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UNSHACKLE, Vid. UNCHAIN.
UNSHAKEN, Vid. UNMOVED.
UNSHAPEN, informis (that is without a determinate form or frame) : deformis (disagreeable from its want of proper form or shape) :
Unshapen state or condition, deformitas.
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UNSHAVED, intonsus.
UNSHEATHE, e vagina educere : vagina nudare ; and with gladium stringere, destringere.
UNSHIP, exponere (any where, in locum or in loco).
UNSHOD, pedibus nudis (with naked feet) : excalceatus (Suetonius, Martialis) : discalceatus (only Suetonius, Ner., 51 ; both = having put one’s shoes off) : non calceatus (e. g., of a horse).
UNSHORN, intonsus : immissus (e. g., barba, capilli).
UNSIEVED, incretus (* Appuleius, Met., 7, p. 194, 37).
UNSIGHTLINESS, Vid. UGLINESS.
UNSIGHTLY, Vid. UGLY.
UNSISTER-LIKE : non sororius.
UNSKILFUL, imperitus (inexperienced or unpractised, raw ; in anything, alicujus rei) : ignarus, in anything, alicujus rei (ignorant of, with genitive of the art or science) : inscitus (betraying a want of proper knowledge and judgement of persons and things ; e. g., joke, jocus) : rudis, in anything, in aliqua re (uninformed in any art or science).
UNSKILFULLY, imperite(in an inexperienced manner) : inepte : incommode (unsuitably) : inscite (without proper knowledge or judgement).
UNSLACKED, || Of lime, vivus.
Unslacked lime, calx viva (Vitruvius, 8, 7). || Of thirst, non expletus (Cicero) : non exstinctus, or restinctus, or sedatus (all †).
UNSOCIABLE, Vid. INSOCIABLE.
UNSOILED, Vid. UNBLEMISHED.
UNSOLICITED, non rogatus (unasked) : ultro (voluntarily) : ultro oblatus (offered without any solicitation).
UNSOLVED, non solutus. To leave unsolved, non solvere.
UNSOPHISTICATED, sincerus : simplex. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) simplex et sincerus : non fucosus (e. g., an unsophisticated neighborhood, vicinitas non fucosa, non fallax, non erudita artificio simulationis, etc., Cicero).
UNSOUGHT, non quæsitus.
UNSOUND, || With reference to truth, pravus : pravus et perversus (of opinions). To be unsound in faith, hæreticum esse (ecclesiastical) ; * veram Christi legem non sequi ; infectum esse opinionum pravitate. || With reference to logical cogency, ad probandum infirmus (nugatoriusque) : levis et infirmus : levis et nugatorius : inanis et levis (weak ; of arguments). That is an unsound argument, nullum (vero) id quidem est argumentum. || With reference to health. [Vid. SICKLY, UNHEALTHY. ]|| Rotten, vid.
UNSOWN, non satus.
UNSPARED, To leave nothing unspared, nulli rei parcere.
UNSPARING, || Severe, inclemens (opposed to clemens) : acer : acerbus (opposed to lenis) : crudelis (opposed to clemens). || Liberal, vid.
UNSPARINGLY, inclementer : acerbe : acriter : crudeliter.
UNSPEAKABLE, Vid. UNUTTERABLE.
UNSPOTTED : Vid. UNSTAINED, UNDEFILED.
UNSTABLE, instabilis (that does not stand fast or on firm ground ; e. g., gradus, incessus) : vagus (erring about, not settled ; of persons and things ; hence = inconstant ; e. g., vita, life ; vultus, look).
UNSTAINED, purus : integer (opposed to contaminatus) : incontaminatus (opposed to contaminatus) : impollutus (opposed to pollutus : these two post-Ciceronian) : castus : incorruptus : inviolatus.
Unstained by civil blood, castus a cruore civili : Cf., immaculatus, poetical ; once in Lucanus, SYN. in Pure.
UNSTAMPED, non signatus forma, sed rudi pondere (of metals, silver coin, etc. ) : publice non probatus (of measures, weight, etc. ).
UNSTEADILY, instabili (et lubrico) gradu (with unsteady gait ; Curtius) : mutabiliter (changeably, Varro). Cf., Not leviter = slightly : inconstanter = inconsistently, illogically.
UNSTEADINESS, Vid. INSTABILITY, INCONSTANCY, FICKLENESS.
UNSTEADY, instabilis (not firm, regular, etc. ; properly and improperly). [Vid. INCONSTANT. ]An unsteady hand (in writing), vacillantes literulæ (Cicero) : an unsteady gait, instabilis ingressus (Livius), gradus (Curtius) : an unsteady line (of soldiers), instabilis et fluctuans acies (Livius) : an unsteady hand, tremebunda or tremula manus (e. g., of a drunken man) ; manus intremiscens (e. g., of a surgeon). An unsteady light, tremulum lumen († Vergilius). If = immoral, profligate, vid.
UNSTITCH, dissuere. Vid. quotation in UNRIP.
UNSTOP, relinere (what had been stopped with resin, pitch, etc. ) : solvere (general term).
UNSTRUNG, nervis non intentus.
UNSUBDUED, Vid. UNTAMED.
UNSUCCESSFUL, || Of persons [vid. UNFORTUNATE]. To be unsuccessful in anything, aliquid alicui non satis ex sententia procedit, or male, parum, etc., procedit. Even the greatest orators are sometimes unsuccessful in their attempts, nonnumquam etiam summis oratoribus non satis ex sententia eventus dicendi procedit (Cicero). || Of things, cassus (empty, hollow ; hence profitless, of labors) : inanis (empty, unsubstantial ; inanes contentiones) : irritus (as good as undone, irritum inceptum, labor). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) vanus et irritus ; irritus et vanus. To make unsuccessful attempts, operam perdere, or frustra consumere or conterere ; oleum et operam perdere. To be unsuccessful, successu carere (†) : ad irritum cadere : male procedere.
UNSUCCESSFULLY, Vid. in VAIN.
UNSUITABLE, Vid. UNFIT, UNBECOMING.
UNSUITABLENESS, Vid. UNFITNESS, UNBECOMINGNESS.
UNSULLIED, Vid. UNBLEMISHED.
UNSUSPECTED, non suspectus, Anybody is unsuspected, omnis suspicio abest ab aliquo : non convenit in aliquem suspicio : anything is unsuspected, nulla subest in aliqua re suspicio.
UNSUSPECTING, nihil mali suspicans (Cicero, Cluent., 9, 27).
UNTAINTED, non infectus.
UNTAMED, || Properly, immansuetus (properly, not tame, not withdrawn from its savage state ; of living beings). || Improperly, Vid. UNGOVERNABLE.
UNTASTED, ingustatus (that has never been tasted before, * Horatius).
UNTAUGHT, non edoctus.
UNTENABLE, infirmus : levis. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) levis et infirmus (weak ; of arguments, etc. ) : * quod defendi non potest.
UNTENANTED, vacuus (empty) : non locatus (not let).
UNTERRIFIED, non territus, etc. Vid. TERRIFY.
UNTHANKFUL, Vid. THANKLESS, UNGRATEFUL.
UNTHANKFULLY, Vid. THANKLESSLY, UNGRATEFULLY.
UNTHANKFULNESS, Vid. THANKLESSNESS, UNGRATITUDE.
UNTHINKING, Vid. INCONSIDERATE, THOUGHTLESS.
UNTHRIFTY, Vid. UNECONOMICAL, PRODIGAL.
UNTIE, solvere : dissolvere : laxare (to make loose). To untie anything or anybody, aliquid or aliquem nodo vinctum solvere : to untie a knot, nodum solvere, expedire (properly, or figuratively).
UNTIL, conj., dum : donec (in this sense very rare in Cicero ; not found in Cæsar, Freund) : quoad (with reference to the mood, the subjunctive is used when there is any closer connection between the principal and accessory clauses than that of defining the time ; i. e., when the event up to which anything lasted, or before which it did not occur, or did not cease, was an object aimed at, desired, conceived possible, or pointed out generally as an indefinite future event. Hand says the subjunctive is used when the force might be given by “no longer than till, ” non diutius quam, or “not before, ” non prius quam. The subjunctive is most commonly used in present, imperfect, or pluperfect ; the indicative in the perfect or future perfect ; Cf., Pract. Intr., ii., 641-645, 656, 657, 667. The continuance is more strongly marked out by adding usque eo, or eo usque, in the principal clause ; sometimes usque ad eum finem [dum, Cicero]).
UNTIL, preposition, (of time) : until the present moment, adhuc : usque ad hunc diem (until this day) : until to-morrow, in crastinum : until late at night, ad multam noctem : until daylight, ad lucem : until the evening, ad vesperum.
UNTILE, tegulas demere (Verrius, 2, 3, 60) : detegere (e. g., villam, ædem) : tectum nudare tegulis.
UNTILLED, Vid. UNCULTIVATED.
UNTIMELY, [Vid. UNSEASONABLE. ]An untimely birth, abortio (the act of bringing forth) ; abortus (the untimely birth, and the thing prematurely born).
UNTINGED, non tinctus (aliqua re).
UNTIRED, indefessus (rejected by Klotz, on the ground of its not occurring in prose before the post-Augustan period ; but “non defatigatus, ” which he recommends instead, can only be used to deny anybody’s being tired on a particular occasion).
UNTO, Vid. TO.
UNTOLD, || Not narrated, mentioned, indictus (unsaid) : non narratus, etc. To leave anything untold, silere aliquid : omittere, prætermittere aliquid (to pass it over). || Uncounted, non numeratus. To trust anybody with untold gold, concredere alicui marsupium cum argento (Plautus).
UNTOUCHED, intactus. To leave nothing untouched, prorsus nihil intactum neque quietum pati : to leave anything untouched, aliquid non tangere. If = “to pass over in silence, ” vid. UNTOLD or PASS. || Unmoved, vid.
UNTOWARD, Vid. STUBBORN, UNFORTUNATE, UNLUCKY.
UNTRACTABLE,
Vid. FROWARD, UNGOVERNABLE.
UNTRANSLATABLE, quod totidem verbis reddi non potest.
UNTRIED, To leave nothing untried, nihil inexpertum omittere ; omnia experiri. [Vid. UNTURNED. ] || Not tried (judicially), incognita causa : indicta causa, re inorata : inauditus (unheard ; post-Augustan in this sense ; Tacitus).
UNTRIMMED, immissus : intonsus (e. g., barba immissa et intonso capillo, Lucius Cornelius Sisenna, ap. Non. ; immissa capilli, Vergilius). Vid. UNCUT.
UNTRODDEN, non tritus (of ways).
UNTROUBLED, non vexatus : securus (without anxiety) : “nullo motu perturbatus (unruffled, etc., Cf., imperturbatus should be rejected for the same reasons that Quintilianus urges against imperterritus, 1, 5, 65).
UNTRUE, || False, vid. || Faithless, vid.
UNTRULY, Vid. FALSELY, FAITHLESSLY.
UNTRUTH, Vid. FALSEHOOD.
UNTURNED, To leave no stone unturned, manibus pedibusque eniti : omnia experiri : ad omnia descendere.
UNTUTORED, * non or a nullo ante edoctus (after jam ante edocti, quæ interrogati pronunciarent, tutored what to say, Cæsar).
UNTWINE,
UNTWIST, retorquere : retexere : revolvere (e. g., fila, stamina, †) : solvere (general term).
UNUSED, || Unaccustomed, vid. || Not used ; not employed, inusitatus : non usitatus (not in use ; e. g., verbum) : prætermissus : omissus (allowed to slip away without being employed ; occasio, tempus, etc. ).
UNUSUAL, insolitus (that one is not accustomed to ; and thus that one does reluctantly ; also, that has not been observed or practiced either for some time or not at all; opposed to solitus ; e. g., labor ; spectaculum verba) : insolens (that one has not yet become accustomed to ; e. g., word, verbum) : minus usitatus : inusitatus : non usitatus (not customary, not in use ; e. g., word, verbum) : inauditus (not heard yet ; e. g., word) : novus (something new, and therefore still uncommon) ; (The words are found in this connection and order. ) inauditus et novus : non vulgaris (not commonly occurring, not common, not of every day use or occurrence ; e. g., recommendation, commendatio) : egregius (peculiar in its kind) : singularis (unique in its kind, singular) : ingens (enormous, denoting dimensions ; e. g., greatness, magnitudo ; number, numerus) : solito major (greater than usual ; e. g., ornament, apparatus) : to say something unusual, contra morem consuetudinemque aliquid loqui.
UNUSUALLY, insolenter (Cf., insolite, unclassical) : egregie (exemplarily, in a distinguished manner ; e. g., egregie fidelis). Cf., It may also be rendered by solito, followed by the comparative of an adjective ; e. g., unusually great, solito major (e. g., armament, apparatus) : an unusually rapid river, citatior solito amnis.
UNUSUALNESS, insolentia : novitas. SYN. in UNUSUAL.
UNUTTERABLE, ineffabilis (unpronounceable, from offering a physical difficulty to the organs of speech ; e. g., name, word, Plinius, 5, præfat. in § 1, and 28, 2, 4 ; quod dici or pronunciari non potest, would often be unmanageable) : infandus (dreadful, shocking, that one hardly dares to describe in words ; e. g., fact, pain) : inenarrabilis (not to be related in words, not to be described ; e. g., labor, pain, labor) : incredibilis (incredible ; e. g., pleasure, longing) : inauditus (unheard of, e. g., magnitude, cruelty) : immensus (immense, e. g., size, difficulty, desire) : maximus (very great ; e. g., pain, dolor).
UNUTTERABLY, supra quam enarrari potest (beyond all description) : incredibiliter (incredibly) : intoleranter (insupportably ; e. g., to grieve, dolere).
UNVARNISHED, || Improperly, sincerus (opposed to fucatus) : simplex (opposed to simulatus). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) simplex et sincerus : nudus (naked, plain ; e. g., veritas) : non fucatus : fuco non illĭtus (properly and improperly). To tell an unvarnished tale, vera simpliciter dicere : vera libere profited (Cf., not nudam veritatem dicere).
UNVEIL, velamen alicujus capiti detrahere (after Martialis, 3, 43, 3). To unveil one’s self, caput aperire. || Figuratively, To unveil a thing (i. e., make manifest), nudare : denudare : patefacere : palam facere.
UNWALLED, * muro or mœnibus non cinctus, septus, etc. : immunitus (unfortified). The city had been formerly unwalled, fuerat urbs quondam sine muro (Livius).
UNWARILY, Vid. INCAUTIOUSLY.
UNWARINESS, Vid. INCAUTIOUSNESS.
UNWARLIKE, imbellis (not martial) : a bello alienus (not inclined for war) : pacis amans (loving peace).
UNWARRANTABLE, Vid. UNJUSTIFIABLE.
UNWARRANTED, || Not warranted, by circumlocution. To buy a horse that was unwarranted, * equum pure emere, non sub conditione, ut, si malus (or morbosus) emtus sit, redhibere eum non liceat (i. e., to buy it unconditionally [pure, Jurisconsulti], so that you cannot return it if diseased after Plautus, Most., 3, 2, 14 : Si malæ emptæ forent, nobis istas redhibere haud liceret) . || Unauthorized, unjustifiable, vid.
UNWARY, Vid. INCAUTIOUS.
UNWASHED, illotus.
UNWEARIED, indefessus (Vergilius, Tacitus ; vid. UNTIRED) : (The words are found in this connection and order. ) indefessus et assiduus (Tacitus) : impiger (the proper word, with reference to the character) : sedulus (busy, active, stirring about) : assiduus [SYN. in INDUSTRIOUS] : strenuus (industrious, strenuous).
Unwearied industry, acre discendi studium (in one’s studies).
UNWEAVE, retexere (e. g., telam).
UNWELCOME, non acceptus : ingratus.
UNWELL, [Vid. ILL, POORLY. ]I am very unwell, sum admŏdum infirmus (Cicero).
UNWEPT, infletus (†) : indefletus (†) : indeploratus (†).
UNWHOLESOME, Vid. UNHEALTHY.
UNWIELDINESS, inhabilis moles corporis vasti (the clumsy mass of a body ; Curtius, 9, 2, 21). vid. CLUMSINESS.
UNWIELDY, Vid. CLUMSY.
UNWILLING, invitus : nolens (not choosing ; being unwilling to do anything).
UNWILLINGLY, non libenter : ægre : gravate : invite ; or by adjectives, invitus, non libens : coactus (by compulsion). To do anything unwillingly, sometimes gravari aliquid facere (e. g., gravari literas dare).
Very unwillingly, perinvitus.
UNWILLINGNESS, Vid. DISINCLINATION.
UNWIND, retexere : retorquere : revolvere (e. g., sese).
UNWISE, insipiens (the proper word ; different from desipiens, i. e., silly, from weakness of intellect) : stultus (foolish) : What is more unwise than ? etc., quid stultius est, quam ? etc. Vid. FOOLISH.
UNWISELY, insipienter : stulte.
UNWITTINGLY, Vid. UNCONSCIOUSLY.
UNWITTY, insulsus (without wit or spirit) : inficetus (without pleasant humor, not amusing) : ineptus (childish, insipid, absurd). κυρικιμασαηικο
UNWOMANLY, * cum mulierum natura non congruens or conveniens : * ut minime decet mulierem.
UNWONTED, Vid. UNUSUAL.
UNWORTHILY, indigne.
UNWORTHINESS, (of a person or thing), indignitas.
UNWORTHY, indignus ; of anything, aliqua re, or qui with subjunctive (not deserving, whether in a good or a bad sense ; hence, generally, with the object that the person does not deserve. Livy alone makes use of the construction with “ut ;” the infinitive is poetical) : immeritus (undeserved, of things) : alienus (at variance with ; e. g., ejus dignitatis, quam mihi quisque tribuit ; dignitate imperii, etc. ) : An unworthy person, homo nulla re bona dignus : unworthy treatment, indignitas (vid. Herzog, Cæsar, B. G., 2, 14). To do something unworthy of one’s character, position, station, etc., minuere suam dignitatem.
UNWRAP, explicare (e. g., vestem, mercem) : evolvere (to unroll).
UNWRITTEN, nondum scriptus (not yet written). To leave unwritten, non scribere.
UNWROUGHT, rudis : infectus, Vid. UNCOINED.
UNYIELDING, Vid. INFLEXIBLE, UNBENDING.
UNYOKE, abjungere (Vergilius, Georg., 3, 518) : disjungere (to unyoke from each other) : demere alicui jugum (to take the yoke off a horse, ox, etc., Ovidius, Met., 7, 324, etc. ; Horatius, Od. 3, 6, 42) : jumenta exuere jugo.
UP, || To be up (= not a-bed), vigilare (to be awake) : e lecto surrexisse (to have left one’s bed). || To walk up and down, ire et redire ; inambulare. To bring nothing up, nihil emoliri (of a person who coughs ; Celsus). To live up three pair of stairs, tribus scalis habitare : to rise up against anybody, exsurgere contra or adversum aliquem (Tacitus) ; cooriri in aliquem ; imperium alicujus detrectare : to come up to (= as high as) anything, æquare aliquid (e. g., summa equorum pectora ; of water ; also tenus esse, after ablative of thing ; e. g., alibi umbilico tenus aqua erat ; alibi genua vix superavit, Livius, 26, 45, quite at the end) : up the stairs, contra scalas : up the stream, adverso flumine : up the mountain or hill, in adversum montem ; adversus collem or clivum : to come up with [vid. To OVERTAKE].
Up the country, in interiora regionis : to get up, surgere, with or without (e) lectulo
or lecto ; surgere cubitu : to rise up to speak, surgere ad dicendum [vid. RISE] : from my youth up, a puero : a parvo : a parvulo : ab adolescentia : ab adolescentulo : ab ineunte ætate ; a prima ætate or adolescentia : ab initio ætatis : a primis temporibus ætatis. To hold up, (a) = lift up, vid. : (b) keep from falling, sustinere : sustentare (properly and improperly) ; fulcire (to prop up ; also figuratively) : stabilire (to make firm, establish ; e. g., a state ; the authority of a law). To climb up [vid CLIMB]. To run up [vid. RUN (UP)]. To keep up with ; vid. KEEP.
UPBRAID, verbis castigare (to chide with words, justly, whereas all the following words imply injustice) : increpare or increpitare, with and without voce, vocibus, verbis (to upraid loudly, and with harsh, abusive Ianguage) : objurgare (to upraid reproachfully) : corripere (to upraid vehemently) : convicium alicui facere (to abuse). Vid. To REPROACH.
UPHILL, adversum (preposition) collem (e. g., to charge uphill., adversum collem impetum facere) : sursum (upward ; e. g., eniti).
UPHOLD, Vid. To SUPPORT.
UPHOLSTERER, * qui conclavia (cubicula, etc. ) ornat : * qui supellectilem venditat : * supellecticarius opifex (after supellecticarius servus, Ulpianus).
UPLAND, editus : editior.
Uplands, regio montana.
UPON, [vid. ON].
Upon my honor [vid. HONOR].
Upon condition, either ablative only, or with sub ; upon condition of his not writing any more, sub ea conditione, ne quid postea scriberet. It is now and then (not in Cicero) followed by si ; e. g., librum tibi ea conditione daret, si reciperes te correcturum esse (Cæcina, ap., Cicero, Fam. 6, 7, 4). Cf., (1) “A book on friendship” must be liber, qui est de amicitia, etc. (2) Super takes the accusative after a verb of motion ; e. g., he sat down upon an asp, super aspidem assidit (Cicero) [but not after ponere ; vid. ON] : to be thrown headforemost upon the stakes, super vallum præcipitari (Sallustius). (3) “Upon this” etc. (in the continuation of a narrative) is often translated by the ablative absolute, the participle being such as describes the previous action ; e. g., quo facto ; also by tum, hic, etc. (4) Upon, often = concerning, about, etc., super with ablative ; e. g., hac super re scribam ad te, more commonly de aliqua re scribere. (5) It is also used accumulatively ; e. g., sorrow upon sorrow, novus super veterem luctus (Livius) ; wound upon wound, vulnus super vulnus (Livius). (6) With the “upon” of rest, the accusative is used of extension in space = on the upper surface of anything ; e. g., super tabernaculum Darii imago solis fulgebat (Curtius) ; collis erat, collemque super planissima campi Area (Ovidius). To be quartered upon anybody, collocari apud aliquos.
UPPER, || Locally, superus : superior (of two) : summus (the highest ; of several). The upper story, pars superior ædium : the upper lip, labrum superius : the upper part of the town, partes urbis superiores : the upper part of anything, pars superior, also superior, or (when the whole upper part is meant) summus (in agreement with the substantive, which is governed by “of in English ; e. g., navis summa). || With reference to rank : superior loco, or dignitate, or superior only. The upper classes [vid. GENTRY]. || To get the upper hand, vincere, superare, etc. ; of anybody, aliquem ; superiorem fieri ; superiorem or victorem discedere.
UPPERMOST, summus (supremus, mostly of what is above us, in the air, heaven, etc. ) : primus (first, in order, rank). To say whatever comes uppermost, loquor, quod in solum, ut dicitur (Cicero), or quod in buccam venit (Varro, ap. Non., Cicero).
UPPISH, Vid. CONCEITED. UPRIGHT, s.
Uprights and crossbeams, tigna statuta et transversaria (Vitruvius).
UPRIGHT, adjective, rectus : erectus : celsus et erectus : erectus et celsus (e. g., status, Cicero). An upright position, status celsus et erectus. To place upright, erigere : to remain upright, rectum assistere : to go or walk upright, erectum vadere, incedere : that cannot walk upright, quem femora destituunt : to keep or maintain upright, (a) properly, sustinere : sustentare : An upright man, vir bonus, probus (a good man) : vir vita innocens (innocent) : homo antiqua virtute et fide ; priscæ probitatis et fidei exemplar ; homo antiquis moribus ; homo antiqui officii (all = a man of the good old stamp) : a strictly upright man, homo gravis ; vir gravissimæ antiquitatis (Cicero) : Vid. HONEST.
UPRIGHTLY, * capite erecto. || Honestly, vid.
UPRIGHTNESS, probitas (honesty) : innocentia : integritas (the not being liable to punishment ; innocence) : antiqua probitas : antiquitas (old simplicity of manners).
UPROAR. Vid. TUMULT, DISTURBANCE. UPROOT, Vid. ROOT UP (or OUT).
UPSET, sternere aliquem (knock down, cause to fall e. g., proximos) : evertere (e. g., currum ; also, improperly rem publicam) : subvertere (overthrow by force applied below ; mensam, and improperly).
UPSHOT, Vid. EVENT.
UPSIDE, To turn upside down, ima summis miscere or mutare : summa imis confundere : omnia turbare et miscere : omnia in contrarium vertere : cœlum et terras miscere.
UPSTART, homo novus : terræ filius (a nobody knows who ; parvenu ; Cicero, Fam., 9, 7, quite at the end).
UPWARD, sursum : sursum versus : sublime (the last “on high, ” not with in, at least in Cicero). Inclined upward, acclivis or acclivus (in a slight degree, leniter ; both of a mountain). Turned (= bent) upward, repandus : resimus (of the nose). Cf., Upward is often expressed by sub in a compound verb ; to look upward, suspicere ; to fly upward, subvolare. With the face upward, supinus : resupinus : sublimis et erecto capite ; so “hands with the palms upward, ” manus supinæ. || Above, amplius : plus. Eight years and upward, or upward of eight years, octo anni et amplius ; anni octo amplius ; amplius octo anni : upward of a year, plus annum (Cf., never anni, etc. et quod excurrit). It is now upward of eight months since, jam amplius octo menses sunt, quum, etc.
URBANITY, urbanitas. Vid. POLITENESS.
URCHIN, || Hedgehog, vid. || Contemptuous name for a boy, puerulus : pusio : frustum pueri (a bit of a boy ; comedy, in mockery or contempt).
URGE, urgere (to press in a vehement, urgent manner, as a powerful warrior presses upon an enemy ; improperly, of pressing in argument, urgere aliquem, or, absolutely, urgerent præterea philosophorum greges. . . instaret Academia, Cicero ; feci summa lenitate, quæ feci ; ilium neque ursi, neque, etc., Cicero. In the sense “to urge anybody to do anything, ” it is very rare. Lepidus ursit me et suis et Antonii literis, ut legionem tricesimam mitterem sibi, Asin. Pollio, ap. Cicero, Fam., 10, 32, 4) : instare (to be ever, as it were, close upon anybody, to press him, etc. ; alicui, often absolutely ; also, instare de aliquo or de aliqua re. Followed by infinitive, instat poscere recuperatores, Cicero ; by ut, ne [not in Cicero], ut, Quintilianus, ne, Plautus). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) urgere, instare (Cicero) : summe contendere ab aliquo (Cicero, to demand anything of anybody vehemently ; ut, ne) : acerrime suadere alicui (ut or ne ; to advise in the strongest terms ; quum acerrime Lepido suasisset, ne se cum Antonio jungeret, Velleius, 2, 63, 2). To urge the plea of bad health, excusare valetudinem (Livius) ; of poverty, excusare inopiam (Cæsar) : Cf., causari aliquid (Augustan poets and post-Augustan, prose). To urge anything (= advise), suadere aliquid : hortari aliquid (e. g., to urge the necessity of peace, pacem suadere, hortari ; both Cicero). Vid. To PRESS = to urge, and to try earnestly to persuade.
URGENT, gravis, magni momenti (weighty) : maximus : summus (very great).
Urgent danger, periculum præsens ; urgent prayers, curatissimæ preces (Tacitus, Ann., 1, 13, 3) ; omnes preces (e. g., omnibus precibus petere aliquid, contendere, ut, etc. ) : at my urgent entreaty, orante me atque obsecrante : urgent necessity, necessitas : necessarium. Cf., Urgens, in the sense of “pressing, ” is very late ; urgentior causa, Tertullianus ; instans, -tior, Tacitus, Gellius, etc.
URGENTLY, vehementer : etiam atque etiam (e. g., to entreat, recommend) : summe (e. g., contendere a aliquo, ut, etc. ) : acerrime (e. g., suadere, ut, Velleius). To entreat anybody urgently to, etc., summe contendere ab aliquo ut, etc. ; cum aliquo agere ut, etc. (vid. Cicero, Læl., 1, 4. )
URGING, s., Vid. IMPULSE, INVESTIGATION.
URINAL, matella.
URINE, urina : lotium (coarser term ; both Suetonius, Vesp., 23).
URN, urna (also for the ashes of the dead) : olla ossaria (for the ashes, bones, etc., of the dead ; inscriptions).
USAGE, Vid. CUSTOM.
USE, s., utilitas : usus : commodum : emolumentum : lucrum : fructus (profit). To be of much use toward doing anything, multum valere ad aliquid faciendum. Anything is of little use against anything, aliquid parum valet contra aliquid. To be of use, valere (to have weight, validity, efficacy) : utile esse : usui esse : ex usu esse : utilitatem or usum præbere : prodesse : conducere. To
be of much use, magnæ utilitati esse ; magnam utilitatem afferre ; plurimum or valde prodesse : to be of little use, non multum prodesse : parum prodesse (too little). To be of use to anybody, prodesse alicui ; esse ex usu alicujus ; esse ex re or in rem alicujus : juvare aliquem : alicui adesse (assist him with advice, etc. ). Sometimes proficere may be used ; patience is of no use, nihil proficies or nihil proficitur patientia. Guessing is of no use, nihil valet conjectura : to make use of [vid. To USE]. To make one’s knowledge and good sense of use to mankind, suam intelligentiam prudentiamque ad hominum utilitatem conferre : to be of use to the state by anything, aliqua re rempublicam adjuvare : of what use is it to close the port? quid attinet claudi portum? of what use could it be? quid referret?
USE, v., uti (mostly with reference to the permanent or frequent use of anything, aliqua re ; for any purpose, ad aliquid) : abuti aliqua re (for any purpose ; ad aliquid or in aliqua re = “utendo consumere, ” to make a thorough, full use of the whole of anything, otio, libertate, etc. ; then = “abuse, ” opposed to uti) : usurpare aliquid (to employ or use anything, as a single act ; often as an inchoative) : adhibere (to use for a purpose, with an end and definite view) ; anything, aliquid ; for anything, alicui rei ; ad aliquid ; in aliqua re (Cf., never to be used generally as synonymous with uti) : conferre aliquid ad (sometimes in) aliquid (to apply to a purpose ; e. g., prædas in monumenta deorum immortalium, Cicero ; tempus ad aliquid, Cicero) : in usum alicujus rei vertere (to make it serve a purpose it was not intended for or did not usually serve ; e. g., naves in onerariarum usum, to use ships of war as merchant vessels or transports). To use a word, verbo uti (Cf., not usurpare or adhibere in this sense) : to use a word correctly, verbum opportune proprieque collocare : to use a word in a particular meaning, subjicere sententiam vocabulo ; vocabulo aliquid significare or declarare : to use a word in a rare and pedantic meaning, verbum doctiuscule ponere. Catullus uses “deprecor” in the sense of “detestor, ” sic deprecor a Catullo dictum est, quasi detestor. So, too, Cicero uses the word in a similar meaning, item consimiliter Cicero verbo isto utitur : the word is used in an opposite sense by Cicero, pro Cæcinâ, when he says, contra valet, quum Cicero, pro Cæcinâ ita dicit. To use a saying of Solon’s, ut Solonis dictum usurpem (= adopt it, make it my own for this time). To use anybody’s assistance for anything, alicujus operâ uti or abuti ad aliquid or in aliquâ re ; aliquo adjutore uti in aliquâ re.
USED, Vid. ACCUSTOMED.
USEFUL, utilis (useful ; Cf., conducibilis does not belong to good prose) : salubris (as masculine, Cicero, Celsus ; saluber, Varro and Ovidius) : salutaris (salutary ; the latter also with ad aliquid) : efficax (efficacious) : commodus : accommodatus : aptus (convenient, fit). To be useful, utilem, etc. esse ; usui, utilitati esse ; ex usu esse ; prodesse ; conducere ; for any purpose, valere or vim habere ad aliquid (to have influence upon anything) : prodesse or adjuvare ad aliquid (to be of use toward effecting an object ; the latter also, with ut).
USEFULLY, utiliter : bene : salubriter. Sometimes commode, accommodate : apte (fitly). To employ one’s time usefully, tempus recte collocare : tempore recte uti.
USEFULNESS, utilitas : salubritas (wholesomeness, etc. ).
USELESS, inutilis (not useful) : cassus (empty, hollow ; then profitless, causeless ; e. g., labores, vota, formido) : inanis (empty, without substance ; hence unreal, profitless ; e. g., cogitatio : contentiones) : vanus (empty, without any useful result ; e. g., ictus, inceptum) : irritus (done in vain ; e. g., inceptum, preces, labor). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) vanus et irritus : irritus et vanus.
Useless talk [vid. FRIVOLOUS].
Useless things, inutilia : cassa, inania, etc. : nugæ (trifles). To take useless trouble, operam perdere ; operam frustra insumere, consumere, conterere ; frustra laborem suscipere : to be just taking so much useless trouble, oleum et operam perdere (Cicero, proverbially) : saxum sarrire (Proverbially, to hoe a rock, Martialis) : imbrem in cribrum ingerere (to catch the rain in a sieve, proverbially, Plautus, Pseud., 1, 1, 100) : laterem lavare (to wash a tile, proverbially, Terentius, Phorm., 1, 4, 9).
Useless for anything, inutilis alicui rei or ad aliquid : useless to anybody, inutilis ad alicujus usum : a totally useless person, homo ad nullam rem or ad nullam partem utilis : to be useless, inutilem esse ; nulli usui esse.
USELESSLY, inutiliter. || In vain, frustra : nequidquam : incassum (Sallustius, Livius) [SYN. in VAINLY]. Not uselessly, non ex vano (not non temere, which is “not readily, ” “not easily”).
USHER, magister admissionum (“gentleman usher;” officer who introduces persons to whom an audience has been granted ; time of the emperors) : hypodidascalus, or, pure Latin, adjutor (assistant master) : subdoctor (Ausonius). To assist as usher in anybody’s education, subdocere aliquem (Cicero, Att., 8, 4, 1).
USHER IN, aliquem introducere ad aliquem (for an audience ; cf. Curtius, 6, 7, 17). But deducere aliquem ad aliquem = to introduce him, that he may make his acquaintance, Cicero.
USUAL, usitatus : more or usu receptus (that has become a custom) : tritus : sermone tritus (that has been much in the mouth of the people, and hence has become usual ; e. g., a proverb) : vulgaris (customary, vulgar) : quotidianus (of every day). Cf., Never use, in this sense, sollemnis ; i. e., “made sacred by use, ” whence it is wrong to say “hoc verbum sollemne est Ciceroni, ” for “hoc vocabulo sæpe utitur Cicero. ” Cf., Usual is often translated solet (sole nt) esse, etc. Which are the usual indications of poison, quæ indicia et vestigia esse solent veneni : the usual question is, quæri solet : as is usual with him, ut solet or assolet ; (ex) consuetudine sua, or consuetudine only (Cæsar). Cf., In English, “than usual” is used elliptically ; e. g. “he returns sooner than usual” = “than it is usual with him to return. ” In Latin there must always be a verb. Quicker than usual, citius quam solet (solent, etc. ).
USUALLY, plerumque (mostly) : fere (almost always ; these two especially with omnes expressed or understood) : vulgo (by nearly everybody) : passim (in many different places) : Cf., not communiter. Often by circumlocution with solere. As he usually does, ut solet, ut assolet : as usually happens, ut fit : it is usually asked, quæri solet : a more than usually learned divine, * theologus supra vulgarem modum eruditus : it usually happens so, sic fere fieri solet. To ride the horse I usually ride, equo, quo consuevi, uti. Vid. COMMONLY, GENERALLY.
USUCAPTION, usucaptio (= dominii adeptio per continuationem possessionis anni vel biennii ; Ulpianus). To obtain possession by usucaption, usucapere.
USUFRUCT, usus et fructus : usus fructusque, and (more commonly) as one word, ususfructus. One who enjoys the usufruct, usufructuarius.
USUFRUCTUARY, usufructuarius.
USURER, fenerator (one that lends money on interest ; in a bad sense) : tocullio (one that lends money at high interest, Cicero, Att., 2, 1, quite at the end).
USURIOUS, avarus et feneratorius (improperly, Valerius Maximus, 2, 6, 11).
USURP, invadere in aliquid (to make one’s self master of by force) : aliquid vindicare sibi or ad se : Cf., usurpare, in the sense of taking unjust possession, is very late, Codex Justinianus. To usurp the sovereignty, vindicare sibi regnum ; tyrannidem occupare (in a free stale).
USURPER, tyrannus (i. e., one who has made himself sovereign of a free state) : by circumlocution.
USURY, usura : feneratio [SYN. and phrases in INTEREST, B] : fenus (denotes interest as the produce of capital, like τόκος) : usura (denotes what is paid by the debtor for the use of the capital, like δάνος) Unlawful usury, fenus iniquum (e. g., exercere). To practise usury, fenus (iniquum) exercere ; fenerari ; fenore pecunias auctitare (Tacitus). Vid. INTEREST.
UTENSILS, utensilia, -ium (all that one has to use ; e. g., for household purposes) : supellex (all that belongs to furnishing and decorating a house) : vasa, -orum (all kinds of vessels ; also soldiers’ vessels for the field). Kitchen utensils, instrumentum coquinatorium (Ulpianus, Digests, 33, 2, 19, § 12).
UTERINE, uterinus (e. g., fratres ; Codex Justinianus).
UTILITY, Vid. USEFULNESS.
UTMOST, [Vid. EXTREME. ]It was with the utmost difficulty that, etc., nihil ægrius est factum, quam ut, etc. (Cicero). To do one’s utmost, omnibus viribus contendere et laborare ; omni ope atque opera, eniti. To be (or, an affair) of the utmost importance ; vid. IMPORTANCE.
UTTER, adjective, Vid. ENTIRE, TOTAL.
UTTER, v., dicere, proferre, etc. [vid. SAY] : eloqui : enunciare (denote an act of the intellect, in conformity to which one utters a thought that was resting in the mind ; but the eloquens regards therein both substance and form, wishing to express his thought in the most perfect manner ; whereas the enuncians regards merely the substance, wishing only to communicate his thought ; hence elocutio belongs to rhetoric, enunciatio
to logic) : proloqui (denotes a moral act, in conformity to which one resolves to give utterance to a secret thought ; opposed to reticere, like profiteri) : pronunciare (a physical act, by which one utters mechanically anything, whether thought of or written, and makes it heard, like recitare. Pronunciare, however, is a simple act of the organs of speech, and aims merely at being fully heard ; recitare is an act of refined art, and aims by just modulation, according to the laws of declamation, to make a pleasing impression, Döderlein) : emittere (to send forth ; dictum, maledictum ; vocem). Not to utter a word, nullum omnino verbum facere : not to be able to utter a word, loqui non posse : be sure not to utter a word about the marriage, verbum unum cave de nuptiis : pray don’t utter a word, verbum unum ne faxis cave : I will not utter a word more, verbum non amplius addam ; nihil verbi addam.
UTTERANCE, To give utterance to one’s thoughts, cogitata proloqui : cogitata mentis eloqui or enunciare : dico, quod sentiam : to give utterance to one’s feelings, mentis sensa explicare : not to be able to give utterance to anything, complecti oratione or exprimere verbis non posse. Distinct utterance, explanatio verborum ; dilucida pronunciatio (both Quintilianus, 11, 3, 33). Distinct utterance joined to a correct and pleasing pronunciation, emendata cum suavitate vocum explanatio (Quintilianus, 1, 5, 33). Without teeth, there is no possibility of distinct utterance, dentes quum desunt, omnem explanationem adimunt (Plinius, 7, 16, 18, 70).
UTTERLY, [Vid. ENTIRELY, TOTALLY, QUITE. ] An utterly worthless fellow, non semissis homo ; homo non quisquiliæ.
UTTERMOST, Vid. UTMOST.
UXORIOUS, uxorius (†).
VACANCY, || Emptiness, inanitas (Cicero, Plautus) ; vacuitas (Vitruvius) : inane, vacuum (empty space, void). || Of an office, locus vacuus : munus vacuum (vacuitas, D. Brut. in Cicero, Ep., ad Div., 11, 10, ed. Ern., quantam cupiditatem hominibus injiciat vacuitas). There is a vacancy, locus vacat (Plinius, Ep. ) : there are five vacancies every year, quotannis quinque loci vacui fiunt (Wyttenbach) : during a vacancy, loco, munere vacante.
VACANT, || Empty, vacuus, inanis. A vacant house, domus inanis (unfurnished), vacua (uninhabited) : ædes vacivæ (not let or appropriated, Plautus). The house is vacant, vacant ædes (Plautus) : the whole of the upper part of the house is vacant, tota domus superior vacat (Cicero, Att., 12, 10). [Vid. also, EMPTY. ] || Of an office not filled by a professor, vacuus. || Idle, listless, vacuus : otiosus (Cicero). || Void of knowledge, ignorant, nulla, literarum cognitione imbutus ; rudis ignarusque : plane indoctus.
VACATE, || To make empty, vacuefacere (Cicero) ; vacuum facere (Sallustius) ; vacuare (Martialis) : Cf., evacuare, Plinius = evacuate. || To defeat, disannul, vid.
VACATION, feriæ, plural, (general term) : dies feriatus : (of schools), feriæ scholasticæ or scholarum : (Cf., justitium was a total cessation from business in the courts of justice and elsewhere, by public appointment, on occasion of some great calamity or cause of mourning ; therefore not = vacation, but rather = public mourning). vid. HOLIDAY.
VACCINATE, * variolas vaccinas (parvulo) inserere.
VACCINATION, circumlocution by the verb. || Cow-pox, vid.
VACCINE, vaccinus.
VACILLATE, Properly, vacillare (titubare = to stumble). || figuratively = to hesitate, vid.
VACILLATION, || Properly, vacillatio (Quintilianus), or by circumlocution with the verb. || figuratively = Hesitation, vid.
VACUITY, Vid. VACANCY, EMPTINESS.
VADE-MECUM, * libellus promtuarius : enchiridion (hand-book ; ἐγχειρίδιον, Pomponius, Digests, 1, 2, 2).
VAGABOND, || One who wanders about, vagus : errabundus (not vagabundus. Erro in the younger Plinius ; Cf., in classical writers, errare denotes an involuntary wandering ; vagare, that which is voluntary) : aliquis de ponte (a beggar at a bridge, Juvenalis, 14, 134) : subrostraneus (one who loiters near the rostra) : homo qui circum fora vicosque vagus est (one who wanders about ; the latter after Plautus, Mil., 2, 5, 14). Cf., Grassator was one who wandered about the streets of a town, engaged passengers in quarrels, and robbed them ; = one of the swell mob). || Rascal, vid. (fugitivus, Ter., Phorm., 5, 8, 38).
VAGARY, libido : mirum, ineptum commentum : plural, ineptiæ, nugæ.
VAGRANCY, by circumlocution with the adjective, vagus, etc.
VAGRANT, Vid. VAGABOND.
VAGUE, incertus (uncertain ; e. g., answer, reply, responsum) : dubius (doubtful) : suspensus et obscurus (that is unsettled or involved in obscurity ; e. g., words, verba ; Tacitus, Ann., 1, 11, 2) : ambiguus (that is capable of two-fold interpretation ; oracle, oraculum) : inconstans (inconstant) : anceps (that cannot be relied upon, with regard to character as well as respecting its result). A vague report, rumor incertus or non firmus. To hear some vague report, quasi per nebulam audire aliquid (vid. Plautus, Capt., 5, 4, 26, and Pseud., I, 5, 48).
VAIN, || Useless ; to no purpose, vanus : inutilis ; cassus : irritus. || Frivolous, trifling, worthless, inanis, vanus, futilis (good for nothing) : fragilis, caducus. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) fragilis caducusque, fluxus atque fragilis (transitory).
Vain endeavors, thoughts, contentiones, cogitationes inanes : vain pleasures, lætitiæ futiles : human affairs are vain, res humanæ fragiles caducæque sunt : everything earthly is vain and transitory, infra lunam nihil est nisi mortale et caducum ; breves et mutabiles rerum vices sunt. || Conceited, vid. || Attached to vain things, vanus : inanis. To be vain, * vanarum rerum or vano glorioiæ honorisque studio trahi.
VAIN-GLORIOUS, gloriosus (boastful) : vanus (conceited) : vaniloquus (braggart).
VAIN-GLORIOUSLY, gloriose.
VAIN-GLORY, gloria (e. g., such is your vain-glory! quæ tua est gloria ! Cicero). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) ostentatio et gloria (Cicero) : tumor et vana de se persuasio (Quintilianus). What an excess of vain-glory is this! quod genus tandem est istuc ostentationis et gloriæ! (Cicero, Rabir. Post., 14, 38).
VAINLY, || In vain, frustra (without effect ; i. e., if in any attempt the expected result is not obtained) : nequidquam (without carrying one’s point, without any result) : incassum (without reaching one’s object or aim : Cf., casse, used by Livius, 24, 16, 10, and cassum, by Seneca, Herc., Œt., 352, are unusual) ; also, (The words are found in this connection and order. ) frustra ac nequidquam (Catullus, 75, 1) ; incassum frustraque (Lucretius, 5, 1429). Cf., Frustra means “in vain, ” with reference to the person who has been disappointed ; nequidquam (“in nequidquam, in nihil”) “to no purpose, ” refers to the nullity in which the thing has ended. Hence frustra, used adjectively, refers to the person ; whereas irritus refers to the thing. Frustra and nequidquam denote merely a failure, without imputing a fault ; whereas incassum implies a want of consideration, by which the failure might have been foreseen, Döderlein ; but frustra may be used of a thing as employed or done by a person (e. g., frustra telum mittere, Cæsar). Labor in vain, labor irritus or labor frustra sumtus (Cæsar, B. G. 3, 14, 1), or * frustra susceptus ; or labor frustra in rem aliquam insumtus. To labor in vain, operam perdere ; et operam et oleum perdere (Cicero) ; oleum et operam perdere (Plautus) : lest my labors should be all in vain, ne et opera et oleum. . . perierit (Cicero) : that attempt was in vain, frustra id inceptum (alicui) fuit (Livius). || Foolishly, vid.
VALE, vallis.
VALEDICTION,
VALEDICTORY, Vid. FAREWELL.
VALERIAN (a plant), * valeriana (Linnæus).
VALET, famulus : minister : servus :
Velet de chambre, cubicularius (Cicero).
VALETUDINARIAN, valetudinarius (Seneca), qui est infirma, tenui, incommoda valetudine (Cf., morbosus, Cato = diseased. )
VALIANT, animosus : fortis : acer : strenuus : impavidus : audax : ferox. SYN. in COURAGEOUS. κυρικιμασαηικο
VALIANTLY, fortiter : forti animo : animose : strenue : acri or alacri animo : intrepide, impavide (Livius).
VALID, bonus (good ; opposed to malus, bad, or adulterinus, counterfeit) : justus (such as it ought to be) : idoneus (fit, proper) : ratus (confirmed, ratified). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) ratus ac firmus (well established) : legitimus (conformable to law) : firmus ad probandum (that proves, convincing ; e. g., argumentum) : gravis (weighty ; hence also, convincing ; e. g., argumentum ; cf. Cicero, Rosc., Com., 12, 36, argumentum gravissimum et firmissimum : i. e., the most valid, proof). To be valid, valere (general term) ; vigere (to be in vogue, to continue in force) ; ratum esse (to be firmly established ; of laws, decrees, compacts) ; exerceri (to be in force ; of laws ; Livius, 6, 51) : esse (to exist : Cf., obtinere or obtineri is quite unclassical in the sense of valere ; vid. Klotz, Cicero, Tusc., 5, 41, 118, and is even wrong in the sense of esse) : to admit anything as valid, aliquid
ratum habere or ducere ; aliquid probare, approbare, comprobare (to approve of it) ; aliquid accipere, admittere (to accept, allow).
VALIDITY, firmitas : gravitas (of arguments) : auctoritas.
Usually by circumlocution with adjective or verb ; e. g., to give validity to a law, efficere ut lex valeat. To give validity to anything, aliquid ratum facere or ratum esse jubere : to destroy the validity of anything, aliquid irritum esse jubere (Cicero ; e. g., testamentum).
VALLEY, vallis (general term) : convallis (a deep valley surrounded with hills ; the confluence, as it were, of several valleys). A large, deep valley, vallis magna, alta : entrance to a valley, angustiæ, fauces vallis.
VALOR, Vid. COURAGE.
VALUABLE, pretiosus : multi pretii (properly and figuratively) : æstimatione dignus : magni faciendus (figuratively). A valuable work, opus magni faciendum, haud contemnendum, egregium : to send many valuable, contributions to a book, * multis et egregiis accessionibus librum augere, ornare : a valuable present, munus gratum, acceptum (Nepos) : a valuable, res pretiosa, egregia, eximia, magni pretii : valuables, res pretiosæ, magni pretii, plural.
VALUATION, æstimatio. To make a valuation, æstimationem facere (Cæsar), habere (Cicero).
VALUE, s., || Properly, pretium (with reference to an equivalent, especially in money. Cf., There is no authority for valor in this sense) : æstimatio (in the opinion of men). The value of money, potestas pecuniarum (Gaius Dig. 13, 3, 4) : to be of some value, pretium habere ; in pretio esse ; to be of great value, maximo esse pretio : to be of small value, pretii esse parvi, minimi : to be of no value, nullius esse pretii : of equal value, (res) ejusdem pretii (not valoris). || Figuratively, pretium (Cicero) : dignitas (Plinius, Gellius) : virtus (Cicero). To attach great value to anything, multum tribuere alicui rei : magni æstimare aliquid ; in magno honore habere aliquid : to set too high a value on one’s self, multum sibi tribuere magnifice de se sentire ; nimium sibi tribuere.
VALUE, v., || To rate at a certain price, æstimare aliquid (with a genitive or ablative of the price, Cicero) : æstimationem alicujus rei facere (Cæsar) or habere (Cicero) ; pretium alicui rei statuere (Plautus) or constituere (Cicero). To value highly, magni (not multi) or magno æstimare ; magni facere, habere, ducere, pendere : to value lightly, parvi facere, æstimare, ducere, habere, pendere : to value as nothing, pro nihilo ducere, putare ; nihili or non flocci facere ; despicere et pro nihilo putare ; contemnereet pro nihilo ducere ; æstimare nihilo, pro nihilo, or nihil : to value more highly, pluris (not majoris) æstimare : to value less, minoris æstimare or pendere : to value equally, juxta æstimare (Sallustius, Cat., 2, 8) ; in pari laude utrumque ponere : to value one more than another, unum alteri præponere, anteponere, and (vice versa) postponere, posthabere. || To esteem highly, diligere (aliquid in aliquo) : diligere carumque habere. Cf., not æstimare alone in this sense ; it must always have a genitive or ablative of the value ; vid., also, “to VALUE highly, ” above.
VALVE, valvæ (only plural, folding-doors) : epistomium (a safety-valve, etc. ).
VAMP, s., * corium superius.
VAMP, v., sarcire (Catullus) : resarcire (Terentianus) : reficere aliquid (Cæsar).
VAMPIRE, || The bat so called, * vespertilio spectrum (Linnæus). || An imaginary monster, sanguisuga, -æ, feminine, (which = a leech, Celsus).
VAN, || Front of an army, primum agmen (opposed to extremum agmen ; or primi agminis cohortes; opposed to extremi agminis cohortes : on a march) : frons (in battle) : Cf., not antecursores or antecursores agminis in this sense ; nor præcursores. To form the van with the cavalry, cum equitatu antecedere. || A winnowing-fan, vannus, ventilabrum. || A kind of vehicle ; vid. CARRIAGE.
VANE, * signum in tecto versatile ventorum index,
VANISH, evanescere (properly and figuratively ; opposed to apparere) : occultari (opposed to aperiri) : abire : discedere (to depart. Cf., Avoid præterlabi and elabi in this sense). To vanish from anybody’s sight, recedere a conspectu alicujus (Nepos) ; e conspectu alicujus evolare (quickly) : hope vanishes, spes extenuatur et evanescit (Cicero, Att., 3, 13, 1).
VANITY, || Emptiness, transitory nature, inanitas : vanitas : fragilitas. || A vain thing, res vana, inanis : vanities of the world, res caducæ, perituræ. || Love of vain things, * rerum vanarum studium : ambitio (ambition). || Vain-glory, gloria (falsa et inanis ; Cicero) : vanitas (Tacitus) : tumor (post-Augustan, poetry) [vid. also, VAIN-GLORY]. || Ostentation, ostentatio : jactantia : venditatio.
VANQUISH,
VANQUISHER, Vid. CONQUER, CONQUEROR.
VANTAGE, [Vid. ADVANTAGE. ]
Vantage-ground, locus superior ; locus opportunus (a good position).
VAPID, || Properly, vapidus (of wine) : imbecillus : infirmi saporis (of weak flavor ; said of any liquor). || Figuratively, insulsus (tasteless ; of persons, or speech, style) : jejunus (without vigor, of orators or speeches).
Vapid expressions, insulse dicta.
VAPIDNESS, jejunitas : insulsitas (figuratively) : Or by the adjective.
VAPOR, s., || Exhalation, vapor : halitus : nebula (from the earth or from water ; the latter a cloud-like vapor) : exhalatio : exspiratio : aspiratio (exhalation from the earth) : respiratio (from water).
Vapors rise from the water, aquæ vaporant ; from the earth, humores in aera surgunt : a vapor bath, assa sudatio, vaporatio (the bathing with steam or vapor) ; assum Laconicum (the chamber : Cf., Not vaporarium, which is = flue or furnace). || Melancholy, vid.
VAPOR, v., Vid. BRAG.
VAPORISH, lienosus (splenetic) : morosus : difficilis (sour, crabbed) : stomachosus (irascible).
VARIABLE, varius : varians : inconstans : mutabilis : mobilis. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) varius et mutabilis. SYN. in CHANGEABLE.
VARIABLENESS, || Properly, By the adjective ; varietas rather = variety. || Figuratively, mobilitas, inconstantia ; or by the adjective, Vid. CHANGEABLENESS, INCONSTANCY.
VARIANCE, || Dissension, discordia (difference of views and sentiments) : dissensio (misunderstanding : Cf., dissensus only in poetry and late prose) : dissidium (consequence of discordia, dissensio) : altercatio : jurgium : contentio (quarrel) : simultas (from simul ; state of alienated feeling toward a person with whom one comes into collision ; e. g., a political rival, a member of one’s family, etc. ). At variance discors ; dissidens : to be at variance, discordare ; dissidere : with anybody, cum aliquo ; simultates exercere cum aliquo : simultas mihi est or intercedit cum aliquo ; also, in simultate esse cum aliquo (e. g., se. . . numquam cum sorore fuisse in simultate, Nepos, Att., 17) : they are at variance, discordia inter eos orta est ; discordant inter se ; discordes inter se facti sunt : to set persons at variance, lites inter aliquos serere. || Inconsistency, difference, repugnantia : discrepantia. To be at variance, inter se pugnare, repugnare, discrepare, or dissidere : with a thing, alicui rei repugnare or adversari ; cum aliqua re pugnare or discrepare : his actions are at variance with his words, facta ejus cum dictis discrepant.
VARIATION, commutatio : vicissitudo : varietas. Vid. CHANGE.
VARIEGATE, variare.
VARIEGATED, versicolor : varius : coloris varii (that exhibits different colors at the same time, ποικίλος) : versicolor (that changes its color when held up to the light, αἰόλος ; then general term, of many colors, whereas discolor = of different colors, said of two objects [opposed to concolor], is only poetical and post-Augustan in the sense of “variegated”). To wear a variegated garment, varia veste exornatum esse.
VARIETY, varietas (the proper word) : vicissitudo (change of fortune, seasons ; day and night).
Variety of weather, cœli varietas : variety in expression, eloquendi varietas : variety of opinion [vid. “DIFFERENCE of opinion”] : variety of day and night, vicissitudines dierum atque noctium : variety of seasons, vicissitudines anniversariæ. Vid. also CHANGE.
VARIOUS, varius : multiplex : multiformis : omnis generis. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) multiplex variusque, or varius et multiplex : dispar (unequal : Cf., multimodus, multifarius occur only in late writers). When various opinions were given, quum sententiis variaretur (Livius) :
Various persons, nonnulli ; complures (Cf., but not plures) : a various reading, * lectio varia ; * lectionis varietas ; * scripturæ discrepantia (Cf., but not lectio diversa, lectionis diversitas = an entirely opposite reading) : to adopt a various reading, * aliam scripturam, lectionem recipere, sequi. Vid. also, CHANGEABLE.
VARIOUSLY, varie : non uno modo.
VARLET, furcifer : homo nequam : pessimus.
VARNISH, s., || Properly, * vernix : atramentum tenue (a vanish of dark color, for putting on paintings ; Plinius, 35, 10, 36, No. 18). || Figuratively, fucus.
VARNISH, v., || Properly, * vernice illinere. To vanish a picture, atramento tenui tabulam
illinere. || Figuratively, To cover with a pretext or false appearance, rem colorare nomine aliquo (by a pretext, Valerius Maximus, 8, 2, 2) : rem involucris tegere et quasi velis obtendere ; also, velare rem only.
Varnished, coloratus (with a fair color or appearance) ; fucatus (with a deceptive dye). Phrases in COLOR, v.
VARY, || Transitively, mutare (to cause one of two things to take place of the other) : submutare (of a partial change) : variare (so that sometimes one, sometimes the other has place) : distinguere (to introduce an agreeable variety). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) variare et mutare ; variare et distinguere. To vary labor with recreation or rest, graviora opera lusibus jocisque distinguere ; variare otium labore, laborem otio. || Intransitively, mutari : variari, or variare (to change backward and forward ; especially of the weather ; also of opinions and reports, ita fama variat, ut, etc. Livius ; variat sententia, Ovidius ; variatis sententiis, Cicero) : converti (to turn round, for better or worse). Not to vary, sibi constare ; a se non decedere.
VASE, vas, vasis ; nominative plural, vasa ; sometimes amphora.
VASSAL, vasallus (in Latin of the Middle Ages) : cliens (in the Roman sense) : in fidem receptus ab aliquo, or qui fundos, agros, benericii jure possidet ; or (as one whose duty it is to assist in defending a district) is cujus fidei pars imperii commissa est.
VASSALAGE, clientela (in the Roman sense).
VAST, vastus : amplus : spatiosus : magnus : ingens : immensus. Vid. GREAT, LARGE.
VASTLY, vaste : ample.
VASTNESS, immensa magnitudo : immensitas : Or by the adjectives.
VAT, cupa : dolium (large cask) : lacus : labium (large open vessel). A cheese-vat, forma (formis buxeis caseum exprimere, Columella).
VAULT, s., || An arched roof, camera : concameratio : fornix (properly, of single arches ; then the whole vault). || An arched place, concameratio : locus concameratus. A vault under ground, hypogeum (e. g., for the dead, Petronius, Sat., 11) ; locus sub terra saxo conseptus (Livius, 22, 57). || A place for keeping things in, cella (a store-room) : horreum (a warehouse for goods) : taberna (a shop).
VAULT, v., ||Transitively, camerare (Plinius) : concamerare (all round) : confornicare (Vitruvius, completely). To be vaulted, fornicatim curvari (Plinius) ; concamerari.
Vaulted, cameratus ; concameratus ; fornicatus (vaulted) : arcuatus (arched) : convexus ; gibbus (half round, convex ; opposed to concavus, gibbus ; Celsus, 8, 1, in. ). || Intransitively, saltu se subjicere : saltu emicare. To vault on a horse, in equum insilire ; saltu se subjicere in equum.
VAULTER, petaurista (Varro, ap. Nonius).
VAUNT, v., se efferre : se jactare (insolenter) : gloriari : gloria et prædicatione sese efferre. To vaunt of or in a thing, aliqua re, or de or in aliqua re gloriari ; jactare, ostentare, venditare aliquid. He vaunts and brags as high as ever, nec quicquam jam loquitur modestius : he vaunts of his villany, in facinore et scelere gloriatur : he vaunts of his own deeds, suarum laudum præco est ; sua narrat facinora.
VAUNT, s., jactatio : ostentatio : venditatio (of something, alicujus rei) : ostentatio sui : jactantia sui. To make a vaunt of, jactare, ostentare, venditare aliquid ; aliqua re gloriari.
VAUNTER, jactator, ostentator, venditator alicujus rei : homo vanus : homo vaniloquus : homo gloriosus : homo fortis lingua.
VAUNTING, gloriosus : vanus : vaniloquus.
VAUNTINGLY, gloriose : jactanter.
VEAL, (caro) vitulina ; or vitulina, nominative plural. Roast veal, assum vitulinum.
VEER, || Transitively, obliquare sinus (veloruni) in ventum (to the wind, Vergilius). || Intransitively, se vertere ; verti (of the wind). The wind suddenly veers round to the south, ventus vertitur or se vertit in Africum. If= change, vid. Times and opinions have veered about, magna facta est rerum et animorum commutatio.
VEGETABLE, quæ terra ipsa ex se generata stirpibus infixa continet : ea, quorum stirpes terra continentur : quæ a terra stirpibus continentur : res, quæ gignuntur e terra.
Vegetables (for the table), olus plural, olera (pulmentum, obsonium = anything eaten with bread ; as, vegetables, meat, fish).
VEGETATE, * vivere (of plants) : * plantæ instar vivere (of persons).
VEHEMENCE, vis (general term, intensive force or strength) : gravitas (the impression which anything makes upon the feelings) : violentia (violence) : ardor : æstus (heat, glow, fire ; especially of the passions, a fever, etc. ) : impotentia (want of self-control) : iracundia (vehemence of character, anger) : incitatio : impetus (great hurry). [Vid. also, VIOLENCE, HEAT. ] Cf., Vehementia (= vis) is first used by Plinius.
VEHEMENT, vehemens (the proper word, not lenient or quiet ; opposed to lenis, placidus ; of persons of an irritable character, or who are easily impelled to rash actions ; then also of inanimate objects) : gravis (that is capable of making a strong impression ; e. g., illness, morbus ; expression, verbum [= offensive saying] ; adversary, adversarius) : acer (sharp, cutting ; opposed to lenis ; also denoting fierceness or violence). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) acer et vehemens ; vehemens acerque (opposed to placidus mollisque) : acerbus (mortifying, or causing painful feelings, acute) : violentus (violent) : concitatus : incitatus : intentus (that is or acts in great hurry, impetuous) : ardens : flagrans (ardent, fervent, burning ; e. g., of a fever, passions, etc. ) : iracundus (irritated, in great anger) : ferox (wild ; of persons, with reference to their character). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) vehemens feroxque : importunus (importunate ; e. g., homo ; passions, libidines) ; also, (The words are found in this connection and order. ) vehemens et violentus. You are too vehement, nimium es vehemens feroxque natura.
VEHEMENTLY, vehementer : graviter : acriter : acerbe [SYN. in VEHEMENT] : ardenter (ardently) : ferventer (fervently) : avide (with avidity) : iracunde (in great anger) : magno impetu (e. g., to attack, hostem aggredi) : importune (importunately). To fight vehemently, vehementer contendere : to cry out vehemently, valde clamare : to speak vehemently, acriter, or concitate, or magna contentione dicere ; ferventer loqui : to pursue the enemy too vehemently, cupidius or avidius hostem insequi : to proceed vehemently, calide agere : to oppose vehemently, vehementer repugnare : to urge vehemently, vehementer, or valde, or etiam atque etiam, or obnixe, or impense rogare ; aliquem aliquid flagitare or efflagitare (to demand impetuously) ; contendere aliquid ab aliquo (to insist upon) : to write too vehemently, iracundius scribere.
VEHICLE, Vid. CARRIAGE.
VEIL, s., || A cover to conceal the face, rica ; diminutive, ricinium (Cf., not velum, which is = a sail, a curtain) : flammeum : flammeolum (a bride’s veil) : || Any covering, velamen : velamentum : integumentum : involucrum (also, velum, especially as technical term for the veil, i. e., curtain, of the Tabernacle or Temple). || Figuratively, A pretext, species : imago : simulacrum :
Under the veil of, per simulationem (Cf., not sub obtentu or sub prætextu). Vid. PRETEXT.
VEIL, v., aliquid velare (properly and figuratively) : nomine alicujus rei tegere atque velare aliquid (improperly = to cloak ; e. g., cupiditatem suam, Cicero). Vid. To CLOAK.
VEIN, || Properly, vena, (arteria = an artery. ) A small vein, venula : to open a vein (as a punishment), venam incidere, rescindere, secare, ferire, percutere ; alicui venam solvere et sanguinem mittere (Gellius, 10, 8) : to open a vein (as a surgical operation), sanguinem mittere ; in the arm, ex brachio. || Figuratively, vena (in metals, wood, or marble) : fibra (in plants) : meatus ligni (in wood). The space between veins in the earth, intervenium : marked with veins, venosus (e. g., a stone, lapis) : a vein of humor, etc., ingenii vena.
VELLUM, * pergamena or membrana (vitulina) :
Vellum paper, charta levigata, pergamena.
VELOCITY, celeritas : velocitas (general terms of rapid motion, as visible) : pernicitas (fleetness) : incitatio (of a body driven onward) : rapiditas (e. g., fluminis) :
Velocity in speaking, dicendi celeritas ; oratio ineitatior : with velocity, celeriter ; raptim.
VELVET, * holosericum. Of velvet, holosericus (Lampridius ; e. g., vestis holoserica) : a velvet-brush, * scopula holoserico detergendo facta.
VENAL, || Pertaining to the veins, by genitive, venæ or venarum. || Open to bribery and corruption, mercenary, venalis (Cicero) : pretio venalis (Livius) : numarius (opposed to integer, incorruptus, abstinens).
Venal judges, judices numarii (Cicero, Att., 1, 16, 8).
VENALITY, animus venalis, corruptelæ facilis : qui pretio se moveri patitur : animus largitioni non resistens : qui pretio et mercede ducitur (after Cicero).
VEND, Vid. SELL.
VENEER, arborem alia integere (after Plinius) : * aliquid vilius ligno pretiosius cortice facere ; or (if the reading of Salmasius be adopted) vilioris ligni e pretiosiore corticem
facere (vid. quotation at end of article) : ligna tenui bractea tegere, or lignum vilius pretiosioris ligni bractea tegere or integere ( — tenuis bractea ligna tegat, Ovidius ; where, however, bractea is a thin plate of metal ; it is also, however, used for a thin piece of wood, as in the following passage of Plinius, which is a locus classicus on veneering : hæc prima origo luxuriæ, arborem alia integi, et viliores ligno pretiosiores cortice fieri. Ut una arbor sæpius veniret, excogitatæ sunt ligni bracteæ ; Hist. Nat., 16, 43, 84. Salmasius reads vilioris ligni e pretiosiore corticem fieri.
VENEERING, * luxuria arborem alia integendi ; or circumlocution by verbs under VENEER.
Veneering was invented, excogitatæ sunt ligni bracteæ (Plinius, as quoted in the preceding article).
VENERABLE, venerabilis : venerandus : reverendus : gravis : augustus (especially by external dignity).
VENERATE, venerari : adorare (the latter the stronger, not used by Cicero ; both with the addition of ut deum, when spoken of a man to whom divine honor is paid) : revereri. || In a wider sense = to love and honor, colere : mirifice or diligentissime colere : observare : (diligenter) colere et observare : observare et diligere : in honore habere. To venerate as a parent, or with a filial affection, aliquem in parentis loco colere.
VENERATION, veneratio : adoratio (early, and in Livius, etc. ) : cultus : Superstitious veneration, superstitio, vid.
VENERATOR, venerator (poetical, Ovidius) : cultor. A zealous or constant venerator, assiduus cultor ; or by the verbs, qui veneratur, etc.
VENEREAL, venereus ; or by genitive, amoris, veneris.
VENGEANCE, ultio (private) : vindicta (inflicted by competent authority) : pœnæ (penalty, punishment) : ira : iracundia (anger, wrath). To take vengence, ulcisci (Cicero) ; ultionem petere (Tacitus), exigere ab aliquo (Justinus) ; pœnas petere, repetere ab aliquo. Vid. AVENGE.
VENIAL, venia dignus (Quintilianus) : cui venia dari potest : quod excusationem habet : quod habet aliquid excusationis (Cicero). Horatius translates “venial faults” by mediocria et quis ignoscas vitia ; Terentius has culpa ea, quæ sit ignoscenda (a venial fault ; Phorm., 5, 3, 26).
VENISON, caro ferma ; or simply ferina (scilicet, caro) : carnes cervinæ (of the deer).
VENOM, venenum : virus, -i, neuter (properly and figuratively). Vid. also POISON.
VENOMOUS, || Properly, venenatus (Cicero) : veneno infectus, tinctus, imbutus : virulentus (Gellius).
Venomous serpents, serpentes venenati (Nepos), virulenti (Gellius) : their bite is venomous, venenum inspirant morsibus (Vergilius, poetical) ; morsus virus habent (Celsus). || Figuratively, acerbus : iracundus : furibundus.
VENT, s., || Admission of air, aditus aeris. A vent-hole, spiraculum (Plinius) ; spiramentum (Vitruvius) : to give vent to (properly) = to admit air, ventilare (e. g., vinum ; aditum aeris admittere ; also, aperire cœlum (Plinius) : = to let out, rei viam aperire ; (figuratively) erumpere : I must give vent to my joy, erumpere licet mihi gaudium (Terentianus) : to give vent to one’s hatred, odium expromere or effundere (against anybody, in aliquem) ; odium dictis factisque explere : to give vent to one’s ill humor, displeasure, stomachum in aliquem erumpere ; dolor meus in aliquem incursat : to give vent to one’s anger (against anyone), iram in aliquem effundere, evomere, erumpere ; at a thing, iram in rem vertere ; in rem sævire : not to give vent to one’s anger, iram supprimere or reprimere : to one’s hatred, odium sorbere (literally, to swallow it). || Sale, market, venditio mercium. A good or quick vent, * facilis et expedita venditio mercium : to find a good vent, * facile vendi : to find no vent, * repudiari : that has a good vent, vendibilis (opposed to invendibilis).
VENT, v., Vid. “to give vent to, ” under the substantive.
VENTILATE, ventilare : aeri, cœlo aliquid exponere (to expose to the air) : ventulum facere alicui (as by fanning ; Terentianus) : To ventilate a room, aerem immittere in conclave ; cubiculi fenestras patefacere sic ut perflatus aliquis accedat (after Celsus, 3, 19) ; perflatum in cubiculum totis admittere fenestris (after Ovidius, A. A., 3, 807, and Plinius, 17, 19, 31).
VENTILATOR, * foramen spiritale (Apicius) : spiraculum (vent-hole).
VENTRAL, ventralis ; or by the genitive of venter.
VENTRICLE, ventriculus (the stomach, Celsus).
Ventricle of the heart, ventriculus cordis (Cicero).
VENTRILOQUIST, ventriloquus (Tertullianus, and late writers. Greek πύθων, Plutarch ; feminine, πυθώνισσα, id. It is probable that, in the classical age, the Romans employed these Greek words, according to a very common practice).
VENTURE, s., periculum (danger) : alea (game of hazard ; hazard) : facinus : facinus audax (bold deed) : dimicatio fortunæ or fortunarum, vitæ, or capitis (danger where one’s property or life is at stake). At a venture, temere. At all ventures, temere. Vid. also, CAST, s. ; RISK. κυρικιμασαηικο
VENTURE, v., || To have courage to do a thing, audere (to run a risk) : conari (to be bold, to make an effort, with an infinitive ; Cf., never with ut). || Intransitively, To undertake a thing attended with danger, to run the risk of, aleam subire or adire : se in casum dare (to run the risk) : audere (to dare). To venture an engagement, in aciem or certamen descendere (Cf., Tacitus says, poetically, audere aciem, Ann., 12, 28) : to venture a decisive battle, summis cum hoste copiis contendere : to venture nothing, periculum or discrimen non audere, non subire. || To expose to loss or danger, aliquid in aleam dare : ire in aleam alicujus rei (to peril or risk anything) : aliquid audere (to dare anything) : periculum alicujus rei or in aliqua re facere : aliquid tentare, experiri : periclitari (to try one’s luck in a dangerous business). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) experiri et periclitari. To venture one’s life, committere se periculo mortis ; manifesto periculo corpus objicere or caput offerre : to venture one’s life for anyone, inferre se in periculum capitis atque vitæ discrimen pro alicujus salute : to venture one’s self, se committere (e. g., in aciem, in hostilem terram, in locum præcipitem) : to venture one’s self in the midst of the enemy, se immittere in mediæ pugnæ discrimen : to venture one’s self against anyone, audere aliquem aggredi ; aliquem adire audere.
VENTUROUS,
VENTURESOME, || Of persons disposed to venture, or to encounter risk, audens (bold, in a good sense ; especially of a single act) : audax (bold, in good or bad sense ; of the habit) : confidens (full of self-confidence ; in a bad sense) : temerarius (rash). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) temerarius atque audax. To be venturesome, audacem or audacia confiden tern esse. || Hazardous, dangerous (of things), periculosus (full of danger) : anceps (threatening equal danger from two sides) : dubius (doubtful as to how it may turn out). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) periculosus et anceps.
VERACIOUS, verus : veridicus (Cicero) : veritatis amicus, cultor, diligens (of persons). Vid. TRUE.
VERACITY,
Veritas : fides : religio (conscientiousness, Cicero). Strict veracity, severitas (Cicero, Leg., 1, 1, 4).
VERANDAH, * subdiale (Plinius) : * podium (a balcony ; Plinius, Ep. ) : Or it may be necessary to retain the word.
VERB, verbum (Cicero). A verb active, verbum agens ; passive, verbum patiendi (Gellius).
VERBAL, || Having word answering to word, literal [vid. LITARAL], ad verbum expressus : verba singula exprimens, reddens (after Cicero) : ad verbum descriptus (verbal accuracy ; of a copy) : A verbal translation, interpretatio ad fidem verborum facta, ad literam verba auctoris reddens, exprimens : petty verbal discussions or distinctions, (istæ) verborum angustiæ : to drive anybody to such petty verbal discussions, aliquem in tantas verborum angustias compellere (both Cicero ; opposed to campus, etc., the field of fair, full discussion) : a dispute that turns on petty verbal distinctions, verborum disceptatio or discordia : to reduce anything to a discussion of petty verbal distinctions, ad verba rem deflectere : verbal criticism, * critice or ars critica, quæ verborum pondera examinat (after Cicero) : a mere verbal critic, * verborum or syllabarum anceps (in a bad sense) ; qui verborum pondere examinat (in a good sense). || By word of mouth, oral, by verbis, or per colloquium or colloquia. To give anybody a verbal answer, alicui voce respondere ; a verbal commission, alicui aliquid voce mandare.
VERBALLY, || Verbatim. vid. || Orally, præsens (adjective) : coram : voce : verbis, or per colloquium or colloquia.
VERBATIM, ad verbum : verbum e verbo (Cicero) : ad literam (Cf., verbotenus and verbatim are not Latin). To translate verbatim, ad verbum transferre (Cicero).
VERBOSE, verbosus : verbis abundans (Cicero, in a good sense) : copiosus : plenus (copious ; opposed to jejunus).
VERBOSELY, verbose : copiose (in a good sense).
VERBOSENESS,
VERBOSITY, turba verborum (Cicero, De Or., 3, 13, 50) : inanis verborum volubilitas (ib., 1, 15, 17) : jejuna verborum concertatio (ib., 2, 16, 68) : inanis
quædam profluentia loquendi (Cicero, Part. Or., 23, 81) : inepta verbositas : inanis garrulitas (Ern. ), inanis loquacitas (Muret. ) : inanium turba verborum (Quintilianus, 8, 21) : inanium verborum torrens (id., 10, 7, 23) : inanium verborum flumen (Cicero, N. D., 2, 1, 1) : verborum colluvio (Gellius, 1, 15, 17).
VERDANT, viridis : virens (green) : frondescens (leafy) : herbaceus (grassy) :
Very verdant, perviridis : somewhat verdant, subviridis : to be verdant, virere : to walk on a verdant or shady bank, in viridi opacâque ripâ inambulare (Cicero).
VERDICT, judicium : sententia : decretum. To give a verdict, sententiam ferre, dicere, pronuntiare ; judicare ; decernere ; respondere : to give a verdict in favor of anybody, adjudicare causam alicui or aliquid alicui ; secundum aliquem decernere, judicare (Cicero) ; against, abjudicare alicui aliquid (in civil causes). In criminal cases = ACQUIT, CONDEMN.
VERDIGRIS, ærugo (Plinius, Columella) : æruca (Vitruvius).
VERDURE, viriditas (Cicero) : viride (Plinius) :
Verdure of the meadows, viriditas pratorum (Cicero) : verdure of the banks, viridis riparum vestitus (Cicero, N. D., 2, 39, 98) : to gain verdure, virescere : to be clothed with verdure, virere : to recover verdure, revirescere.
VERGE, s., margo ; ora (edge, border) : finis ; confinium (boundary, limit). Figuratively, To be on the verge of death, capulo vicinum esse ; capularem esse (Servius, Vergilius, Æn., 6, 222 : Plautus, Mil., 3, 1, 33) : in extrema, regula (not tegula) stare ; extrema tangere (by a figure from the race-course ; vid. Seneca, Ep., 12, 4, Ruhnken, and 26, 1) : in præcipiti esse (i. e., to stand on the brink of a precipice, to be in extreme danger ; Celsus, 2, 6). He seems to me to be on the verge of death, videtur mihi prosequi se (i. e., to be attending his own funeral, Seneca, Ep. 30, 4). To be on the verge of ruin or destruction, in summo discrimine esse or versari : to lead anybody to the verge of ruin, aliquem in locum præcipitem perducere.
VERGE, v., proximum, finitimum, vicinum esse alicui or rei ; tangere, attingere (terram).
VERGER, * apparitor : * lictor.
VERIFY, probare (to try or examine, and find good) : explere, implere (e. g., spem ; to fulfill). To be verified (i. e., to come true), exitum, eventum habere : evenire : ratum esse : effici, fieri ; e. g., exitum, eventum habent oracula, vaticinia (after Cicero) ; eveniunt, fiunt quæ prædicta sunt ; somnia evadunt ; quæ somniavimus evadunt (after Cicero).
VERILY, næ (only used before pronouns by Cicero, næ ego, tu, illi, etc. : also, medius fidius næ).
Verily you have made a good purchase, medius fidius næ tu prasclarum locum emisti (Cicero) : certe : profecto. Vid. also, TRULY.
VERISIMILAR,
VERISIMILITUDE, Vid. PROBABLE, PROBABILITY.
VERMICULAR, vermiculatus (Plinius).
VERMILION, s., minium : cinnabaris : The color of vermilion, color minii, cinnabaris : to paint with vermilion, pingere cinnabari ; miniare.
VERMILION, adjective, miniatus (Cicero) : miniaceus (Vitruvius) : minianus (Cicero).
VERMIN, bestiŏlæ molestæ, rapaces, etc. (general term) : vermes (worms) : pediculi (lice) : mustelæ (weasels, etc. ).
Vermin that injure corn, etc., * bestiŏlæ quæ fruges, semina, etc. populantur (after Columella and Vergilius, populatque ingentem farris acervum curculio) : full of vermin, verminosus (Plinius) ; vermiculosus (Palladius).
VERNACULAR, vernaculus :
Vernacular language, sermo is, qui nobis natus est (Cicero). Vid. MOTHER-TONGUE.
VERNAL, vernus.
Vernal season, ver ; tempus vernum vernal equinox, æquinoctium vernum (Plinius, Columella).
VERONICA (a flower), * veronica (Linnæus). On the legendary derivation from vera icon or vera unica icon, cf. Buckholz’s Philosophische Betrachtungen, and Kraus, Med. Lex.
VERSATILE, versatilis (properly, Plinius) : mobilis : mutabilis (changeable, fickle) : alacer : promtus (ready). A versatile genius, ingenium velox (Quintilianus), or versatile (Livius, 39, 40) ; animus agilis (Seneca). Vid. also, CHANGEABLE.
VERSATILITY, agilitas, or by the adjective, (properly).
Versatility of mind, animi mobilitas(Quintilianus) ; ingenium mobile (Vitruvius) ; ingenii celeritas (Cicero) ; ingenium versatile (Livius), or velox (Quintilianus) ; animus versutus, callidus (Cicero, when cunning is implied).
VERSE, || line of poetry, versus, -ûs (distichon, tristichon, tetrastichon, etc., a set of two, three, four, etc., verses). Beautiful verses, versus ornati, luculenti (Cicero) : very good, bad verses, versus optimi, mali : better and smoother verses, versus magis facti et mollius euntes (Horatius, Sat., 1, 10, 58) : to write verses, versus facere, scribere : to write excellent verses on any subject, optimis versibus de aliqua re scribere ; ornatissimis atque optimis versibus de aliqua re dicere (Cicero). || Poetry, numeri (plural) : versus. To write in verse, sententias claudere numeris ; verba includere versu (Cicero). || A small section, membrum : articulus.
VERSED, exercitatus or volutatus in re (experienced in) : perltus : gnarus alicujus rei (acquainted with). Well versed in a science, perfectus in aliqua scientia : to be versed in anything, non hospitem esse in re ; alicujus rei esse peritum : to be versed in history, ad historiam instructum esse : to be versed in Greek and Latin, et Græcis et Latinis doctum esse : to be well versed in ancient literature, in veteribus scriptis studiose et multum volutatum esse : well or thoroughly versed, peritissimus ; experientissimus ; plurimo rerum usu or magno usu præditus ; usu et prudentia præstans ; multis experimentis eruditus (Plinius, Ep., 1, 5, 16).
VERSICLE, versiculus (Cicero).
VERSIFICATION, versificatio (Quintilianus). The art of versification, poetica ; ars metrica ; ars versus faciendi.
VERSIFIER, versificator (Quintilianus) : metricus (Gellius) : artis metricæ peritus.
VERSIFY, versus facere, scribere, componere (to compose verses) : versus fundere or ex tempore fundere (to compose rapidly or impromptu) : sententias claudere numeris : verba includere versu (to write in verse, not in prose) : versificare (Quintilianus). To be fond of versifying, delectat aliquem claudere verba pedibus (Horatius, Sat., 2, 1, 28).
VERSION, Vid. TRANSLATION.
VERTEBRA, spondy̆lus (Plinius) : vertebra (Celsus).
VERTEBRATED, vertebratus (Plinius ; made in the manner of a vertebra, having joints, jointed) : * vertebris instructus.
VERTEX, vertex. Vid. SUMMIT, TOP.
VERTICAL, usually verticalis (technical term) : better directus (Cæsar).
VERTICALLY, ad verticem.
VERTIGINOUS, vertiginosus (Plinius).
VERTIGO, vertigo (Livius, Plinius). To be seized with vertigo, vertigine corripi (Plinius) : to occasion vertigo, vertiginem facere (Plinius) : to suffer from vertigo, vertigine laborare (Plinius) ; vertiginem pati (Macrobius) : to remove vertigo, vertiginem discutere, sedare ; offusam oculis caliginem disjicere.
VERVAIN, sideritis (Plinius, 25, 19, and 26, 88) : verbenaca (Plinius) : * verbena officinalis (Linnæus).
VERY, adjective, [Vid. TRUE, REAL. ]”Veriest” may often be rendered by summus ; or by a superlative. A very fool, stultior stultissimo. || Itself, ipse. In that very place, in eo ipso loco.
VERY, adverb, summe (in the highest degree ; with verbs and adjectives) : maxime : quam maxime : magno opere or magnopere : maximo opere or maximopere. summo opere or summopere (with great pains or effort ; only with verbs) : impense (zealously ; with verbs) : perquam (used almost exclusively with words which may be compounded with per) : admodum (fully) : valde (strongly ; with verbs and adjectives) : sane quam (with verbs and adjectives) : oppido (literally, enough for the time, plentifully, with adjectives and verbs ; chiefly in common life, and hence found, for the most part, in the comedians ; but also in Cicero, in dialogues and epistles) : satis (sufficiently ; always with relation to some given end or to certain circumstances ; with adjectives and adverbs ; e. g., non satis se tutum in Argis videbat, not very safe) : vehementer (earnestly, passionately ; with verbs of emotion or the like ; as dolere, gaudere, rogare ; also, not uncommonly, in other connections, merely to denote intensity ; e. g., vehementer utile est, Cicero ; erit mihi vehementissime gratum, Cicero ; vehementer errare, Cæsar) : graviter (severely ; with verbs and participles ; e. g., graviter ægrotare, graviter iratus) : mire : mirifice : mirum quantum (extraordinarily ; with verbs and adjectives) : apprime (particularly, especially ; with adjectives) : perfecte (thoroughly ; with adjectives) : imprimis (before all, among the first ; and for this we find, also, inter primos, in or cum paucis, inter paucos, ante alios, præter cæteros, super omnes) : bene (well, duly ; with adjectives, adverbs, and verbs) : probe (finely ; with adjectives and verbs ; but only in conversational style in the comedians) : egregie, eximie (excellently, extraordinarily ; with adjectives and verbs : Cf., egregie is used, also, to denote excess or defect, but only in common
discourse, in dialogue, or in the epistolary style ; e. g., egregie falsum, “very false” (but Cf., there is no authority for egregie falli or errare, for which the classical expressions are valde or vehementer errare, procul or longe errare, tota errare via, probe or diligenter errare) : longe (far ; with words denoting preference or distinction ; e. g., longe superare, præstare, or antecellere ; longe diversus). “Very” is expressed in Latin in various other ways ; e. g., by per in composition with adjectives, adverbs, or verbs ; as, perpauci, perquam pauci, very few ; mihi perplacet, or perquam placet, I am very well pleased or satisfied : by dis in composition with verbs ; e. g., discupere, to desire very eagerly ; dilaudare, to extol very highly : by the superlative, sometimes with longe or multo ; e. g., (longe) fertilissimus ; multo ditissimus : not very (before adjectives and adverbs), non ita ; haud ita (Cf., not, non admodum, non valde).
VESICLE, vesicula (Cicero).
VESPER, vesper : vesperus.
VESPERS, * preces vespertinæ.
VESSEL, || receptacle, vas, vasis, neuter ; diminutive, vasculum. An empty, full vessel, vas inane, plenum : a vessel of gold or silver, vas auro solidum (Tacitus) ; vas ex argento fabrefactum (Livius) ; plural, vasa aurea, argentea. || A ship, navis [vid. SHIP]. || In anatomy, vas ; especially in the plural, vasa, -orum.
VEST, v., Vid. CLOTHE, INVEST.
VEST, s., Vid. GARMENT, WAISTCOAT
VESTAL, vestalis.
VESTIBULE, vestibulum (open space before a Roman house, where those who had business there waited ; in vestibulo ædium opperiri salutationem Cæsaris) : procœton (an ante-room to a bed-chamber, where slaves used to wait ; προκοιτών, in Varro, R. R. ).
VESTIGE, vestigium (trace, footstep) : reliquiæ (remainder) : indicium ; signum ; nota (mark, indication). There is not even a vestige of anything, ne vestigium quidem ullum reliquum est alicujus rei (Cicero, Fam., 4, 14, 1) ; nullum exstat vestigium (after Livius).
VESTMENT,
VESTURE : Vid. GARMENT.
VESTRY, || A room attached to a church, sacrarium (a place where sacred things are kept) : vestiarium (a room where clothes are kept). || A parish meeting held in the said room, * concilium parœciæ. To call a vestry meeting, * concilium parœciæ convocare : to hold a vestry meeting, concilium (etc. ) habere.
VETCH, vicia (Columella, Vergilius). Of vetches, vicialis, viciarius (Columella).
VETERAN, veteranus. A veteran = old soldier, (miles) veteranus ; vetus miles expertusque belli (Tacitus) ; emeritus (that has served his time out).
VETERINARY, veterinarius (Columella). A veterinary surgeon, veterinarius : medicinæ veterinariæ prudens (Columella) : a veterinary school, schola veterinaria : the veterinary art, ars veterinaria (Vegetius) ; medicina veterinaria (Columella).
VEX, || Transitively, stomachum alicui facere or movere : indignationem alicui movere (to render indignant) : bilem alicui movere or commovere : irritare aliquem or alicujus iram (to make angry) : pungere aliquem (sensibly to grieve or mortify) : offendere aliquem (to offend, displease anybody ; also of things). Something vexes me, aliquid mihi stomacho est ; aliquid ægre fero ; aliquid mihi molestum est ; aliquid me pungit ; aliquid male me habet (Cf., not nihil ægrius factum est, quam ut, which means “it was with the utmost difficulty that ;” vid. Cicero, Verr., 2, 4, 65). These things vexed me more than they did Quintus himself, hæc mihi majori stomacho quam ipsi Quinto fuerunt. To be vexed, indignari : stomachari : commoveri dolore : irasci : to be very much vexed, dolore or ira exardescere : dolore or ira incensum esse : to be vexed at anything, indignari or stomachari aliquid : irasci propter aliquid : moleste, segre, indigne ferre aliquid ; very much, dirumpi aliqua re : discruciari : to be vexed with anybody, cum aliquo stomachari : alicui irasci. Intransitively, piget or tædet me alicujus rei : male me habet aliquid : ægre habeo or patior aliquid : moleste, graviter, or ægre fero aliquid : sollicitudinem habere : in sollicitudine esse : ægritudinem suscipere : ægritudine affici ; about anything, laborare, sollicitum esse de re : afflictari de re (Cicero) ; anxium et sollicitum me habet aliquid ; about anybody, ægritudinem suscipere propter aliquem :
VEXATION, ægritudo animi (general term, a disturbed state of mind) : indignatio, stomachus (displeasure, indignation) : ira (anger) : dolor (secret vexation, vid. Herzog, Cæsar, B. G., 5, 4 ; all these of the vexation, which one feels) : offensio (vexation inflicted) : slight vexation, indignatiuncula : animi offensiuncula : full of vexation, indignabundus : stomachosus (adverb, stomachose) : to my great vexation, non sine aliquo meo stomacho : to the great vexation of persons, magna cum offensione hominum : to cause or occasion vexation [vid. To VEX] : to feel vexation [vid. ” to be vexed, ” under To VEX] : to be ready to burst with vexation, dirumpi ; at anything, aliqua re.
VEXATIOUS, indignandus ; plenus stomachi (that deserves displeasure) : gravis ; molestus (that is troublesome) : aliquid aliquem pungit (that annoys anybody).
VIAL, phiăla(φιάλη, Juvenalis, 5, 37 ; Martialis, Plinius ; used by Jerome of the “vials” in the Apocalypse) : laguncula (diminutive of lagena, a bottle) : ampulla (a flask).
VIAND, Vid. FOOD.
VIATICUM, viaticum (Cicero, Plautus).
VIBRATE, || Transitively, vibrare (the proper word), torquere, versare, agitare aliquid (e. g., vibrare hastam, Cicero ; jaculum, Ovidius ; torquere hastam, jaculum, Vergilius). || Intransitively, vibrare (e. g., linguæ vibrant, Ovidius ; nervi vibrantes, Seneca ; vox sonat adhuc et vibrat in auribus meis, Seneca) : torqueri : agitari (e. g., of the strings of a musical instrument, Cicero, Tusc., 1, 10, 20).
VIBRATION, * actus vibrandi (vibratio, Junius, Calpurn. ap. Vopisc. ; vibratus, -us, Marc : Cap. ) :
Vibration of light, vibratus ignium (Marcellinus, Cap. ). vibration of sound, motus sonorum (Cicero).
VICAR, vicarius (Cicero).
VICARAGE, * domus or ædes vicarii.
VICARIOUS, vicarius (Cicero, Quintilianus) ; loco, or, more rarely, in loco, alicujus.
VICE, vitiositas ; turpitudo (κακία, as moral evil : respecting vitiositas, vid. Cicero, Tusc., 4, 15, init. ) : libidines (evil passions or desires) : vitium (a fault ; anything amiss) : flagitium ; scelus (a vicious or wicked act). To be a vice, in vitio esse (to be faulty) : to give one’s self up to vice, dedere animum vitiis : dedere se libidinibus : to be a monster of vice, ingurgitare se in flagitia (Cicero) : omnibus vitiis affinem esse (after Cicero, De Invent., 2, 10, 33) : omnibus vitiis teneri (after Horatius, Sat., 1, 4, 130) ; omnibus flagitiis, omnibus libidinibus deditum esse. To avoid, flee from vice, a vitiis abstinere : vitia declinare. || A kind of instrument, perhaps * retinaculum.
VICE-ADMIRAL, qui fungitur officio supremi classis præfecti (after Columella, 11, 1, 17) : * vicarius prætoris navalis.
VICE-CHANCELLOR, * qui cancellarii officia or vices sustinet ; usually * procancellarius or * vicecancellarius (technical term).
VICEGERENT, vicarius : * qui vice alicujus fungitur, vicem alicujus implet.
VICE-PRESIDENT, * præsidis vicarius.
VICEROY, * regis vicarius : * qui regis vices implet, or regis vice fungitur. To be a viceroy, any where, * regis vice alicui terras præesse : to give a viceroy, to a people, præponere populo aliquem qui regia vice ipsi imperet (Ern. ) :
VICIOUS, vitiosus (faulty, defective) : turpis (shameful, disgraceful) : improbus (morally bad) : flagitiosus (infamous, gross ; all of persons and things). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) vitiosus ac flagitiosus : cujus in animo improbitas versatur (morally bad ; of persons) : vitiis contaminatus, inquinatus (stained with vice ; of persons) : scelestus : sceleratus (criminal ; the former in respect of disposition, the latter in respect of action ; of persons and things) : Extremely vicious, vitiis, flagitiis, sceleribus obrutus (of persons) ; vitiis flagitiisque omnibus deditus (of persons and things).
VICIOUSLY, vitiose (faultily) : turpiter : flagitiose. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) flagitiose et turpiter : scelerate (basely, with moral turpitude).
VICISSITUDE, vicissitude : varietas : commutatio.
Vicissitude of day and night, of the seasons, of fortune, etc. Vid. CHANGE.
VICTIM, victima (of the larger sort ; properly and figuratively) : hostia (of the smaller sort).
VICTOR, victor : expugnator (with genitive ; e. g., urbis) : domitor (with genitive ; e. g., Hispaniæ : vanquisher). Vid. also, CONQUEROR, CONQUER.
VICTORIOUS, victor : superior. To come off victorious, victorem or superiorem discedere. Vid. also, “to obtain a VICTORY. ”
VICTORY, victoria (the proper word) : tropæum (τρόπαιον, trophy ; metonymy, for victory, as Nepos, Them., 5, 3, victoria quæ cum Marathonio possit comparari tropæo) : palma (figuratively, reward for a victory, superiority). A decisive victory, parta et explorata victoria : a victory over foreign enemies, victoria externa : a
victory over enemies at home, victoria domestica : to get, win, etc., a victory, victoria potiri : the victory was easy, facile erat vincere : after the victory was obtained, parta victoria : to turn the scale of victory in favor of anybody, victoriam ad aliquem transferre : to have the victory in one’s hands, victoriam in manibus habere : to follow up a victory, victoria uti (Cicero) ; a victoria nihil cessare (Livius, 34, 16 ; Cf., but not victoriam exercere, which, in Livius, 2, 55, and 7, 22, from the context, has quite a different meaning) : to concede the victory to anybody, manus dare vincique se pati (to confess one’s self conquered) ; alicui palmam dare (to concede the superiority to anybody) : to foretell a certain victory, certam victoriæ spem augurari : to proclaim a victory, victoriam conclamare : to celebrate a victory, victoriam concelebrare (also by circumlocution with the verbs under CONQUER ; e. g., after a victory over enemies, difficulties, etc., victis hostibus, difficultatibus) : to obtain a victory, vincere (general term) ; victoriam consequi or adipisci ; superiorem or victorem discedere palmam ferre (figuratively, to have the superiority) : over anybody, vincere or superare aliquem ; victoriam ferre, referre ex aliquo victoriam reportare ab or de aliquo : to obtain a complete victory over anybody, devincere aliquem (e. g., Pœnos classe) : to obtain a victory over one’s passions, etc., cupiditates coercere, continere, comprimere ; cupiditatibus imperare : a certain, uncertain, doubtful, brilliant, honorable, glorious, etc. victory, victoria certa, explorata, incerta, dubia, clarissima, honesta (egregia, Livius), præclara, gloriosa (Cicero) : a melancholy, bloody, bloodless, cruel, wicked victory, victoria acerba, cruenta, incruenta (Livius), funesta, crudelis, nefaria : a complete victory, victoria justa : an easy victory, victoria facilis : almost to give up the victory for lost, victoriam prope desperare : that victory cost the Carthaginians much blood, Pœnis ea victoria multo sanguine stetit : our victory was won without the loss of a man, victoria nobis incruenta fuit (Livius 2, 31) : Scipio was called Africanus on account of his great victory over the Carthaginians, Scipio ob egregiam de Pœnis victoriam Africanus appellatus est.
VICTUAL, supportare frumentum et commeatum (Cæsar) : frumentum dare : commeatum portare (Sallustius, to send a supply of provisions) : sustinere commeatus (to victual well, to keep up an ample supply of provisions, Cæsar), rem frumentariam providere, comparare (to obtain and furnish with provisions in the first instance, exercitui).
VICTUALLER, caupo (Cicero) : hospes (a host) : popinarius (Lampridius).
VICTUALLING-HOUSE, caupona (shop where wine and ready-dressed meat were sold) : popina (where persons were allowed to eat and drink “on the premises”) : taberna cauponia (Pand. ).
VICTUALLING-OFFICER, rei frumentariæ præfectus, præpositus : qui rei frumentariæ præest : annonæ præfectus (Livius, 4, 13) : frumentarius (Hirtius).
VICTUALS, cibus ; plural, cibi (the plural when several kinds of food are spoken of) : esca (food prepared, so as to be eaten ; victuals and drink). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) cibus potusque ; cibus vinumque : victus (general term). Moderate quantity of victuals and drink, temperatæ escæ modicæque potiones : he is fond of his victuals, libenter cœnat.
VIE WITH, || Of persons, certare, or concertare or contendere cum aliquo : æmulari aliquem or cum aliquo. To vie with anybody in anything, aliqua re certare or concertare cum aliquo ; (of mutual competition) aliqua re inter se certare. || Of things, certare cum aliqua re (poetical, alicui rei ; e. g., viridique certat bacca Venafro, Horatius) : æmulari aliquid (e. g., Balicæ uvæ Albanum vinum æmulantur, Plinius).
VIEW, || Sight, visus, -ûs. [Vid. SIGHT. ] || Survey, aspectus, -ûs : conspectus, -ûs. To take a view of, aliquid visere or invisere (to look at out of curiosity ; invisere, with accuracy) : aspicere (to look at) : inspicere (to inspect) : contemplari (to view) : oculis collustrare or perlustrare (to examine one by one). To take a view of a country, aspicere situm omnem regionis ; contemplari locorum situm : to take a view of anything on the spot, in re præsenti cognoscere aliquid : point of view [vid. POINT]. || Prospect, prospectus, -ûs [vid. PROSPECT]. To command a view [vid. also, To COMMAND (end, β). || Design, object, end, consilium (plan, design) : finis (object in view) : quod mihi proposui (end proposed) : quod maxime sequor, specto (special object in view : Cf., scopus is not Latin) : to have anything in view, spectare aliquid or ad aliquid, or followed by ut (to look at) : quærere or sequi aliquid (to endeavor to reach or attain) : propositum habeo or propositum est mihi aliquid, or followed by an infinitive (to propose or purpose a thing) : cogitare aliquid, or followed by an infinitive (to think of doing anything) : (animo) intendere, followed by the accusative of a pronoun, by ut, or by an infinitive ; animum intendere ad or in aliquid (to turn one’s mind to a thing) : tendere ad aliquid (to strive after anything) : id agere, ut (to have in hand) : rationem referre ad aliquid. To have anything especially in view, aliquid potissimum, maxime sequi ; aliquo consilia et cogitationes imprimis referre : to have a different view, non idem velle : to have quite other views, longe alio spectare : to entertain views hostile to the state, contra rempublicanl sentire : to have nothing in view but the public good, ad communem salutem referre omnia ; alicujus mens nihil nisi commodum publicum videt : to take the same view of anything, de aliqua re idem sentire (with anybody, cum aliquo or atque aliquis), or simply cum aliquo sentire : all entertain the very same views, omnes sentiunt unum atque idem : to entertain a different view, non idem sentire de aliqua re : what are your views? quid tibi vis? quid tua mens est? my view is, mens mea hæc est ; eo pertinent, or valent, mea consilia : it is far from my view, plurimum ab eo absum : with a good view, bono consilio or animo : with this view, with a view to, eo consilio ut ; hoc animo ; hac mente (Cf., ad eum finem, in this sense, occurs only in later writers) ; idcirco ; ita, ut ; eo, ut, etc. * With a view to, ” often by ad only ; e. g., with a view to conciliation, ad conciliationem gratiæ.
VIEW, v., aliquid inspicere (to see in what state a thing is ; survey) : visere ; invisere (to look narrowly into, examine closely) : spectare (to look at openly and carefully) : perlustrare (to look over, look at thoroughly) : contemplari (to look at steadily) : intueri (to look at attentively, with interest) : oculis collustrare or perlustrare (to look over carefully or minutely) : oculis obire, Plinius, Ep., (to look over, take a view of).
VIEWLESS, Vid. INVISIBLE. κυρικιμασαηικο
VIGIL, vigilia : pervigilium (through the wholt night). To keep a vigil, vigilare : pervigilare.
VIGILANCE, vigilantia (the proper word) : cura ; diligentia (care, diligence) : cautio ; circumspectio (circumspection).
VIGILANT, vigilans : vigil. To be vigilant, vigilare : advigilare : to be very vigilant, mirifica esse vigilantia : to keep a vigilant eye upon, diligenter custodire aliquid or aliquem : to be vigilant in anybody’s service, excubare vigilareque pro aliquo (Cicero) : vigilant care, vigilantes curæ (Cicero, improperly). If cautious, vid.
VIGILANTLY, vigilanter (Cicero).
VIGNETTE, * emblema : * ornamentum : * imago ornamenti causa apposita. VIGOR, || Force, vid. || Mental force, robur animi or animi vis : magnum, quo aliquis valet, ingenium : ingenii præstantia (high cultivation of the mind) : animi firmitas (fortitude of mind or character) : virtus (mental or moral strength ; fortitude) : animi vigor (liveliness or freshness of the mind ; opposed to corporis vigor) : vis ingenii or simply, ingenium (productive mental power ; respecting ingenium, vid. Horatius, Sat., 1, 4, 43, Heindorf) : vigor : virtus (fullness of power ; both of animate and inanimate subjects) : vis vitalis (vital power) : animus ; anima (the vital principle ; to ἐπιθυμητικόν) : sanguis (vivacity, as well of the body as of speech ; also of the speaker himself). Full of vigor, plenus sanguinis (of persons and things) : to lose the true vigor, verum sanguinem perdere or deperdere (of a speaker) : the scholastic orations possess less nerve and vigor than those of the forum, minus sanguinis et virium declamationes habent, quam orationes : what vigor is displayed in this book, quantum in illo libro vigoris est (Seneca, Ep., 64, 2) : vigor of expression or thought, gravitas verborum et sententiarum (vid. Cicero, Or., 9, 32) : a man full of vigor, vir fortis : the vigor of a speaker, virtus oratoris : with a certain vigor, cum quâdam virtute. || Energy, vid. || Activity, vid.
VIGOROUS, || Forcible, vid. || Full of strength, valens : validus (general term) : firmus (firm ; of men and the human body, states, etc. ; then, also, of other objects ; e. g., cibus firmus, potio firma). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) firmus et robustus (e. g., respublica) ; valens et firmus (e. g., civitas) : robustus (robust, stanch ; of the human body, the state, etc. ). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) robustus et valens (e. g., homo) : lacertosus (muscular ; of men and animals) : corpore vigens
: corpore validus : corpore robusto (only of man ; the former denoting a body in the prime of youth ; the second, vital strength ; and the third, relating to firm sound flesh) : potens ; efficax (powerful, of effect) : gravis (that influences the mind forcibly ; of speech and the speaker) : nervosus (full of nerve in expression ; of a speaker) : alacer ; vividus (lively) : strenuus (that sets to work with energy) : impiger (not sluggish). To be vigorous, corpore vigere : corpore robusto esse : corpore valere or validum esse : bonis viribus esse (that possesses strength) : a vigorous speech, oratio gravis, also nervi orationis (energetic expressions or words) : a vigorous delivery, actio plena spiritus (full of spirit and life) : in a vigorous manner ; vid. VIGOROUSLY.
VIGOROUSLY, nervose : graviter : strenue : impigre : alacri animo [SYN. in VIGOROUS]. He spoke so powerfully and vigorously, tanta vi tantaque gravitate dixit : to support anybody most vigorously, aliquem enixissime juvare. Vid., also, FORCIBLY.
VILE, || Worthless, despicable, vilis (properly, that to which one affixes a low value ; then, worthless, paltry ; e. g., honor) : contemnendus : contemptus : despectus (despised ; [SYN. in DESPISE]) : abjectus (flung away ; hence worthless). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) contemtus et abjectus (Cf., avoid contemtibilis, despicabilis, aspernabilis). A vile fellow, homo despicatissimus ; homo contemtissimus, or contemtissimus et despectissimus (despised, despicable) : homo omni parte detestabilis ;homo impurus ; monstrum hominis. To become vile in contemtionem venire or adduci. || Abominable, foul, fœdus : abominandus : detestandus : detestabilis : nefandus : immanis : teter. [SYN. in ABOMINABLE. ]
VILELY, fœde : fœdissime : nefarie : teterrime.
VILENESS, turpitudo, animus abjectus (baseness).
Usually by circumlocution with the adjective (Cf., not vilitas, which is = cheapness).
VILIFY, male dicere alicui (to speak ill of) : criminari (to accuse) : de aliquo absente detrahendi causa maledicere, contumelioseque dicere : detrahere de alicujus fama or gloria.
VILLA, Vid. COUNTRY-HOUSE.
VILLAGE, || Properly, pagus : vicus (the former, a large village; the latter, a small village or hamlet, a farm-house with out-buildings, etc. ) : rus ; agri (village with the country round it ; the country, as opposed to the town). Of a village, paganus : vicanus (that lives in a village) agrestis ; rusticus (of the country ; hence boorish, coarse). From village to village, pagatim : vicatim : village life, vita rustica or rusticana : of or belonging to villages, paganicus. || The inhabitants of a village, pagus : pagani : vicani.
VILLAGER, paganus : vicanus : homo rusticanus ex municipio : homo rusticanus : homo municipalis.
VILLAIN, || A bad, worthless fellow, homo malus, improbus : homo nequam. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) nequam et improbus : homo scelestus, sceleratus, consceleratus : homo perditus or profligatus : homo nefarius et improbus : homo sine religione ulla ac fide. A detestable villain, profligatissimus omnium mortalium ac perditissimus. homo omnium sceleratissimus : a manifest villain , homo fœdus et aperte malus : a crafty villain, homo ingeniosissime nequam (Velleius) : villain! scelus! (as abusive exclamation). || Serf, adscriptus glebæ : servus (general term for slave) : mancipium (bought or taken in war) : verna (one born in the house).
VILLANOUS, improbus : nequam : scelestus : fœdus. Vid. also, VILLAIN.
VILLANOUSLY, improbe : sceleste : fœde : nefarie.
VILLANY, improbitas (villanous disposition) : flagitium : scelus : fœdum or indignum facinus : dedecus (a villanous or disgraceful action).
VILLANAGE, angaria (a Persian word, but in use as early as the time of Cicero ; vid. Fragm., Nigidii ap. Gell., 19, 14, quite at the end ; frequent in the Jurisconsults ; properly, the work or service of an angarus, who was originally a person bound to act as a courier in the service of the state when required) : angariarum præstatio (the performance of villanage, Jurisconsulti) : opera serva (the service performed ; after Plautus, Pers., 2, 4, 9). To perform villanage , * angariam or operam servam præstare : Lycurgus caused the lands of the rich to be cultivated by the poor in villanage, Lycurgus agros locupletium plebi ut servitio colendos dedit (Cicero, Rep., 3, 9).
VINDICATE, rem sibi or ad se vindicare (by law or not) : tenere : obtinere (to make good one’s right to a disputed possession) : retinere (to withhold anything, not to give it up). In the poets and later prose writers, asserere aliquid alicui (sibi), or asserere only (se cœlo asserere, Ovidius. So “assert the native skies, ” Dryd. ; i. e., claim to be heaven-born : nec laudes assere nostras, Ovidius, nec sapientis nomen sibi asseruit, Quintilianus). To vindicate a right successfully, jus tenere, obtinere, retinere : to vindicate a right (= to endeavor to make it good), jus persequi : to vindicate one’s liberty (i. e., to escape from an actual servitude), se in libertatem asserere ; se asserere (Ovidius).
VINDICATION, By circumlocution with the verb.
VINDICATOR, assertor alicujus rei (Livius and post-Augustan in prose ; vindicator ; e. g., gladius assertor libertatis, Seneca) : propugnator alicujus rei (e. g., libertatis, Cicero, a champion of a cause) : defensor (a defender ; also one who wards off anything).
VINDICTIVE, ulciscendi cupidus (in a single case) : qui nullam injuriam inultam atque impunitam dimittit (that allows no injury to pass unavenged). Exceedingly vindictive, inimicitiarum persequentissimus (Auctor ad Herennium).
VINE, vitis : labrusca : salicastrum (a kind of wild vine ; vid., Voss., Vergilius Ecl., 5, 7) : vitis generosæ stirpis (a cultivated vine). To plant vines, vites serere or ponere : vinum serere : to cultivate a vine, vitem colere : to prop a vine, vitem palare : to prune or tie up a vine, vitem amputare, ligare : to ingraft a vine, vitem inserere : to propagate a vine, vitem propagare : the vine grows too luxuriantly, vitis supervacuis frondibus luxurians silvescit : the vine climbs, vitis claviculis adminiculata se erigit (Cf., palmes or flagellum is a very thin and slender branch or shoot of a vine ; but also used, by metonymy for the vine itself, Columella).
VINE-BRANCH, palmes : flagellum (if very thin and slender). Vid. VINE.
VINE-DRESSER, vinitor : vindemitor : vitium cultor.
VINE-FRETTER, convolvulus (Cato, R. R., 95, 1, etc. ) : * sphinx elpenor (Linnæus).
VINEGAR, acetum. Sharp vinegar, acetum acris saporis : acetum acidissimum : to put in vinegar, aceto condire (to season or flavor with vinegar, Schleusner’s New Test. Lex., Acron. ) : * aceto macerare (to soak in vinegar) : to turn to or become vinegar (of wine, etc. ), in acetum verti : sour as vinegar, acidissimus.
VINEGAR CRUET, acetabulum.
VINE KNIFE, falx vinitoria.
VINE LEAF, vitis folium : folium vitigineum (general term) : pampinus (a young tender leaf).
Vine leaves, folia vitiginea, -orum : of or consisting of vine leaves, pampineus : full of vine leaves, pampinosus : to strip off the superfluous vine leaves, pampinare : ornamented with, etc., pampinatus (also if artificially made ; vid. Voss.,
Vergilius, Ecl., 3, 39).
VINE-PROP, pedamentum : statumen (general term) : ridica (made of an olive or oak tree).
VINEYARD, vinea : vinetum : collis vinarius : mons amictus vitibus : hortus vinearius (Ulpianus : Cf., arbustum, a plantation of trees for the purpose of supporting and rearing vines). To plant a vineyard, vineam instituere ; vinetum instituere or ponere.
VINTAGE, vindemia. A good, poor vintage, vindemia bona, magna (Palladius), gracilis (Plinius, Ep. ), exigua (Columella) ; vindemiola (Cicero) : of or belonging to a vintage, vindemiatorius (Varro) : to gather the vintage, vindemiam facere (Columella), metere (Plinius), colligere (Plinius, Ep. ) : I have but a poor vintage, yet better than I had expected, vindemias graciles quidem, uberiores tamen quam exspectaveram colligo (Plinius, 9, 20, 2).
VINTNER, caupo : vinarius (Plautus).
VIOL, fides, -ium, plural.
VIOLATE, violare : frangere : rumpere (to break). To violate one’s word, fidem frangere, violare ; fidem prodere to violate laws, leges perrumpere, violare ; a legibus discedere (rumpere, poetical) : to violate an oath, jusjurandum non servare, non conservare : to violate friendship, amicitiam violare, dissolvere, dirumpere : to violate chastity, alicui stuprum inferre or offerre ; alicui vitium offerre or vim afferre ; aliquam per vim stuprare ; aliquam vitiare ; pudicitiam alicui expugnare or eripere ; decus muliebre alicui expugnare (Livius, 1, 48).
VIOLATION, violatio (Livius) ; but usually by the verb.
VIOLATOR, violator (Livius) ; but usually by the verb.
VIOLENCE, vis (intensive strength ; for which Plinius is the first to use, also, vehementia) : gravitas (great impression made by anything on the senses or feelings) : incitatio : impetus (haste) : violentia (force, vehemence) : ardor : æstus (heat ; especially of a fever, of passions) : impotentia (want of self-government) : iracundia (irritability, inclination to anger).
Violence of
a storm, vis tempestatis : with violence [vid. VIOLENTLY] : to take with violence, vi capere (general term) ; vi eripere alicui aliquid (to snatch or tear away) ; vi or per vim expugnare (to take by storm) : to apply or use violence, vi agere ; with anything, per vim facere aliquid ; in order to carry anything into execution, vi expugnare aliquid ; extorquere aliquid : to do violence to, use or apply violence to anybody or anything, vim adhibere alicui or alicui rei (general term) ; vim afferre alicui ; vim et manus inferre alicui (to lay violence hands on) ; violare aliquem or aliquid (to inflict an injury) : to offer violence to a female, vim or stuprum afferre alicui ; stuprum inferre alicui ; per vim stuprare aliquam ; decus muliebre expugnare : to do violence to one’s self, naturæ suæ repugnare (to act contrary to one’s nature and custom) ; in any matter, frango ipse me, cogoque (Orelli, cogo) aliquid ferre toleranter (to bear or endure anything with submission or patiently, Cicero, ad Div., 4, 6, 2) ; tormentum sibi injungere, ne (vid. Plinius, Paneg. 86, in. ).
VIOLENT, vehemens (the proper word ; opposed to lenis, placidus : properly, of persons, then also of things) : gravis (that strongly affects the sense or feelings ; e. g., morbus ; odor ; verbum ; adversarius) : magnus (great) : acer (sharp). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) acer et vehemens : vehemens aceique (opposed to placidus mollisque) : acerbus (that occasions pain) : concitatus : incitatus : intentus (in haste) : rapidus (rapid, in haste) : violentus (that acts forcibly) : atrox (that causes fear or terror) : ardens : flagrans (burning ; of fervor and passion) : iracundus (irritable) : impŏtens (unable to restrain himself ; also of things : homo, rabies, etc. ). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) ferox impotensque : ferox et impotens : importunus (rough, wild, harsh, etc. ; tyrannus, libidines, etc. ). To put one’s self into a more violent passion, in impotentiorem rabiem accensum esse (Livius) : violent rain, imber magnus or maximus : a violent wind, ventus vehemens or magnus : violent desire, cupiditas magna or acris, ardens or flagrans : a man of violent disposition, vir or homo vehementis, or violenti ingenii ; homo iracundus : to die a violent death, manum or mortem sibi inferre ; suapte manu se interficere (to lay violent hands on one’s self ; vid. “to commit SUICIDE”) ; vis alicui affertur (by another) : a violent interpretation, * interpretatio contorta : to give a violent interpretation to a passage, * vim adhibere alicui loco : to use violent means [vid. “to apply VIOLENCE”] : “in a violent manner, vi ; per vim.
VIOLENTLY, vi : per vim (in the way or by means of violence) : vehementer : valde : graviter : acriter : acerbe : contente. To contend violently, vehementer contendere ; acriter, or acerrime, or fortissime pugnare : to cry out violently, valde clamare : to speak violently, acriter, or concitate, or magna contentione dicere : to blame anybody violently, acerrime aliquem reprehendere : to resist violently, vehementer repugnare.
VIOLET, viŏla (Cf., under this name were comprised various kinds of flowers which resembled the violet ; vid. the lexicographers) : * viola odorata (Linnæus) : A violet bed, violarium : violet blue, violacĕus ; ianthinus (ἰάνθινος, of a brownish color) : amethystĭnus (Martialis).
VIOLIN, * violina (must be retained, perhaps with quæ dicta, for fides has much too wide a signification ; neither do tetrachordum or barbitos suit). To play on the violin, violina, canere ; (well), scite : a player on the violin, * violinista (analogously with citharista) ; or * violina canere doctus. Cf., In Latin of the Middle Ages, this instrument is called giga or gugalia.
VIOLONCELLO, tetrachordum grave minoris modi (Bauer).
VIPER, vipera (properly and figuratively, Cicero) : * coluber berus (Linnæus).
Viper’s brood, generation of vipers, (figuratively) homines nequissimi, improbissimi, scelestissimi. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) nequissimi atque improbissimi (Cicero).
VIPERINE,
VIPEROUS, viperinus : vipereus.
VIRAGO, virago (Plautus, Ovidius).
VIRGIN, s., virgo (unmarried woman, whether young or old, παρθένος) : puella (κόρη, young woman, whether married or not ; e. g., Nero’s wife Octavia, twenty years old, Tacitus, Ann., 14, 64). Cf., Virago is a strong masculine young woman, an Amazon.
VIRGIN, adjective, virgineus (of or belonging to a virgin) : virginalis (characteristic of a virgin ; e. g., verecundia).
VIRGINITY, virginitas. Perpetual virginity, perpetua virginitas (Livius, 1, 3) ; hoc sacerdotio perpetua a viris omnibus pudicitia ei imperata est (Justinus, 10, 2, 4, perpetual virginity).
VIRILITY, virilitas.
VIRTUAL, by circumlocution with quod idem valet, quod re quidem vera (aliquid est). Vid. quotations in VIRTUALLY.
VIRTUALLY, re quidem (or autem) vera (e. g., hæc ille si verbis non audet, re quidem vera, palam loquitur, Cicero, Quint., 17, at the end. ). A law is virtually repealed, legem mos publicus repudiavit : he virtually says this, non usquam id quidem dicit omnino, sed quæ dicit idem valent.
VIRTUE, || Power, efficacy, vis (Cicero) : potestas (Plinius) : efficacitas (Cicero) : efficientia (C, once) : efficacia (Plinius) : The natural virtues of plants, potestates herbarum (Plinius, 25, 2, 5) : the virtues of medicines, facultates medicamentorum (Celsus, 5, 1) : to possess a certain virtue, vim habere ; valere ; efficere aliquid ; potestatem habere ; pertinere ad aliquid : in or by virtue of, e or ex (conformably to ; e. g., ex pacto, ex conventu) ; per (by authority of ; e. g., per senatus decretum, etc. ). It may also be expressed by the simple ablative ; e. g., by virtue of this command, quo imperio (as Nepos, Milt., 7, 1). || Good quality of anything, virtus (e. g., arboris, equi, Cicero ; ferri, herbarum, etc. ). Wine has this virtue, vinum eo nomine commendatur, hanc laudem habet : fidelity is the virtue of a dog, summa virtus, or laus, canis in fide cernitur, posita est. || Moral goodness, virtus (as showing itself in meritorious and becoming actions) : innocentia (as showing itself in blameless, especially disinterested, conduct) : honestas (as showing itself in virtuous and noble sentiments) : Cf., Neither of these words corresponds exactly to our word “virtue” in this sense : virtus denotes, strictly speaking, only excellence (virtus est nihil aliud quam ad summum perducta natura, Cicero, Leg., 1, 8, 25 ; compare Tusc., 4, 15, 34 ; 5, 13, 39 ; Beier ad Cicero, Off., 2, 6, 29), and honestas, in the Roman sense, has too exclusive a reference to character, reputation, and human opinion : Grotefend remarks, that honestas is nearer to our idea than virtus ; but perhaps virtus must be usually adopted, the sense in which a modern writer uses the term being fully understood. Or we may say, honestum, rectum, virtus vera ; or, by circumlocution, id quod proprie dicitur vereque est honestum (Cicero, Off., 3, 4, 17) : The path of virtue, virtutis via (Sallustius) : lovely, heavenly virtue, virtus amabilis, admirabilis, divina (Cicero) : singular, extraordinary virtue, virtus eximia, præclara, singularis, excellens (Cicero) : tried virtue, virtus spectata, probata : oppressed virtue, virtus afflicta, prostrata : active virtue, virtus actuosa ; virtus, quæ in agendo versatur : a pattern of virtue, exemplar virtutis (Seneca) ; lumen probitatis et virtutis (Cicero, Amic., 8, 27) : to be possessed of virtue, virtutem habere ; virtute præditum, ornatum esse : in quo virtus inest : to depart or deviate from virtue, a virtute discedere ; honestatem deserere : virtue commends itself by action, omnis laus virtutis in actione consistit (Cicero, Off., 1, 6, 19).
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|| A single feature of moral goodness, virtus. The virtue of temperance, of justice, virtus continentiæ, justitiæ (Cicero) ; all virtues are equal, omnes virtutes sunt inter se æquales et pares (Cicero, De Or., 3, 14, 55) : to make a virtue of necessity, laudem virtutis necessitati dare (Quintilianus) ; necessitati cedere, concedere, parere, aliquid dare, tribuere (after Cicero). || Chastity, pudicitia : pudor.