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STOP, s., || Delay, mora : impedimentum : or by the verb. || Pause, intermissio : intermissus (Plinius) ; or by the verb. || Point (in writing), punctum. ||(On a musical instrument), by the Greek Βόμβαξ or ὅλμος : some say * epistomium (in a wind instrument) : manubrium, * capulum (in a stringed instrument). To open all the stops, omnia sonorum itinera aperire (Bau. ).
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STOPPAGE, By the verbs.
Stoppage of the bowels, alvus suppressa, obstructa (Celsus).
STOPPING, interpunctio, or plural, interpunctiones : interpuncta (plural) verborum (Cicero) : interductus librarii (Cicero, as marked by the scribe). In the stopping, in interpunctionibus verborum (Cicero).
STOPPLE,
STOPPER, obturamentum (Plinius). The stopper of a tobacco-pipe, * obturamentum fumisugii ; * pistillus ardenti herbæ Nicotianæ comprimendæ inserviens.
STORAX, styrax (Plinius) : * styrax officinalis (Linnæus).
STORE, s., || Stock, copia : apparatus. To lay in a store of provisions, rem frumentariam providere. A large store of anything, vis maxima alicujus rei (e. g., of corn). || Magazine, receptaculum (general term) : apotheca, cella (for fruits, wine, provisions, etc. ) : horreum (a granary).
STORE, v., || To provide with necessaries, instruere : ornare. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) instruere et ornare aliqua re ; exstruere (rare).
Stored, instructus : ornatus. || To lay up, coacervare : colligere : congerere.
STORE-HOUSE, receptaculum (general term) : apotheca, cella (for fruits, provision, wine, etc. ) : horreum (granary).
STORE-KEEPER, promus : cellarius : condus (in a Roman family).
Sometimes promus condus or procurator peni (promus = qui promit : condus = qui condit) : horrearius (Ulpianus, Dig. ) : * horrei administrator (who has the care of such stores as are placed in a horreum, or granary) : * commeatus administrator.
STORK, ciconia : * ardea ciconia (Linnæus).
Stork’s bill, * geranium (Linnæus).
STORM, s., || A tempest, tempestas (the proper word) : piocella (a squall or gust of wind) : nimbus (rain) : imber maximus (a heavy storm of rain ; e. g., to arrive anywhere in a storm maximo imbri aliquo pervenire). A thunder-storm, tonitrua ac fulgura, nominative plural, (thunder and lightning) : tempestas cum magno fragore tonitribusque (bad weather, with thunder and lightning) : tonitrua, nominative plural (thunder). A storm rises, tempestas venit, excitatur, oritur, concitur, nubilatur (i. e., clouds collect or gather) : cooritur tempestas cum magno fragore tonitribusque (a storm arises with a crash and thunder) : a storm rages, tempestas, procella, furit, sævit. To dread a storm, tonitrua (ac fulgura) expavescere : to wait till the storm shall have passed by, transitum tempestatis exspectare (Cicero, Att., 2, 21, p. in., figuratively). || Figuratively, tempestas : procella (of troubles, etc. ) : impetus (of passion). || Assault on a fortified place, oppugnatio : impetus, vis. To take a town, etc., by storm, vi or impetu capere : vi or per vim expugnare : impetu facto scalis capere. To determine on a storm, exercitum ad urbem oppugnandam admovere : to order a storm, urbem vi adoriri or oppugnare ; scalis muros aggredi. Vid. also, SIEGE.
STORM, v., || Intransitively, To rage, vid. || Transitively, Properly, oppugnare : impetum facere in aliquid (urbem, castra) : vi adoriri : aggrĕdi (to approach for attack) : vi expugnare (to take by storm). || Figuratively, oppugnare (of persons ; with or without verbis) : vexare : agitare : exagitare. To storm one with prayers, precibus fatigare : precibus expugnare (when the request is gained). To storm one with letters, questions, etc., obtundere literis, rogitando.
STORMILY, tumultuose : turbide : turbulenter : violenter (figuratively).
STORMY, turbulentus (disturbed, properly ; e. g., tempestas ; then figuratively ; e. g., tempus, annus, concio) : turbidus (properly ; e. g., cœlum, tempestas ; and figuratively ; e. g., res, mores) : procellosus (only properly ; e. g., ver, cœli status, mare, ventus) : tumultuosus (figuratively, full of disturbance or tumult ; e. g., vita, concio : Cf., properly ; e. g., tumultuosum mare is only poetical) : violentus (properly ; e. g., tempestas, cœli status ; and figuratively = done or attended with noise or uproar ; e. g., impetus, ingenium) : vehemens (violent ; e. g., ventus, clamor). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) vehemens et violens. A stormy sea, mare procellosum (in which storms are frequent) ; mare vi ventorum agitatum atque turbatum (in which a storm rages) : to have stormy weather, tempestate turbulenta uti : a stormy assembly, concio tumultuosa or turbulenta.
STORY, || A short and amusing narrative, fabella (Cicero) : narratiuncula (Quintilianus : Cf., historiola is without authority). To fill one’s head with idle stories, centones sarcire (Plinius). A mere story, res ficta ; fabula ; fabula ficta. || History, vid. || Floor, [vid., FLOOR = story]. : Of one story, domus, quæ unam tabulationem habet (vid. Vitruvius, 6, 5, 7).
STORY-TELLER, narrator. A good story-teller, narrator dulcis (Wyttenback).
STOUT, Vid.
STRONG, HEALTHY.
STOUT-HEARTED, impavidus : intrepidus : fidens : audens : audax.
SYN. in BOLD.
STOUTLY, audacter : fidenter : confidenter : impavide : intrepide : libere.
STOVE, fornax : diminutive, fornacula (furnace : Cf., furnus, an oven ; caminus, a kind of stove for heating rooms ; foculus, a pan or brazier, for the same purpose). Of a stove, fornacalis.
STOW, ponere (general term) : disponere ; digerere ; collocare (to put in place or order) : seponere, reponere aliquid (to stow away).
STRADDLE, divaricare.
STRAGGLE, palari : spargi (Livius) : dispergi ; dissipari (Cæsar).
STRAGGLER,
STRAGGLING, dispersus : dissipatus. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) dissipatus et dispersus : disjectus : palantes : palati, plural, (e. g., palatos aggressus). To collect the stragglers (after a retreat), contrahere ex fuga, palatos (Livius).
STRAIGHT, adjective, || Not crooked or curved, rectus (opposed to curvus, pravus) : directus (in a straight line) : libratus (horizontal) : erectus (upright ; e. g., incessus) : æquus, planus (even, level). A straight line, linea directa : a straight road, via recta or directa : straight growth (of a person, tree, etc. ), proceritas : to make straight what before was crooked, aliquid corrigere : to make a straight thing crooked, recta prava facere : to become straight, se corrigere. || Direct, right, vid.
STRAIGHT, adverb, recta via : recta : recto itinere : recto.
STRAIGHTEN, corrigere (Columella, Plinius) : dirigere, erigere, aliquid (Livius) : ad rectum revocare aliquid (which before was crooked).
STRAIGHTWAY, Vid. IMMEDIATELY.
STRAIN, s., || Force, vis : intentio (the straining ; opposed to remissio). || A musical sound [vid., MUSIC]. || A song, carmen. || Style, manner, tone, vid.
STRAIN, v., || To stretch, contendere : intendere. To strain every nerve, contendere nervos omnes ; manibusque pedibusque obnixe facere omnia (proverbially, Terentianus, Andr., 1, 1, 134) ; in anything, omni virium contentione incumbere in aliquid or laborare in re ; omni studio incumbere in aliquid ; rem magno conatu studioque agere ; contendere et laborare, or omni ope atque opera eniti, ut etc. To strain the mind, the eyes, animum, aciem oculorum intendere. || To force, vid. || To purify by filtration, deliquare (by pouring off a liquid ; Columella, 12, 39, 2) : percolare (by passing through a strainer) : defæcare (to clear from the dregs) : despumare (to take off the scum, to skim) : diffundere (to strain by drawing off, wine ; vid. the commentators on Horatius, Ep., 1, 5, 4). || Sprain, convellere.
STRAINER, colum. To pass anything through a strainer, percolare : per colum transmittere.
STRAIT, adjective, Vid. NARROW, DIFFICULT.
STRAIT, s., || A narrow part of the sea, fretum : euripus (the former the common and pure Latin word ; the latter borrowed from the Greek ; with the Greeks and Romans, also especially the straits between Eubœa and Bœotia, now Golfo di Negroponte) : fauces angustæ or artæ (a narrow channel) ; sometimes bosporus (e. g., bosporus Thracius, Cimmerius). The straits of Gibraltar, fretum Gaditanum or Herculeum. || Difficulty, vid.
STRAIT-WAISTCOAT, to put in a strait-waistcoat, constringere aliquem (Cicero). Ought not you to have a strait-waistcoat put on you? tu mentis es compos? tu non constringendus? (Cicero, Phil., 2, 38, 97).
STRAITEN, Vid. CONFINE, LIMIT.
STRAITLY, Vid. CLOSELY, STRICTLY.
STRAND, s., litus : ora maritima. Vid. SHORE.
STRAND, v., || To drive on shallows, impingere (navem vadis, saxo) ; in terram deferre. To be stranded, vado, in vadum, or litoribus illidi ; in terram deferri ; in litus ejici (to be wrecked and cast ashore). || To untwist (a rope), retorquere : relaxare.
STRANGE, || Foreign, vid. ||Figuratively, (a) Unacquainted
with anything. To be strange (stranger) in a thing, in aliqua re peregrinum, hospitem, non versatum esse ; in aliqua re peregrinum atque hospitem esse ; alienum esse in re (not to be trusted with anything) : rudem esse in re (to have no knowledge of anything). (b) || Unusual, insolitus, insolens ; novus (new) : mirus (wonderful, striking). To be strange, mirum esse or videri. A thing seems strange to us, mirum aliquid mihi videtur ; miror, demiror, admiror aliquid ; admiror de re (it excites my astonishment) : offendit me aliquid ; ægre or moleste fero aliquid (it is very offensive to me) ; very strange, permirum aliquid mihi accidit. This ought not to appear strange to anybody, mirabile nihil habet ea res. || Not belonging to one’s self or one’s family, extrarius, extraneus (the former, that does not belong to one’s person ; e. g., extrarius canis, a strange dog ; Suetonius, Vit., 4 ; the latter, that does not belong to the family ; opposed to domesticus ; vid. Columella, 12, præf., § 4 ; Suetonius, Claud., 4) : alienus (general term, that does not concern or relate to one ; especially in respect of possession ; opposed to meus or noster, amicus, etc. ).
Strange persons, extranei (opposed to familiares, etc. ) : alienissimi (Cæsar, B. G., 6, 31). To pass into strange hands, in alienas manus incidere. || Figuratively, (a) To be strange to a person or thing ; i. e., not suited, alienum esse ; abhorrere a, etc. : (b) to be strange (i. e., averse, disinclined), averso or alieno esse in aliquem animo.
STRANGE, interjection, papæ! (Terentianus) : nonne hoc mirum est? nonne hoc monstri simile est?
STRANGELY, mirum in modum : admirabiliter : monstruose : miro, novo, insolito modo.
STRANGENESS, by circumlocution with the adjective.
STRANGER, || A foreigner, externus (not a citizen ; opposed to civis, popularis) : alienigena (born in a foreign country ; opposed to indigena) : advena (that has come into the country, but was not born in it ; opposed to indigena : but, properly, advenæ are opposed to aborigines, αὐτόχθονες, the original inhabitants) : peregrinus (properly, one who, as a traveller, stays with us a longer or shorter time, but does not enjoy the rights of a citizen ; then, general term, one of a foreign nation residing at Rome ; opposed to civis) : hospes (the peregrinus enjoying civil rights) : barbarus (not a Roman ; especially that does not speak the Roman language or adopt Roman manners ; vid. Dachne, Milt., 7, 1). Cf., All these terms (except hospes) are also used adjectively, and frequently together ; e. g., (The words are found in this connection and order. ) externus et advena (e. g., rex) ; alienigena et externus ; peregrinus et externus ; peregrinus et advena ; peregrinus atque hospes. || One not of our family, extraneus : alienus. || One not versed in anything ; vid.
STRANGE.
STRANGLE, strangulare, with or without laqueo (to be distinguished from jugulare = to cut the throat ; and suffocare = to suffocate) : laqueo interimere (Horatius, Sat., 2, 3, 131 : Cf., laqueo gulam frangere, Sallustius, Cat., 55, 5, should be avoided as obsolete) : fauces alicui interprimere, interstringere (Plautus , Suetonius), spiritum elidere (Suetonius) : fauces elidere (Ovidius).
STRANGLES, * panus (technical term).
STRANGLING,
STRANGULATION, strangulatio (Plinius) : spiritus interclusus (Curtius) : fauces interpressæ (Plautus).
STRANGURY, dysuria (Greek in Cicero, Att., 10, 10 ; Cœlius. Aur. ) : stranguria (Greek in Celsus, 2, 1, and translated difficultas urinæ, Cicero, Plinius) : urinæ tormina (Plinius, 20, 8, 30).
Suffering from strangury, dysuriacus (Firmianus) ; stranguriosus (Marcellinus, Emp. ).
STRAP, lorum : corrigia (a thin strap, especially for tying) : taurea (used in inflicting punishment) : habena : amentum (a thong on a javelin, etc. ).
STRATAGEM, belli ars (general term) : strategema, -atis, neuter (Greek), or, pure Latin, consilium imperatorium (Cicero, who adds quod Græci στρατήγημα appellant, N. D., 3, 6, fin. ).
Stratagems, furta belli (Sallustius, Fragm. ap.
Serv., Æn., 11, 515, etc. Cf. furtis incautum decipit hostem, Ovidius, Met., 13, 104).
STRATIFICATION, by circumlocution with the verb.
STRATIFY, in struem congerere : accumulare : exstruere.
STRAW, stramentum (Cf., stramen is poetical). Made of straw, stramenticius (Cf., stramineus, poetical). To go to straw, in culmum or in festucam crescere (culmus, festuca = the stalk while standing) : a bundle or sheaf of straw, fascis stramentorum (Hirtius, B. G., 8, 15).
STRAW BED, lectus stramenticius. The ancients used straw beds, antiquis torus e stramento erat.
STRAW-COLOUR, color flavens, flavescens.
STRAW-YARD, cohors : cors (chors in the manuscripts, Columella, Varro).
STRAWBERRY, fragum (plural, fraga, Vergilius, Plinius, strawberries).
Strawberry plant, * fragaria vesca (Linnæus) : strawberry tree, * arbŭtus unedo (Linnæus) ; its fruit, arbŭtum (Vergilius).
STRAY, v., errare : errore vagari : vagari et errare. To stray from, deerrare, aberrare ab aliquo (aliqua re), or simply (properly and figuratively) aliqua re : to stray from the road, deerrare itinere ; aberrare via : the child strayed from his father, puer aberravit inter homines a patre : to stray from one’s design, aberrare a proposito.
STRAY, adjective, errans : vagus.
STREAK, s., linea (a line ; especially on paper) : limes (for distinction) : virga (a stripe ; especially of a different color from its ground).
STREAK, v., virgis distinguere aliquid.
Streaked, virgatus (Vergilius).
STREAM, s., || Properly, flumen (the proper word) : cursus (the flowing of a river) : amnis (large stream or river) : torrens (mountain-torrent). To flow with a rapid stream, rapido cursu ferri : with the stream, secundo flumine (not fluvio) ; secunda aqua ; secundum naturam fluminis : to swim or flow with the stream, secundo flumine or secunda aqua deferri : proverbially, numquam dirigere brachia contra torrentem (Juvenal) : against the stream, adverso flumine ; contra aquam : to stream against the stream, contra aquam remigrare (Seneca, Ep., 122, extr. ) ; adversum flumen subire (Curtius, both properly : Cf., not fluminibus se obvium ferre ; the true reading in Cæsar, Rep., 1, 4, 7, is fulminibus). || Figuratively, Stream of time, cursus temporis : (of a speech, etc. ) flumen (e. g., velut flumen quoddam eloquentiæ) ; vis (great abundance ; general term).
STREAM, v., fluere (flow, general term) : ferri (to be borne rapidly ; of rivers ; cf. Hirtius, B. G., 8, 40, etc., and of persons in alarm, etc. ) : se effundere or effundi (to pour out ; properly, of streams discharging themselves into a sea or lake ; then also of men, etc. ). To stream out of a gate, porta se effundere or effundi.
STREAMER, * vexillum nauticum.
STREAMLET, rivus : rivulus.
STREET, via (having houses on each side) : platea (a broad or open place in a town ; opposed to more dense or crowded parts, lanes, etc. ) : vicus (a main street with several by-streets, forming a whole quarter or ward of a town). In the street = publicly, in publico (opposed to in privato) : to walk in the street, in via ire : to cross the street, per viam ire : to go out into the street, in publicum prodire.
STRENGTH, || Force, vis ; vires, plural, (power) : robur (physical ability to endure toil, etc. ) : nervi : lacerti (muscular powers, for work). Exertion of strength, contentio ; labor ; virium contentio : to possess great strength, bonis esse viribus ; viribus pollere (Sallustius) : with all my strength, as far as my strength permits, pro meis viribus (Cf., not pro virili parte) ; omnibus viribus ; viribus ; ut possum ; ut potero ; quantum in me, in mea potestate, situm est ; quantum per vires licet : thai is beyond my strength, hoc excedit virium mearum modum ; hoc superat vires meas ; hoc facere, efficere, non possum : to lose strength, vires amittere (Cicero) : my strength fails me, vires me deficiunt (Cæsar) : to gather strength, vires colligere (Cicero, Livius) ; viribus firmari, augeri, crescere (after Cicero) : to recover one’s strength, vires recolligere (Plinius), recuperare (Tacitus), revocare (Cicero), convalescere (to recover from sickness) : to put forth one’s strength, contendere nervos, vires : to try one’s strength, vires suas exercere ; nervos atque vires experiri : strength of mind, vis, vires, robur animi ; nervi mentis. || Efficacy, vis : virtus : efficacitas : efficientia. || Civil or military power or influence, vis : potentia : opes ; plural, copiæ, facultates (for war).
STRENGTHEN, roborare : corroborare : firmare : confirmare. To strengthen the body by food or exercise, corpus firmare cibo (Livius), labore (Cicero) ; exercitatio corpus robustum facit (Quintilianus, 5, 10, 82) : to strengthen the nerves, nervos confirmare (Cæsar) : to strengthen the memory, memoriam confirmare (Cicero, Quintilianus) : to strengthen the stomach, stomachum corroborare : to strengthen one’s self, se corroborare or reficere ; vires reficere : a strengthening medicine, * remedium quod valetudinem confirmat, or quod valetudini firmandæ, corroborandæ adhibetur (Cf., not firmamentum in this sense) : to strengthen by arguments or witnesses,
confirmare, with or without rationibus or argumentis ; probare ; comprobare (to declare to others as true, valid, or fit) : by anything, aliqua re : by examples, exemplis comprobare, firmare, affirmare, confirmare (to strengthen the truth of anything) ; fidem alicui rei addere (to add confirmation or credit to anything).
STRENUOUS, strenuus : fortis : animosus : acer.
STRENUOUSLY, strenue : fortiter : animose : animo strenuo : animo magno fortique : acriter.
STRESS, || Force, vis [vid. FORCE]. || Emphasis, pondus : significatio (emphasis, as technical term in Quintilian).
STRETCH, v., Transitively, intendere (that which before was slack ; e. g., chordas, arcum) : contendere (that which was already stretched, to draw more tightly ; e. g., arcum, tormenta) : extendere (to stretch out, in length) : intendere aliquid aliqua re (to stretch anything over another) : producere (so as to lengthen) : nimis extendere : modum excedere in aliqua re (to overstrain, outdo ; e. g., one’s authority). To stretch out, porrigere ; portendere (before one) ; tendere ; extendere (at full length) : to stretch out the arms, brachia projicere (opposed to contrahere) : to stretch one’s self out on the grass, se abjicere in herba (Cf., not in herbam ; vid. Cicero, De Or., 1, 7, 28, Orelli). || Intransitively, porrigi : pertinere : patere : diffundi : excurrere : procurrere : tendere : extendi (Cf., not pertingere). [Vid. also, EXTEND, REACH. ] || To stretch, or stretch one’s self = to yawn, pandiculari (= “toto corpore oscitantem extendi, ” Festus).
STRETCH, s., intentio (opposed to remissio), or by circumlocution with the verb.
STREW, spargere : conspergere. Vid.
SCATTER.
STRIATED, striatus (Plinius).
STRICKLE, radius, hostorium (Priscian).
STRICT, || Severe, rigid, durus : austerus : severus : acerbus : strictus (Manil., Auson. ). || Careful, vid.
STRICTLY, || Severely, rigidly, dure : austere : severe : acerbe : stricte (Pand. ). || Carefully, vid.
STRICTNESS, || Severity, acerbitas : severitas : austeritas. || Carefulness, vid.
STRICTURE, annotatio (a note) : explicatio : interpretatio (exposition). To make strictures, annotare (de aliqua re).
STRIDE, magnus gressus : grandis or plenus gradus. To take long strides, pleno gradu incedere (of a rapid pace) ; magnos facere gradus ; grandibus esse gradibus (Plautus) : to make great strides, figuratively, longe progredi ; procedere et progredi ; processus (Cf., in the best writers never profectum) facere in re.
STRIFE, rixa : jurgium : contentio. To cease from strife, rixari desinere (Cf., not delitigare = to weary one’s self with strife). Vid. DISCORD, QUARREL.
STRIKE, || Transitively, Properly, pulsare aliquid aliqua re : percutere aliquid aliqua re. To strike one’s head against the wall, caput illidere or impingere parieti (with a murderous intention from despair). To strike the lyre, pulsare chordas lyræ (†). To strike with fists, aliquem pugnis cædere ; aliquem colaphis pulsare ; with a club, aliquem fusti verberare ; fusti in aliquem animadvertere ; aliquem verberibus cædere, or in aliquem verberibus animadvertere. “To strike anything home” [vid. HOME, adverb]. To strike with the fist and on the face, alicujus os manu pulsare ; pugnum alicui impingere in os : to strike with the flat of the hand on the cheek, alicui alapam ducere : to strike with a stick, aliquem or aliquid petere baculo : struck by lightning, fulmine ictus, percussus (Cicero) ; ictu fulminis attactus (of trees, inscription) ; de cœlo percussus (e. g. turres, Cicero) : to be struck dead by lightning, ictu fulminis deflagrare (Cicero ; of Phaeton). ||PHR., To strike sail, vela subducere demittereque antennas (properly) ; to anybody, * velis subductis se victum tradere alicui (properly) ; cedere alicui (improperly). To strike a balance, conferre, conficere rationes : to strike a bargain with anybody, pacisci cum aliquo ; pactionem facere or conficere cum aliquo (Cf., not convenire cum aliquo ; but we may say, res convenit mihi cum aliquo ; convenimus inter nos). To strike fire, ignem elidere e silice ; ignem silici excudere (vid. Vergilius, Georg., 1, 135). || To strike (=coin), percutere numos (e. g., with this impression, hac nota ; post-Augustan, in this sense). ||Figuratively, (a) To surprise by novelty : a thing strikes me, moveor or commoveor re ; percutit aliquid animum meum (produces a sudden and powerful expression) : res habet aliquid offensionis (is offensive). || (b) To appear unusual, esse notabilem (to be remarkable ; of persons and things) : conspici, conspicuum esse (to attract the attention ; of persons and things ; vid. Bremi, Nepos, Att., 13, 5, and Suetonius, Oct., 45). || Intransitively, (Of a clock), * indicare horas. || To cease from working, opere faciundo cessare ; nolle operam suam mercede collocare.
STRIKE OUT, || To destroy, erase, delere, exstinguere (general term, to destroy) : inducere (to erase writing with the blunt end of the style) : eradere (to scratch out, erase). To strike anybody out of a list, nomen alicujus eximere de tabulis (of senators) ; eradere aliquem albo senatorio (Tacitus, Ann., 4, 42, fin. ) ; a name from a book, nomen tollere ex libro. || To invent, find, vid.
STRIKE TOGETHER, collidere (e. g., manus) : Cf., manus complodere is of the Silver Age.
STRIKE UP (a tune), incipere (cantum) ; (a friendship), pervenire in amicitiam ; jungere amicitias ; se conjungere, societatem inire cum aliquo ; se applicare ad alicujus societatem (Nepos).
STRIKING, notabilis : notandus (remarkable) : insignis ; insignitus (that attracts the attention) : conspicuus ; conspiciendus (worthy of observation ; vid. Bremi, Suet., Oct., 45) : mirus (wonderful). A striking dress, dissentiens a ceteris habitus : a striking likeness, vero proxima imago ; indiscreta veri similitudo (Plinius, 34, 7, 17) : to produce striking likenesses, imagines similitudinis indiscretæ pingere (Plinius, 35, 10, 36, no. 14, § 88) : striking thoughts, sententiæ acutæ or concinnæ : striking remarks, commode dicta : on this subject there is a striking remark in Plato, de qua re præclare apud Platonem est : a striking example, exemplum illustre or grande.
STRIKINGLY, mirum in modum : admirabiliter : miro modo.
STRING, s., || A thread, line, cord, linea : linum : funiculus (a little rope, Plinius). Proverbially. To have two strings to one’s bow, duobus sellis sedere (Laber., ap.
Sen., Controv., 3, 18, fin. ) || Of a musical instrument, chorda (χορδή), or in pure Latin fides (but fides is always used in the plural = ” the strings, ” except Cicero, Fin., 4, 27, 75, and in poetry) : nervus (νεῦρον, sτρινγ of animal sinews or gut). Τo touch the chords, nervos tangere.
STRING, v., inserere lino (to put on a thread ; e. g., margaritas, Tertullianus, Hab., Mul., 9) : resticulam or resticulas perserere per, etc. (to put a cord or string through anything, in order to hang it up ; e. g., resticulas per ficos maturas perserere, Varro, R. R., 1, 41, 5) : nervo, nervis aptare (to put a string or strings to a musical instrument). A stringed instrument, fides, -ium, plural.
STRINGENT, [vid.
STRICT, SEVERE].
Stringent measures, consilia asperiora.
STRIP, s., lacinia (e. g., of cloth, of land) : scidula (chartæ) : resegmen (chartæ).
STRIP, v., || Properly, detrahere rem alicui : re aliquem nudare : exuere aliquem veste (general term, to take off one’s clothes) : detrahere alicui vestem (to draw off clothes) : nudare aliquem (to strip anybody ; e. g., in order to scourge him) : aliquem veste or vestibus spoliare (to deprive or rob of clothing). To strip one’s self, exuere vestem ; ponere, deponere vestem ; corpus nudare : to strip a tree (of leaves), nudare arborem foliis ; detrahere folia arboris ; stringere arborem or frondes. || Figuratively, aliquem spoliare (to deprive) ; aliquem nudare (to deprive of all his property). To strip entirely, omnibus rebus spoliare ; omnibus bonis exuere ; evertere fortunis omnibus ; ad vivam cutem tondere (Comicè, to shave to the very blood, Plautus) ; aliquem emungere argento ; aliquem perfabricare (to cheat, defraud of, comedy) : to strip (a narrative or fiction) of its ornaments, * ornatum detrahere, exuere : stripped of his hypocritical disguises, evolutus integumentis dissimulationis.
STRIPE, s., || A line, linea : limes : virga (fascia, a cloudy streak in the sky, Juvenalis). || A blow, plaga : verber (usually plural, verbera).
STRIPE, v., virgis or lineis distinguere : striare.
STRIPLING, adolescentulus. Vid. YOUTH.
STRIVE, || To endeavor, niti or anniti ad aliquid : petere or appetere aliquid : expetere aliquid : affectare aliquid : aspirare ad aliquid : imminere in aliquid (Cf., not ad aliquid) or alicui rei : sequi or persequi, sectari or consectari aliquid : studere alicui rei. To strive that, niti, eniti or id contendere, ut ; operam dare, ut ; studere, with an infinitive, or, more rarely, ut ; omnibus nervis contendere, ut. || To contend, vid.
STRIVING, contentio : appetitio (alicujus rei, after anything) : impetus ad aliquid : consectatio alicujus rei.
STROKE, s., || A blow, ictus, -ûs : plaga : pulsus (remorum). A violent stroke, ictus validus : a stroke of lightning,
fulmen. || Figuratively, A loss, damnum. || Line with a pen, etc., linea (lineamentum, Petronius) : limes. To make a stroke, lineam ducere : strokes of letters, literarum ductus : by a single stroke of his pen, una literarum significatione (Cicero, Man., 3, 7, of a single letter producing a great effect). || Act of one body on another. A finishing stroke, confectio : to give a finishing stroke to anything, finire aliquid ; finem alicujus rei, or, more rarely, alicui rei facere (to make an end) : ad finem or ad exitum adducere aliquid (to bring to an end) : conficere, transigere aliquid (to accomplish). || A masterly effort, facinus : dolus ; machina (a stroke of crafty policy).
STROKE, v., mulcere : demulcere (e. g., alicui caput) : palpare : palpari (alicui or aliquem).
STROLL, v., obambulare (Livius) : deambulare : inambulare (Cicero).
STROLL, s., obambulatio (auctor ad Her. ) : deambulatio (Terentianus) : ambulatio (Cicero). κυρικιμασαηικο
STROLLER, ||One who wanders about, qui obambulat, etc. : erro (a vagabond) : homo vagus (a wanderer) : qui circum fora vicosque vagus est (after Plautus, a lounger). || A wandering player, * histrio vagus, paganicus, or rusticanus.
STRONG, || Powerful, able to resist, robustus (opposed to imbecillus) : firmus (opposed to labans, lubricus, vacillans) : validus : valens (opposed to invalidus, debilis) : stabilis (opposed to mutabilis, mobilis) : solidus (opposed to fluidus, fluxus) : pollens (possessing internal strength or powers). Very strong, prævalidus ; viribus ingens ; qui est magnarum virium : to be very strong, prævalere (Livius) ; maximis esse viribus (Suetonius) ; in body, eximio esse corporis robore (Curtius) ; virium robore insignem esse (Plinius) ; corporis firmitate excellere (Livius) : to grow or become strong, convalescere ; viribus crescere, augeri ; incrementa virium capere : a strong man, vir robustus, validus, valens magnarum virium : a strong garrison, præsidium firmum (Livius) : to be strong by sea, in cavalry, classe maritimisque rebus valere ; multum valere equitatu. || Numerous, numerosus : frequens : magnus. A strong army, exercitus magnus ; numero amplus. || Firm, compact (of things without life), robustus : firmus : solidus. A strong door, fores robustæ (Horatius), firmæ, solidæ : strong food, cibi robustiores (Celsus), non faciles ad concoquendum (Cicero), pleniores, valentes (Cicero) : strong cloth, pannus firmior, solidior : strong paper, charta firma, solida, densa : a strong wall, murus firmus, robustus, solidus. || Figuratively ; e. g., a strong memory, memoria firmior, tenax (Quintilianus), magna (Cicero) : a strong mind, animus robustus, firmus, confirmatus, fortis : (of arguments, proof, etc. ) convincing, ad pervincendum idoneus ; firmus ad probandum (fit or apt for evidence ; e. g., proof, argumentum) : gravis (weighty, and thus also convincing, argumentum ; cf. Cicero, Rosc., Com., 12, 36) : argumentum gravissimum et firmissimum (i. e., the most strong proof). || (Of speech) emphatic, nervous, gravis : vehemens : potens : fortis. A strong word or expression, vocabulum, verbum, grave, vehemens. || Of spirituous liquors, etc :
Strong wine, vinum validum (Plinius), forte (Horatius, Pall. ), plenum (Celsus) : strong medicine, medicamentum validum, potens, præsentissimum ; also, strenuum (Curtius) : the medicine was so strong, tanta vis medicaminis fuit (Curtius). || Vehement, violent, acer : gravis : vehemens : magnus. A strong wind, ventus vehemens (Cicero), magnus (Cæsar) : a strong smell, odor gravis, acer, potens (Plinius) : a strong voice, vox robusta (Plinius), firma (Quintilianus), plenior, grandior (Cicero) : strong consolation, solatium valens (Seneca), magnum (Cicero) : to be in a strong fever, graviore, vehementiore febri jactari (after Cicero).
STRONGLY, valde : vehementer : multum : fortiter : vi : Vid. the adjective.
STROPHE, stropha (Macrobius).
STRUCTURE, structura : conformatio. The structure of the human frame, omnis membrorum et totius corporis figura, or corporis figura only ; from context, also, corpus (e. g., maximi corporis ; immani corporis magnitudine) : Cf., corporatura is unclassical ; corporis structura, without authority. The structure of a period, (verborum) compositio (cf. Quintilianus, 9, 4) ; numeri (rhythm) : the structure of a speech, * structura orationis.
STRUGGLE, v., || To strive, luctari : to struggle with anybody, cum aliquo luctari ; alicui congredi : to struggle through anything, eluctari aliquid (Livius, Tacitus ; not Cicero or Cæsar) [vid., also, STRIVE]. || To contend, vid.
STRUGGLE, s., || Effort, nisus : conatus : contentio. [Vid. also, EFFORT. ] || Contest, vid.
STRUMA, struma (Plinius).
STRUMOUS, strumosus (Columella).
STRUMPET, meretrix : prostibulum. Vid. HARLOT.
STRUT, v., magnifice incedere ; or simply incedere : se inferre (Terentius, viden’ ignarum, ut se inferat? how he struts ! se jactare (magnificentissime, Cicero).
STRUT, s., By the verb.
STUBBY, truncus : curtus.
STUBBLE, stipula : A stubble field, * ager demessus ; if necessary, add et stipulis horrens.
STUBBORN, pertinax : pervicax : obstinatus : offirmatus : contumax [SYN. in OBSTINATE] : præfractus (not yielding) : perversus (perverse, not so as it should be) : difficilis : natura difficilis (obstinate, difficult to manage or to treat). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) difficilis et morosus : Cf., refractarius and præfractus are entirely foreign to standard prose.
STUBBORNLY, perverse : pertinaciter : contumaciter : præfracte : pervicaciter [SYN. in FROWARD] : obstinato animo : offirmata voluntate.
STUBBORNNESS, pertinacia : pervicacia : contumacia : animus obstinatus : voluntas offirmatior.
SYN. in OBSTINACY.
STUCCO, opus tectorium, or tectorium only (properly plasterer’s work) : gypsum (plaster of Paris) : opus albarium (Vitruvius) : marmoratum tectorium, or marmoratum only (a plaster of beaten marble and lime, for covering walls or floors).
STUD, || A nail with a large head, clavus. l| Button, * orbiculus or * fibula. || A collection of horses and mares, equaria (Varro) : equitium (Pand. ).
STUDENT, bonarum literarum studiosus (Cf., but not studiosus alone) : doctrinæ studiosus : doctrinæ studiis deditus. A student at the University, academiæ civis (Ruhnken) : juvenis bonarum literarum studiosus : fresh students, recentes a puerili institutione tirones (Wyttenback) : to be a student, versari inter cives academiæ (Ruhnken) ; literis in academia operam dare, navare (Herm. ).
STUDIED, meditatus : commentatus : apparatus.
Studied spite, accurata malitia : a studied speech, oratio bene commentata ; oratio meditata et composita ; oratio apparata or apparate composita : studied grace, venustas in gestu (which would make an orator theatrical, auctor ad Her., 3, 15, 26).
STUDIO (of a sculptor, etc. ), officina.
STUDIOUS, || Fond of study, studiosus (literarum, Nepos) : literarum studio deditus or addictus : studiorum amans. Very studious, valde studiosus et diligens (Cicero). || Attentive, vid.
STUDIOUSLY, studiose : attente : diligenter : sedulo.
STUDY, s., || Attention of the mind, meditatio : commentatio. || Pursuit of literature, studium.
Studies, studia, plural ; literarum studia ; humanitas studia atque literarum : to give one’s self to study, in studio toto animo incumbere ; in studiis ac literis omne tempus consumere (Cicero) ; studiis se totum tradere ; tempus transmittere inter libros (Plinius, Ep., 9, 6, 1) : a place of study, studiorum ratio (Muret., Ruhnken) : to begin the study of anything, aliquid attingere : I, though I did not begin the study of Greek literature till late in life, etc., ego, qui sero Græcas literas attigissem, etc. (Cicero). || An apartment set apart for literary employment, musæum : umbra : umbraculum : studium (Capitol). || Subject of attention, studium (Terentianus, Nepos).
STUDY, v., || Transitively, meditari : commentari : cognoscere, explorare aliquid : operam dare alicui rei [vid., also, To DEVISE]. To study a speech, orationem commentari (Cf., not studere orationi) : to study a charge, meditari accusationem : to study men’s dispositions, hominum animos explorare, pertentare, scrutari : to study philosophy, law, philosophiam, jus civile, discere (Cicero) : to study medicine, arti medicæ discendæ operam dare. || Intransitively. To pursue literary objects, studere literis (Cicero) ; and simply studere, but not before the Silver Age (Plinius Ep., Quintilianus, Seneca) ; we may say, also, studia exercere : ad studia incumbere (to study hard) : artes studiaque colere : doctrinæ, studiis, se dedere : studiis doctrinisque deditum esse : literis et optimis disciplinis studere : versari in artibus ingenuis. To begin to study, se conferre ad studia literarum (Cicero) : to study at college, literarum studiis in academia operam dare (Herm. ) ; in academiæ scholis graviores disclplinas percipere (Wyttenback) ; * litterarum, studiorum causa versari, vivere, in academia ; * versari inter cives academiæ : to study under anybody, discere ab aliquo ; audire aliquem ; operam dare alicui ; scholis alicujus adesse, interesse (after Cicero).
STUFF, s., || Matter, materies or materia.
|| Furniture or goods, supellex, supellectilis, feminine ; bona, plural (goods). || A kind of cloth, pannus (laneus, serious). A figured stuff, * textile sericum floribus distinctum. || Trash, nugæ : gerræ.
STUFF, v., complere : implere : replere (to fill) : farcire (e. g., a cushion ; also, in cookery) : effarcire : refarcire. To stuff with anything, aliqua re pro tomento uti (to use a thing for stuffing) : to stuff birds, * avium pelles effarciendo veris avibus assimulare : to stuff a garment (with wadding, etc. ), * vestem linteo munire.
STUFFING, quo farcitur aliquid : impensa (in cookery, ingredients for stuffing a pie) : tomentum (especially for cushions, etc. ).
STUMBLE, v., || Properly, pedem offendere : vestigio falli (to slip, make a false step) : labi (to stumble so as to fall). To stumble against or upon, incurrere in aliquid : offendere ad aliquid (general term, to strike against) ; allidi ad aliquid (to be dashed against with violence) : to stumble blindly upon anybody, cæco impetu incurrere in aliquem. || Improperly, To stumble upon anything (= fall upon anything, meet with it accidentally), imprudentem incidere in aliquid (with adverb, huc, etc., Cicero, of stumbling on a word he did not intend to use, Verro, 2, 4, 20) ; de improviso incidere in aliquem (Cicero, of stumbling on a person).
STUMBLE, s., offensio pedis : lapsus.
STUMBLER, (of a horse) offensator (Quintilianus, 10, 3, 20) : cæspitator (“a daisy-cutter, ” Serv., Vergilius, Æn., 11, 671).
STUMBLING-BLOCK, || Properly, offendiculum (only in Plinius, Ep., 9, 11, 1 ; not to be adopted) : offensio (Cicero). || Figuratively, offensio : impedimentum (Cicero) : mora (Terentianus, Livius) : quod offensioni est alicui : quod aliquem offendit. If = “bad example, ” exemplum malum, perniciosum. To cast a stumbling-block in anybody’s way, in offensionem alicujus incurrere, cadere ; by bad example, malo exemplo aliquem offendere ; turpi vita alicui esse offensionis.
STUMP, by circumlocution by adjective, truncus (e. g., manus trunca ; candela trunca).
STUN, || Properly, exsurdare (the proper word ; e. g., aures) : obtundere (e. g., the ears, by loud talking, or anybody by asking, aliquem rogitando) : torporem afferre alicui rei : torpore hebetare aliquid (to deafen, deaden) : sopire (to deprive of consciousness ; e. g., of lightning). || Figuratively, alicujus mentem animumque perturbare : in perturbationem conjicere : consternare : percutere (Cf., not percellere).
Stunned, stupefactus ac perterritus : afflictus (deprived of all courage and energy) : attonitus (as if struck by a thunder-bolt). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) confusus et attonitus : spe dejectus (having one’s hopes utterly destroyed) : fulminatus (as if struck by lightning, Petronius, 80, 7) : exanimatus (entirely beyond one’s self, annihilated). To be stunned, stupere ; alicujus animum stupor tenet.
STUNT, impedire : morari. To be stunted, male crevisse.
STUPE, fovere : fomentis curare : fomenta adhibere.
STUPEFACTION, stupor (properly and figuratively) : torpor, properly (and figuratively, Tacitus).
STUPEFY, in stuporem dare : obstupefacere : alicujus mentem animumque perturbare : in perturbationem conjicere : consternare : percutere (Cf., not percellere). To be stupefied, obstupescere ; stupescere ; torpescere ; and the passive of the verbs above ; stupere ; alicujus animum stupor tenet : they are all stupefied, as it were, both in body and mind, by fear, stupor omnium animos ac velut torpor insolitus membra tenet (Livius, 9, 2).
STUPENDOUS, stupendus : admirabilis (astonishing ; e. g., audacia) : mirus : permirus (wonderful) : ingens : immanis (immense).
STUPENDOUSLY, stupendum in modum : valde : vehementer.
STUPID, stolidus : stultus (stolidus, of one who is defective in judgement ; stultus, silly, inconsiderate ; both also of things) : ineptus (imprudent, inconsistent ; of persons or things) : fatuus (silly ; only of persons) : desipiens : insipiens (mad) : inconsultus : imprudens (inconsiderate, imprudent) : amens : demens (without understanding) : vecors : socors (senseless) : bardus : tardus (sloio in intellect) : stupidus (dull). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) stupidus et tardus ; hebes (ad intelligendum, dull, heavy) : hebetatus : retusus : obtusus : brutus (like a brute animal, without reason : ingenium retusum ; opposed to acutum, Cicero, Div., 1, 36) :
Stupid as a post, stipes : truncus : stupid as a beast, æque hebes ac pecus (Cicero, De Div., 1, 22, extr. from a poet) : he made his pupils half as stupid again as he found them, discipulos dimidio reddidit stultiores quam acceperat.
STUPIDITY, stultitia : tarditas ingenii : vecordia : socordia [SYN. in STUPID] : stupiditas : stupor (want of energy or force) : vigor animi obtusus : vis animi obtusa (dullness). To do a thing from sheer stupidity, stultitia facere aliquid : to act with stupidity, stulte et imprudenter facere.
STUPIDLY, stolide : stulte : stulte et imprudenter : insipienter : dementer.
SYN. in STUPID.
STUPOR, stupor (properly and figuratively) : torpor (properly ; figuratively in Tacitus).
STURDILY, fidenter : confidenter : impavide : audacter.
STURDINESS, fidentia : confidentia : audacia : animus audax.
STURDY, fidens : non pavidus : parum verecundus : audax.
STURGEON, acipenser (Cicero) : * acipenser sturio (Linnæus).
STUTTER, Vid.
STAMMER.
STY, || Pen for swine, suile : hara. || A humour in the eyelid, crithe (technical term, Greek, Celsus, 7, 7) : hordeolus (Marcellinus, Emp. ).
STYLE, s., || Instrument used in writing, stilus. || Manner, mode, genus : ratio. The ancient style of architecture, antiquum structuræ genus : the old or new style of the calendar, veterum, recentiorum, spatia temporis finiendi ratio. || Manner of speaking or writing, dicendi, or scribendi, genus : orationis, or sermonis, genus : oratio : sermo. A flowery style, fusum orationis genus : historical style, genus historicum : a book in Xenophon’s style, liber conscriptus Xenophontis genere sermonis (Cf., stilus denotes the characteristic manner, or style, of a single writer ; therefore stilus Latinus, Græcus, is not good Latin).
STYLE, v., nominare : appellare : vocare : dicere. Vid. CALL.
STYPTIC, sanguinem cohibens, sistens, supprimens. A stypic, medicamentum, or (if the juice of herbs) succus quo sistitur sanguis.
SUAVITY, suavitas : dulcedo. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) dulcedo atque suavitas : gratia.
SYN. in AGREEABLENESS.
SUB ROSA, Vid. “In CONFICENCE. ”
SUBALTERN, alius imperio, or alieno imperio, subjectus, obediens ; also, inferioris loci, gradus, ordinis. A subaltern post, munus inferioris, minoris dignitatis. A subaltern officer, decanus (one who had the command of ten men) ; or perhaps sucenturio.
SUBDIVIDE, discernere aliquid in partes (after Cicero) ; (iterum) partiri (e. g., genus in species partitur, Cicero). The other division is naturally subdivided into, etc., altera divisio in (tres) partes et ipsa discedit (Quintilianus, 12, 10, 58).
SUBDIVISION, pars : membrum (Cf., subdivisio, Codex Justinianus) ; quæ subjecta sunt sub metum, ea sic definiunt (Cicero, Tusc., 4, 8, 18 ; the sibdivisions of fear).
SUBDUE, expugnare (the proper word ; of place or person) : domare (to make one’s self master of) : superare (to gain the upper hand) : vincere (to conquer ; both implying less than domare ; vid. Flor., 4, 12, 30, Germani victi magis quam domiti sunt) : subigere (to bring under the yoke) : in ditionem suam or in potestatem suam redigere ; ditionis suæ, or sui juris, facere ; armis subigere atque in ditionem suam redigere (to bring under one’s power) : continere : coercere : frangere (to keep within check or limits ; especially one’s passions). To subdue thoroughly or entirely, perdomare : devincere. Vid. also, CONQUER.
SUBJACENT, subjacens (Plinius, Ep. ). To be subjacent, subjacere.
SUBJECT, adjective, || Under the dominion of another, imperio, or ditioni, or sub alicujus dominationem subjectus (under the authority of) : alicui parens (obedient to) : alicui obnoxius (under the power of ; Tacitus has subjecti, subjects) : To be subject to, esse in alicujus ditione, or ditione ac potestate ; alicujus juris esse aut haberi ; sub dominationem alicujus, or alicujus rei subjectum, esse : alicui or alicui rei obnoxium esse. || Exposed, liable, obnoxius : subjectus (Cf., not subditus).
SUBJECT, s., || A matter, point, res (a thing, in general ; e. g., a subject of importance, res magna, res magni momenti) : argumentum (for speaking or writing upon, subject matter. Cf., Avoid materia or materies = only the materials, thoughts, etc., used in working out a subject ; and thema, which Quintilian ventures to use only with velut prefixed ; instead of which he [5, 10, 9] recommends the classical argumentum ; vid.
Spald, in loc ; but Cicero says, materia ad argumentum subjecta) : causa (the point at issue) : locus (a single point, chief point ; especially of a philosophical system, which forms the subject of discussion ; e. g., omnis philosophiæ locus, Cicero, Or.,
33, 118 ; hic locus a Zenone tractatus est, Cicero, N. D., 2, 24, 63) : quæstio : id quod quærimus : id quod positum or propositum est, propositum (question proposed, subject of investigation, especially of a philosophical one) : positio (a proposition defended ; Quintilianus, 2, 10, 15. Cf., Avoid the foreign thesis, although it is used by Quintilian ; vid.
Spald. in loc. ) : sententia, sententiæ (principal thought or thoughts) : summa (main subject ; e. g., of a letter, conversation, etc. ). || Topic or matter of discussion, quæstio : controversia : res controversa : disceptatio. Often by circumlocution with quod cadit in controversiam or disceptationem. To make anything the subject of discussion, rem in controversiam vocare, adducere, deducere : the subject under discussion is, who, etc., quæritur, quis, etc. ; quæstio est, quis, etc. ; in quæstione versatur, etc. : to change the subject, sermonem alio transferre. || (In logic), subjectum (Marcellinus, Cap. ) ; pars subjectiva (Appuleius) : de quo aliquid declaratur (Appuleius). || One under the dominion or authority of another, [vid.
SUBJECT, adjective]. || A man, homo. A bad or troublesome subject, homo nequam.
SUBJECT, v., subjicere : obnoxium reddere.
SUBJECTION, obedientia (obedience) : servitus (servitude). To retain anybody in subjection, aliquem in officio retinere : aliquem in ditione atque servitute tenere : aliquem oppressum tenere.
SUBJECTIVE, Cf., subjectivus ; but by circumlocution, e. g., subjective man, homo ipse (opposed to the objective world), or by meus, ego quidem.
SUBJOIN, subjungere : annectere : adjungere, aliquid alicui rei or ad aliquid : subjicere, aliquid alicui rei.
SYN. in ADD.
SUBJUGATE, subigere : vincere et subigere (to conquer, subdue) : domare : perdomare (to make one’s self master of, to tame). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) subigere et domare ; in ditionem suam redigere (to bring completely under one’s power) : in servitutem redigere (to reduce to servitude).
SUBJUNCTIVE, adjunctivus modus (Diom. ) : subjunctivus modus (Diom., Prisc, ) ; conjunctivus modus, or conjunctivus only (Marcellinus, Capell., Serv. ).
SUBLIMATE, * clauso vase aliquid vi ignis solvere.
SUBLIME, altus : celsus : excelsus : grandis (Cicero) : sublimis (Quintilianus) : Very sublime, magnificus : divinus : augustus (Cicero). A sublime poem, carmen sublime (Ovidius). A sublime style, genus dicendi sublime (Quintilianus). To place sublime images before the mind, imagines cum amplissima dignitate ante oculos constituere (Cicero, Tusc., 5, 5, 13).
SUBLIMELY, excelse : sublate : elate (Cicero) : sublimiter (Quintilianus).
SUBLIMITY, altitudo : excelsitas : elatio (Cicero) : sublimitas (Quintilianus) ; or by the adjective, Sublimity of style, orationis elatio atque altitudo : grande dicendi genus : sublimity in expression, sublimitas in verbis ; majestas verborum (Cicero).
SUBLUNARY, quod infra lunam est (Cicero). All sublunary things are transitory, infra lunam nihil est nisi mortale et caducum (Cicero, Somn., 4).
SUBMERGE, submergere : in aquam mergere.
SUBMERSION, circumlocution by the verb, (submersio, Jul. Firmic. )
SUBMISSION, Usually by the verbs ; obsequium (Tacitus, obedience of subjects) ; sometimes by officium (e. g., magnam partem Galliæ in officio tenere, continere, Cæsar). Vid. also, OBEDIENCE.
SUBMISSIVE, qui se subjicit, etc. ; dicto audiens : obediens : obtemperans.
SUBMIT, || Intransitively, se submittere alicui : se dedere alicui : se subjicere alicujus imperio : in alicujus potestatem se permittere : in alicujus ditionem venire : sub alicujus imperium ditionemque cadere : sub nutum ditionemque alicujus pervenire. To submit to the laws, se subjicere legibus (Plinius, Pan., 65) ; legibus parere (Cicero). To submit to an indignity, or = to condescend to anything, descendere, or sua voluntate descendere ; to anything, ad aliquid (the proper word) : se demittere ; to anything, ad or in aliquid : se submittere ; to anything, ad or in aliquid : dignari aliquid facere (not Cicero ; but Catullus, Lucretius, Vergilius, Columella, Suetonius, both positively and negatively). To submit to use all manner of entreaties, descendere in preces omnes : to submit to use flattery, se demittere in adulationem (Tacitus) : to submit to the disgrace of pleading one’s cause as a criminal, submittere se in humilitatem causam dicentium (Livius). || Transitively, To refer, referre (ad). Vid. REFER.
SUBORDINATE, adjective, alicui subjectus or obnoxius ; alicujus imperio subjectus, parens (subject) : inferior (lower in rank, etc. ) : secundus (second in rank). To act or play a subordinate part in anything, secundas tantum aut tertias (sc. partes) agere in aliqua re.
SUBORDINATE, v., subjicere : supponere (e. g., a species to a genus). Cf., Subordinare is not Latin ; and subjungere, subnectere = to subjoin, to make co-ordinate. To subordinate one’s own interests to the public good, reipublicæ commoda privatis necessitatibus potiora habere (Cicero) : to be subordinate, alicui rei subjectum esse or subessc ; inferiorem esse aliqua re (to be under or lower) ; satellitem et ministrum (or ministram) esse alicujus rei (to be in the relation of servant or assistant) ; alicui rei obedire debere (to be bound to obey).
SUBORDINATION, discrimina (plural) : gradus ordinum (gradation, difference of rank) : disciplina (discipline) : obsequium (obedience) ; also, in an under sense, modestia (e. g., in milite modestiam desiderare, Cæsar, B. G., 7, 52). A spirit of subordination, obsequii amor : want of subordination among the troops, immodestia, intemperantia militum (Nepos) : to maintain strict subordination, severe regere disciplinam militarem (Suetonius, Cæs., 48).
SUBORN, aliquem subjicere (Cæsar) : subornare (Cicero) : (homines) comparare (Livius) : immittere (Sallustius).
SUBORNATION, by circumlocution ; e. g., aliquo instigante, impellente, impulsare ; alicujus impulsu facere aliquid.
SUBPŒNA, s., denunciatio testimonii (Cicero, Flacc., 6, 14).
SUBPŒNA, v., testimonium alicui denunciare (Cicero, Rosc. Am., 38, 110) : or, absolutely, denunciare (e. g., non denunciavi, Cicero, Flacc., 15, 35) : Anybody is subpœnæd, alicui denunciatum est (sc. ut adesset ; cf. Cicero, Verr., p. 826, Zumpt, and Quintilianus, 5, 7, 9 : duo genera sunt testium, aut voluntariorum, aut eorum, quibus in judiciis publicis lege denunciari solet).
SUBSCRIBE, subscribere, with an accusative or dative (properly, to ratify by a signature ; hence figuratively with a dative only, to approve, general term) : aliquid subnotare (to sign one’s name at the foot of anything) : nomen suum notare alicui rei (e. g., epistolæ) : nomen subsignare ; nomen profiteri (to add one’s name to a subscription list). To subscribe one’s name, nomen subscribere, also simply subscribere ; nomen subnotare : to subscribe for a book, libri emptorem se profiteri, (nominis subscriptione).
SUBSCRIBER, qui nomen subscribit, etc.
Subscriber to a book about to be published, * emtorem libri se profitens or professus. We confidently hope to have a large body of subscribers to that work, * non paucos illud opus patronos nacturum esse confidimus, qui nominis sui subscriptione favoris documenta sint daturi : subscribers’ names will be received until the end of June, * nomen profiteri poterunt emturi usque ad finem mensis Junii.
SUBSCRIPTION, * nominis subscriptio (the act of subscribing) : * nomen subscriptum (a name subscribed). By subscription, * subscriptionis lege.
SUBSEQUENT, Vid. LATER.
SUBSEQUENTLY, Vid. AFTER.
SUBSERVE, alicui opem ferre, auxiliari, opitulari, succurrere, subvenire (subservire, Plautus, = to be subject to, serve).
SYN. in AID.
SUBSERVIENT, || Subject, vid. || Conducive, utilis : commodus. Vid. CONDUCIVE, USEFUL.
SUBSIDE, residere : considere : remittere (of winds and stormy passions) : subsidere (of winds and waves) : abire, decedere, remitti (of fevers, etc. ) : decrescere (æquora, undas decrescunt, Ovidius ; admiratio decrescit, Quintilianus). The wind has already subsided, venti vis omnis cecidit.
SUBSIDIARY, by adjumento, auxilio, etc. ; utilis ad.
SUBSIDIZE, pecuniam conferre, dare (to give a supply of money) : subsidium, auxilium mittere (to send aid).
SUBSIDY, collatio (contribution of money to the Roman emperors) : stips ; collecta, -æ (a contribution) : subsidium, auxilium (aid).
SUBSIST, constare : consistere (to have a continued existence ; opposed to non-existence) : esse (to be) : valere (to avail, be valid) : exerceri (to be observed or kept) : vigere (to be in force ; as when we say “a law or institution subsists in all its force”) Cf., Obtinere in this sense is quite unclassical ; vid. Klotz, Cic., Tusc., 5, 41, 118.
SUBSISTENCE, || Real being, by circumlocution with the verb. || Life, vita.
SUBSTANCE, || That which is or has being, res : res creata (Cf., avoid “ens” and “essentia”) : A living substance, animans (man) ; animal : an intellectual substance, mens ; natura intelligens, mente or ratione prædita. || An essential part, natura (element) : corpus (body) : natura atque vis : vis et natura
: Cf., substantia is found in Quintilianus, Seneca, and later writers ; often by esse or esse in rerum natura. || Means of life, facultates : res : omnia ad vitam necessaria(Cicero). || The chief part of a thing, medulla : flos : vires atque nervi : summa : caput rei. || Reality, as opposed to appearance, veritas, or by ipse (e. g., to have the appearance of virtue, but not the substance, speciem virtutis præ se ferre, non virtute ipsa præditum esse. )To have some substance, stabilitatis aliquid habere (Cicero, of a philosophical opinion).
SUBSTANTIAL, || Belonging to the nature or being of things, solid, verus (true, real) : præcipuus (chief) : ad rei alicujus naturam pertinens : in rei alicujus natura positus, situs (essential : Cf., substantialis, ecclesiastical) : gravissimus : maximus (weighty, important). A substantial difference, discrimen in ipsa natura alicujus rei positum : the substantial part of a thing, interiora, plural, (opposed to the mere outside) ; natura (opposed to the accidents). || Possessed of substance or competent wealth, qui est solvendo : dives. Vid. RICH.
SUBSTANTIALLY, re : natura : genere. Substantially different, ipsa natura diversus, separatus.
SUBSTANTIATE, firmare : firmum reddere. vid. CONFIRM.
SUBSTANTIVE (in grammar), nomen substantivum (grammatical).
SUBSTITUTE, v., aliquem in locum alterius substituere : aliquid in locum or in vicem alicujus rei reponere. To substitute one word for another, aliud verbum reponere (Quintilianus, 11, 2, 49).
SUBSTITUTE, s., vicarius (one who administers an office in the place of another, especially in the place of one who still retains his office, either in public or in private life) : procurator (an agent, either in public or in private life, one who acts on behalf of another during his absence). To be or act as a substitute, aliena fungi vice (to be a vicarius) ; procurare (to be a procurator) : alicujus vice or officio fungi (as vicarius) ; alicujus negotia or rationes procurare ; alicui procurare (as procurator) : to procure a substitute for anybody, alicui vicarium expedire (e. g., to serve as a soldier, Livius, 29, 1, 8) ; for one’s self, vicarium mercede conducere (e. g., to serve in the militia, etc. ).
SUBSTITUTION, by circumlocution with the verb. κυρικιμασαηικο
SUBTERFUGE, latebra (qu., a hiding-place, a pretext) : deverticulum : deverticulum ac flexio (an evasion) : excusatio (an excuse) : causa simulata or speciosa (an alleged specious reason). To seek a subterfuge, deverticula, or deverticula flexionesque quærere ; tergiversari (to twist and turn one’s self in every direction, in order to escape anything) : to find a subterfuge, rimam aliquam reperire (proverbially, Plautus, Curc., 4, 2, 24) : to have a subterfuge, latebram habere : he answered by a subterfuge, alio responsionem suam derivavit : without subterfuge, directe or directo (in a straightforward manner).
SUBTERRANEAN, subterraneus : A subterranean, passage, crypta : to put into a subterranean cavern, aliquem sub terra demittere in locum saxo conseptum (Livius) : the subterranean deities, dii inferi or inferni.
SUBTLE, || Properly, Thin, fine, subtilis : tenuis : exilis. || Figuratively, Acute, nice, subtilis : acutus. Vid. ACUTE. || Crafty, artful, astutus : versutus : callidus.
SUBTLETY, || Fineness, subtilitas : tenuitas (Plinius). || Acuteness, acies : acumen : subtilitas : acies ingenii. || Craft, astutia : versutia (natural) : calliditas (acquired by practice).
SUBTRACT, || To take away, subtrahere : detrahere : deducere : adimere : auferre. || (In computation) to deduct, deducere (Cf., not subtrahere or detrahere in this sense).
SUBTRACTION, by circumlocution with deducere (e. g., addendo deducendoque videre, quæ reliqui summa fit, Cicero, Off., 1, 18, 59, by addition and subtraction).
SUBURB, suburbium (Cicero).
SUBURBAN, suburbanus (Cicero).
SUBVERSION, SUBVERT, Vid. OVERTHROW.
SUBVERSIVE, by circumlocution with evertere or subvertere.
SUCCEED, Transitively, To follow, sequi : subsequi. [Vid. FOLLOW. ] || To follow another in a post or office, succedere alicui or in alicujus locum (general term, to take the place of another) : in alicujus locum subrogari or suffici (to be elected to an office in the place of a person dead or discharged ; the former, of election by the comitia ; the latter, of election by the people). To succeed one on a throne, succedere regno in locum alicujus. || Intransitively, To have a prosperous issue, succedere : procedere (Cf., the former rarely with bene or prospere, the latter rarely without one or the other ; cf. Herzog, Cæs., B. G., 7, 26). It has succeeded to my wish, ex sententia successit (opposed to parum processit) : a thing succeeds with me, succedit mini aliquid (it has a good result or issue) ; prospere or ex sententia evenit aliquid (it has the desired result).
SUCCESS, successus, -ûs (Livius, Tacitus) : eventus felix, bonus, or optatus : often by circumlocution with the verb ; especially in such phrases as “to meet with success, ” and the like. Elated with success, successu rerum ferocior (Tacitus) : to be elated with success, successu aliquo tumere (Justinus, 39, 2, 1) ; successu exsultare (Vergilius).
SUCCESSFUL, felix : fortunatus : beatus : faustus : secundus : prosper : bonus.
SYN. and PHR. in FORTUNATE.
SUCCESSFULLY, feliciter : fortunate : beate : fauste . prospere : bene (well) : ex sententia (according to one’s wish).
SUCCESSION, usually by circumlocution with the verb (but successio is classical for “a following in an office, ” etc. ) ; or successio in alicujus locum (Pseud. Cicero, Ep., ad Brut., 1, 17). Order of succession, ætatis privilegium (privilege of birth, Justinus, 2, 10, 2) : the kingdom came in order of succession to Astyages, regnum per ordinem successionis ad Astyagem descendit : of these (sons), Artamenes, as the eldest in order of succession, claimed the throne, ex his Artamenes maximus natu ætatis privilegio regnum sibi vindicabat : to leave a kingdom to anybody by the order of succession, regnum alicui per manus tradere : a war (respecting the order) of succession, * bellum propter ordinem successionis in regno conflatum, gestum, etc. : in succession, deinceps ; continenter (without interruption ; Cf., not continue or continuo) ordine (in order) ; alter post alterum ; alius post alium (one after another ; the former, of two ; the latter, of several) ; often, also, by continuus (uninterrupted ; e. g. three days in succession, triduum continuum ; tres dies continuos) : to go through all in regular succession, per omnes in orbem ire.
SUCCESSIVE, SUCCESSIVELY, Vid. “In SUCCESSION. ”
SUCCESSOR, successor (always, except in connection, with a genitive of the office to which one succeeds) ; usually by by circumlocution, qui in alicujus locum succedit, sublegitur, substituitur, subrogatur, or sufficitur : a successor on a throne, qui succedit (in alicujus locum) regno : to give a successor to anyone, aliquem in alicujus locum substituere, sublegere, subrogare, or sufficere (by election) ; alicui successorem dare, mittere (by removing him ; Suetonius, Oct., 88 : Dom., 1) : a person receives a successor, alicui succeditur (general term) ; aliquis successorem accipit (he is removed, Plinius, Ep., 9, 13, extr. ).
SUCCINCT, SUCCINCTLY, Vid. BRIEF, BRIEFLY.
SUCCOR, s., auxilium : adjumentum : subsidium : ops.
SYN. and PHR. in AID.
SUCCOR, v., succurrere alicui : auxilium ferre alicui : auxiliari alicui : esse alicui auxilio : opitulari alicui.
SYN. and PHR. in AID.
SUCCORY, cichorium (Plinius) : * cichorium intybus (Linnæus).
SUCCULENCE, succus.
SUCCULENT, succi plenus : succosus (Columella) : succulentus (Appuleius).
SUCCUMB, succumbere, cedere rei. Vid. YIELD.
SUCH, talis (relatively qualis, such a one ; as : also = Greek τοιοῦτος, so great, so good, etc. ) : ejusmodi : hujusmodi (of that or this kind or sort) : hujus or ejus generis, id genus (of that kind) : often is or hic only (e. g., mater. . . cujus ea crudelitas, ut nemo earn matrem appellare possit). And more such, et quæ sunt generis ejusdem ; et id genus alia : and several such, atque ejusdem generis complura : such is the nature of man, natura hominum ita est comparata (Cf., not instituta) ut etc. : such is the fact, sic res est ; ita res se habet : he is just such as I wished him to be, ut volebam eum esse, ita est (Terentianus) : in such wise, tali modo ; eo modo ; ita ; sic : of such sort, talis ; ejusmodi ; ejus generis.
SUCK, v., || Transitively, sugere (the proper word) : bibere (suck up, drink in ; e. g., spongia aquam bibit). To suck in, imbibere, bibere (e. g., colorem) : to suck in false notions with one’s mother’s milk, errores cum lacte nutricis sugere : a sucking-pump, * antlia aquas sugens, bibens : to suck out, exsugere. || Figuratively, To exhaust, enfeeble, exhaurire ; exinanire ; expilare (to exhaust the strength of a country) ; defenerare ; fenore trucidare (to drain with usury) : to suck the life’s blood out of anyone, alicujus medullam perbibere ; alicujus sanguinem or aliquem absorbere (comedy). || Intransitively, sugere : sugere mammam matris. A sucking (pig,
etc. ), lactens (with substantive ; a suckling : subrumus only in the language of peasants) : to let anything suck, ad ubera admittere aliquem (of animals) ; ad mammam matris admovere aliquem (of a person making a young animal suck : subrumare belongs to the language of peasants) ; mammam dare or præbere alicui (of a mother) : to suck still, he still sucks his mother’s teats, adhuc sub mamma (or sub mammis, of several) haberi : a sucking-spoon or boat, * rostrum ad sugendum factum.
SUCK, s., by the verb, or by circumlocution with mamma or uber ; e. g., to give suck, mammam dare or præbere ; uber dare (Plinius) ; nutrire infantem admoto ubere (Phædrus. ).
SUCKING, s., suctus, -ûs (Plinius) ; or by the verb.
SUCKLE, alicui mammam dare or præbere (of women and animals : Cf., lactare is without good authority in this sense) : aliquem ad ubera admittere (of animals) : aliquem uberibus alere (opposed to feeding in any other way ; of women and animals) : aliquem lacte suo nutrire (of a mother, instead of employing a wet-nurse ; Gellius, 12, 1) sue also nutrire only (Justinus) ; nutricare (of a sow suckling so many pigs, Varro).
SUCKLING, s., || The act of giving suck ; by the verb. || An infant at the breast, (infans) lactens (Cf., subrumus, a term used by the peasants). Romulus, when yet a suckling, Romulus parvus et lactens.
SUCTION, suctus, -ûs (Plinius), or by the verb.
SUDATORY, adjective, sudatorius ; or by the verb, or sudatio.
SUDATORY, s., sudatorium (Seneca), sudatio (Varro).
SUDDEN, subitus (opposed to ante provisus, of the manner in which a thing comes upon or appears to us) : repens or repentinus (opposed to exspectatus, meditatus et præparatus of the manner in which a thing happens) : non ante provisus, improvisus (unforeseen) : nec opinatus, inopinatus (unexpected, nearly in the sense of subitus) : inexspectatus : non exspectatus (nearly in the sense of repentinus). We often find (The words are found in this connection and order. ) subitus et repentinus ; subitus atque improvisus ; subitus inopinatusque ; repentinus et necopinatus ; inexspectatus et repentinus ; improvisus atque inopinatus. A sudden storm, tempestas subita ; tempestas improviso conciliata (i. e., which takes one by surprise) ; tempestas repentina (i. e., which arises hastily ; figuratively in Cicero, Sext., 67, 140) : a sudden arrival, adventus necopinatus : to die a sudden death, repentina morte perire, or repentino mori (i. e., sudden, with respect to the person who dies : Cf., subita morte perire, or subito mori, would mean “to be carried off unexpectedly, as far as one’s friends or relatives are concerned”).
SUDDENLY, subito : repente : repentino : derepente (Cf., derepentino is late) : improviso : ex or de improviso : nec opinato : ex necopinato : inexspectato : ex inexspectato : præter opinionem improviso (Cicero, Verr., 2, 74, 182) : repente ex inopinato (Suetonius, Galb., 10).
SUDDENNESS, by the adjective, or adverb.
SUDORIFIC, sudorem ciens, movens, faciens, eliciens (Plinius), diaphoreticus (medical technical term).
SUDS, * aqua sapone infecta.
SUE, || To request, pray for, rogare, orare aliquem aliquid : flagitare : efflagitare aliquid ab aliquo (with eagerness and impetuosity). To sue the gods, precari a diis ; precatione uti ; precationem ad deos facere : to sue humbly anything from anybody, supplicare alicui pro re ; petere, postulare suppliciter aliquid ab aliquo ; orare aliquem supplicibus verbis ; orare or rogare aliquem suppliciter : to sue importunately and almost with tears, omnibus precibus, pæne lacrimis etiam obsecrare aliquem : to sue in the most earnest manner, aliquem ita rogare, ut majore studio rogare non possim : to sue for votes, ambire ; prensare (absolutely ; i. e., to go about soliciting votes, to shake hands, etc. : Cf., ambire honores, etc., is not Latin). || At law, lege agere cum aliquo (Cf., not in aliquem) alicujus rei or de re ; legibus experiri de re ; aliquem in jus vocare. Vid. “to bring an ACTION. ”
SUET, adeps renium (Plinius). SUFFER, || Transitively, To endure, bear, ferre : pati : perpeti : tolerare : perferre : sustinere. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) ferre et perpeti. pati ac ferre : pati et perferre : perpeti ac perferre [SYN. in ENDURE]. To be able to suffer hunger and cold, inediæ et algoris patientem esse : the heat is so great that one’s hand cannot suffer it, tam vehemens calor ut manus apposita patiens ejus non sit : not to be able to suffer any one, ab aliquo animo esse alieno or adverso (to be averse) ; odium habere or gerere in aliquem (to hate) ; alicui esse infensum atque inimicum (to entertain hostile feeling) : not to be able to suffer anything, alienum esse, abhorrere ab aliqua re (to be disinclined or averse) ; aliquid mihi odio or in odio est (to detest). || To undergo (an evil), accipere aliquid (to be affected by anything) ; affici ab aliqua re (to be affected or afflicted with anything). To suffer a defeat, cladem accipere : to suffer shipwreck, naufragium facere (not pati) : to suffer loss, damage, damnum, detrimentum, jacturam facere (not damnum or jacturam pati) ; detrimentum capere, accipere : Cf., naufragium pati (only in Seneca, Herc., Œt., 118), damnum pati (only in Seneca, De Ira, 1, 2, 3, in an amended passage, and Ulpianus, Digests, 8, 2, 19), and jacturam pati (only Columella, 1, præf., 11) are wrong, because in classical Latin pati is always = æquo animo ferre, to bear with patience ; e. g., damnum pati (Livius, 22, 41 ; Lucan. 8, 749). || To permit, pati (to allow) : sinere (not to hinder ; vid. LET) : ferre (to bear) : pati aliquid fieri (to suffer anything to be done) : permittere (to allow, not to forbid ; opposed to vetare : Cf., tolerare in this sense would be wrong). I will not suffer it at all, non feram ; non patiar ; non sinam (Cicero, Cat., 1, 5, 10) : should I suffer this? egone hoc feram? the matter suffers no delay, res dilationem non patitur. || Intransitively, To be sensible of an evil or pain, mala ferre, perpeti : affectum esse aliqua re (to be affected by) : premi aliqua re (to be oppressed with). To suffer (from pain), dolores ferre, pati : to suffer (from want), inopia premi, laborare : to suffer (from injustice), injuriam pati, ferre : (at the hands of anybody), aliquis mihi injuriam facit, infert : the patient suffers much (pain), ægrotus magnos dolores patitur, or magnis doloribus cruciatur : to suffer from anything = to be sick of, ægrotum esse re or ex re ; laborare ex re : to suffer very much in the eyes, gravi oculorum morbo affectum esse : to have suffered much (of ships), gravius adflictas esse (Cæsar) : the regiment suffered severely in the engagement, legio vehementer prœlio erat attenuata : his honor suffers, ejus existimatio in ea re agitur : the country suffered much in this war, hoc bellum reipublicæ erat calamitosissimum : his health has suffered much, * ejus valetudo valde afflicta est : the ships suffered much from the storm, tempestas naves afflictavit : to suffer (punishment), pœnam dare ; supplicium pati : to suffer for a fault, etc., luere (to atone for) ; pœnas alicujus rei dare, luere, or persolvere (to give satisfaction for) : to make anybody suffer for a fault, pœnas alicujus rei ab aliquo expetere (opposed to impunitum alicui aliquid omittere [Sallustius, Jug., 31, 13], ignoscere alicui aliquid, veniam dare alicui alicujus rei ; to pardon) : I will make you suffer for this, hoc non impunitum feceris ; hoc tibi non sic abibit.
SUFFERABLE, tolerabilis : tolerandus (opposed to intolerabilis).
SUFFERANCE, || Endurance, toleratio (act of suffering) : tolerantia (power of suffering ; Cicero, Paradox. 4, 1, 27) : perpessio (act of suffering steadily). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) perpessio et tolerantia : patientia (capability of bearing ; absolutely, and alicujus rei ; e. g., frigoris, famis). || Permission ; vid.
SUFFERING, s., || Act of enduring, perpessio (Cf., passio is quite unclassical) : toleratio (Cicero, Fin., 2, 29, 94 ; both with a genitive of the thing suffered). || Pain, grief, dolor (bodily) : ægritudo (mental) : Cf., Later writers use ægritudo also of bodily suffering (Ramsh. ) [vid. PAIN]. || Misfortune, malum. Sufferings, res adversæ ; mala ; calamitas : to be involved in sufferings, in res adversas incidere : to endure sufferings, mala ferre, perpeti : to bring sufferings upon anyone, mala alicui inferre ; aliquem calamitate afficere (of things).
SUFFICE, sufficere : satis esse : Vid.
SUFFICIENT.
SUFFICIENCY, quod satis est [vid. PHRASES in ENOUGH]. A sufficiency (of property, etc. ), victus (what one can live on) ; quod satis esse videtur (what is probably enough) : to have a sufficiency, habere in sumtum (Cicero) ; rem habere ; * habere, unde commode vivam : not to have a sufficiency, deest mihi in sumtum ad necessarios usus (Gellius). SUFFICIENT, quod satis esse videtur or visum est (enough) : par (a match for) : satis idoneus (proper, fit, as it ought to be) ; also by satis (enough) with a genitive. Cf., Sufficiens absolutely, is late. “Sufficient” may often be translated by is (= such) followed by a relative clause with posse, etc. (e. g., Deiotarus non eas copias habuit, quibus inferre bellum populo Romano posset). I am not sufficient for these things, * non is sum, qui hæc facere, etc. possim : to leave a sufficient garrison,
præsidium, quod satis esse videtur (visum est), relinquere : sufficient eloquence, satis eloquentiæ : sufficient knowledge of anything, * satis idonea alicujus rei scientia : to have strength sufficient for anything, sufficere ad aliquid : to be sufficient, satis esse ; suppetere alicui rei ; for a person or thing, sufficere alicui, ad aliquid [vid. ENOUGH] : to have sufficient to live on, habere in sumtum (Cicero, ad Fam., 9, 20, 1, Manut ; opposed to deest mihi in sumtum ad necessarios usus, Seneca, Benef., 2, 10, 1, Gronov. ) ; rem habere (Cicero, Off., 2, 21, 73).
SUFFICIENTLY, satis (Cf., sufficienter is late). More than sufficiently, plus quam satis est ; satis superque ; abunde (abundantly) : “Sufficiently” is also sometimes expressed in Latin by satiare (to satisfy) or satiari (to be satisfied) ; e. g., to manure the land sufficiently, agrum stercore satiare : to sleep sufficiently, somno satiari.
SUFFOCATE, suffocare aliquem (Cicero) : intercludere alicui animam, spiritum (Livius). To be suffocated, suffocari (Cicero) ; intercluditur mihi anima or spiritus ; intercluso spiritu exstingui (Curtius).
Suffocare and suffocari also figuratively. SUFFOCATION, suffocatio : spiritus interclusus : Or by the verb.
SUFFRAGAN, suffraganeus (technical term) : chorepiscopus (ecclesiastical) : * episcopi vicarius.
SUFFRAGE, Vid. VOTE.
SUFFUSE, suffundere. Eyes suffused with tears, oculi suffusi lacrimis : a face suffused with blushes, facies multo rubore suffusa.
SUFFUSION, suffusio (Plinius). Use the verb.
SUGAR, s., saccharum (Plinius, 12, 8, 17 ; of the sugar-cane) : a sugar-baker, * sacchari coctor : sugar-basin, * pyxis sacchari : sugar-candy, * saccharum crystallinum : sugar-loaf, * meta sacchari (figuratively, of a conical hill, collis in modum metæ in acutum cacumen fastigatus, Livius) : sugar-paper, * charta crassior sacchari metis amiclendis : sugar-plum, * amygdalum saccharo conditum (a large sugar-plum) ; * spira saccharo condita (a small sugar-plum) : a sugar-house, * officina saccharo coquendo : a sugar-cane, arundo saccharifera (Bau. ) ; saccharum officinarum (Plinius) : sweet as sugar, dulcissimus ; melleus ; * sacchari dulcedinem habens.
SUGAR, v., * saccharo condire aliquid.
SUGARED, * saccharo conditus : * saccharinus ; * mellitus (honeyed).
SUGGEST, suggerere, subjicere alicui aliquid (to prompt) : monere aliquem aliquid ; or monere aliquem , followed by ut (to give warning) : alicui injicere (to inculcate, to inspire ; Cf., inspirare is poetical and post-Augustan). To suggest to anyone the idea that, etc., mentem alicui dare, ut, etc. ; in eam mentem aliquem impellere, ut, etc. : a speech such as anger and dissimulation suggest, sermo qualem ira et dissimulatio gignit (Tacitus, Ann., 2, 57, 3) : to suggest what one ought to say or answer, subjicere, quid dicat aliquis ; admonere, quid respondeat aliquis.
SUGGESTION, monitum : consilium : or by the verb. At anybody’s suggestion, aliquo monente ; aliquo auctore : to follow the suggestions of others, aliorum consilia sequi. Vid. also, HINT.
SUICIDAL, qui sua manu se occidit.
SUICIDE, || Self-destruction, mors voluntaria : mors arcessita (Plinius) : mors quæsita or sumta (Tacitus) : finis voluntarius (Tacitus). To commit suicide, mortem or necem sibi consciscere ; mortem or vim sibi inferre ; vim afferre vitæ suæ ; manu sibi exhaurire vitam ; manus sibi afferre ; se ipsum vita privare ; vitæ durius consulere ; sese morte multare ; se ipsum interimere ; se interficere ; ipsum interemtorem sui fieri (Seneca, Ep., 76, 12) ; voluntaria morte perire (Vergilius, Paterculus) ; de se statuere (Tacitus) : Cf., se interficere occurs in Sulpic. in Cicero, Epp. Fam., 4, 12, 2, and Livius, 31, 18, 7 : Cicero, also, has Crassum suapte manu interfectum, Or., 3, 3, 10 : se occidere is quoted by Quintilian from a lost oration of Cicero, cum ipse sese conaretur occidere ; Quintilianus, 5, 10, 69. To drive anybody to commit suicide, aliquem ad voluntariam mortem perducere or propellere ; aliquem cogere, ut vita se ipse privet : to dissuade anybody from committing suicide, efficere, ut manus aliquis a se abstineat. || A person who commits self-destruction, interemtor sui (Seneca), or qui sua manu mortem sibi consciscit. Vid. the preceding meaning.
SUIT, || Transitively. To adapt, accommodare aliquid alicui rei or ad rem : facere or efficere ut aliquid congruat or conveniat cum re (to make anything suit another thing). To suit the words to the thoughts, verba ad sensus accommodare ; sententias accommodare vocibus : a speech to the place, circumstances, and persons, orationem accommodare locis, temporibus, et personis. || To dress, vid. ||Intransitively. To fit well, aptum esse or apte convenire ad aliquid : apte convenire in aliquid (e. g., calcei ad pedes apti sunt or apte conveniunt) : bene sedere (to sit well ; of a coat, vestis, etc. ). || To be fit for a person or thing (= be suitable for), decere (become) : aptum esse alicui, or alicui rei, or ad aliquid : accommodatum esse alicui rei or ad aliquid : convenire alicui, or alicui rei, or cum aliqua re : congruere alicui rei or cum aliqua re [SYN. in AGREE]. Not to suit anything, abhorrere a re : the name does not suit him (= is not applicable to him), nomen non convenit or cadit. || To be agreeable to, alicui gratum esse (the proper word) ; alicui placere (to please) ; alicui arridere (to make a good impression on) : not to suit, ingratum esse : a thing suits me, aliquid gratum juvat (poetical) ; delectat me aliquid or delector aliqua re : these things do not suit us, ea ingenii nostri non sunt : this spot exactly suits my taste, hic mihi præter omnes locus ridet or arridet (after Horatius, Od., 2, 6, 13). SUIT, || Action at law, lis : causa [vid. ACTION]. Costs of a suit litis summa ; impensæ in litem factæ (Paullus, Digests, 3, 3, 30). || A set (of clothes), vestimenta, -orum, plural ; synthesis (a complete suit, Mart., and later writers). || Petition, vid.
SUITABLE,
SUITED, accommodatus alicui rei or ad rem (adapted) : aptus alicui rei or ad aliquid (appropriate) : conveniens : congruens (Cf., congruus is not Latin) : consentaneus alicui rei or cum re (that agrees with) : decorus alicui or alicui rei (becoming) : dignus aliquo or aliqua re (worthy). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) aptus et accommodatus : aptus consentaneusque : congruens et aptus : aptus et congruens : commodus (in due measure) : opportunus (proper, fit ; especially of situation or position, then of time, of age, etc. ) : idoneus (fit, adapted by nature). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) opportunus et idoneus : commodus et idoneus : habilis et aptus. Very suitable, percommodus ; peropportunus ; peridoneus (to anything, alicui rei or ad aliquid) : a suitable opportunity, occasio idonea or commoda et idonea ; opportunitas : not suitable, alienus : a suitable punishment, pro modo pœna : a suitable speech, decora oratio : suitable to time or circumstances, consentaneus tempori ; ad tempus accommodatus ; . . . and persons, aptus consentaneusque tempori et personæ : to be suitable, convenire ad aliquid ; consentire or congruere alicui rei or cum aliqua re ; respondere alicui rei ; (of climate, food, etc. ) salubrem esse : not to be suitable, gravem, parum salubrem esse.
SUITABLENESS, convenientia : congruentia (Plinius, Ep., Seneca). Rather by the adjectives.
SUITABLY, apte (e. g., dicere ; aliquid disponere) : ad aliquid apte, accommodate, or apposite : alicui rei convenienter, congruenter. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) apte congruenterque ; congruenter convenienterque : idonee : apposite : commode.
SUITE, comitatus : comites (general term, attendants) : cohors : asseclæ (especially of a governor going into a province) : delecti (chosen companions) : stipatio, stipatores corporis (as a body-guard : also, sometimes by circumlocution ; e. g., qui eunt or proficiscuntur cum aliquo ; qui sunt cum aliquo ; quos aliquis secum ducit ; qui aliquem sequuntur, comitantur). To be in the suite of a prince, inter comites ducis aspici ; . . . of a prætor, asseclam esse prætoris : to join the suite of anybody, se comitem alicui adjungere : one of anybody’s suite, assecla alicujus.
SUITOR, || Petitioner, petitor : supplex. || A wooer, amasius (Plautus) : amator : petitor (Appuleius, nec quisquam, cupiens ejus nuptiarum, petitor accedit).
SULKY,
SULLEN, morosus : difficilis. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) difficilis ac morosus : durus. A sullen brow, frons caperata.
SULLENLY, morose : dure.
SULLENNESS, morositas : natura difficilis.
SULLY, inquinare : polluere (to stain, pollute) : maculare : commaculare : maculis aspergere (with spots). Vid. also, STAIN.
SULPHUR, sulfur or sulphur.
Sulphureous (of sulphur), sulphureus (full of sulphur, sulphurosus : saturated with sulphur, sulphuratus.
SULTAN, * imperator Turcicus.
SULTANA,
SULTANESS, * imperatoris Turcici conjux.
SULTRINESS, æstus fervidus (Horatius, Sat., 1, 1, 38).
SULTRY, fervidus : æstuosus (e. g., dies). It is sultry, sol æstuat : the most sultry part of the day, fervidissimum diei tempus.
SUM, s., || An amount, summa. A small sum, summula : a large sum of
money, magna pecuniæ summa ; pecunia magna or grandis. || Whole contents, summa : caput. The sum of all, summa summarum ; vid. also SUBSTANCE, SUMMARY.
SUM,
SUM UP, v., alicujus rei summam facere : rationem alicujus rei inire, ducere, subducere : calculos ponere, subducere.
SUMACH, rhus, genitive, rhois, c. : * rhus coriaria(Linnæus).
SUMMARILY, breviter (shortly, general term) : paucis (sc. verbis), breviter (in few words ; e. g., reddere, exponere, exprimere) : strictim : carptim (but slightly, not at length ; opposed to copiose). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) breviter strictimque : præcise (touching the principal heads, with omissions ; opposed to plene et perfecte) : presse or pressius (in a compressed form, but fully and sufficiently ; e. g., definire) : arte (or arcte) : anguste (in small compass).
SUMMARY, adjective, brevis : angustus : concisus : astrictus : pressus. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) contractus et astrictus. [SYN. in SHORT. ] A sort narration, narratio brevis : to be summary (of a speaker), brevem (opposed to longum) esse ; brevitatem adhibere in aliqua re ; brevitati servire : to take a very summary view of a subject, perquam breviter perstringere aliquid atque attingere.
SUMMARY, s., summa : epitome : summarium : breviarium (the latter word common in Seneca’s time, Seneca, Ep., 39 ; the former in earlier use).
SUMMER, s., and adjective, æstas (opposed to hiems) : tempus æstivum. The beginning, middle, end of summer, æstas iniens, media, exacta : a wet, dry, hot summer, æstas humida, pluvia carens, perfervida : toward the end of summer, æstate summa, prope exactâ : summer is almost over, non multum æstatis superest (Cicero) : it is almost summer, æstas imminet, instat : to spend the summer at a place, æstatem agere aliquo loco (Cf., æstivare aliquo loco, Suetonius, Galb., is not to be recommended) : of or belonging to summer, æstivus : a summer evening, vesper æstivus : summer-quarters (for troops), æstiva, plural, : the summer holidays, vacationes æstivæ ; feriæ æstivæ (Ruhnken) : a summer freckle (a spot on the skin), lentigo (Plinius) ; lenticula(Celsus) : a summer flower, flos æstivus or solstitialis : summer fruit, fructus æstivus ; fructus qui æstate provenit ; frumenta æstiva, plural, (Plinius) : a summer-house, ædes æstivæ : a summer residence, æstivus locus (Cicero, Qu., Fr., 3, 1, 1) ; æstiva, -orum, plural, (properly, summer-quarters ; hence ironicè, Cicero, Verr., 5, 87, 96, of the summer residence of an effeminate and indolent person) : Præneste, a delightful summer residence, æstivæ Prænestæ deliciæ (Flor., 1, 11, 7) : heat of summer, fervor æstivus (Plinius) ; æstivi solis ardores (Justinus) : in the hottest part of summer, flagrantissima æstate (Gellius, 19, 5, 1) ; a summer dress, vestis æstiva levitate (Plinius, 11, 23, 27).
SUMMER-HOUSE, * ædes æstivæ (Cf., not æstivum). κυρικιμασαηικο
SUMMIT, || Properly, Top of a mountain, etc., cacumen : culmen (cacumen = that which runs up to a point ; hence of the summit of a pyramid, of a tree, etc. ; culmen = “the highest part ;” both also of the top of a mountain) : Cf., fastigium (properly, the gable of a roof represents the summit, as that which is most striking or conspicuous, but never in prose for the summit of a mountain) : vertex (crown of the head ; hence, top, summit ; e. g., of a mountain) : also frequently by circumlocution with summus ; e. g., the summit of a mountain, summum jugum montis ; mons summus ; (with historians) summum montis or collis. || Figuratively, Height, fastigium ; or, mostly, by circumlocution with summus, supremus ; e. g., the summit of glory, gloria summa. To raise one’s self to the highest summit of human greatness or power, in summum fastigium emergere et attolli : to stand at the summit, stare in fastigio. Vid. also, HEIGHT.
SUMMON, || To call out or forth, provocare (to challenge to a contest, whether in jest or in earnest) : vocare, evocare ad bellum, etc. ; also, simply evocare (to call out to military service) : appellare (to go to anybody by way of request, or in a threatening manner) : cohortari (to exhort, encourage to a performance) : appellare cohortarique : deposcere (to press or urge to a performance, also to challenge to a contest) : admonere (to warn with threats ; e. g., a debtor to payment). To summon anybody as a witness, testem aliquem citare or excitare : to summon a town, an enemy, to surrender, postulare ut urbs tradatur ; denunciare urbi ut se dedat (with threats) ; hostem ad deditionem invitare (in a gentle manner) ; denunciare hosti ut se (urbemque) dedat (in a threatening manner) : to summon to fight, to battle, lacessere prœlium, pugnam. || To cite (before a court), citare (of the herald ; a defendant, reum ; a witness, testem ; vid. Ernesti, Cl, Cicero, s., v. ) : aliquem in jus vocare or in judicium adducere (of the plaintiff or accuser himself ; the former in civil, the latter in criminal cases). Cf., In judicium vocare or arcessere is not Latin. || To convene, convoke, convocare [vid. CONVENE]. A summoning of Parliament, * ordinum convocatio (convocatio is used in a similar sense, Auctor of Orat., post Red. in Seneca, 15, 38).
SUMMONS, || A message to call anybody to one, accitus (but only in ablative accitu ; it may have a genitive of the person who summons, but not an adjective also ; thus, “on a summons from his brother, ” fratris accitu ; but “a hasty summon from his brother, ” must not be cito fratris accitu, Krebs). Circumlocution by accire, arcessere, advocare. || As legal form, evocatio (general term for summoning a person before a court, etc. ) : vocatio (before a court ; Varro, in Gell., 13, 12) : in jus vocatio.
SUMPTUARY, A sumptuary law, lex sumtuaria (Cicero) : lex quæ modum faciat sumtibus (Livius) : lex cibaria (with reference to food).
SUMPTUOUS, sumtuosus : magnificus : splendidus : lautus. Vid. COSTLY.
SUMPTUOUSLY, sumtuose : magnifice : splendide : laute.
SUN, s., sol (sol, dux et princeps et moderator luminum, Cicero, Somn., Sc., 4, 10 ; sol astrorum obtinet principatum ; sol conficit conversionem annuam quinque diebus et sexaginta et trecentis, quarta fere diei parte addita, Cicero, N. D., 2, 19, 49). The sun enters Cancer, sol introitum facit in Cancrum (Columella, 11, 1, 49) ; is in Capricorn, consistit in Capricorno : from sunrise to sunset, ab orto usque ad occidentem solem : the course of the sun, solis cursus or circuitus ; solis lustratio (Cicero, N. D., 1, 31, § 7, ed : Orell. ) ;solis anfractus reditusque (Cicero, Rep., 6, 12 : Cf., solis orbis = “disk of the sun, ” Plinius, 2, 3, 21). The light or rays of the sun, sol ; solis radii : grapes ripen in the sun, uvæ a sole mitescunt : to be in or to have the sun, solem accipere ; sole uti ; soli expositum esse (of places) : to put anything in the sun (sunshine), in solem proferre (Plinius) ; in sole ponere aliquid (Columella) ; soli or solibus exponere (to lay in the sun expose to the sun) : to dry anything in the sun, aliquid in sole assiccare (general term) ; in sole pandere (to spread abroad in the sun in order to dry) : to be dried in the sun, in sole siccari : to bask in the sun, apricari : to walk in the sun (sunshine), in sole ambulare : the villa has plenty of sun, villa plurimum solis accipit : the room is very warm in winter, because it has a great deal of sun, cubiculum hieme tepidissimum est, quia plurimo sole perfunditur (Plinius, Ep., 5, 6, 24) : a room has the sun on all sides, cubiculum ambitum solis fenestris omnibus sequitur : a room has the sun all day long, cubiculum toto die solem accipit ; cubiculum totius diei solem fenestris amplissimis recipit : a room has the morning and the evening sun, sol in cubiculo nascitur conditurque : a room has plenty of sun, cubiculum plurimo sole perfunditur : cubiculum plurimus sol implet et circumit : without sun (= shady), opacus : the path of the sun, orbita solis (Quintilianus), or, from context, simply orbis ; linea ecliptica qua sol cursum agit circum terram (Serv. ad Vergilius, Æn., 10, 216) : spot on the sun, quasi macula solis (after Cicero Somn.
Scip., 6) : sunrise, solis ortus (Cicero, Cæsar) ; sol oriens, ortus (Livius) ; lucis ortus, exortus (Curtius) ; also simply ortus (Cicero) : at, after sunrise, sole oriente ; sole orto ; luce orta : about sunrise, sub or circa ortum ; sub exortu lucis ; appetente jam luce (Tacitus) : sunset, solis occasus ; sol occidens (Cicero) : he came a little before sunset, paullo ante quam sol occideret, venit (Livius) : sunshine, solis fulgor, candor, nitor ; sol : we had some gleams of sunshine today, sol hodie subinde e nubibus emicabat : an eclipse of the sun, solis defectio, defectus, obscuratio (Cf., Avoid eclipsis solis, Plinius ; deliquium solis, late) : a stroke of the sun, ictus solis ; also, simply soles (Plinius) ; morbus solstitialis ; sideratio (as a disease) : a sundial, horologium solarium ; or simply solarium (modern) ; solarium descriptum (opposed to solarium ex aqua, Cicero, N. D., 2, 34, 87 ; Ernesti uses * solarium lineare) : to be a worshipper of the sun, * solem pro deo venerari : in their religion they are chiefly worshippers of the sun, in superstitionibus atque cura deorum præcipua soli veneratio est (after Justinus, 41, 3, 6).
SUN, v., in sole ponere (to put out in the sun) : insolare (to expose to the light or heat
of the sun). To sun one’s self, apricari.
SUNBEAM, radius solis : plural, sol : soles.
SUN-BURNED, adustioris coloris (Livius, 27, 47, 2 ; of a person) : adustiore colore (Plinius, 2, 58, 59 ; of a stone).
SUNDAY, * dies solis : dies Dominica (ecclesiastical) : dies Deo sacer (after Ovidius, Fast., 2, 52). A Sunday service, * sacra die solis facta (plural).
Sunday clothes, vestis seposita (after Tibullus, 2, 5, 8), or dierum sollemnium ornatus (after Columella, 12, 3, 1). Of Sunday, * dominicus : every Sunday, * dominicalis.
SUNDER, Vid. DIVIDE, PART, ASUNDER.
SUNDRY, varii : diversi. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) varii et diversi.
Sundry ways, varie : diverse, non uno modo. At sundry, times, sæpe, sæpenumero.
SUN-FLOWER, * helianthus annuus (Linnæus).
SUNNING, insolatio alicujus rei : apricatio (of one’s self).
SUNNY, apricus ; soli or solibus expositus (exposed to the sun).
Sunny spots, loca aprica or solibus exposita.
SUP, cœnare : cœnam (in the Roman sense, which was an evening meal, though answering rather to our dinner), or * cibum vespertinum, nocturnum, sumere.
SUPERABOUND, abundare : superesse (be in abundance) : circumfluere (aliquem circumfluere, Curtius). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) circumfluere atque abundare : (nimis) redundare aliqua re (especially in something bad). Vid., also, ABOUND.
SUPERABUNDANCE, abundantia : affluentia (the having somewhat more than one needs) : ubertas (a large supply, without reference to what is required).
Superabundance of provisions, copiæ (Cæsar, B. G., 1, 30).
Superabundance of goods, suppeditatio bonorum : superabundance of all things, omnium rerum abundantia : affluentia : affluentes omnium rerum copiæ. Also, (The words are found in this connection and order. ) saturitas copiaque.
SUPERABUNDANT, abundans : affluens : copiosus.
SUPERABUNDANTLY, abunde : satis superque : abundanter : cumulate.
SUPERADD, Vid. ADD.
SUPERANNUATED, ad munera corporis senecta invalidus (unfit for bodily service from the weakness of old age. But, Cf., invalidus alone is simply = without strength or power, weak) : annis et senecta debilis (that has lost the strength of his limbs through old age). Of soldiers, etc. Vid. INVALID.
SUPERB, magnificus : splendidus : lautus : opiparus. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) splendidus et magnificus : magnificus et lautus : magnificus et præclarus.
SUPERBLY, splendide : magnifice : laute : ample : opipare.
SUPERCILIOUS, superbus : arrogans : insolens [SYN. in ARROGANT] : alios præ se contemnens : fastidiosus : nimius admirator sui.
SUPERCILIOUSLY, insolenter : arroganter.
SUPERCILIOUSNESS, fastidium : arrogantia : superbia : insolentia : nimia sui admiratio aliorumque præ se contemptio.
SUPEREMINENCE, præstantia ; or by the adjectives.
SUPEREMINENT, eminentissimus (Quintilianus, and later writers) : præstans : egregius. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) eximius et præstans ; singularis eximiusque (e. g., virtus) ; eximius et præclarus. To be supereminent, supereminere. Vid. EXCEL.
SUPEREROGATION, supererogatio (technical term, occurs in Quintilian in the sense of a paying over and above). SUPEREROGATORY, supererogatorius (technical term) : ex abundanti.
SUPEREXCELLENT, eximius : præstans : egregius ac præclarus.
SYN. in EXCELLENT.
SUPERFETATION, by circumlocution, after Varro, R. R., 3, 12 : quæ quum catulos habent recentes, alios in ventre habere reperiuntur : or by superfetare (e. g., lepus superfetat ; Plinius, 8, 55, 81).
SUPERFICIAL, || Properly, circumlocution by superficies, summum, or adjective, summus. || Figuratively, levis (of persons and thing, not thorough ; slightly made or done) : parum diligens (acting or done without due care) : parum accuratus (of things, carelessly done) : parum subtilis (of persons or things, not thorough or complete. Cf., Avoid superficialis and perfunctorius) : A superficial author, levis auctor (Quintilianus). A superficial scholar, homo leviter eruditus ; qui leviter attigit literas (after Cicero). To have a superficial knowledge of literature, leviter imbutum esse literis (Quintilianus) : primoribus labris literas gustasse, attigisse (Cicero ; opposed to habitare, bene versatum esse in literis, after Cicero).
SUPERFICIALLY, leviter : strictim (Cicero) : in transitu (Quintilianus) : levi brachio (Cicero, Cf., Avoid per transennam, and observe that perfunctorie belongs to later Latin). To touch or handle anything superficially, strictim, leviter, extremis ut dicitur digitis attingere, primis ut dicitur labris attingere aliquid (Cicero).
SUPERFICIES, Vid.
SURFACE.
SUPERFINE, subtilissimus (the finest) : longe præstantissimus (the best).
SUPERFLUITY, redundantia (Cicero, figuratively) : superfluitas (Plinius) : id quod alicui supererat (e. g., de eo, quod ipsis supererat, aliis gratificari volunt (Cicero, Fin., 5, 15, 42). Vid.
SUPERABUNDANCE.
SUPERFLUOUS, supervacaneus (Cf., the best age supervacuus was only poetical ; superiluus was not earlier than the third century). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) supervacaneus atque inutilis. It is superfluous, supervacaneum est ; non or nihil attinet ; alienum est ; all with an infinitive.
SUPERHUMAN, quod supra hominem, or supra hominis vires est (exceeding human power) ; also, quod supra hominem est Deoque tribuendum (e. g., ratio) : ultra humanæ alicujus rei fidem (e. g., ultra humanarum virium fidem, with reference to strength ; ultra humani ingenii fidem, with reference to talents, etc., after ultra humanarum irarum fidem sævire).
Superhuman size, forma (viri) aliquantum amplior humana (Livius, 1, 7) of superhuman size, humana or mortali specie amplior : divinus or singularis et pane divinus (divine) : immanis (colossal).
Superhuman strength, vires humanis majores ; vires majores quam pro humano habitu. He possesses almost superhuman talents, in eo plus ingenii est, quam videtur natura humana ferre posse ; of almost superhuman talents, ingenio singulari et pæne divino (of Aristotle) ; auditæ sunt voces, quasi ex aliquo numine, supra humanas (superhuman ; vid. Tacitus, Ann., 16, 25). SUPERINDUCE, addere (to add) : afferre : parere (cause, bring on) : ferre, efficere (produce). SUPERINTEND, alicui rei præesse (to be or preside over anything) : aliquid procurare (for another in his absence). To superintend the domestic affairs, domum regere : domesticam agere curam (in general) : res domesticas dispensare (with regard to receipts and expenditure).
SUPERINTENDENCE, cura (management ; alicujus rei) : gubernatio : moderatio (government, the conducting of state affairs, rei publicæ) : gestio (the managing ; e. g., negotii) : curatio : procuratio (management, a taking care of anything). To commit the command of anything to anybody, alicui aliquid curandum tradere ; curam alicujus rei alicui demandare.
SUPERINTENDENT, qui rei præest : antistes (Cf., properly, of a temple and sacred services ; seldom, and only in the Silver Age, for superintendent in general) : præfectus (rei) ; or, for perspicuity, * superintendens (technical term).
SUPERIOR, adjective, superior (higher ; also, more powerful, excellent, or noble) : inter alios præcellens : excellens : eminens : præstans : virtute superans (in merit).
SUPERIOR, s., præses (president) : magister (master) : præfectus (not without a genitive or dative of the office in the best style).
SUPERIORITY, by the adjective or circumlocution ; e. g., superiority of numbers, numerus superans ; or, from the context, numerus only (e. g., fretus numero copiarum suarum, relying on his superiority in numbers) ; also, multitudo. vid. EXCELLENCE.
SUPERLATIVE, eximius : egregius : præclarus [SYN. in EXCELLENT] : summus : optimus : maximus. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) eximius et præstans ; eximius et præclarus ; singularis eximiusque. The superlative degree (in grammar), gradus superlativus (grammatical).
SUPERLATIVELY, summe.
SUPERNAL, cœlestis : supernus (Ovidius). SUPERNATURAL, divinus (divine) : incredibilis (incredible) : prope singularis (almost unique) : incredibilis et prope singularis et divinus : Cf., prodigiosus, portentosus, quod præter naturam exsistit, means “unnatural. ” Vid. also, SUPERHUMAN.
SUPERNATURALISM, * ratio eorum qui divinitus de rebus divinis edoctos esse homines dicunt : * supernaturalismus.
SUPERNATURALIST, * qui divinitus de rebus divinis edoctos esse homines dicit : * supernaturalista.
SUPERNATURALLY, divinitus : vi supera et cœlesti : supra quam natura potest.
SUPERNUMERARY, adjective, ascriptivus, or ascripticius (of soldiers, for which later writers said supernumerarius). To be supernumerary, postea additum esse, quum jam numerus completus esset.
SUPERSCRIBE, inscribere (superscribere, Gellius).
SUPERSCRIPTION, inscriptio : titulus : index.
SUPERSEDE, || To come in the place of, in locum alicujus rei succedere : rem inutilem reddere. || To set aside, cashier, loco suo
aliquem movere (general term) removere, abmovere, submovere a munere (especially from a public office) : abolere alicui magistratum (a magistrate). SUPERSTITION, superstitio : falsa religio.
Silly and contemptible superstitions, superstitiones pæne aniles. To fill with superstition, superstitione aliquem imbuere ; alicujus animum superstitione implere : to deliver from superstition, superstitione aliquem liberare or levare : to destroy or eradicate superstition, superstitionem funditus tollere ; superstitionis omnes stirpes ejicere.
SUPERSTITIOUS, superstitiosus (of persons and things) : superstitione imbutus : superstitionibus obnoxius : capti quadam superstitione animi (of persons. Cf., Religiosus, in this sense, is found only in Gellius, 4, 9, from a poet).
Superstitious practices, superstitiones.
SUPERSTITIOUSLY, superstitiose.
SUPERSTRUCTURE, exædificatio (Cicero, De Or., 2, 15, 63 ; but only figuratively of composition). Having laid the foundation of your works, don’t grudge us the superstructure, ne graveris exædificare id opus, quod instituisti (Cicero).
SUPERVENE, supervenire : de improviso adesse (suddenly).
SUPERVISION, Vid.
SUPERINTENDENCE.
SUPINE, adjective || With the face upward, supinus : resupinus. || Negligent, careless, indolent, supinus (post-Augustan, Quintilianus) : socors : otiosus. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) otiosus et supinus ; supinus securusque (Quintilianus) : negligens.
SUPINE, s., (in grammar), supinum (sc. verbum).
SUPINELY, supine : socorditer : negligenter.
SUPINENESS, negligeutia : socordia : incuria : supinus animus († Catullus) : socordia atque desidia.
SUPPER, cœna (in the Roman sense). For perspicuity, it may be necessary to say cibus vespertinus or nocturnus (after cibus meridianus, Suetonius). || The Lord’s supper, * cœna Domini : * cœna or mensa sacra, eucharistia (ecclesiastical). To partake of the Lord’s Supper, * sumere cœnam Domini ; * ex sacra cœna sumere cibum. To go to the Lord’s Supper, * accedere ad mensam sacram : to celebrate the Lord’s Supper, * celebrare eucharistiam.
SUPPLANT, supplantare (Properly, to trip up the heels) : vincere (Cicero) : præcurrere aliquem (Nepos) : antevertere alicui (Terentianus, to get the start or upper hand of) : privare aliquem alicujus favore or gratia (to displace in the esteem of anybody). SUPPLE, flexibilis : mollis : tractabilis (properly and figuratively).
SUPPLEMENT, supplementum (a fresh supply) : additamentum (anything added). SUPPLEMENTAL, by circumlocution with the substantive, or with the verbs supplere, supplemento explere.
SUPPLENESS, by the adjectives : flexibilitas (Solinus) : tractabilitas (Vitruvius). SUPPLIANT, supplex : rogator : qui supplicat, rogat, etc.
SUPPLICATE, supplicare : orare supplicibus verbis : obsecrare : obtestari. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) obtestari atque obsecrare : orare et rogare. Vid., also, PRAY. κυρικιμασαηικοSUPPLICATION, obsecratio : obtestatio (a beseeching by things sacred or dear to anybody) : preces supplices (humble entreaties). Earnest supplication, precum constantia (Tacitus, Germ., 8, 1) : preces infimæ (entreaties in the most submissive terms : Cf., supplicatio, with religious ceremonies = a Litany). Vid. also, PRAYER.
SUPPLY, v., || To fill up what is deficient, supplere (to add what is wanting) : complere : explere (to complete) : reficere, redintegrare (to restore, repair). To supply a loss, quod periit, deperiit, explere : to supply in thought, intelligere, supplere, aliquid (Cf., subaudire was used in this sense in the Silver Age, but subintelligere is not Latin) : to supply the place of anybody, obire alicujus vices (Plinius) ; fungi alicujus vice (Livius) : vicarium alicujus esse (to act in his stead) : succedere in alicujus locum (to occupy his room). || To yield, afford, dare : præbere : || To furnish ; vid.
SUPPLY, s., || That by which a deficiency is filled up, supplementum : complementum : explementum : (Cf., complementum rem perficit ; supplementum id quod deerat adjicit). || Provision, quod datur ad aliquid (considered as given or provided) : facultates, opes, copiæ, res (things considered in themselves, as for the purposes of use). A good supply of anything, copia : vis : supplies (of food, etc., for an army), commeatus : frumentum : res frumentaria : to get or take care of supplies, rem frumentariam providere, comparare : frumentum conferre : commeatum petere : to furnish supplies, commeatum supportare (Cæsar, B. G., 3, 23) ; subvehere (Livius) ; adducere (Curtius) ; frumentum subministrare (Cæsar) : to be without supplies, re frumentaria laborare (Cicero) or premi (Cæsar) ; rei frumentariæ difficultate affectum esse (Cæsar) : to be short of supplies, angusta re frumentaria uti.
SUPPORT, v., || To prop, fulcire : statuminare : adminiculari (e. g., arborem). || To maintain, nourish, alere (properly, of living creatures, to nourish, provide with food ; hence figuratively, of things ; e. g., spem, libertatem) : sustinere, sustentare (to preserve from falling ; of persons or things). || To aid, assist, befriend, favere alicui, alicujus rebus or partibus (to support both in will and action) : alicui studere ; alicujus esse studiosum (to support by affection and kindness) : juvare, adjuvare aliquem (applicable both to persons and to fortunate circumstances) : esse alicui adjumento ; afferre alicui adjumentum (applicable to persons only) : fovere aliquem : fovere ac tollere aliquem : sustinere ac fovere aliquem ; gratia et auctoritate sua sustentare aliquem (to support anybody in reference to civil honors) : benevolentia aliquem prosequi : benevolentiam alicui præstare, or in aliquem conferre (show him kindness, good-will, etc. ) : suffragari alicui (to give him one’s vote, interest, etc. ). || To endure, bear, tolerare : sustinere : pati : perpeti : perferre. Able, unable, to support anything, patiens, impatiens rei alicujus.
SUPPORT, s., Properly, || A prop, fulcrum (especially of the leg of a bed, sofa, etc. ) : fultura (Vitruvius, Plinius) : id quo fulcitur, sustinetur, firmatur, etc. : statumen (Columella), statuminatio (Vitruvius, anything placed by or under something else to support it, the latter only of the foundation or ground-work of a building) : adminiculum (prop or other support of a young tree ; e. g., a vine) : pedamen, pedamentum (pole, as support of a tree). To place a support under anything, aliquid fulcire or statuminare. Figuratively, A stay, pillar, columen (properly, a round wooden pillar supporting a building ; then, figuratively, of a person on whom anything, e. g., the state, a business, a family, rests) : firmamentum (that which makes anything firm ; e. g., the state, reipublicæ : firmamen only in Ovidius) : adminiculum (the person or thing on which anybody leans for support) : præsidium (a protection ; of persons or things ; e. g., præsidium generis) : subsidium (the person or thing to which one flies in time of need ; e. g., Balbus est præsidium senectutis nostræ).
Support in canvassing for an office, etc., suffragatio (Cicero, vote and interest) : to be the support of a person or thing, aliquem or aliquid fulcire (e. g., amicum, rempublicam) : alicui esse præsidio or subsidio (e. g., alicujus senectuti). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) fulcire et sustinere. To be the support of a family, domum fulcire ac sustinere : Chrysippus is looked upon as the support of the Stoic sect, Chrysippus fulcire putatur porticum Stoicorum : to give anybody to anybody as a support, dare alicui adminiculum aliquem. “Support” may also be translated by circumlocution. Anybody is my only support, omnes meæ spes sunt in aliquo sitæ ; solus aliquis me sustentat : you will be the only remaining support of the state, tu eris unus, in quo nitatur salus civitatis (Cicero) : to rest on (or have) more supports, pluribus munimentis insistere (Tacitus). || Sustenance, food, victus (said of all the necessaries of life) : alimenta, plural (properly, nourishment ; hence, in a legal sense, of the necessaries of life). To furnish support, alicui victum or alimenta præbere : alicui vestitum et cætera quæ opus sint ad victum præstare : means of support (a profession, trade, etc. ), quæstus.
SUPPORTABLE, tolerabilis : tolerandus.
SUPPORTER, || A support, vid. || One who supports ; by the verbs.
SUPPOSABLE, quod arbitrari, etc. potest.
SUPPOSE, || To imagine, think, arbitrari : putare : videri with an infinitive, or mihi videtur aliquid : opinari : reri : animum or in animum inducere : existimare : ducere. [SYN. and PHR. in BELIEVE]. || To require as previous, ponere, facere, rem esse. Fac = suppose for a moment (of an improbable supposition).
Suppose that the soul does not remain after death, fac animos non remanere post mortem : suppose that you could, fac potuisse. For “supposing that, ” “even supposing that, ” vid. “granting, ” “even granting that, ” in GRANT.
SUPPOSITION, opinio : conjectura (conjecture) ; so by circumlocution with the verbs. A mere supposition, opinionis commentum : no third supposition is possible or conceivable, tertium nihil inveniri potest ; tertium esse quidquam nego. Even on the supposition that ; vid. “even granting that, ” in GRANT.
SUPPOSITITIOUS, suppositus (Plautus) ; subditus
(Livius) ; subditicius (Plautus, Cicero) ; subditivus (Plautus , Suetonius) ; suppositicius (Varro ; e. g., filius subditivus, Suetonius ; libri subditicii, Quintilianus).
SUPPRESS, opprimere : comprimere : reprimere (more or less) : supprimere : exstinguere (entirely), aliquid. To suppress a rebellion, comprimere seditionem, tumultum : to suppress a rumor, rumorem exstinguere (Cicero) : the report was suppressed from fear of the king, suppressa fama est propter metum regis (Livius, 5, 1) : to suppress the truth, veritatem deprimere (Ovidius) : to suppress grief, ægritudinem supprimere (Cicero) : to suppress tears, laughter, sighs, anger, lacrimas or fletum, risum, gemitus, iracundiam, reprimere : suppressed laughter, refrenatus risus (Varro, ap. Non., 456, 9) : to suppress books, a name, reprimere libros (Suetonius) ; nomen alicujus (Tacitus, Hist., 2, 96).
SUPPRESSION, by circumlocution with the verbs.
SUPPURATE, suppurare (transitively and intransitively) : in pus verti (to form matter, intransitively).
SUPPURATION, suppuratio (Plinius, Celsus) : or by the verb.
SUPREMACY, dominatus : principatus : summa rerum : imperium. To hold the supremacy, dominari : summum imperium habere : summa est penes me potestas.
SUPREME, summus : supremus.
Supreme lord or ruler (of man), rerum omnium dominus ; (of God), regnator omnium, cujus numini parent omnia : God is supreme, regnator omnium Deus ; cætera subjecta et parentia (Tacitus, Germ., 39, 5). SUPREMELY, summe : præcipue : potissimum : imprimis : maxime.
SYN. in ESPECIALLY.
SURCHARGE, * nimium onus imponere alicui rei : * nimio pondere onerare aliquid. To be surcharged with business, negotiis obrutum or oppressum esse : to surcharge one’s self (with eating and drinking), se ingurgitare.
SURE, certus : firmus : stabilis : constans : fidus. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) certus et constans : firmus et constans : status : ratus : (The words are found in this connection and order. ) ratus et certus : ratus atque firmus : constans et ratus : stabilis, fixus, ratus : certus, ratus, firmus, fixus.
SYN. and PHR. in CERTAIN. ] SURELY, || With certainty, certo : certe (certo, objective ; certe, subjective. Certo rarely occurs in Cicero, except in certo scire, which is more common than certe scire) : liquido (clearly, when the statement is asserted to be manifestly true) : haud dubie : sine ulla dubitatione : profecto (“assuredly: ” a strong assertion that the thing is so : also, “surely, ” “doubtless, ” in assumptions) : næ (= profecto, stands ahvays at the beginning of a sentence, and mostly before personal pronouns) : sane (in the judgement of every sound mind) : nimirum (of an assertion which it would be strange if you did not grant : e. g., nimirum recte : omnibus regibus. . . hunc regem nimirum anteponetis, Cicero). I am surely persuaded, persuasum est mihi ; persuasi mihi. I shall surely do, etc., certum est mihi (aliquid facere) ; certum est deliberatumque ; stat sententia ; statutum habeo : Cf., “Surely” may be often translated by non dubito, quin, etc. ; non dubium est (or videtur esse) quin. “This may surely be accomplished, ” non dubito, quin hoc fieri possit, etc. It appeared from this letter that he would surely arrive before that day, prorsus ex his literis non videbatur esse dubium, quin ante eam diem venturus esset (Cicero). || In answers, certe (certainly) : vero (assuredly ; an emphatic assent) : recte (a polite form of assent) : ita : ita est : sic est (just so) : ita plane (exactly so ; just so) : etiam : sane : sane quidem (concessive forms). || At least, at all events, saltem : certe : certe quidem : sometimes tamen. If not. . . yet surely, si non. . . at saltem : si non. . . certe.
SURENESS, firmitas : stabilitas (fixedness, steadiness) ; or by adjective, certus, exploratus, non dubius, etc.
SURETY, sponsor : fidejussor : vas, vadis, masculine : præs (one who gives security) [SYN. in BAIL] : obses (a hostage) : vadimonium (security given). To be surety for anybody or anything, sponsorem, prædem esse pro aliquo ; intercedere pro aliquo (also, intercedere pecuniam pro aliquo : to be his surety by consenting to forfeit a sum of money if he does not perform the thing in question) : præstare aliquem , aliquid, or de re (to be surety, to answer for, in a wider sense) : spondere, fidem interponere pro aliquo : vadem fieri ejus sistendi (to answer for anybody’s appearance) : prædem fieri pro aliquo and alicujus rei ; obsidem alicujus rei fieri : also, vadem se dare alicui pro aliquo. Vid. more in BAIL.
SURETYSHIP, sponsio : fidejussio.
SURF, locus æstuosus : fluctus in litus saxorum sese illidentes. The surf runs high, crebri fluctus ex alto in litus evolvuntur (Livius, 4, 2). SURFACE, Cf., superficies, in this sense, is found in Pliny, Columella, and later writers, but is not classical : the best writers explain the meaning by summus in agreement with a substantive ; e. g., summa corpora (Quintilianus, 10, 2, 15) ; amphoræ summæ (Nepos, Han., 9, 2) ; summa cutis (Celsus, 3, 6, p. 137, Bip. ). SURFEIT, v., minis implere, replere aliquid aliqua re : rei satietatem parere or creare : fastidium movere. To be surfeited with food, etc. , onerari epulis, vino (Sallustius) ; epulis refertum esse (Cicero). SURFEIT, s., satietas (too much) : fastidium (loathing). SURGE, Vid.
SURF, WAVE.
SURGEON, chirurgus : pure Latin, vulnerum medicus, or medicus qui vulneribus medetur.
Warning ; Any kind of reproduction of this page will be very severely accused by tokyomaths. comSURGERY, || Profession of a surgeon, chirurgia, or ars chirurgica : ea pars medicinæ, quæ manu medetur (Celsus, præfat., p. 13, Bip. ). || Place or room for surgical operations, * officina chirurgi or chirurgica.