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THATCH, s., tegulum arundinum (Plinius, 16, 36, 64) ; tegulum cannarum or cannularum.
THATCH, v., stramento integere (with straw) : tegulo arundinum operire domum (with reeds ; Plinius).
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THAW, s., tabes (liquescentis nivis, Livius, 21, 36).
THAW, v., Transitively, liquefacere, solvere (ice) : regelare (to clear from ice ; then figuratively ; vid. Seneca, Ep., 67, 1). || Intransitively, liquescere : liquefieri : tabescere calore : tepefactum molliri et tabescere calore : solvi (of ice) : regelare : regelari (of things which are freed from ice : the latter also, figuratively = to become lively or cheerful ; vid. Seneca, Ep., 67, 1).
THE, || As an article, not to be rendered by any corresponding word. But Cf., if a substantive with the article is followed and defined by a relative clause, it should be translated by is (ea, id). || Emphatic, may sometimes be represented by ille, illa, illud, or is, ea, id, or iste, a, ud.
That is the man, is est vir iste : is this the man who? hiccine est ille, qui? Alexander the Great, Alexander ille magnus. || Before a comparative, hoc, eo, etc. ; e. g., he did the more easily persuade them to it, id hoc fecilius eis persuasit : (in order) that. . . the more easily, etc., quo facilius, etc. || The – the ; quo – eo ; eo – quo ; tanto – quanto (Cf., observe, however, that the clause with quo, quanto, often precedes).
The denser the atmosphere, the nearer to the earth, eo crassior ær est, quo terris propior : the shorter the time, the happier it is, tanto brevius tempus, quo felicius est ; cf. Grotef. § 164 ; Zumpt, § 487. Sometimes quam – tam (with superlative ; e. g., quam quisque pessime fecit, tam maxime tutus est, Sallustius, Jug., 31, 14 ; but this is rare). In general propositions, instead of the comparative, we find the superlative with ut quisque. . . ita ; e. g., the better a man is, the more backward he is to esteem others bad, ut quisque est vir optimus, ita difficillime alios improbos suspicatur ; cf. Grotef., § 164. Then, also, the particles which connect the two propositions and the verb sum are omitted, in which case quisque is put after the superlative ; e. g., the wiser a person is, the more calmly does he die, sapientissimus quisque æquissimo animo moritur ; cf. Grotef., § 252, Obs. 4 ; Zumpt, § 710.
The sooner the better, quam primum : primo quoque tempore or die (Cf., quantocius is quite unclassical).
THEATRE, theatrum : scena (as we say, the stage ; properly and figuratively) : cavea (pars pro toto, Cicero ; opposed to circus ; ludi publici. . . sunt cavea circoque divisi, Leg., 2, 38).
The parts of a theatre, according to modern usage, may be thus rendered ; pit, cavea prima ; boxes, cavea media ; gallery, cavea ultima or summa. A temporary theatre. Vid. TEMPORARY.
THEATRICAL, theatralis (with reference only to the theatre, as a building ; but not to be used with reference to the actors, their poetry, art, manners, etc. ; in reference to which scenicus must be used : hence consessus theatrales is right, but ludi theatrales wrong ; for ludi scenici) : scenicus (resembling the habit, manners, art, etc., of the stage-players ; opposed to what happens in ordinary life). Also histrionum, genitive (in reference to the actors). Affected and theatrical gestures, histrionum gestus inepti : to clap the hands together and strike one’s breast is theatrical, manus complodere scenicum est, et pectus cædere (Quintilianus, not theatrale). Anything presents a somewhat theatrical aspect, aliquid velut theatri efficit speciem.
THEATRICALLY, scenice or velut scenice (Quintilianus, 6, 1, 38).
THEFT, furtum (general term, also, literary term ; vid. Vitruvius, 7, præf., 7 ; for which Cf., only moderns use plagium) : peculatus (ofpublic money).
To commit theft, furtum facere ; upon anyone, alicui : to commit literary theft, auctorem ad verbum transcribere neque nominare (to copy a writer word for word without naming him, Plinius, H. N., præf., § 22) ; alicujus scripta furantem pro suis prædicare (vid. Vitruvius, 7, præf., 3).
THEME, propositio : propositum : id quod propositum est (a subject proposed) : quæstio, id quod quærimus (a subject of inquiry) : argumentum (contents, subject-matter) : causa (the subject) : thema, -atis, neuter (post-Augustan) ; Latin, positio, or quod positum est (a sentence proposed as the subject of discussion or debate).
To depart from one’s theme, a proposito aberrare, declinare, or egredi ; very far, longius labi : to return to one’s theme, ad propositum reverti.
THEN, || At that time, tunc (opposed to nunc, when an event took place at the same time with another) ; tum (opposed to jam, after another thing had happened) : illo or eo tempore, illa or ea ætate (general term, at that time) : Cf., tum and tunc temporis belong to later writers, especially to Justinus, and ought to be avoided.
Then at length ; then first, tum demum ; tum denique : now and then, interdum (opposed to semper) : nonnumquam (opposed to numquam) : aliquando (at times ; at one or another time). || Emphatic in argument, after enumerations, deinde (vid. Turs., 2, 248, 5, ext. 1). || Therefore, igitur : itaque : quare, etc. [vid. THEREFORE]. || Thereupon, vid.
THENCE, || (1) From that place, inde : ex eo loco ; at the beginning of a proposition, if it refer to anything going before, unde, ex quo loco (from which place) : illinc, isthinc, ex illo loco (from that place) : indidem : ex eodem loco (from the same place) : (2) Denoting a reason ; therefore, inde : ex eo : ex ea re : hinc, hac ex re ; at the beginning of a proposition, relatively, unde, aliqua ex re.
THENCEFORTH, ex eo tempore ; ex aliquo (tempore, from that [which] time) ; postea (afterward).
THEOLOGIAN, theologus (technical term).
THEOLOGICAL, theologious (technical term) ; also, by genitive, * sacrarum literarum. A theological treatise, * liber qui est de theologia, qui spectat ad literas sacras, sanctas : a theological student, theologiæ studiosus (Ruhnken. ) ; * sacrarum literarum cultor.
THEOLOGICALLY, theologice (technical term).
THEOLOGY, theologia (technical term) ; * literæ sacræ, sanctæ * rerum divinarum scientiæ : to study theology, literis sacris (in academia) operam navare (Eichst. ) ; sacræ theologiæ studia excolere (Græv. ).
THEOREM, præceptum (Cicero, Fat., 6, 11, as a translation of the Greek word, which Gellius, first uses as Latin, theorema).
THEORETICAL, quod in cognitione versatur : in cognitione et æstimatione positus : quod ab artis præceptis proficiscitur (after Cicero, Fat., 6, 11).
To have a theoretical, knowledge of anything, aliquid ratione cognitum habere : to have both a theoretical and a practical application, ad cognoscendi et agendi vim rationemque afferri : to have merely a theoretical knowledge of anything, doctrinam ad usum non adjungere.
THEORETICALLY, ratione : ex artis præceptis.
THEORY, ars (the fundamental principles of an art or science ; vid. Auctor ad Her., 1, 2, 3 ; Cicero, De Or., 2, 27, 30 ; then, both in singular and plural = the rules of art ; also a book of instruction ; vid. Cicero, Brut., 12, 48 ; Quintilianus, 2, 15, 4, Spald., and 18, 1, 15, Frotsch. ) : artificium (system ; an art or science ; vid. Cicero, De Or., 1, 32, 146, and 2, 19, extr. ) ; doctrina : præcepta, -orum, plural, (The words are found in this connection and order. ) ars et præcepta (the principles or rules of an art or science ; vid. Cicero, De Or., 2, 11, in. ) : ratiocinatio (Vitruvius, 1, 1 ; opposed to fabrica, the scientific knowledge that can explain and justify its works on the principles of architecture).
To construct a theory, artem componere : a moral theory, conformatio officiorum (Cicero, Fin., 5, 6, 15) : theory and practice, ratio atque usus : to combine theory with practice, doctrinam ad usum adjungere : you must combine theory with practice, discas oportet et quod didicisti agendo confirmes : to refer anything to a theory, aliquid ad rationem revocare, or ad artem et præcepta revocare : it is not enough to know the theory of virtue, without putting it in practice, nec habere virtutem satis est, quasi artem aliquam, nisi utare.
THERE, || In that place, istic (in letters ; of the place to which the letter is going) : illic (of a third place) : ibi (there, when a place has been already mentioned ; as, Demaratus fled from Corinth to Tarquinii, and there settled, Demaratus fugit Tarquinios Corintho, et ibi fortunas suas constituit).
THERE, || Employed for emphasis with the verb substantive. What is there? quid (quidnam) est ? is there any news? num quidnam novi? there is (one), are (some). . . who, etc., est, plural, sunt, non desunt (there are not wanting, etc. ) : inveniuntur, reperiuntur (there are found), qui, etc. (followed by the indicative, when the relation of the predicate to the subject is represented as actual, but by the subjunctive when this is represented only as necessary or possible ; e. g., there is a God who forbids, est Deus, qui vetat : there are philosophers who maintain, sunt philosophi qui dicunt : there are persons who maintain, sunt, qui dicant ; i. e., who are ready to maintain, who would maintain : whereas dicunt would represent their maintaining as a fact) : there are cases or instances in which, etc., est ubi (followed by a subjunctive) : there is no ground or reason for, etc., non est (causa), cur (followed by a subjunctive) : there is a point up to which, etc., est quatenus (followed
by a subjunctive ; cf. Grotef., § 236, 6 ; Zumpt, § 563 ; Krebs, § 45) : there is nothing more doubtful, nihil est magis dubium : there is no third, nihil tertium est (whereas tertium non datur = no third is granted or conceded) : there is no happiness without virtue, vita beata sine virtute nulla est : there are very few (many) springs in this country, fontes in hac regione rari (frequentes) sunt : there is abundance of fruit this year, hic annus fecundissimus est ; magnum proventum frugum fructuumque annus hic attulit (after Plinius, Ep., 1, 13, 1).
THEREABOUT, || Of quantity, ferme : plus minusve : plus minus. [Vid. ABOUT. ] || Of place ; vid. NEAR.
THEREBY (denoting a means or instrument), eo : ea or : iis rebus : per eam rem : per eas res, or, at the beginning of a proposition, by a relative pronoun, qua re, etc. Sometimes, from the context, “thereby” is expressed by a participle joined with a pronoun ; e. g., he encountered many dangers, but was not thereby alarmed, multa pericula subiit, sed neque hæc perpessus, etc.
THEREFORE, igitur (consequently) : ergo (on that account) : itaque (and so). (Cf., adeo, inferential, is bad Latin ; vid. Lindem., Ruhnken, vita duumv., p. 5. ) : proinde (accordingly) : ideo (in consequence) : iccirco (on that account) : igitur and ergo are also, like the English ” therefore, ” “then, ” rightly used for resuming the connection after a parenthesis (Cf., ergo igitur and ergo propterea are not classical, being found only in early and late writers ; Krebs remarks that the phrase itaque ergo occurs several times in Livius) ; also, in drawing an inference after a series of observations, “therefore” is rendered by quæ quum ita sint (since these things are so). If the clause with “therefore” does not contain a strict inference, but only explains the results of a ground or reason previously assigned, the word is not translated, but the demonstrative pronoun of the clause is simply changed into a relative ; e. g., the works of Xenophon are useful in many respects, therefore read them carefully, libri Xenophontis ad multas res perutiles sunt, quos legite studiose : therefore also, ergo etiam (this phrase has been rejected by some critics without reason ; Krebs).
THEREIN, (in) eo, (in) iis, plural, (in that thing, those things) : eo loco (in that place). Vid. also, THERE.
THEREOF, by ejus rei, etc.
THEREUPON, inde, deinde, or contr. dein (after that, then) : exinde, or contr. exin (immediately after) : postea, post (afterward ; when anything is spoken of, only in respect of time, as later than another, or than the present ; while inde, deinde, and exinde, denote that anything follows upon another) : tum (then, with reference to an event going before) : aliquo facto (after this had happened or been done).
THEREWITH, eo : iis : ea, illa, hac re (denoting instrumentality) : cum eo, iis, etc. (denoting inconstancy).
THERIAC, theriaca, -æ, or -e, -es (Plinius).
THERMOMETER, * thermometrum (technical term).
THESIS, thesis, positio.
THEY,
THEIR,
THEM, Vid. HE.
THICK, densus : condensus (consisting of compressed parts ; opposed to rarus) : spissus (consisting of parts so compressed that scarcely any interstices are visible ; almost impervious, impenetrable ; opposed to solutus) : solidus (consisting of a firm mass, massive ; opposed to cassus., pervius) : confertus (pressed together, crammed, as it were ; opposed to rarus) : artior or arctior (compressed into a small space) : turbidus : turbatus : fæculentus (muddy, not clear).
The thickest part of the wood, opacissima nemorum (Columella) : thick darkness, crassæ tenebræ (Cicero) : a thick wood, silva densa (Cicero) ; condensa (plural) arborum (Plinius) ; opaca sepes (Plinius) ; nemus nigrum or obscurum (Vergilius, Seneca) ; nemus atrum horrenti umbra (Vergilius).
THICKEN, || Transitively, densare : condensare : spissare : conspissare : solidare [SYN. in THICK. ]|| Intransitively, densari : condensari : spissari : spissescere : solidescere.
THICKET, frutices, virgulta, plural (a collection of several bushes near each other) : fruticetum, frutetum (a place overgrown with bushes, etc. ) : spinetum (overgrown with thorns) : viminetum (full of withies) : locus crebris condensus arboribus (after Hirtius, B. Afr., 50) : locus teneris arboribus et crebris rubis sentibusque obsitus (after Cæsar, B. G., 2, 17).
THICK-HEADED, Vid. STUPID.
THICKLY, dense : spisse : solide : confertim : arctius [SYN. in THICK] : frequenter : frequentissime (to be thickly inhabited, habitari, etc. ; vid. INHABIT).
Thickly planted with trees, condensus arboribus : crebris condensus arboribus : to plant or set thickly, dense serere, ponere : to place thickly, densare, comprimere.
THICKNESS, densitas : spissitas (close coherence of the single parts ; e. g., densitas aeris) : soliditas (firmness).
Thickness of hearing, gravitas auditus : to be affected with a thickness of hearing, gravitate auditus laborare : thickness of voice, vox obtusa, fusca.
THICK-SET, compactus (Plinius, Ep., Suetonius).
THICK-SKINNED, callosus (properly) : durus (figuratively).
To become thick-skinned (figuratively), callum fieri ; concallescere ; occallescere ; percallescere.
THIEF, fur (general term ; also a literary term, and as a term of reproach) : homo trium literarum (because fur consists of three letters [comic], Plautus, Aul., 2, 4, 46) : plagiarius (one that sells freemen as slaves, a man-stealer ; only in Mart., 1, 53, 9, of a literary thief, where he compares his writings to manumitted slaves ; so that plagiarius is always = a man-stealer) : raptor (a robber). A petty thief, furunculus : a thief that robs the treasury, peculator ; depeculator ærarii ; fur publicus (opposed to fur privatorum furtorum = who robs private persons) : to make out any one to be a thief, arguere aliquem furti : to accuse anyone as a thief, cum aliquo agere furti : petty thieves are hanged, great ones run away, dat veniam corvis, vexat censura columbas (Juvenalis, 2, 63) ; fures privatorum furtorum in nervo atque compedibus ætatem agunt ; fures publici in auro atque in purpura (M. Cato ap. Gell., 11, 18, extr. ) ; non rete accipitri tenditur, neque milvo, qui male faciunt nobis, illis qui nil faciunt tenditur (Terentianus, Phorm., 2, 2, 16, sq. ) ; sacrilegia minuta puniuntur, magna in triumphis feruntur (Seneca, Ep., 87, 20) : a receiver or harborer of thieves, furum occultator et receptator (after Cicero, Mil., 19, 50) ; furum receptor or receptator (Ulpianus, Digests, 1, 18, 13 ; Paullus, Digests, 1, 15, 3, etc. ) : a den of thieves, furum receptaculum (after Livius, 34, 21) ; domus prædarum et furtorum receptrix (after Cicero, Verr. 4, 18, 17) : a nest of thieves, * locus furum occultator et receptator (after Cicero, Mil., 19, 50).
THIEVE, Vid. STEAL.
THIEVISH, furax : tagax (Lucilius).
THIEVISHLY, furtim : furto (by stealth) : furaciter (like a thief).
THIEVISHNESS, furacitas (Plinius).
THIGH, femur :
Thigh-bone, os femoris.
THIMBLE, * munimentum ab acus injuriis digitum tuens. Cf., Munimentum digitale would mean a guard of the measure of a finger. Varro has digitabulum in the sense of a finger-stall, a sort of glove used in gathering olives.
THIN, adjective, tenuis (the proper word, not thick ; opposed to crassus) : subtilis (fine, tender) : tritus : attritus (worn thin) : gracilis : exilis : macer (lean ; opposed to obesus) : rarus (not close together ; opposed to densus) : angustus (narrow, small in the opening ; e. g., the neck of a vessel ; opposed to latus) : liquidus (watery) : dilutus (mixed with liquids, made thin ; e. g., wine, colors). Very thin, prætenuis ; pertenuis : to grow or become thin, macrescere ; rarescere liquescere.
THIN, v., tenuare : extenuare (properly) : attenuare (properly and figuratively) : emaciare : liquefacere : diluere : minuere : absumere : consumere (figuratively, to lessen, consume, etc).
To thin trees, etc., collucare (thoroughly) ; interlucare (here and there) ; intervellere (to cut off branches here and there ; Cf., not sublegere in this sense).
THINE, vid. THY.
THING, res (in all the senses of the English word) : negotium (business) : ens (philosophical technical term, a being, τὰ ὄντα).
The Latins also express “things” by the use of adjectives in the neuter plural : as, shameful things, turpia : wonderful things, mira : things future, futura : or they employ proper substantives ; e. g., silly, trifling things, nugæ ; ineptiæ : a tedious, vexatious thing (i. e., business), lentum, molestum negotium : before all things, ante omnia ; imprimis ; præcipue (especially) : that is not the right thing, aliquid doli subest (there is some cheating in it) ; hoc monstri simile est (it seems contrary to nature).
THINK, || To have ideas with consciousness, (1) Without an object, cogitare : intelligere : notiones rerum informare. (2) With an object, (a) T o think of anything ; i. e., to imagine, conceive, aliquid cogitare : aliquid cogitatione comprehendere, percipere or complecti : aliquid mente concipere : aliquid cogitatione fingere or depingere (to form an image of anything in the mind) : aliquid conjectura informare.
In these parts I thought of nothing but fields and rocks, nihil in his locis nisi saxa et montes cogitabam : that cannot be thought of, id ne in cogitationem quidem cadit : think for a moment that you were in my place, eum te esse finge, qui ego sum ; fac, qui ego sum, esse te : to think one’s self such or such an one, aliquem sentire, intelligere talem (vid. Cicero, Ecl., p. 141). (b) To think on anything = to meditate upon, cogitare de re ; meditari rem or de re ; rem versare in animo, or reputare in animo . || To believe, suppose, be of opinion, arbitrari : reri : censere : existimare : ducere : animum or in animum inducere : autumare [SYN. in BELIEVE]. “I think” (inserted parenthetically), credo : opinor (credo, like ὡς ἔοικεν, implies irony, in absurd or self-evident propositions : puto inserted without a dependent word or clause is classical, but rare ; Krebs). Sometimes mea quidem opinione : ut ego existimo : ut mihi visus sum : quomodo mihi persuadeo (as I persuade or flatter myself ; parenthetically, Cicero, Rosc., Am., 2, 6, end). || To have in the mind, cogitare (with an infinitive) ; agitare animo (or secum) aliquid : I thought of going to Rome, cogitabam Romam ire (where ire may be omitted ; vid. Cicero, Att., 16, 2, 4). || To remember, recordari : reminisci : meminisse [Vid. REMEMBER] : alicujus rei memoriam comprehendere : rei alicujus memoriam habere.
To think no more of a thing, alicujus rei memoriam deponere ; rem ex rnemoria deponere. || To consider, revolve in the mind, cogitare cum or in animo, or simply cogitare aliquid or de aliqua re : considerare in animo, cum animo, secum, or simply considerare aliquid or de aliqua re (to consider carefully) : aliquid agitare mente or animo, or in mente or cum animo (to turn over in one’s mind) : perpendere, pensitare aliquid (to weigh and ponder) : (secum) meditare de aliqua re or aliquid (to think over, consider how anything ought to be done or to be) : secum or cum animo reputare aliquid (to think over anything past or present, or of which the mind has formed a conception) : apud animum proponere (to place before the mind ; Sulpic. ap. Cic. ad Div., 4, 5, end) : deliberare (to deliberate).
Think of this one thing, hoc unum cogita : I think over many important subjects, versantur in animo meo multæ et graves cogitationes : to think seriously on anything, toto pectore cogitare de re ; diu multumque secum reputare aliquid ; animo contemplari aliquid ; intendere cogitationem in aliquid. || To be of a certain opinion, be disposed in a certain way, cogitare : sentire.
To think affectionately toward anyone, amabiliter cogitare in aliquem : to think ill of anyone, male opinari de aliquo (vid. Bremi, Suet., Cæs., 51) : to think one thing and say another, aliter sentire, aliter loqui ; aliud clausum in pectore, aliud promtum in lingua habere (Sallustius, Cat., 10, 5). || To judge, judicare : sentire : (The words are found in this connection and order. ) sentire et judicare : statuere.
To think differently at different times on the same subject, alias aliud iisdem de rebus et sentire et judicare (Cicero, De Or., 2, 7, 30) : to think the same, idem sentire ; idem mihi videtur : to think with anyone as he thinks, alicujus sententiam sequi : to think differently, aliter sentire ; quite differently, longe dissentire ; longe alia mihi mens est. || To have regard, care, consulere, prospicere alicui or alicujus rebus, rationibus : curare aliquid : rationem alicujus rei habere or ducere : respicere aliquid.
To think of a person in one’s will, in testando memorem esse alicujus (after Livius, 1, 34) ; legare alicui aliquid in testamento (opposed to in testando immemorem esse alicujus).
THINKER, usually by the verbs. Intelligendi auctor or magister, or auctor et magister. A speculative thinker, philosophus (in this sense always in Cicero, in his philosophical treatises) : an acute thinker, homo acutus ad excogitandum.
THINKING, adjective, cogitans : intelligens (that has distinct ideas) : cogitationis particeps (that has the power of thought). A thinking being, mens (Cicero, N. D., 2, 5, extr. ) ; vid. the verb.
THINKING, s., Vid. THOUGHT, MIND.
THINNESS, tenuitas : raritas : gracilitas : exilitas. Vid. the adjective.
THIRD, tertius : Every third, tertius quisque ; e. g., every third month, tertio quoque mense : for the third time, tertium : for the second and third time, iterum ac tertium ; iterum tertiumque : that comes on every third day, tertianus (as an ague, etc. ) : the third part, teniæ (with or without partes) : a third (= another), tertius.
THIRDLY, tertio. Vid. also, the forms of division given under FIRST.
THIRST, s., sitis (properly and figuratively) : cupiditas (figuratively, desire) ; for anything, alicujus rei.
Thirst after liberty, sitis libertatis : thirst after truth, cupiditas veri videndi ; studium veri reperiendi : to have a thirst after anything, sitire aliquid : to have or suffer thirst, sitire ; siti cruciari (violent thirst) : to die of thirst, siti enecari, mori : to cause or occasion thirst, sitim facere, gignere, afferre, stimulare, acœndere : to quench thirst, sitim restinguere, exstinguere : to remove thirst, sitim explere, depellere, reprimere ; sitim haustu gelidæ aquæ sedare (by a draught of cold water) : he ought to quench his thirst only with cold water, potione aquæ tantum a siti vindicari debet.
THIRST, v., sitire (properly and figuratively). to thirst violently, siti cruciari ; sitis fauces urit (poetical) : figuratively, to thirst after anything, sitire aliquid ; alicujus rei cupiditate flagrare ; rem ardenter cupere.
THIRSTILY (figuratively), sitienter : ardenter.
THIRSTY, || That thirsts, sitiens (properly and figuratively ; after anything, alicujus rei) : siticulosus (of the ground) : alicujus rei cupiditate flagrans ; alicujus rei avidus, appetens (figuratively, very desirous of a thing). || That causes thirst, siticulosus : sitim faciens, gignens, or stimulans.
THIRTEEN, rarely tredecim (Livius, 36, 45, and Frontin. Aquæd., 33) ; usually (in Cicero, only thus) decem et tres, or tres et decem (vid. Cicero, Rosc. Am., 7, 20 ; 35, 99 ; Livius, 37, 30, 8). Every thirteen, terni deni, or deni terni : thirteen times, tredecies.
THIRTEENTH, tertius decimus : decimus et tertius (Cf., rarely decimus tertius, Gellius, 18, 2, extr. ; never tertius et decimus). For the thirteenth time, * tertium decimum. κυρικιμασαηικο
THIRTIETH, tricesimus or trigesimus.
THIRTY, triginta : (distributive) triceni, -æ, -a (used also for ” thirty” with substantives which have no singular). A space of thirty years, tricennium (Codex Justinianus., 7, 31) ; triginta anni : the males attain at the most to the age of thirty years, vita maribus tricenis annis longissima : thirty years of age, tricenarius ; triginta annorum : that lasts thirty years, triginta annorum : thirty times, tricies ; trigesies : thirty times as large, as small, etc., * triginta partibus major, minor, etc. : months of thirty days, cavi menses (opposed to pleni menses, those of thirty-one, Censorin., 20).
THIS, hic, hæc, hoc (for which qui, quæ, quod must be used at the beginning of a new proposition when ” this” refers to a person or thing already mentioned : in English we use, in such cases, “and, ” “for, ” “but, ” “hence, ” “therefore, ” “now, ” etc., which in Latin must be omitted before qui for hic ; vid. Krebs, § 570) : ille (is often used in Latin with reference to a statement to follow, where in English “this” is used. In quoting anybody’s words, hic is, however, generally used : illud animarum corporumque dissimile, quod, etc. ; but, in hanc fere sententiam locutus est).
This and that, ille et ille ; ille aut ille (= several, indefinitely ; e. g., commendo vobis illum et illum). As antecedent to a relative, is is the regular unemphatic pronoun, but hic, iste, ille can all be used with their proper meaning : ista quæ a te dicta sunt (iste as demonstrative of second person) ; hæc, quæ a nobis disputata sunt (i. e., as just present to our thoughts) ; qui illa tenet quorum artem instituere vult.
This here, hicce, hæcce, hocce : this and that, ille et ille ; nonnemo (many a one) : this. . . that, hic. . . ille (often, also, ille. . . hic, where ille refers to the latter, hic to the former ; vid. Herzog, Cæs., B. G., 3, 11) ; alius. . . alius (the one. . . the other) : this of mine, hic, hæc, hoc : this of yours, iste, ista, istud : this of his, ille, ilia, illud (all in the gender, etc., of the following substantive) : this time, nunc (and, when past time is viewed as present, tunc) ; in præsenti (now, at this time) : hic, hac in re, hac in causa (in this case) : in this case, hac in re ; hac in causa ; si res ita se habet (if the thing be so) ; si hic casus inciderit (if this case shall have happened) : of this year, hujus anni ; hornotinus, hornus (born or produced in this year ; of fruits and animals ; the latter, perhaps accidentally, only in poets) : on this side, citerior : this side of, cis ; citra (preposition and adverb) : and this too (as adding an attributive in the way of climax), et is, isque, atque : and this too, not, neque is (e. g., unam rem explicabo, eamque maximam). Cf., In oblique narration, where the speaker would use “this, ” hic, the reporter sometimes retains the hic, and sometimes
changes it into “that, ” ille, adapting the statement to his own position ; thus, Marcellus respondit, “Non plura per annos quinquaginta benefacta Hieronis, quam paucis his annis maleficia eorum, qui Syracusas tenuerint, erga populum Romanum esse” (Livius, 25, 31, where Marcellus would himself use his annis ; but in 25, 28, occasionem, qualis illo momento horæ sit, nullam deinde fore, where the speaker would use hoc momento).
THISTLE, carduus : A place overgrown with thistles, carduetum : the head of a thistle, * cardui cacumen.
THITHER, illuc : istuc : illo : in eum locum : eo (to that place) : ad id : ad eam rem : eo (to that point or state).
THONG, lorum (general term ; Cf., loramentum is not classical) : habena (with which anything is kept or drawn in, or the contrary, as a rein, etc. ) : corrigia (used for binding together, as a shoe-tie) : amentum (a thong fastened to a javelin) : taurea (a leathern thong).
THORN, || Properly, spina (a thorn or prickle on plants ; also the thorn-bush) : sentis : vepres (a brier). Black thorn, prunus silvestris (Celsus) : Glastonbury thorn, * cratægus (Linnæus) : of thorns, made of thorn, spineus. || Figuratively, spina, molestia : cura.
To be a thorn in the side of anybody, alicui invisum or odiosum esse ; aliquem pungere, urere : I am a thorn in your side, stimulus ego nunc sum tibi (Cornicè).
THORNBACK, * raja clavata (Linnæus).
THORNY, spinosus (only properly) : laboriosus : arduus : ærumnosus (figuratively, troublesome). Cf., Disserendi spinæ and spinosum disserendi genus signify “a subtle investigation, ” not a “thorny” one (vid. Cicero, Fin., 3, 1, 3 ; 4, 28, 79).
THOROUGH, || Complete, verus : germanus (but Cf., before another adjective vere must be used, not verus : a thorough Ciceronian, * vere Ciceronianus) : subtilis (of a person who performs anything with ingenuity, accuracy, or precision ; of a thing done with such ingenuity, etc. ) : acutus : in anything, aliqua re or ad aliquid faciendum (of a person, who penetrates to the very pith of a matter ; of a thing made or done by such a person) : accuratus (made or done with care and exactness ; only of things) : exquisitus. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) exquisitus et minime vulgaris : reconditus et exquisitus (above the ordinary ; of persons and things). Cf., Solidus is used by good modern writers in the sense of “thorough, ” but without any ancient authority. A thorough scholar, exquisita doctrina homo (who possesses more than ordinary learning) ; vir omnibus artibus perpolitus (a varied and extensive information) : a thorough philosopher, philosophus subtilis ; philosophus acutus : thorough scholarship, doctrina exquisita : to have a thorough knowledge of the Latin language, bene (more strongly optime) Latine scire : to have a thorough acquaintance with Latin literature, in Latinis literis multum versatum esse. “Thorough” may often be translated by summus, maximus, with or without omnium ; by caput or princeps with a genitive ; by totus ex aliqua re factus est or constat ; versatus est in omni genere alicujus rei. In Plautus, by compounds with the Greek tri (trifur ; triscurria) : a thorough rogue, trifurcifer(comedy) ; caput scelerum (Plautus) ; princeps flagitiorum (Cicero) ; veterator. Sometimes by a superlative adjective : a thorough fool, stolidissimus, stultissimus. || That goes through, per locum penetrans : locum lustrans.
THOROUGH-BRED, honesto genere natus.
THOROUGHFARE, transitus : transitio pervia (through houses, courts) : Janus (a passage, such as those leading from the forum at Rome into the neighboring streets). Having a thoroughfare, transitorius : pervius (through which one may make way ; opposed to invius) : a forum with thoroughfares, forum transitorium (Eutropius, 7, 23) : a house with thoroughfares, domus transitoria (Suetonius, Ner., 31).
THOROUGHLY, prorsus (opposed to “in some degree, ” or “almost ;” quite, without exception) : omnino (opposed to magna ex parte, etc. ; completely, quite) : plane (quite ; opposed to pæne) : in or per omnes partes, per omnia (in every respect) : penitus (through and through ; e. g., amittere, perspicere, cognosse, etc. : opposed to magna ex parte, and to ” superficially”) : funditus (from the foundation, utterly ; especially with verbs of perishing, destroying, defeating, rejecting, depriving). [Vid. QUITE. ]Sometimes bene penitus (e. g., qui bene penitus. . . in istius familiaritatem sese dedit, Cicero, Verr., 2, 70).
To treat thoroughly on any subject, subtiliter or accurate atque exquisite disputare or disserere de re : to examine a thing thoroughly, aliquid penitus pernoscere : to know anything thoroughly, aliquid penitus percepisse ; aliquid perspexisse planeque cognovisse : to make one’s self thoroughly acquainted with anything, animus pervolvitur in re (vid. Cicero, De Or., 2, 35, 149) : insinuo me in aliquid (vid. Cicero, Tusc., 5, 12, 34) : penitus insinuo in aliquid (Cicero, De Or., 2, 35, 149 : Cf., That Cicero used not only insinuare [intransitively], but also se insinuare, is satisfactorily shown by Zumpt, Cic., Verr., 3, 68, 157) ; I have made myself thoroughly acquainted with a thing, res penitus mihi nota est (Cicero, De Or., 2, 35, in. ).
THOU, tu (personal pronoun) ; usually omitted in Latin, except for sake of emphasis or distinction ; but (1) If two actions of the same person are distinguished, the pronoun is usually expressed with the first. (2) When two actions are related of a person which seem inconsistent with each other (e. g., “You who did this, also did that”), the first may have qui ; the second is with the second person (e. g., qui magister equitum fuisse tibi viderere . . . is per municipia coloniasque Galliæ. . . cucurristi, Cicero, Phil., 2, 20).
THOUGH, Vid. ALTHOUGH.
THOUGHT, cogitatio (act of thinking ; and as concrete, a thought) : cogitatum (a thought) : mens (understanding ; then = opinion, view) : sententia (an opinion, especially if well founded ; then = a good or just thought) : opinio (a mere opinion, supposition) : suspicio (conjecture, suspicion) : consideratio, meditatio, deliberatio, cogitatio (reflection, deliberation, consideration) : consilium (design, plan, intention) : dictum (a thought uttered ; a sayiny) : locus (a chief point or matter in philosophical questions ; as Cicero, Tusc., 1, 24, 57, quem locum multo etiam accuratius explicat in eo sermone, quem habuit eo ipso die, quo excessit e vita ; so also, Cicero, Læl 13, 46, etc. ). A quick or sudden thought, a flash of thought, cogitatio (repentina) : inventum (invention) : a wise thought, callidum inventum : a wonderful thought, mirum inventum : a witty thought, facetiæ : sales : facete, salse, acute dicta : the thoughts, cogitata mentis ; sensa mentis or animi ; quæ mente concipimus ; quæ animo cogitamus, sentimus, versamus : the thought enters my mind, ad cogitationem deducor (I am led to the thought) : subit cogitatio animum ; succurrit mihi res (anything occurs to me) : venit mihi in mentem (anything suddenly occurs to me, strikes me : Cf., venit mihi in opinionem is unusual ; vid. Bremi ad Nepos, Milt., 7, 3) : induco animum (I hit upon the idea), with an infinitive (as Cicero, De Divin., 1, 13, p. in. ), or with ut (Cicero, Rosc., Am. 19, in. ; Livius, 2, 5, 7) : adducor in suspicionem (I am led to suspect. Cf., venit mihi in suspicionem is unusual ; vid. Bremi, loc. cit. ).
To pass from one thought to another, cogitare aliam rem ex alia re : to turn or direct all one’s thoughts to anything, cogitationes omnes or animum totum ad aliquid intendere ; cogitationes omnes conferre in rem ; toto animo cogitare de re ; omnem suam mentem et cogitationem ad aliquid incitare ; omni cogitatione ferri ad rem ; totum et mente et animo in aliquid insistere.
To pursue a thought, versari in cogitatione alicujus rei : not to collect or concentrate one’s thoughts, aliud or alias res agere ; non attendere : to be in deep thought, deep in thought, in cogitatione defixum esse : after due thought, re diligenter perpensa or considerate ; inita subductaque ratione : omnibus rebus circumspectis : the matter requires thought, res habet deliberationem ; res cadit in deliberationem : to divert anybody’s thoughts to anything, in cogitationem alicujus rei aliquem avertere : to give the thought of anything to anybody, alicui cogitationem alicujus rei injicere : to suggest to anybody the thought that, aliquem ad eam cogitationem deducere, or in eam cogitationem adducere, ut, etc. : to put anything out of anybody’s thoughts, abducere alicujus animum a re : to dismiss anything from one’s thoughts, cogitationem de re abjicere ; non amplius cogitare de re : dismiss these thoughts, abducas velim animum ab his cogitationibus : what are your thoughts? quas cogitationes volvis?
This is my only thought, nihil cogito nisi hoc : to supply anything (a word, etc. ) in thought, intelligere ; intelligi velle (when the writer himself is spoken of : Cf., subintelligere is not Latin, and subaudire is not classical) : to enter into anybody’s thoughts, et in sensum et in mentem alicujus intrare (Cicero, De Or., 2, 25, 109) ; ad sensum opinionemque alicujus penetrare (Cicero, Partit., 36, 123) : to know anybody’s thoughts, quid alicujus cogitet scire : my thoughts (opinion) on the subject are quite different, longe mihi alia mens est : these are my thoughts on the matter, hæc habui quæ de ea re dicerem
(I had this to say on the subject) ; (forensium) rerum hæc nostra consilia sunt (Cicero, Att., 4, 2, extr. ) : wrapped in thought, defixus cogitatione.
THOUGHTFUL, gravis (opposed to levis) : providus : cautus (prudent, cautious ; of persons) : prudens (acting or pronouncing with consideration ; of persons, judgements). Vid. also, CONSIDERATE.
THOUGHTFULLY, provide : caute : prudenter.
THOUGHTFULNESS, gravitas (consideration ; opposed to levitas) : cautio, circumspectio, prudentia (caution, circumspection, prudence, etc).
THOUGHTLESS, temerarius (acting without due reflection) : securus (unconcerned, fin an opinion of safety) : imprudens (from want of proper foresight ; opposed to paratus) : socors (stupidly thoughtless) : incuriosus (wanting activity and proper care ; indifferent) : negligens (opposed to diligens) ; in aliqua re negligens ac dissolutus ; parum accuratus.
THOUGHTLESSLY, inconsulte (inconsiderate, without due reflection) ; sine cura : secure : incuriose (post- Augustan) : negligenter : indiligenter.
THOUGHTLESSNESS, inconsiderantia, temeritas (want of due reflection) : securitas (freedom from care and from fear of danger) : imprudentia (want of foresight) : socordia (want of thought, observation, etc. ) : incuria (want of activity and good heed ; indifference) : negligentia (negligence and indifference).
THOUSAND, mille (a thousand is properly a substantive, indeclinable in the singular, but found only in positions which admit a nominative or an accusative. As a substantive, it governs the genitive ; e. g., mille hominum, mille passuum ; but mille is also very frequently used as an indeclinable adjective, and that in the place of all the cases) : milia, -ium, neuter (several thousand ; the declinable plural of mille).
The number of thousands is denoted either by the cardinal numerals or by distributives, e. g., duo or bina, decem or dena, millia ; the objects enumerated are put in the genitive after millia ; e. g., trecenta millia armatorum, unless followed by one of the numeral adjectives ; e. g., habuit tria millia trecentos milites. Cf., The substantive is very rarely put in the same case as millia ; as in Vergilius, Æn., 9, 132, tot millia gentes arma ferunt Italiæ. Cf., None but the poets express the number of thousands by the indeclinable mille, preceded by numeral adverbs ; as, bis mille equi, for duo or bina millia equorum. Octavius left a thousand sesterces to each of the prætorian soldiers, Octavianus legavit prætorianis militibus singula millia nummorum (Cf., not millenos nummos) : you shall give a thousand talents every twelve years, dabitis millia talentum (Cf., not millena talenta) per duodecim annos. When “thousand” is employed to denote a large indefinite number, the Latin is mille or sexcenti ; e. g., a thousand new plans, mille nova consilia : a thousand such things, sexcenta similia : multa similia : a thousand thanks, summas gratias ago : containing a thousand, milliarius : captain of a thousand, chiliarchus ; (the number), a thousand, chilias ; or Latin (in late writers), numerus millenarius : by thousands, millia ; e. g., millia crabronum coeunt : a thousand-fold, millies tantum (Cf., there is no good authority for millecuplus) : a thousand times, millies : in a thousand ways, mille modis.
THOUSANDTH, millesimus.
THOWL, scamnus (Cicero).
THRALDOM. Vid. BONDAGE, SERVITUDE.
THRASH, || To beat, verberibus cædere or castigare : verberibus or flagris implere : male mulcare : verberibus subigere or irrigare (comedy) ; verberibus mulcare ; with a stick, alicui fustem impingere ; aliquem fuste coercere (Horatius). || To beat out corn, e spicis grana excutere, discutere, or exterere : frumentum deterere (general terms) : messem perticis flagellare, spicas baculis excutere (with long slicks) : spicas fustibus tundere or cudere (with clubs or mallets) : frumentum pulsibus tribularum deterere : messem tribulis exterere : a spicis grana excutere jumentis junctis et tribulo (these three by a machine ; probably a roller drawn by oxen) : spicas exterere pecudibus or jumentorum ungulis : spicas exterere grege jumentorum inacto (by oxen) : messim exterere equorum gressibus (by horses) : We find frumentum in area terere (Horatius, Sat., 1, 1, 45) ; terere culmos (Vergilius).
THRASHER, * qui excutit flagello grana frugum, etc. Vid. the verb.
THRASHING, tritura (Columella).
THRASHING-FLOOR, area (Cicero) ; or more fully, area in qua frumenta deteruntur (after Columella, 1, 6, 23).
THRASHING-MACHINE, * machina granis frumenti excutiendis ; or perhaps tribula or tribulum (Vergilius Georg., 1, 164 ; Ovidius, Met., 13, 803 ; Varro, R. R., 1, 52 ; Plinius, H. N., 18, 30 ; this was a thick, heavy board, armed underneath with spikes or flints, and drawn over the corn by a yoke of oxen).
THREAD, s., || Properly, filum (general term) : linum : linea (thicker ; composed of several threads twisted together).
To draw a thread, filum ducere, trahere. gold threads, aurea fila ; aurum netum (spun gold ; Alcim., Avit., 6, 36) : silver threads, argentea fila : * argentum in filum ductum. Proverbially. To hang by a thread, admodum tenui filo suspensum esse (Valerius Max. ) ; in summum discrimen deductum esse : in summo discrimine versari : tenui filo pendere (Ovidius) : not to have a dry thread about one, imbre, pluvia, sudore (as the case may be) madidum or madefactum esse. Figuratively. The thread of a discourse, cursus or series narrationis : to cut off the thread of a discourse, incidere or præcidere orationem (not filum orationis abrumpere : filum is the texture of a discourse ; the nature, etc., of an argument) : to resume the thread of a discourse, redire ad id unde devertimus ; unde exorsa est oratio, eo reverti : but to resume the thread of our discourse, sed jam unde huc degressa est, eo redeat oratio ; sed jam, unde exorsa est oratio, eo revertatur : the thread of a screw ; by the Greek περικόλιον (we find plural, rugæ per cochleam bullantes, Plinius, 18, 31, 74).
THREAD, v., || To put a thread through (a needle), conjicere filum in acum (Celsus) : filum per acum trajicere : filum in acum inserere (of thread Quintilianus, 2, 20, 3). || To put on a thread, lineam per rem perserere (after Varro) ; lino inserere (Tertullianus). || To wind one’s self through a place, penetrare per locum : pervadere locum or per locum.
THREADBARE, tritus : obsoletus (the latter of clothes or the wearer) : attritus (e. g., toga attrita, Mart. ).
THREAT, minatio, comminatio (act of threatening) : denunciatio (a threatening declaration) : minæ (threatening words, threats).
To throw out threats, minas jacere, jactare ; against anybody, minis aliquem insequi.
THREATEN, || Transitively, properly, minas jacere, jactare : minis uti.
To threaten one with anything, aliquid alicui minari, minitari, comminari (general term) ; denunciare alicui aliquid (to give a threatening notice) ; intentare alicui aliquid (by preparations made, arma alicui intentare) : to threaten one with fire and sword, minitari alicui ferrum flammamque, or ferro ignique : to threaten one with war, arma intentare alicui : we are threatened by him with blows, verbera minatur ; verbera nobis intentantur. || Figuratively, imminere : impendere. A war with the Parthians threatens us, bellum nobis impendet a Parthis : the enemy’s camp threatens the city, castra hostium imminet portis. || Intransitively, Something threatens (i. e., is near at hand), res imminet, instat, impendet : war, danger threatens, impendet bellum, periculum : it threatens for rain, imbres imminent ; nubilatur, or nubilare cœpit (it is becoming overcast).
THREATENING, s., minatio : comminatio (a threat) : denunciatio (menacing declaration) : minæ (threats, menacing words).
THREATENING, adjective || Properly, minax : minitabundus (of persons). Figuratively, instans : imminens : præsens (impending).
To withdraw from the threatening storm, impendentem effugere tempestatem (Nepos) : to assume a threatening character, imminere (vid. Nepos, Eum., 10, 3) : in a threatening manner, minaciter.
THREE, tres, tria : trini, trinæ, trina (three together ; also = three at once, usually with substantives which have no singular, but also otherwise) : terni, -æ, -a (every three, distributively ; also = three at once). A space of three days, triduum : every three days, ternis diebus ; tertio quoque die (on every third day) : after three days, post ejus diei tertium diem : three years old, trimus, trimulus (Cf., never = lasting three years) ; tres annos natus (three years old ; of persons) ; trium annorum (that lasts three years ; also three years old) ; triennis (that lasts three years) : a space of three years, triennium : three pounds, trepondo : in three parts [vid. THREEFOLD] : three parts (of a whole), dodrans : consisting of three, ternarius : three words with you, te tribus verbis volo (comedy) : to say anything in three words, aliquid in tribus verbis dicere : there are three of us, nos sumus tres : three and a half, tres et semis ; tres et dimidium ; dimidium super tres (Cf., not sesquitertius, which denotes the relation of 3 to 4).
THREEFOLD, triplus (three times as much, τριπλάσιος) : trigeminus or tergeminus (triple) : tripartitus (divided into three) : triplex (consisting of three parts, τριπλοῦς) : terni,
-æ, -a [vid. THREE].
To make a threefold division, trifariam or tripartito dividere : to make threefold, triplicare.
THREESCORE, sexaginta. Vid. SIXTY.
THRESHOLD, limen (properly, and figuratively in poetry) : initium (figuratively, beginning).
To cross anybody’s threshold, limen alicujus intrare or inire : the threshold of a speech, prima orationis verba, exordium, proœmium (Cf., not initium in this connection) : the threshold of an art or science, elementa, rudimenta, incunabula, plural. Cf., The word in its figurative sense may often be rendered by circumlocution with primus.
THRICE, ter :
Thrice as much, triplum : thrice more, triplo plus : to multiply thrice, triplicare.
THRIFT, || Carefulness, cura : diligentia. [vid. CAREFULNESS]. || Frugality, frugalitas. [Vid. FRUGALITY]. || Profit, lucrum. Vid. PROFIT.
THRIFTILY, || Carefully, caute : diligenter. || Frugally, frugaliter : parce. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) parce et frugaliter.
THRIFTY, || Careful and industrious, cautus ac diligens : providus : diligens. || Frugal, frugalis : parcus.
THRILL, s., || A sharp sound, sonus acutus : sonus vibrans (a warbling ; Plinius, 10, 29, 43) : tinnitus (a tinkling). || A sharp, piercing sensation ; by the verb.
THRILL, v., || To make a sharp sound, acute sonare, resonare, tinnire. It thrills in my ears, aures meæ tinniunt, personant ; aures strepunt (Livius, 22, 14). || To feel a sharp or tingling sensation, micare : agitari : moveri.
To thrill with joy, gaudium percipere ; lætitia exsultare, gestire, or efferri ; gaudio exsilire.
THRIVE, crescere (to grow ; properly and figuratively) : provenire (of trees, corn, etc. ; also, figuratively, as Plinius, Ep., 3, 19, extr. ; of studies) : convalescere (figuratively, to grow strong ; vid. Cicero, Rep., 2, 14, init. ).
To thrive well, bene, feliciter provenire (properly) ; * læta incrementa capere (figuratively) : wealth unjustly gotten never thrives, male parta male dilabuntur (Poeta ap Cicero, Phil., 2, 27, init. ) : to cause to thrive, aliquid lætum facere (properly) ; rem alere (figuratively, Cicero, Tusc., 1, 2, 4, honos alit artes) ; rem augere ; incrementum afferre alicui rei.
THROAT, jugulum (the proper word) : faux, usually plural, fauces (the upper, narrower part near the entrance of the throat) : gula (the gullet, which conveys the food from the mouth to the stomach) : guttur (the entrance of the wind-pipe ; also the gullet and wind-pipe) : to cut anybody’s throat, aliquem jugulare ; jugulum alicui perfodere ; gladium demittere alicujus in jugulum (Plautus, Merc., 3, 4, 28) : to have a good throat (to be able to speak loudly), in clamando robustum esse.
THROB, v., palpitare : salire (e. g., cor salit or palpitat).
THROB,
THROBBING, s., palpitatio ; or by the verbs.
THROE, dolor (in plural, also = pangs of child-birth, cf. Terentius, Ad., 3, 1, 12, etc. : also, dolores puerperæ, Plautus ; dolor quem in puerperio aliquis patitur, Seneca). Vid. PANG.
THRONE, solium (the proper word. Cf., thronus is not found in the best prose writers ; and solium in its figurative sense, for “royal dignity, ” is poetical) : sedes or sella regia (properly) : regnum (figuratively, kingdom, regal power) : irnperium (figuratively, empire).
To sit upon a throne, sedere in solio, or in sede regia (properly) ; regem esse ; regnare (figuratively) : to ascend a throne, * in solium escendere (properly) ; regnum occupare ; regnum or imperium adipisci ; regni or regno, imperii or imperio, potiri ; regnare cœpisse (figuratively) : one comes to the throne imperium or regnum transit ad aliquem : to aspire to the throne, regnum appetere ; regnum occupare velle : to succeed to the throne, succedere regno alicui, or succedere regno in alicujus locum : to call to the throne, aliquem accire in regnum or ad regnandum : to raise to the throne, summam rerum deferre ad aliquem (deferre alicui regnum ac diadema ; Horatius, Od., 2, 2, 22) : to restore to the throne, restituere aliquem in regnum ; reducere aliquem : to drive from the throne, alicui regni dignitatem adimere ; alicui imperium abrogare ; alicui regnum auferre or eripere ; aliquem regno spoliare ; regno pellere or expellere.
THRONG, s., turba, etc. Vid. CROWD, s.
THRONG, v., influere, etc. Vid. CROWD, v.
THROSTLE, || A bird, * turdus musicus (Linnæus).
THROTTLE, s., Vid. THROAT.
THROTTLE, v., alicui elidere spiritum, fauces, or collum (the proper word ; although the last two occur only Ovidius, Met., 12, 142, and Seneca, Herc., Œt., 1235 : to be distinguished from suffocare = to suffocate, choke ; from strangulare = to strangle ; and from jugulare = to cut the throat).
THROUGH, adverb, Vid. THROUGHOUT.
THROUGH, preposition, || Of space and time, per ; but this is usually expressed by compound words. || Denoting a means, per (especially if a living being be the means ; rarely if it be a thing).
The Latins usually express the means, if it be a thing, by a simple ablative ; as, to gain the favor of others by flatteries, aliorum benevolentiam blanditiis colligere ; vid. Grotef., § 217 and 218, Obs., 2 ; Zumpt, § 455. Hence, also, with the gerund the preposition is always omitted ; as, the human mind is nourished by learning and thinking, hominis mens discendo alitur et cogitando. Sometimes, also, the Latins employ the participles utens and usus (as the Greeks χρώμενος and χρησάμενος) ; e. g., prœliis secundis usus. || Denoting cause and operation, per (by occasion of) : a, ab (denoting immediate operation, especially after passive and intransitive verbs ; as, interire ab aliquo) : propter (denoting an efficient cause, after transitive or intransitive verbs ; e. g., ii propter quos hanc suavissimam lucem aspeximus) ; or it may be expressed by ductus, adductus, motus, excitatus, etc. ; e. g., pulchritudine ductus ; or in this case we may use propter, ob, causa : if the notion of hindrance or impediment be included, we may use prohibitus or impeditus instead of ductus (e. g., negotiis impeditus) : alicujus opera (by the efforts of anyone ; as, eorum opera plebs concitata est) : alicujus or alicujus rei beneficio (through the kindness of ; e. g., sic Gyges repente annuli beneficio rex exortus est, through the ring). If things without life are specified as a cause, the relation is usually expressed by the ablative without a preposition ; as, this has happened through your fault, vestra culpa hoc accidit (vid. Grotef., § 218, Obs. 2, sqq. ; Zumpt, §452). || Denoting extension of space and time = throughout, per ; e. g., through all the provinces of your empire, per imperii tui provincias : the report spreads through all Africa, fama per omnem Africam divulgatur. Here, also, the Latins form compounds with per ; e. g., through and through, penitus (to the innermost part, entirely ; e. g., perspicere, nosse) : per omnes partes (through all parts, etc. )
The Latins also express it by verbs compounded with per ; as, percutere : also with trans ; as, to pierce through and through with a sword, aliquem transigere gladio.
To be carried through, valere (of a law, plan, etc. ) : perferri (of a proposed law).
THROUGHOUT, adverb, prorsus (altogether, entirely, without exception ; as, prorsus omnes) : omnino (perfectly ; opposed to magna ex parte, etc. ) : plane, in or per omnes partes : per omnia (in every respect) : penitus : funditus (thoroughly, from the foundation). Nothing throughout, nihil omnino : throughout or for a great part, omnino aut magna ex parte. Sometimes “throughout” is rendered by totus.
THROUGHOUT, preposition, Vid. THROUGH.
THROW, v., jacere : jactare (to do it repeatedly or constantly) : mittere (to send it forth to a person or persons ; e. g., tela tormentis missa) : conjicere (properly, to throw together ; either of many doing it at once, or of bringing many things or persons together ; e. g., to throw their knapsacks in a heap, conjicere sarcinas in acervum, Livius ; soldiers into a town, milites in locum ; also, pila in hostes ; maledicta in aliquem ; anybody into prison, aliquem in vincula) : injicere (to throw into, and also upon or over ; e. g., pallium alicui, Cicero) alicui rei or in aliquid : petere aliquem aliqua re (throw anything at anybody) : jaculari (to hurl, by swinging the hand round).
To throw stones, lapides jacere ; at anybody, lapides mittere or conjicere in aliquem ; lapidibus petere aliquem : to throw anything at anybody’s head, in caput alicujus aliquid jaculari : to throw money among the people, nummos spargere populo, in plebem : to throw money into the sea, pecuniam in mare jubere mergi : to throw one’s self at anybody’s feet, se ad alicujus pedes, or alicui ad pedes projicere or abjicere (alicujus or alicui equally right ; Krebs was too hasty in condemning alicui, which he allows in his second edition) : to throw a cloak around or about one, pallium circumjicere or pallium injicere alicui (Cicero, N. D., 3, 34, 83) : to throw one’s self into anything, injicere se in aliquid (e. g., in medios ignes, Cicero) ; irruere in aliquid (e. g., in mediam aciem) : to throw light on anything, lumen or multum luminis alicui rei afferre ; anybody overboard, aliquem
in alto ejicere e navi (Cicero) ; merchandise overboard, jacturam facere (of a voluntary loss). || Throw away, abjicere : projicere (both also figuratively) ; one’s arms, arma abjicere or projicere : one’s shield, scutum manu emittere. Figuratively. To throw away money, pecuniam profundere : to throw one’s self away (i. e., by misconduct, etc. ), se abjicere (not se projicere, which, Cicero, Att., 9, 6, 6 = “to expose one’s self rashly to a danger, ” “to throwone’s life away”). || Throw down, sternere : prosternere (stretch on the ground) : affligere (dash down) : dejicere : deturbare (cast down) : evertere : subvertere (overthrow).
To throw a man down, aliquem ad terram dare : aliquem terræ or ad terram affligere ; aliquem ad terram arietare (Curtius, 9, 7, 22 ; to dash him down violently) : to throw one’s self down, se abjicere ; corpus sternere or prosternere ; on the grass, se abjicere in herba (not in herbam ; vid. Cicero, De Orat., 1, 7, extr. ) ; at anybody’s feet ; vid. above, “throw at anybody’s feet : ” to throw one’s self down from a wall, dejicere se de muro (Cæsar) ; præcipitare se ex muro (Cicero, Fragm. ) : to throw down a statue, statuam evertere (Cicero) ; a citadel, arcem evertere (Cicero) ; a house, domum evertere (Cicero), subvertere, proruere (Tacitus) ; a horse, equum evertere (properly). || Throw off, ponere : deponere (lay aside) : exuere (put off) : abjicere (fling away) .
To throw off a yoke, jugum excutere ; jugo se exuere ; jugum exuere (slip it off) ; the dogs, canibus vincla demere (Ovidius) ; canes immittere or instigare (in feras). || Throw on [vid. THROW UPON]. || Throw out, jacere : ejicere.
To throw out many very intelligible hints, multas nec dubias significationes jacere (Suetonius). || Throw up, sublime jacere (after Plinius, 11, 2, 1, § 4) ; earth, terram adaggerare ; about a tree, arborem aggerare ; a mound, aggerem jacere, exstruere (figuratively) : if vomit, etc., rejicere ore, and simply rejicere, per os reddere (e. g., sanguinem) : exscreare (to spit out ; e. g., sanguinem, pituitam) : exscreare per tussim, extussire (to cough up blood, phlegm, etc. ) : exspuere (to spit out ; e. g., blood, etc. ) : evomere : eructare (to vomit firth ; hence of volcanoes, ignes evomere, Silius, Ital., 17, 598 ; flammas eructare, Justinus, 4, 1, 4). || Throw upon, superinjicere.
To throw one’s self upon a bed, decumbere in lecto ; one’s self down upon anything, se abjicere in aliqua re (not in aliquid) ; gravel upon a road, glarea superstruere viam ; one’s self upon (a body of troops, etc), conjicere se in aliquem or aliquid ; impressionem facere (e. g., on the left wing, in sinistrum cornu) ; invadere aliquem ; the blame upon anybody, culpam in aliquem conferre (iffrom one’s self) ; culpam or causam in aliquem transferre, vertere : to throw cold water upon anything, spem alicujus incidere or infringere ; consilium alicujus improbare, etc. (according to the meaning) : to throw myself upon a person, spem reponere, constituere in aliquo [vid. CAST] ; upon anybody’s compassion, ad misericordiam alicujus confugere.
THROW, || A cast, jactus : missus : jaculatio : conjectio (e. g., telorum) [SYN. in CAST, v. ] : ictus (a successful cast, a hit). A stone’s throw, lapidis jactus or conjectus (e. g., extra lapidis, teli, etc., jactum or conjectum esse) : a throw of dice, jactus or missus talorum or tesserarum [SYN. in DIE, DICE, where the names of the throws will be found]. || Risk, venture, alea.
To venture anything at a throw, aliquid in aleam dare (properly and figuratively) ; aliquid in discrimen committere, vocare, deferre, or adducere ; aliquid discrimini committere : often by agitur aliquid or de aliqua re (anything is at stake) ; or by dimicare de aliqua re. My life is ventured upon the throw, de vita dimico ; de vita in discrimen vocor : to be brought to the last throw, in ultimum discrimen adduci (to be brought into the greatest danger) ; ultima audere, experiri ; ad extrema or ad ultimum auxilium descendere (to be trying one’s last chance) : it is our last throw, ad extrema perventum est ; res est ad extremum perducta casum.
THRUM, licium : plural, licia : fimbriæ (the threads which hang loosely at the end of a piece).
THRUSH, || A bird, turdus (Plinius, Hor., etc. ). || A kind of disease in the mouth, aphthæ (Celsus, Marc. Emp. ).
THRUST, v., trudere (general term) : pellere (to drive) : fodere (so as to pierce) aliquem or aliquid aliqua re. Cf., Perfodere in this sense only in inferior or poetical prose ; in classical prose it always means “to thrust through. ” || Thrust at, petere. || Thrust down, detrudere. || Thrust into, trudere in (Cf., not intrudere) : detrudere in : pellere in. || Thrust out, extrudere (vid. proper word) : expellere (to drive out) : exturbare (to drive out with violence) : ejicere (to cast out). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) intrudere et ejicere : exterminare (to drive away from a territory or a house) : excludere : removere (to exclude, shut out).
To thrust one out of the Senate, aliquem ejicere e senatu ; aliquem movere senatu or de senatu ; aliquem movere loco senatorio.
THRUST, s., petitio (a blow aimed) : plaga : ictus (a blow inflicted). In other cases usually by the verb, trudere, etc.
To make a home-thrust ; vid. HOME, adjective. κυρικιμασαηικο
THUMB, s., pollex : digitus pollex. Of the size of a thumb, pollicaris : of a thumb’s breadth, latitudine pollicari ; latitudine digiti pollicis (after Cæsar, B, C, 3, 13) : of the thickness of a thumb, crassitudine digiti pollicis ; crassitudine pollicari : a thumb’s breadth, crassitudo digiti pollicis : crassitudo pollicaris : of the length of a thumb, longitudine digiti pollicis (aft Cæsar, B, C, 3, 13) : a thumb’s length, longitudo digiti pollicis (after Cæsar, B, C, 3, 30) : a thumb-screw, * tormentum pollicibus admovendum.
THUMB, v., * pollice terere.
THUMB-STALL, digitabulum (a finger-stall).
THUMP, s., colaphus (with the fist) : ictus : plaga (a blow).
THUMP, v., Vid. BEAT.
THUNDER, s., tonitrus, -ûs (in the plural, also, tonitrua ; but no where the singular tonitru ; vid. Ramshorn, § 30, 5) : fulmen (flash of lightning with thunder ; also, figuratively, verborum fulmina) : fragor (a crash, peal ; e. g., fragor cœli or cœlestis).
The thunder of artillery, * tormentorum fragores : thunder of eloquence, sonitus (cf. Cicero, Att., 1, 14, 4) : the thunder of the Vatican, fulmen pontificale (after Livius, 6, 39, fulmen dictatorium) : to hurl the thunder of the Vatican at anybody, * fulmine pontificali aliquem percellere.
THUNDER, v., tonare : intonare (both impersonal, transitive or intransitive, properly or figuratively ; tonare as intransitive, intonare as transitive, of a powerful speaker). It thunders incessantly, continuus cœli fragor est : to be afraid when it thunders, tonitrua expavescere : a thundering speech, oratio fulgurans ac tonans (after Quintilianus, 2, 16, 19) ; verborum fulmina (Cicero, Fam., 9, 21, 1).
THUNDER-BOLT, fulmen : fulminis ictus. It came like a thunder-bolt after him, hac re gravissime commotus est.
THUNDER-STRUCK, || Properly, fulmine tactus or perculsus : de cœlo tactus (poetical) : fulguratus (Varro). || Figuratively, attonitus : perculsus : obstupefactus : territus : exterritus : perterritus : perturbatus : (animo) consternatus (beside one’s self with agitation) : (animo) confusus (confounded) : commotus : permotus (deeply moved). Sometimes afflictus : percussus : attonitus : fulminatus : exanimatus. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) obstupefactus ac perterritus : confusus et attonitus.
THURSDAY, * dies Jovis.
THUS, sic (so) : ita (under such circumstances) : hoc modo : ad hunc modum (in this manner).
The affair stands thus, sic res est : res ita se habet.
THWART, obsistere : repugnare : obniti : reniti : adversari aliquem (Cf., not alicui). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) adversari et repugnare : obstare or officere alicui and alicui rei alicujus (with this difference, that obstaremeans merely to be in anybody’s way ; officere, however, to be opposed to him in a hostile manner ; e. g., to thwart anybody’s plans, alicujus consiliis obstare or officere, observing, however, the difference of meaning just alluded to) : retardare aliquem , in anything, ad aliquid faciendum or ab aliqua re facienda, in aliqua re (to thwart anybody in anything, or in the execution of anything ; e. g., in his privileges, in suo jure).
To thwart anybody’s designs, alicujus consilia pervertere : to see one’s hope thwarted, spes ad irritum cadit or redigitur : to thwart anybody’s whole plan, conturbare alicui omnes rationes : if accidents and engagements had not thwarted his projects, nisi aliquis casus aut occupatio ejus consilium premisset : to thwart anybody in every thing, omnia adversus aliquem facere : to thwart one another’s designs, obtrectare inter se (of two rivals) : to thwart one’s own interest, repugnare utilitati suæ.
THY (YOUR), tuus (but in Latin, when it does not stand in opposition, and especially when it refers to the subject of the proposition, it is usually not translated ; vid. Krebs, § 113 ; Grotef., § 135, Obs., 1 ; Zumpt, § 768 ; Krüger, § 406, 3, Obs., 4). It is thy (your) duty or part,
tuum est, etc.
THYME, thymum. Common thyme, * thymus vulgaris (Linnæus). Cretan or Grecian thyme, * Satureja Capitata (Linnæus). Wild thyme, * thymus serpillum (Linnæus) : the blossom of thyme, epithymon.
TIARA, tiara, -æ, feminine (Seneca, Ovidius) or tiaras, -æ, masculine (Vergilius).
TICK, s., || A kind of vermin, ricinus (Varro, Columella). || The covering of a bed, * tegumentum culcitæ. || Credit, vid. || Sound of a clock, etc., * ictus machinationis, qua horæ moventur.
TICK, v., * ictum reddere, in context with machinatio, etc.
TICKET, s., scheda : scida : scidula (as a piece of paper, etc. ) : tessera (as a token) : libellus : tabella (hung up or exposed to view).
TICKET, v., scidis, scidulis, tesseris, notare aliquid.
TICKLE, titillare aliquid (also figuratively ; e. g., sensus ; but in Ciceo always with quasi prefixed ; vid. Fin., 1, 11, 39 ; Off., 2, 18, 63) : quasi titillationem adhibere alicui rei (figuratively ; e. g., sensibus).
TICKLING, titillatio (when used in a figuratively sense, always with quasi) : titillatus (only in ablative, titillatu) : Or by the verb.
TICKLISH, ||Properly, qui titillatu facile movetur : * titillationis minime patiens. || Figuratively, (a) Of persons excitable ; e. g., he is very ticklish on that point, * hac re facile offenditur. (b) Of things, lubricus et anceps (nice, critical, dangerous) : difficilis (difficult to manage).
TID-BIT, Vid. TIT-BITit.
TIDE, Alternate ebb and flow of the sea, æstus : æstuum accessus et recessus (Cicero) : reciprocatio æstus : æstus maris reciproci (Plinius) : æstus maritimi accedentes et recedentes (Cicero, N. D., 2, 53, 103) : With the tide, æstu secundo (opposed to * æstu adverso) : when the tide is coming in, æstu crescente ; quum ex alto æstus se incitat ; going out, minuente æstu (Cæsar. B. G., 2, 12) ; æstus marini undæ recedunt (Cicero) ; æstus maris residunt, se resorbent : the tides are governed by the moon, marinorum æstuum accessus et recessus motu lunæ gubernantur (Cicero, Div., 2, 14, 34) : there are two tides every twenty-four hours, æstus maris bis affluunt bisque remeant vicenis quaternisque semper horis (Plinius, 2, 97, 99). Spring-tide, vid. (Figuratively) history shows the tide of political affairs, in historia videre licet quo modo opes civitatum crescant ac decrescant. || Time, vid. || Course, cursus, -ûs. Vid. COURSE.
TIDILY, compte : nitide.
TIDINGS, nuntius. Vid. NEWS.
TIDY, comptus : nitidus. Vid. NEAT.
TIE, v., ligare : alligare : deligare : illigare : astringere (to draw, bind tightly) : religare : revincire (to bind backward).
To tie on to, aliquid in re illigare : to tie anybody to a post, aliquem alligare ad palum : to tie anybody to a chariot, aliquem illigare in currum or religare ad currum : to tie one’s hands behind one’s back, manus religare ; manus illigare or religare post tergum : to tie up, substringere : to tie up the hair, capillos in nodum colligere (Ovidius, Met., 3, 170) ; obliquare crinem nodoque substringere (Tacitus, Germ., 38, 2) : to tie up to or on anything, alligare, deligare, astringere ad aliquid ; illigare in aliqua re : to tie up a vine, vites capistrare or perstringere (to bind fast) ; adjugare vites (to trellis-work) ; vites arboribus applicare (to trees).
TIE, s., vinculum (properly and figuratively) : nodus, copula (figuratively).
There is a closer tie among kinsmen, arctior colligatio est societatis propinquorum : the strict tie of friendship, amicitiæ conjunctionisque necessitudo.
TIER, Vid. ROW.
TIERCE, tertia pars.
TIERCET, * cantus ternarius.
TIFF, || Drink, vid. || Angry feeling ; vid. PASSION.
TIGER, tigris, -is or -ĭdis, masculine or feminine (of the male ; of the female [tigress] only feminine) : * felis tigris (Linnæus). Of or like a tiger, tigrinus : spotted like a tiger, * maculis tigrinis varius, sparsus.
TIGHT, strictus : astrictus (opposed to resolutus, as a garment) : strictus et singulos artus exprimens (e. g., vestis) : contentus (opposed to laxus, as a rope) : angustus : artus (narrow, close, vid. ). A tight shoe, calceus astrictus (as a commendation ; vid. Horatius, Ep., 2, 1, 147) ; calceus urens (that galls the foot) : to sit tightly, anguste sedere.
TIGHTEN, stringere : astringere : tendere : contendere. [SYN. in TIGHT. ]
To tighten the reins, frenos inhibere : habenas adducere.
TIGHTLY, astricte : arte. Vid. the adjective.
TIGHTNESS, by circumlocution with adjective or verb.
TIGRESS, tigris, -is or -idis, feminine.
TILE, s., tegula : imbrex (a gutter tile).
TILE, v., tegulis obducere or tegere. A tiled roof, tegulæ, plural.
TILER, * contegulator.
TILING, tegulæ, plural.
To let down through the tiling, per tegulas demittere (Cicero, Phil., 2, 18, 45).
TILL, preposition, Vid. UNTIL.
TILL, s., Vid. DRAWER.
TILL, v., Vid. CULTIVATE.
TILLAGE, Vid. CULTIVATION.
TILLER, || Cultivator, vid. || Rudder of a boat, clavus (the proper word. This word, although often used for the rudder or helm, denotes, strictly speaking, the tiller or handle, so called from its resemblance to a nail).
TILT, s., || A vaulted covering, * arcus, -ûs : * linteum crassius tegumento serviens. || A military game, * certamen hastis concurrentium : * hastiludium (a modern word).
To hold or celebrate a tilt, * celebrare equitum certamen hastis concurrentium (Politian. Ep. 12, 6).
TILT, v., || To cover with a tilt, * linteo crassiore arcuatim obtegere. || To join in the military game so called, hastis concurrere, certare, concertare, contendere cum aliquo. || To set in a sloping position, * in præcipiti locare, ponere aliquid (e. g., dolium).
TIMBER, tignum (a beam, post, etc. ) : trabs (a large beam). Long perpendicular timbers, mail : horizontal timbers, templa, -orum, neuter : rough timber, materia.
TIMBREL, tympanum : diminutive, tympaniolum.
TIME, || Measure of duration, tempus (general term) : spatium (a space) : ætas (an age, relative ; having reference to men who live during a certain period, and are affected by the events of it) : intervallum (an intervening space) : ævum (chiefly poetical, for an indefinite space of time) : sæculum (a whole generation ; after the age of Augustus, for “an age, indefinite space of time”) : tempestas (a definite space of time, period ; classical, but not used by Cicero in prose) : dies (an indefinite duration of time ; usually feminine in this sense). In our time, nostra memoria : before my time, ante meam memoriam (Plinius, Ep. ) : time present, past, future, tempus præsens, præteritum, futurum : former time, tempus prius, superius : ancient time, tempus vetus, vetustum : summer time, tempus æstivum : a time of peace, of war, tempus pacatum, bellicum : the shortness of time, temporis brevitas, angustiæ (Cicero) ; exiguitas (Cæsar) : length of time, temporum longinquitas : longum temporis intervallum : diuturnitas : vetustas : the course of time, cursus temporis (Cicero) : a short, long time before, brevi, longo, tempore ante, brevi abhinc tempore : paullo ante : multo ante : after a long, short time, longo, brevi, tempore interjecto (Cicero) ; parvo intermisso temporis spatio (Cæsar) : at that time, eo tempore (Cicero) ; ea tempestate (Sallustius) ; id temporis, per id tempus (Cicero) : in the mean time, interim (during the interval) : interea (during the same time ; while such or such a thing was going on ; usually with conjunctions, interea dura or quod). After some time, post aliquot annos (but, Cf., not post aliquid tempus) : in course or progress of time, tempore procedente (Plinius, Ep., Val. Max. ) ; temporis progressu, intervallo (Cicero) ; temporis successu (Justinus) ; die (Cicero, Tusc., 4, 17, 39 : Cf., not cum tempore). Return immediately, I will be back again in no time, revortere ad me extemplo. Continuo hic ero (Plautus, Epid., 3, 3, 43). || Space of time in which anything may be done ; season, opportunity, leisure, tempus : spatium.
To have time (for anything), vacare (alicui rei) : spatium (ad aliquid) habere : to have no time, otium, vacuum tempus mihi non est (Cf., not tempus non habeo) : non vacat : non vaco : otium non suppetit, non datum, non concessum est ; also, egere tempore (Cicero) : to have time enough, satis temporis mihi est : satis otii datum mihi est (after Cicero) : to ask for time to finish a thing, postulare spattum ad aliquam rem conficiendara (Cæsar, B. C., 1, 3) : to take time for anything, tempus sumere ad aliquid : anybody is a great economist of his time, magna est alicujus parsimonia temporis (Plinius) : to speak against time, dicendi mora diem extrahere (Cæsar) : time for consideration, deliberandi or consultandi spatium : to demand time for consideration, tempus ad deliberandum or deliberandi causa sibi postulare : to take time for consideration, consultandi or deliberandi spatium sumere : time to begin a battle, tempus prœlii committendi, or with an infinitive : it is time to, tempus est, with a genitive. gerund, or an infinitive ; but, Cf., with this difference, that the gerund is used when tempus takes after
it the genitive as its object and tempus est is = otium est, spatium est, vacat, it is the right time, or there is sufficient time for doing, etc. ; but the infinitive is employed when tempus est is = tempestivum est, “it is now high time to, ” when the infinitive. may be regarded as the subject, and tempus as the predicate ; e. g., tempus est nunc majora conari (Livius) ; sed jam tempus est ad id, quod instituimus, accedere (Cicero) ; nunc corpora curare tempus est (Livius) ; Tib. Graccho breve tempus ingenii augendi fuit (Cicero) ; nec gloriandi tempus adversus unum est (Livius). For the infinitive we sometimes find ut ; e. g., tempus est ut eamus ad forum (Plautus) ; tempus est, ut uxorem duces (Terentianus). Not to lose time, tempus non amittere (Cicero) : the time is up, the set time is come, tempus constitutum adest : the time is past, tempus abiit, effluxit, præteriit : at the right time, tempore : in tempore : suo tempore : ad tempus (Cicero) : per tempus (Terentianus) : at the wrong time, alieno, non opportuno, tempore, non opportune : intempestive : before the time, ante tempus (Cicero) ; ante diem (Ovidius) ; alieno, haud opportuno, tempore (Cicero) : there is no time to lose, maturato opus est (Livius) ; nulla mora est (Nepos) ; nec ulla mora est (Terentianus) ; periculum in mora est : he said there was no time to lose, rem differendam esse negabat (after Cicero) : from time to time, nonnumquam ; interdum : there is no more time, serum est : jam integrum non est : tempus rei gerendæ effluxit, præteriit (after Cicero) : to beguile the time, tempus fallere. || Stale of things during a certain period, tempus ; tempora, plural : to suit one’s self to the time, tempori servire, cedere : according to time and circumstance, pro tempore et pro re (Cæsar) ; re et ex tempore (Cicero) : hard times, tempora dura, aspera, iniqua, tristia (Cicero) : the spirit of the times, sæculi, ætatis ingenium (aulæ ingenium, Tacitus, Hist., 2, 71 : Cf., not sæculi genius ; temporis indoles ; but we may say, with reference to human character, sæculi mores, Florens, 8, 12, 7 ; temporum mores, Plinius, Ep., 8, 18, 3) : the peculiar complexion of the times, temporum ratio et natura : not to suit these licentious times, ab hujus sæculi licentia abhorrere (Cicero, Cœl., 20, 48). || Part of the day, hora : what time is it? quota hora est? || Turn ; repetition. By vicis, vices, plural, (nominative definite), or otherwise by circumlocution. Three times a day, tribur per diem vicibus (Pallad. ) : for the third time, tertia vice (ibid. ) : six times seven make forty-two, septem sexies multiplicata fiunt duo et quadraginta : six times seven feet make forty-two, pedes ducimus sexies septenos, fiunt dua et quadraginta ; pedes sexies septeni fiunt duo et quadraginta : eight times eight make sixty-four, octo in se multiplicata fiunt quatuor et sexaginta (vid. Columella, 5, 2, 1, sqq. ) : many times greater, multis partibus major : for thefirst, second, third time, primum, iterum (rarely secundum), tertium, etc. : for the last time, postremum, ultimum : another time, alias, alio tempore : this time, nunc ; hoc tempore : enough for this time, sed hæc hactenus (in narratives, etc) : many times, sæpius : times out of number, sexcenties : at different times, non uno tempore : separatis temporibus : semel atque iterum : semel iterumve : iterum ac sæpius (more than once) : for the time being ; e. g., the governor of Gaul for the time being, quicumque Galliam obtinet : one time = once, vid. || In music, numerus, numeri (general term ; measured part in parts of a whole) : modi (measured duration of the notes) : Regular or good time, numerorum moderatio : a beating of time (with the feet), ictus modulantium pedum : beats of time, numerum percussiones : percussionum modi : to keep time, concentum, or modum percussionum, or numerum, in cantu servare : to beat time with the hand, manu certam legem temporum servare : digitorum ictu intervalla (temporum) signare ; with the feet, sonum vocis pulsu pedum modulari ; with hands and feet, pedum et digitorum ictu intervalla signare : in time, in numerum (Cf., not ad numerum ; vid. Lucretius, 2, 631 ; Vergilius, Georg., 4, 175) : numerose : modulate.
TIMELY, adjective, maturus (early) : tempestivus (in good or proper time).
TIMELY, adverb, tempestive : in tempore.
TIME-PIECE, horologium : horarium.
TIME-SERVER, homo multorum temporum : qui duabus sellis sedere solet (Laber. ap. Sen., Contr., 3, 18, fin. ).
To be a time-server, ad id unde aliquis flatus ostenditur, vela dare (Cicero) ; se ad motum fortunæ movere (Cæsar) ; fortunæ applicare sua consilia (Livius) ; semper ex ancipiti temporum mutatione pendere (Curtius, 4, 1, 27).
TIME-SERVING, s., utriusque partis studium, or by circumlocution : prævaricatio (in an agent, etc. ).
This is what you have gained by your time-serving, hunc fructum refers ex isto tuo utriusque partis studio.
TIMID,
TIMOROUS, timidus : trepidus : anxius : formidinis plenus. SYN. and PHR. in AFRAID, FEARFUL.
TIMIDITY, metus : timor. Vid. FEAR.
TIMIDLY,
TIMOROUSLY, cum metu or timore : timide : anxie : trepide. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) trepide anxieque.
TIN, s., plumbum album (Cf., stannum, in ancient writers, denotes a composition of silver and lead ; it began to be used in the sense of “tin” in the fourth century).
Tin-ware, * res (vasa) e plumbo albo factæ (facta) : a tin mine, * fodina plumbi albi.
TIN, v.,
To overlay with tin on the inside, * intus plumbo albo (stanno) obducere.
TINCTURE, s., || Color, vid. || Extract of the finer parts of a substance, * tinctura (technical term) : liquor medicatus. || Improperly. To have the slightest tincture of anything, primis ut dicitur labris gustasse aliquid (e. g., physiologiam, Cicero).
TINCTURE, v., Vid. COLOR, IMBUE.
TINDER, fomes, -itis (Plinius).
To make or prepare tinder, fomitem parare : to burn tinder ; use tinder in kindling a fire, admoto fomite excitare flammam (Luc., 8, 776) ; figuratively, materies (Sallustius, Cat., 10, 3) : tinder-box, igniarium (Plinius, 16, 40, 76).
TINGE, Vid. COLOR.
TINGLE, || To have a sharp vibratory sensation, prurire : the ear tingles, auris verminat prurigine (Mart. ) : the skin tingles, cutis prurit or formicat (Plinius). Vid. also, TINKLE.
TINGLING, pruritus : prurigo (Plinius). Vid. also, TINKLING.
TINKER, * ænorum refector (mender) : faber ænarius (maker).
TINKLE, tinnire, or, in wider sense, sonare.
TINMAN, artifex plumbarius, or plumbarius only.
TINSEL, || Properly, * pannus spissiore bombyce textus et auro argentove pictus (brocade) : * bracteola coruscans or micans (a spangle) : * aurum or argentum tremulum (sparkling gold or silver on a dress, etc. ). || Figuratively, res speciosa : mera species : nugæ speciosæ.
TINT, Vid. COLOR.
TIP, s., cacumen : apex : vertex.
Tip of the nose, cacumen nasi (Lucretius), or by summus, extremus ; e. g., tip of the finger, digitus extremus : to touch anything with the tip of the fingers, digitis extremis attingere (Cf., digiti primores and digitus primus = the fore part of the finger, the first joint).
TIP, v., || To give a point or top to anything, acuere (Cæsar) ; exacuere (Vergilius) ; acuminare, cuspidare, spiculare aliquid (Plinius). || To take off the point or top of anything, decacuminare aliquid (Columella).
TIPPET, * collare.
TIPPLE, potare : perpotare (with totos dies, ad vesperum, or the like).
TIPPLER, potator (Plautus) ; ebriosus : temulentus : vinolentus (Cicero).
TIPPLING, perpotatio (Cicero).
TIPSY, Vid. DRUNK.
TIPTOE. || Properly. To stand on tiptoe, in digitos erigi (Quintilianus, 2, 3, 8) : to go on tiptoe, ambulare summis digitis (Seneca, Ep., Ill, 3) ; digitis suspendere pedem (Quintilianus) ; suspenso gradu placide aliquo ire pergere (Terentius, Phorm., 5, 6, 27) : || Figuratively. The tiptoe of expectation, exspectatio erecta (Livius) : to be on the tiptoe of expectation, exspectatione intentum esse (Sallustius, Jug., 44) ; suspenso animo exspectare aliquid (Cicero, Att., 4, 15, 10) ; intentum exspectare aliquid (Cæsar).
TIRADE, * inanis verborum pompa : * species ac pompa in dicendo.
TIRE, || To fatigue, (1) Transitively, fatigare, defatigare, aliquem (Cicero) ; lassare aliquem (Seneca : Cf., delassare only poetical ; e. g., Plautus, Mart. ).
To tire one’s self, se defatigare (Terentianus) ; by great exertions, se laboribus frangere. (2) Intransitively, fatigari, defatigari (Cicero) ; lassitudine confici (Cæsar) ; ad languorem dari (Terentianus). || To dress, ornare : vestire : Vid. DRESS. κυρικιμασαηικο
TIRED, fatigatus (by action) : fessus (by suffering or enduring). Very tired, defatigatus : defessus : lassitudine confectus (Cæsar) : tired with a journey, fessus de via (Cicero) : tired with walking, ambulatione fessus (Plinius, Ep. ).
TIRESOME, laboriosus (properly) : onerosus : molestus : importunus (figuratively).
To be tiresome to anybody, negotium facessere : negotium or molestiam exhibere alicui.
TIRO, elementarius (especially in writing and reading, Seneca,
Ep., 36, 4) : tiro : rudis : tiro ac rudis in aliqua re (unexercised in anything. Cf., A boy in a new service is novicius, applied by the ancients to a new slave) : peregrinus, or hospes, or peregrinus atque hospes, in aliqua re (unversed in anything ; vid. Cicero, De Or., 1, 53, extr., fate or enim, callidum quendam hunc, et nulla in re tironem ac rudem, neque peregrinum atque hospitem in agendo esse debere).
TISSUE, || Properly, tela : textum (a web) : compago (in a more general sense). || Figuratively, series : or by circumlocution ; e. g., the whole story is a tissue of falsehoods, tota narratio ficta est, meris mendaciis constat : my life is a tissue of misfortunes, vita mea est continua calamitas, semper objecta fuit rebus adversis.
TIT-BIT, mattea (a small and delicate morsel of food, Seneca, Contr., 4, 27, Petr. ) : cibus delicatus : plural, cuppedia, -orum, neuter, or cuppediæ, -arum, feminine ; cibi delicatiores (general term) : res ad epulandum exquisitissimæ (exquisite delicacies for the table) : bonæ res (the best bits, at table, as distinguished from the rest of the food, Nepos, Ages., 8, 5, where it is, perhaps, only a translation of the corresponding τὰ ἀγαθα) : ganeæ opera, -um, neuter (as articles of excess) : gulæ irritamenta (as far as they excite the palate. Cf., Such expressions as escæ molliculæ, scitamenta, belong only to the comic writers ; lautitiæ is = a magnificent style of living).
To eat only tit-bits, unum quidque quod est bellissimum edere (after Terentius, Ad., 4, 2, 51) : this bird is now reckoned among the best tit-bits, hæc ales nunc inter primas expetitur : fond of tit-bits, * cuppediorum studiosus (after Suetonius, Cæs., 4, 6) : fastidii delicati (that can relish none but dainty food).
THEABLE, decumanus (e. g., ager).
TITHE, s., decuma : decuma or decima pars.
To pay tithes, decumam, decumas pendere, solvere : a tithe of the produce, decumanum frumentum (Cicero) : land subject to tithes, decumanus ager (Cicero).
TITHE, v., decumas imperare, imponere (to levy taxes) : decimare (to decimate, to take by lot every tenth man for punishment).
TITHER,
TITHING-MAN, decumanus.
TITHYMAL, tithymalus (Plinius) : lactaria (herba, Plinius) : * euphorbia (Linnæus).
TITILLATE, Vid. TICKLE.
TIT-LARK, * alauda pratensis (Linnæus).
TITLE, || An inscription, titulus : inscriptio (general term) : index (of a book ; on a strip of parchment [membranula] outside the roll or volume) : nomen (of a writing) : præscriptio (of an edict, decree, etc. ).
To give a title to a book, inscribere librum : the book bears the title, libro index est : liber inscriptus est or inscribitur. || An honorable name or appellation, nomen (general term) : appellatio (employed orally in addressing one) : ornamentum : dignitas (as denoting honor or rank ; Cf., not titulus, in this sense, in good prose).
To have a title, appellari : to give a title, aliquem appellare : decem prætoriis viris consularia ornamenta tribuit (the title and rank of consul). An empty title, nomen sine honore : inanis appellatio : a military title, honor militaris (Livius). || Claim of right or privilege, vindiciæ : postulatio.
To have a title to anything, jure quodam suo postulare posse : justam postulandi causam habere : sibi vindicare, sumere or assumere aliquid.
TITLE-DEED, instrumentum auctoritatis (Scævola).
TITLE-PAGE, index (a title, Cicero) : * plagula indicem libri continens, exhibens.
TIT-MOUSE, * parus (Linnæus).
TITTER, Vid. LAUGH.
TITTLE, pars minima : punctum.
TITTLE-TATTLE, Vid. CHATTER.
TITULAR, * nomen sine honore habens : * nomine, non re.
TO, || Of place, denoting direction or motion toward a point, ad (or in). . . versus ; also (but regularly only with the names of towns) simply. . . versus (to denote proximate direction, ἐπί, κατά, είς, “toward”) : in with an accusative (to denote straight direction or the attainment of a limit, πρός, up to) : ad (to specify immediate proximity, παρά or ὑπό, immediately before, or at) : e. g., to go to Brundusium, Brundusium versus ire : to come to Rome, ad Romam venire (i. e., to the immediate neighborhood of Rome).
The names of towns and villages, as well as the substantive domus, to the question “whither, ” are put in the accusative without ad or in ; but also with the names of small islands (very rarely of large ones, as Sardinia, Crete, Sicily, Britain) these prepositions may be omitted ; e. g., to come to Rome, Romam venire (to the city itself). But the preposition is expressed (1) when there is any antithesis [usque a Dianio ad Sinopen navigarunt : not always, however ; e. g., ab Ardea Romam venerunt, Livius, 4, 7] : (2) if an appellative, as oppidum, urbs, locus, stands in apposition [ad Cirtam oppidum, Sallustius, Jug., 81] : (3) when only the neighborhood of a town, or a part of it, is meant : omnes Galli ad Alesiam proficiscuntur(Cæsar, B. G., 7, 76 ; Krüger, 387). With domus the preposition is used when it means not “home, ” “hottse, ” as residence, but as “building” or = “family ;” and with rus = “particular estate. ”
To return home, domum redire : to march to Cyprus, Cyprum tendere. || To denote the limit at which motion ceases or ought to cease, ad, usque ad (of approximation to a certain point : Cf., ad usque is not classical) : in, usque in (of the general direction, as far as the neighborhood of, etc. ) : tenus (after its substantive ; denoting the definite limit or point of termination).
This is expressed also by fine (likewise after its substantive ; as, to the breast, pectoris fine ; vid. Herzog, Cæs., B. G., 7, 47).
The preposition is very frequently omitted in Latin, as having been already expressed in the verb ; e. g., to go up to anyone, aliquem aggredi. With the names of towns, “as far as to” is expressed by usque without a preposition, unless only the neighborhood of the town or proximity to it is to be denoted ; e. g., usque Romam proficisci (whereas usque ad Romam would be, as far as to the neighborhood of Rome).
To the skin, ad cutem : to the half, to the third, in dimidiam partem, ad tertias (sc. partes ; e. g., aquam decoquere) : the water in one place came up to the middle, at another, scarcely to the knees, alibi umbilico tenus aqua erat, alibi genua vix superavit : to the other side of the Alps, trans Alpes usque : to that point, eo usque : to that place, usque isthinc : to this point, hucusque (as far as to this place ; post-Augustan) : hactenus (so far, up to a definite point, and no further, especially in a speech ; e. g., Nepos, Att., 19, 1). || In comparison of, ad (in relation to) : præ (in comparison of, etc. ).
To us he is fortunate, præ nobis beatus est : to esteem others as nothing to one’s self, præ se alios pro nihilo ducere : Decimus is nothing to Persius, Decimus nihil ad Persium : the earth is to the whole heaven but a point, terra ad uuiversi cœli complexum quasi puncti instar obtinet. Sometimes the by circumlocution si comparaveris cum, etc., may be used ; e. g., to him I am a child, si me cum illo comparaveris, infans sum. || As a sign of the infinitive, “to” is usually expressed by the form of the Latin verb or construction of the sentence ; e. g., canere, dicere desiit, or canendi, dicendi finem fecit, he ceased to, etc. ; me rogavit ne hoc facerem, he begged me not to do this. || To denote design or intention ; e. g., huc veni te salutatum, te salutaturus, ut te salutarem, ad te salutandum, tui salutandi causa : dedit mihi libros legendos : non vivimus ut edamus, sed edimus ut vivamus (Seneca). || To denote possibility ; e. g., hic est quod spectetur. hac ex re nullus percipi potest fructus : eo loco semper eum invenire, videre, potes. || To denote necessity or right ; e. g., quid in hac re faciendum est? binæ tibi scribendæ sunt literæ : multa tibi debeo : Cf., “To, ” as a sign of the infinitive after substantives, is often rendered in Latin by the gerund in di ; e. g., mala et impia consuetudo est contra deos disputandi (Cicero, N. D. 2, 67, 108, an evil and impious custom to dispute) : nemo potest non maxime laudare consilium tuum, quod cum spe vincendi simul abjecisti certandi etiam cupiditatem (desire to contend, Cicero) : legendi semper occasio est, audiendi non semper (Plinius, Ep., 2, 3, 9, opportunity to read ; to hear). Cf., Tempus est is followed either by the gerund or by the infinitive. Cf., After adjectives and adverbs, when the object is defined by a verb, especially after such as denote “possibility, facility, difficulty, necessity, duty, inclination, ” or the like, we find in Latin the gerund or supine ; e. g., nihil est dictu facilius : facile est intellectu or ad intelligendum : facile est ad credendum : studiosus audiendi, discendi : cupidus bellandi. || Denoting a purpose or destination, ad, or a dative ; e. g., aquam ad bibendum, ad lavandum petere : sex dies ad eam rem conficiendam spatii postulant : miseriis ferundis natum esse : ad metalla condemnare aliquem. || Denoting a final cause or end, often by a dative, or by in, per ; e. g., est mihi aliquid gloriæ : honori, utilitati, emolumento esse : hoc mihi est detrimento. Also by e, ex : e re mea : e republica.
To that end, ad eum finem (Tacitus) ; eo consilio, hac mente (Cicero). ||
Denoting change of property or quality, usually by in ; e. g., in pulverem, in lapidem, in aquam mutari, verti.
To come to nought, ad irritum cadere, revolvi : to turn to money, vendere aliquid. || In addressing a letter, fasciculus qui est Des M’Curio inscriptus (Cicero, Att., 8, 5 ; to M. Curius). || Aft er words denoting likeness or unlikeness, a simple dative (after similis, also a genitive) ; e. g., alicui similem esse.
TOAD, bufo : * rana bufo (Linnæus).
TOAD-STONE, * lapis bufonius : also, * bufonitis (technical term).
TOAST, v., || To dry or heat at the fire, frigere, torrere aliquid. || To drink the health of anybody, propinare alicujus salutem (Plautus, Stich., 3, 2, 16) : * libare alienæ saluti.
TOAST, s., || A piece of bread dried at the fire, * tosta panis offa or offella : * panis tostus. || A health drunk to anybody, salus.
TOBACCO, * tabacum : * herba Nicotiana ; or simply Nicotiana (Linnæus).
To smoke tobacco, tabaco, quod dicitur, uti (Wyttenback) ; * fumum Nicotianæ haurire : a tobacco-pipe, fistula tabaci (Gesner) ; or * fumisugium (technical term) : he is fond of tobacco, * multum utitur tabaco.
TOE, digitus pedis ; or simply digitus.
The great toe, pollex pedis ; or simply pollex : from top to toe, ab imis unguibus usque ad summum verticem ; ab unguiculo ad capillum summum ; a capillo usque ad ungues ; ab imis unguibus ad summos capillos ; a vestigio ad verticem ; a vertice ad talos : to stand on tiptoe, erigi in digitos : to go upon the toes, summas digitis ambulare ; suspenso gradu ire ; pedem summis digitis suspendere.
TOGETHER, || At the same place or time, simul ; eodem tempore (at the same time) : una (at the same place) :
To bring together, in unum locum cogere : to sleep for several hours together, plures horas et eas continuas dormire (after Suetonius, Oct., 78). || In company, in union, conjuncte (Cicero) : conjunctim (Cæsar) : or conjunctus (agreeing with a substantive). All together, ad unum omnes ; omnes ; cuncti (opposed to diversi) ; universi (opposed to singuli), Cf., This word is often expressed in Latin by the use of compounds with con.
TOIL, v., laborare.
To toil excessively, laboribus se frangere ; laboribus confici : to toil at anything, elaborare in aliqua re ; operam dare alicui rei : to toil greatly at anything, multo sudore et labore facere aliquid ; desudare et laborare in aliqua re. Vid. LABOR.
TOIL, s., labor : opera. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) labor et opera. Vid. LABOR.
TOILET, animi muliebris apparatus (Valerius Maximus, 9, 1, 3).
To spend time at the toilet, occupatum esse inter pectinem speculumque (Seneca, Brev. Vit. ) : to be making one’s toilet, ornari.
TOILSOME, laboriosus (the proper word) : operosus (costing much pains) : arduus : difficilis (difficult).
TOKEN, signum. Vid. SIGN.
TOLERABLE, || That can be borne or suffered, tolerabilis : tolerandus (opposed to intolerabilis) : patibilis (endurable, philosophical technical term, Cicero, Tusc., 4, 23, 51).
To render tolerable, lenire ; mitigare (to assuage, soothe) ; levare (to lighten). Use makes toil more tolerable, consuetudine levior fit labor. || Considerable, tolerabilis : mediocris : modicus : non exiguus : satis magnus : non contemnendus : aliquantus (moderate) : quem, quod æquo animo spectare, audire possis (that one can endure to see or hear ; of actors and plays, of an orator and his speech ; vid. Cicero, De Or., 1, 5, 18).
TOLERABLY, tolerabiliter : mediocriter : modice : aliquanto : satis.
To speak tolerably, * ita dicere, ut æquo animo ferri possis ; * orationem habere, quam æquo animo audire possint auditores, etc.
TOLERANCE, indulgentia (indulgence) : facilitas (absence of severity or harshness, etc. ) : * animus aliorum de rebus divinis opiniones leniter ferens (in religious matters).
TOLERANT, mitis (gentle, mild) : indulgens (indulgent) : facilis (easy, not hard).
To be tolerant (in religious matters), * hominum de rebus divinis opiniones et sententias leniter ferre.
TOLERATE, tolerare : sustinere : pati : perpeti : perferri. [Vid. BEAR. ] || In religious matters ; vid. TOLERATION.
TOLERATION (in religious matters), * in rebus divinis sentiendi, quæ velis, libertas. In a free state there should be universal toleration, in civitate libera religiones liberæ esse debent (after Suetonius, Tib., 28).
TOLL, s., * vectigal viarum stratarum : * vectigal in via publica proficiscentibus pendendum. Cf., Portorium = custom-house dues, duty on goods imported, or duty for license to sell goods about the country.
TOLL, v., (as a bell at a funeral), * obitum alicujus campani sono indicare.
TOLL-BOOTH, taberna portorii (a toll-house) : career (a prison).
TOLL-GATHERER, portitor : exactor portorii : qui portorium (vectigalia) exigit.
TOMB, tumulus (a mound) : sepulcrum : sepultura (Marcus Tullius Cicero) : conditorium (grave, Plinius, Ep., Suet. ) : monumentum sepulcri, or sometimes in the same sense, simply monumentum or sepulcrum (with a monument). A family tomb, monumentum hereditarium (that has passed down by inheritance) ; sepulcrum patrium (in which our fathers are buried ; vid. Marcus Tullius Cicero, Rosc. Am., 9, 24) ; monumentum gentile ; tumulus gentilitius (a family tomb ; vid. Suetonius, Ner., 50 ; Velleius, 2, 119, extr. ) : to be buried in a family tomb, gentilitii tumuli sepultura honorari : in the family tomb of the Domitii, the Julii, gentili Domitiorum monumento condi ; tumulo Juliorum inferri.
TOMBSTONE, lapis alicujus memoriæ inscriptus.
TOME, Vid. VOLUME.
TOM THUMB, salaputium (Catullus, Sen. ).
TO-MORROW, eras : crastino die (Marcus Tullius Cicero).
TONE, || Properly, sonus : sonitus (general term) : vox (sound of the human voice or of a musical instrument) : vocis genus. Variety of tones, sonorum varietas. || Figuratively. Manner of speaking, vox (as to the sound of the voice) : sermo (as to the substance of what is said) : sonus (as to the general drift or bearing of a speech or composition). A moderate or calm tone, sedata vox : to speak to anybody in a harsh tone, aspere compellare aliquem : to reprove in a gentle tone, molli brachio aliquem objurgare : to speak in a lofty tone, magnifice or superbe loqui : to speak in a low tone, summisse loqui : to alter one’s tone, allocutionem vertere ; personam mutare. || Coloring, tonus (Plinius, 35, 5, 11) : also, color (vid. Horatius, Sat., 2, 1, 60, figuratively, color vitæ, the tone, coloring, of one’s life).
TONGS, forceps : to take hold of with the tongs, apprehendere aliquid forcipe : to turn (iron) with the tongs, versare (ferrum) forcipe (Vergilius).
TONGUE, || Properly. The organ of speech, lingua. A stammering tongue, lingua titubans, hæsitans : a ready tongue, lingua prompta (Marcus Tullius Cicero), impigra (Sallustius) ; mobilitas linguæ (Marcus Tullius Cicero) : an unbridled tongue, lingua petulans : a boastful tongue, lingua largiloqua : to cut out anybody’s tongue, linguam alicui excidere : to cut the tongue (so as to set it free), linguam scalpello resectam liberare (Marcus Tullius Cicero, Div., 2, 46, 96) : to put or thrust out the tongue, linguam ejicere, exserere (Livius) : to hold the tongue (figuratively), linguam continere (Marcus Tullius Cicero) ; moderari (Sallustius) : to have anything upon one’s tongue (i. e., to be desirous to utter it, to be just on the point of saying it), velle aliquid proloqui ; gestit animus aliquid eloqui : I have his name upon the tip of my tongue (but cannot remember and give utterance to it), nomen mihi versatur in primoribus labris ; nomen intra labra atque dentes latet (the latter forced ; Plautus). || Language, lingua : sermo [vid. LANGUAGE]. || Of land (= a promontory), lingua, or, fully eminens in altum lingua (Livius, 44, 11) : lingula (Cæsar, B. G., 3, 12, of which the fashionable pronunciation was ligula ; vid. Mar., 14, 120). || Of a balance, examen. || Of a buckle, lever, etc., ligula ; also, acus in fibula (of a clasp or buckle, Trebell., Poll. ).
TONNAGE,
The tonnage of a vessel was estimated by how many amphoræ (i. e., Roman cubic feet) it contained ; e. g., navem quæ plus quam trecentarum amphorarum esset (Livius, 21, 63) : naves quarum minor nulla erat duum millium amphorarum (Lent. ap. Marcus Tullius Cicero). || Tonnage-dues, portorium.
TONSIL, plural, glandulæ (Celsus) ; plural, tonsillæ (Celsus, Marcus Tullius Cicero).
TOO, || Over and above, overmuch, nimis ; nimium :
Too much, plus justo ; nimio plus, præter modum : neither too much nor too often, nec nimis valde, nec nimis sæpe : too many, nimium multi, masculine ; nimis multa, neuter : too long, nimium diu : too long a time, tempus nimium longum : a little too much, paullo nimium. Cf., This word is often expressed by the mere force of the adjective, in the positive degree, or by an adverb ; e. g., too soon, maturus ; mature : too late, serus ; sero : too long, longus : too narrow, angustus. OBS. When = immoderately, extra modum, ultra modum ; e. g., ultra modum esse verecundum. Sometimes by the comparative ; e. g., Themistocles liberius vivebat (Nepos, Them.,
1, 2 ; too freely) : si tibi quædam videbuntur obscuriora, cogitare debetis (Marcus Tullius Cicero, Fam., 7, 19, 1 ; too recondite) : versum syllaba una longiorem aut breviorem pronuntiare (Marcus Tullius Cicero, Parad., 3, 2 ; too long or too short). Also by quam qui (quæ, quod) ; to go too far in anything, modum excedere in aliqua re ; credibile non est quantum scribam die, quin etiam noctibus (and night too). || Also, vid.
TOOL, instrumentum : plural, utensilia, insfrumenta. || Improperly. To make a tool of anybody, ex voluntate uti aliquo.
TOOTH, dens (the proper word ; also figuratively ; e. g., of a comb, anchor, rake, etc. ). A hollow tooth, dens cavus (general term) ; dens exesus (rotten) : the front teeth, dentes priores, primi, or adversi. (Cf., primores, “the first teeth, ” Plinius, prirnores septimo mense gigni dentes. . . septimo eosdem decidere anno) : the back teeth, dentes intimi or genuini (Marcus Tullius Cicero) ; maxillares : the side teeth, dentes medii : upper and lower teeth, dentes superiores et inferiores : prominent teeth, dentes exserti (general term) ; dentes brochi (of animals ; in country dialect, an animal that has such teeth, brochus) : prominence of teeth, brochitas (Plinius) : double teeth, dentes duplices (Marcus Tullius Cicero) : eye-teeth, dentes canini : false teeth, dentes emti (Mart. ) : loose teeth, dentes mobiles (e. g., firmare, Plinius) : having or furnished with teeth, dentatus ; dentibus instructus : without teeth, edentulus (Plautus) ; dentibus carens ; edentatus (participially) : to have good teeth, bonis dentibus esse : to knock the teeth out of one’s head, malas alicui edentare ; dentilegum aliquem facere (comedy) : to pull out a tooth, dentem eximere, excipere, extrahere, or evellere (in Juvenaalso excutere) : the pulling out or extraction of a tooth, evulsio dentis : to wash the teeth, dentes colluere ; teeth are loose, dentes labant ; are not loose, are fast, dentes bene hærent ; fall out, cadunt, excidunt, or decidunt : a tooth that has fallen out, dens deciduus : teeth come again, dentes recrescunt or renascuntur : the second teeth, dentes renati et immutabiles (Plinius) : to get teeth, dentire : to show one’s teeth, dentes restringere : to gnash with the teeth, dentibus frendere, also frendere alone ; stridorem facere dentibus : with the teeth, mordicus or morsu (e. g., aliquid auferre) : to snatch anything from anybody’s teeth (figuratively), faucibus eripere alicui aliquid : little tooth, denticulus : chattering of the teeth, crepitus dentium : gnashing, stridor dentium. || Figuratively, Of an anchor, dens : of a comb, dens, or better, radius : of a saw, dens.
The tooth of time, vetustas (e. g. monumenta vetustas exederat, Curtius, 3, 4, 10) ; or, more poetical, tempus edax rerum (Ovidius, Met., 15, 234) : Cf., but not dens or dentes ævi.
TOOTHACHE, dolor dentium (Celsus).
To suffer from the toothache, laborare ex dentibus ; tentari dentium dolore ; dentes mihi dolent (Plautus) ; dentes condolent (Marcus Tullius Cicero) ; dentium dolore cruciari (when very severe) : the toothache is one of the worst of pains, dentium dolor maximis tormentis annumerari potest (Celsus).
TOOTH-BRUSH, * peniculus dentibus purgandis, fricandis.
TOOTHLESS, edentulus (Plautus) : dentibus carens (Plinius) : dentibus vacuus (Tacitus).
To be toothless, dentes non habere ; dentibus carere.
TOOTH-PICK, dentiscalpium (Mart., 7, 53, 3) : spina (of wood or metal, Petronius) : penna (of a quill, Mart., 14, 22) : lentiscus (of wood, Mart., 6, 74).
To use a tooth-pick, dentes spina perfodere (Petronius) ; os fodere lentisco (Mart. ) : dentes penna levare (Mart. ).
TOOTH-POWDER, dentifricium (Plinius) : from context, pulvisculus only (Appuleius). Cf., Avoid mundicina dentium (Appuleius).
TOP, s., || Height, summit, vid. || For playing with, turbo (general term ; also = rhombus : i. e., a magic reel or whirl ; vid. Voss., Vergilius, Ecl., 8, 68) : trochus (a humming-top).
To whip a top, turbinem (trochum) pellere ; turbinem (trochum) flagello torquere (Persius, 3, 51, where for turbinem we have buxum ; i. e., turbinem buxeum, a top of box-wood) ; turbinem verbere ciere (Tibullus, 1, 5, 3) ; trocho ludere (to play with a top, Horatius, Od., 3, 27, 57) : the top spins, turbo (trochus) movetur or versatur.
TOP, v., || To excel, surpass, vid. || To top off the top (of a tree), decacuminare (arborem).
TOP, adjective, summus.
TOP-SAIL, supparum.
TOPAZ, topazius (Plinius).
TOPE, potare : vino se obruere, gravare : dies noctesque bibere, pergræcari (Plautus).
TOPER, potator (Plautus) : ebriosus : vinolentus : temulentus : bibax (Gellius).
TOPIC, argumentum (subject-matter, argument ; Cf., not materia in this sense) : locus communis (commonplace) : quæstio : controversia : res controversa : quod cadit in controversiam or disceptationem (subject under discussion).
TOPICAL, * topicus (technical term).
TOP-KNOT, * tænia in laxiorem nodum collecta.
TOPOGRAPHICAL, * ad locorum descriptionem pertinens : * locorum descriptionem continens.
TOPOGRAPHY, locorum descriptio (Marcus Tullius Cicero, De Or., 2, 15, 63).
TOPSY-TURVY, perturbate : permiste.
To turn topsy-turvy, summa deorsum versare ; miscere ac perturbare omnia (Marcus Tullius Cicero) : miscere summa imis (Velleius, 2, 2). Here everything is turned topsy-turvy, hic summa deorsum versantur, or summa imis miscentur, or cœlum terra et mare cœlo miscetur (after Juvenalis, 2, 25).
TORCH, fax (of wood, covered with a combustible material, as fat, oil, wax ; especially a burning torch) : tæda (a piece of pine or other resinous wood, which serves for giving a light) : funale (of tow, covered with a combustible material). A small torch, facula : burning torchs, faces or tædæ ardentes ; faces collucentes (as giving light) : to wave a torch, facem concutere : to light a torch, faces ex ignibus inflammare.
TORCH-BEARER, qui facem præfert ardentem (Marcus Tullius Cicero, Cat., 1, 6, 13). Cf., Tædifer is poetical.
TORMENT, s., cruciatus, -ûs (any pangs, naturqj or artificial ; applicable to pangs of conscience) : tormentum (especially pangs caused by an instrument of torture : both often in plural) : also, cruciamentum (a torturing, cruciamenta morborum, Marcus Tullius Cicero).
To be in torment, cruciari ; excruciari ; discruciari ; torqueri.
TORMENT, v., cruciare : excruciare : torquere : stimulare : angere : vexare.
To torment with questions, aliquem rogitando obtundere : to torment to death with questions, aliquem rogitando enecare : to torment with entreaties, aliquem precibus fatigare : to torment with complaints, aliquem querelis angere.
TORMENTOR, qui cruciat, excruciat aliquem.
TORNADO, procella : ventus procellosus.
TORPEDO, torpedo (Marcus Tullius Cicero) : * Raja torpedo (Linnæus).
TORPID, torpens : torpidus (post-Augustan).
To be torpid, torpere. κυρικιμασαηικο
TORPIDNESS,
TORPOR, torpor : torpedo (figuratively ; rare, not in Marcus Tullius Cicero, or Cæsar).
TORRENT, torrens (Plinius). A mountain torrent, torrens monte præcipiti devolutus : a torrent of rain, imber torrentis modo effusus (Curtius, 8, 4, 5) : a torrent of tears, vis magna lacrimarum ; plurimæ lacrimæ : a torrent of words, flumen verborum (Marcus Tullius Cicero) ; quoddam eloquentiæ flumen (Marcus Tullius Cicero) ; multa verba (Marcus Tullius Cicero) ; turba inanium verborum.
TORRID, torridus.
The torrid zone, zona torrida semper ab igni (Vergilius) ; zona torrida (Plinius) ; ardores (Sallustius, Jug., 18, 9). Vid. also, HOT.
TORTILE, tortus : obtortus : tortilis (poetical).
TORTOISE, testudo.
Tortoise-shell, testa testudinis ; also simply testudo (with the poets) ; chelyon : of or belonging to a tortoise or to tortoise-shell, testudineus.
TORTURE, s., || Torment, vid. || Pain, as a punishment, tormenta, -orum, neuter (torture applied in order to extort confession ; then = the instrument used for that purpose : such were equuleus, the rack ; fidiculæ, ropes or cords so used ; tabulares ; the two former were for stretching out the limbs, the latter for pressing the body together ; ignis, fire ; vid. Seneca, De Ira, 3, 19, 1, Ruhnken) : carnificina (the act of torturing ; then, also, the place of torture, Livius, 2, 23) : carnificinæ locus (place of torture, Suetonius, Tib., 62) : cruciatus (the pain occasioned by being tortured ; also, figuratively). Examination by torture, quæstio ac tormenta : to examine by torture, tormentis quærere or quæstionem habere ; tormentis quærere or fidiculis exquirere de aliquo ; tormentis interrogare aliquem : to put anybody to torture, aliquem dare in tormenta or in cruciatum ; dedere aliquem tormentis ; tormenta alicui admovere : to be obliged to submit to torture, carnificinam subire ; tormentis excruciari ; in equuleum conjici or imponi or ire : to bear or endure torture, vim tormentorum perferre : to maintain the truth under torture, vi tormentorum adductum in veritate manere : not even to be satisfied with his execution, unless it was accompanied with torture, ne simplici quidem genere mortis contentum esse
(Livius, 4, 24).
TORTURE, v., torquere (properly and figuratively) : extorquere : excarnificare (properly and figuratively) : in equuleum imponere, injicere, conjicere (properly) : cruciare : excruciare (properly and figuratively) : cruciatus alicui admovere : cruciatu aliquem afficere (to be tortured).
To be tortured by conscience, conscientia morderi (Marcus Tullius Cicero, Tusc., 4, 20, 45) ; agitari conscientiæ angore fraudisque cruciatu (Marcus Tullius Cicero, De Legg., 1, 14, 40) ; me stimulant conscientiæ maleficiorum meorum (Marcus Tullius Cicero, Parad., 2, §18).
TOSS, v., jactare (up and down) : agitare (to and fro).
To toss in a blanket, aliquem impositum distentæ lodici in sublime jactare (after Suetonius, Oth., 2).
TOSS, s., jactus, -ûs : jactatio : jactatus, -ûs (tossing).
TOTAL, adjective, must be rendered by various turns of expression suited to the connection ; for the words totus, universus, omnis, commonly given by lexicographers, can rarely or never be used. By circumlocution with plane, prorsus, etc.
To destroy an enemy with total slaughter, hostem occidione occidere : to show total ignorance in anything, plane hospitem esse in re.
TOTAL, s., summa : solidum (the whole debt ; opposed to to a small portion of it).
To allow each item separately, and yet not allow the total, singula æra probare, summam quæ ex his confecta sit non probare.
TOTALITY, universitas (Marcus Tullius Cicero) : summa : or by totus, omnis.
TOTALLY, prorsus (opposed to “in some degree, ” or “almost ;” quite, without exception) : omnino (opposed to magna ex parte, etc. ; completely, quite ; also, “altogether” = in one lot [e. g., vendere]; opposed to separatim, Plinius) : plane (quite ; opposed to pæne ; e. g., plane par : vix vel plane nullo rnodo, Marcus Tullius Cicero) : in or per omnes partes, per omnia (in every respect) : penitus (through and through, thoroughly, quite ; e. g., amittere, perspicere, cognosse, etc. ; opposed to magna ex parte, and to “superficially”) : funditus (from the foundations, utterly ; especially with verbs of perishing, destroying, overthrowing, defeating, rejecting, depriving).
Totally, or in great measure, omnino aut magna ex parte. With reference to a person, “totally” may be translated by the adjective, totus ; e. g., totus ex fraude et mendacio factus est.
TOTTER, vacillare (to be unsteady) : nutare (to nod to a fall) : titubare (to stagger) : labare (to slip down).
TOTTERING, vacillatio : titubatio.
TOUCH, s., tactio : tactus (act of touching) : contagio (contact, in good or bad sense ; hence also = contagion). Cf., Not contagium in classical prose.
TOUCH, v., || Properly, tangere : attingere : attrectare : contractare (to feel, handle) : manus afferre alicui rei (to lay hands upon, to attack violently ; e. g., alienis bonis) : invadere aliquem or aliquid, irruere in aliquid (to attack) : violare aliquid (to destroy). Not to touch anything (i. e., to abstain from), aliquid non tangere, or non attingere : sese abstinere re : to touch not a fraction of the booty, de præda nec teruncium attingere. || Figuratively, To affect, hurt, vid.
To touch the honor or character of anybody, detrahere de fama alicujus : violare alicujus existimationem : impugnare alicujus dignitatem. TOUCH AT A PORT, * (ad) portum adire. Cf., Portum tangere (Vergilius, Æn., : 4, 612) = “to arrive at, reach a port. ” TOUCH UPON, || Properly, tangere : attingere : contingere. [Vid. BORDER. ] || Figuratively, tangere : attingere : mentionem alicujus rei inchoare (to mention cursorily).
To touch upon anything slightly, or with few words, leviter tangere : breviter or strictim attingere : breviter perstringere : paucis percurrere (in passing) : leviter in transitu attingere : leviter transire et tantummodo perstringere ; with very few words, or very slightly, perquam breviter perstringere atque attingere : primoribus labris gustare, et extremis, ut dicitur, digitis attingere : to touch only on the principal points, rerum summas attingere (opposed to res explicare, to go into detail ; vid. commentators on Nepos, Pelop., 1, 1) : to touch upon each point separately, singillatim unamquamque rem attingere.
TOUCH-HOLE, * rimula per quam scintilla ad pulverem pyrium descendit.
TOUCHING, preposition, quod attinet ad aliquid ; sometimes de, ad.
Touching the book which your son gave you, quod ad librum attinet, quem tibi filius dabat : touching the retention of our liberty, I agree with you, de libertate retinenda tibi assentior : touching Pomponia, I would have you write, if you think good, quod ad Pomponiam, si tibi videtur, scribas velim : touching my Tullia, I agree with you, de Tullia mea tibi assentior : touching your request, that, etc., (nam) quod precatus es, ut, etc.
TOUCHING, adjective, quod aliquem or alicujus animum tangit ; or otherwise by verbs in AFFECT.
TOUCH-PAN, sclopi alveolus (Dan. ).
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TOUCH-STONE, || Properly, coticula : lapis Lydius (Plinius) ; “schistus Lydius (Linnæus). || Figuratively, obrussa alicujus rei (Cicero, Seneca) ; lex, norma, qua spectetur, ad quam exigatur, aliquid.
To apply a touch-stone to anything, aliquid ad obrussam exigere (Seneca) : this is a touch-stone for anything, hæc est alicujus rei obrussa (Seneca).