOF, subtemen : trama (usually regarded as synonymous, Servius ad Vergilius, Æn., 3, 483 ; but Seneca, [Ep., 90] distinguishes trama from subtemen : quemadmodum tela suspensis ponderibus rectum stamen extendat ; quemadmodum subtemen insertum, quod duritiam utrinque comprimentis tramæ remolliat, spathâ coire cogatur et jungi, where it may be = stamen, warp, or tela, the whole web, or the threads of the web. Schneider, Index Script. R. R., understands trama, the threads drawn up into a web, and by subtemen simply the weft or woof. Koenig, ad Persius, 6, 73, takes trama to be the harder and more firmly twisted threads of the woof, and subtemen, its softer threads).
WOOL, lana (properly) : lanugo (anything like wool). Of wool, laneus : soft wool, lana mollis : long wool, lana prolixa : shorn wool, lana tonsa. To cut wool (in shearing), lanam tondere (Varro), detondere (Plinius),
demetere (Columella) : to dress wool, lanam parare (Varro), carminare (Plinius) : of or belonging to wool, lanarius. Proverbially. Great cry and little wool, quum magna minaris, extricas nihil (Phædrus).
WOOLLEN, laneus.
Woolen yarn, lana neta (Ulpianus, Digests).
WOOLLEN-DRAPER, lanarius.
WOOLLY, lanosus (Columella) ; lanuginosus (Plinius, full of wool) : lanatus (abounding in wool).
Woolly hair, capillus lanæ propior (after Plinius, 8, 48, 73).
WORD, s., vocabulum (as the name of anything = nomen ; rare in Cicero) : verbum (considered as spoken or written) : vox (an expression containing a complete proposition : vox, especially as an expression of feeling verbum, of an idea) : dictum (an expression of intellect or humor ; often an expression may be regarded as a vox or a dictum) : nomen (the distinctive name of an object). “The word plough, ” verbum aratri (Cf., not verbum aratrum) : words = speech, sermo : oratio : an old word, verbum vetus, vetustum, priscum : a new word, verbum novum, novatum : word for word, ad verbum (e. g., de Græcis exprimere ; ediscere ; cum aliqua re convenire) ; verbum e verbo exprimere (Cicero, when he translates, e. g., πάθη, morbi ; κατάληφισ, comprehensio) ; verbum de verbo expressum efferre (Terentianus, in same sense) ; verbum pro verbo reddere (Cf., not verbo tenus, which is = “in word only: ” opposed to re) : to give the spirit of an author without translating him word for word, non verbum pro verbo reddere, sed genus omnium verborum vimque servare (Cicero) : to translate word for word, ad verbum aliquid transferre, exprimere (Cicero) : verbum verbo reddere (Horatius) ; verbis totidem aliquid transferre (Cicero) : to say a word, verbum facere : not to utter a word, verbum nullum facere (Cicero) : to get a word out of anybody, verbum ex aliquo elicere (Cicero) : to define one’s words, verba definire et describere : to use a word in a certain sense ; by circumlocution with verbo uti (not verbum usurpare, adhibere) ; subjicere sententiam vocabulo ; vocabulo aliquid significare, declarare. To use a word in a rare application, verbum doctiuscule ponere. Cicero, too, makes a similar application of the word, item consimiliter Cicero verbo isto utitur. Cicero uses the word in a contrary meaning, contra valet quum Cicero — ita dicit : to agree in substance, but to be different in words, re consentire, vocabulis differre (Cicero) : to which the word virtue is usually applied, in quo nomen poni solet virtutis (Cf., if the word in apposition is an adjective, the following passage of Cicero is a good example : “To the word happy, ” etc., huic verbo, quum beatum dicimus, etc. ; Cicero, Tusc., 5, 10). To exchange words with anybody, verba commutare cum aliquo or inter se : to have words = to quarrel, dispute, altercari, altercationem facere (Cicero) ; verbis certare cum aliquo : to say anything in few words, brevi circumscribere, explicare, expedire aliquid ; parva significatione ostendere aliquid : I with to say two or three words to you, paucis te volo (Persius) ; te tribus verbis volo (Plautus) ; tribus verbis (ib. ) ; paucis ausculta! paucis audi! (Terentianus) : fair words, blandæ voces ; benigna oratio ; benigna verba (Cicero) : to waste words, verba frustra consumere : don’t say a word about the marriage, verbum unum cave de nuptiis (Terentius) : not to suffer one to speak a word, interloqui aliquem (Terentius) ; loqui conantem interpellare : in one word, uno verbo ; ut verbo dicam ; quid multa? To take the words out of one’s mouth, orationem alicui ex ore eripere (Plautus) : not to be able to get a word from anybody, ex aliquo verbum elicere, or vocem exprimere, non posse : to say or put in a good word for anybody, deprecari aliquem ab aliquo (in order to avert a danger, etc. ) : commendare aliquem alicui (in order to recommend or introduce him). To beguile by fair words, ducere aliquem dictis, with or without phaleratis (frequent in Terentius) ; lactare aliquem et spe falsa producere (Terentius, Andr., 4, 1, 24) : to put one off with fair words, pollicitaudo lactare alicujus animum (ib., 4, 4, 9) : want of words, inopia (verborum ; opposed to verborum copia, ubertas) : a little word = particle, vocula (Gellius ; Cf., but there is no authority for verbulum) : structure of words, ordo, strilctura verborum ; consecutio verborum (construction) : connection of words, verborum junctio (Cicero), junctura (Horatius, A. P. ), copulatio (Quintilianus) : word of command [vid. COMMAND]. To be at a loss for words, verba desunt alicui (Cicero) ; aliquis continuandi verba facilitate [al. facilitate] destituitur (from confusion, want of presence of mind, Quintilianus) : to employ a word that has become obsolete, verbum a vetustate repetere (Quintilianus). Play upon words, annominatio (Cicero and Quintilianus, [vid. PUNNING, and the examples there given]) : verborum lusus (Ruhnken) : To have the last word, ad extremum obloqui (Bauer) : the Word of God = the Bible, literæ divinæ, sanctæ ; libri divini (ecclesiastical) : to preach the Word of God, * Dei voluntatem interpretari [vid., also, Holy WRIT] : the Word of Life, * doctrina salutaris. || Promise, fides ; promissum. To give one’s word, promissum dare ; promittere aliquid : to pledge one’s word for anything, fidem suam in aliquam rem interponere (Cæsar) ; to anybody, fidem alicui dare (Cicero), or interponere (Cæsar), or astringere (Terentius) : to keep one’s word, be as good as one’s word, fidem servare, præstare (Cicero), conservare (Nepos), liberare (Cicero), exsolvere (Livius) ; in fide manere ; promissum servare, exsolvere (opposed to fidem non servare ; in fide non stare ; promissis non stare ; promissum non facere ; fidem fallere, mutare, prodere) : on your word, tua fide (Plautus) ; te auctore, sponsore (after Cicero) : on my word, mea fide (Cicero) ; me auctore ; me vide! a man of his word, vir fidem datam, promissum datum, religiose servans : to keep one to his word, postulare ut fidem datam servet, exsolvet aliquis (after Cicero ; to demand the fulfilment of a promise) : instare verbis alicujus ; premere verba alicujus (in argument, to tie one close to his expressions) :
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I rely upon your word, tuo promisso, tuis dictis, confido, nitor : you have my word, fidem meam habes! rata ac firma sunt, quæ promisi : an honorable man’s word is as good as his bond, in virum honestum, bonum, non cadit mendacium, fraus ; promissa fides sequetur.