en_la_61

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SPECULATIVE, (philosophia) quæ contemplatione rerum continetur ; or simply (philosophia) contemplativa (Seneca, Ep., 91, 10). A speculative genius, ingenium sollers, acutum ; or, from the context, sollertia (Cicero).

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SPECULATOR, quæstuosus : qui quæstui servit. A speculator in corn or provisions, fenerator or tocullio ex annonæ caritate lucrans (Suetonius, Ner., 45). A speculator in corn, dardanarius (Ulpianus, etc. ).

SPEECH, || Faculty of speech, vox (voice ; general term for pouer of utterance ; of beasts or men) : oratio (power of expressing one’s thoughts and emotions in articulate speech) : lingua (the tongue ; also, speech) : linguæ or sermonis usus. To be without the faculty of speech, mutum esse ; orationis expertum esse (not to possess the faculty at all) ; elinguem esse ; linguæ usu defectum esse (to be unable to utter any articulate sound) : one who has been deprived of the faculty of speech, cui sermonis usus ablatus est : to deprive anybody of the faculty of speech [vid. “to render SPEECHLESS”] : to lose, recover, the power of speech, linguæ usum amittere, recipere (after Ovidius, Met., 14, 99). || Manner of speaking, vox : lingua. An impediment in his speech, linguæ hæsitantia. || An address, harangue, alloquium (address of a persuasive, consolatory, or warning kind : a soft speech, blandum or lene alloquium, Livius) : allocutio (speaking to) : appellatio (accosting a man quietly ; e. g., to request anything) : compellatio (direct address in a speech ; rhetorical term) : oratio (formal studied speech) : concio (address to a popular or military assembly, harangue) : sermo (speech of an unpremeditated, conversational kind). A set or studied speech, oratio bene commentata ; oratio meditata et composita ; oratio apparata or apparata et composita : to make a speech, orationem habere, agere, or dicere (general terms) ; concionem habere, concionari (to the people, troops, etc. ) to make a speech before anybody (i. e., to him), verba facere apud aliquem ; to the people, verba facere apud populum : to compose a speech, orationem facere or conficere : to prepare a speech, orationem meditari or commentari : to learn a speech by heart, orationem ediscere : to read a speech, orationem de scripto dicere ; orationem recitare (to read anybody’s speech before an audience) : an extempore speech, oratio subita et fortuita (opposed to commentatio, a prepared speech) : a little speech, oratiuncula : to end a speech, perorare ; dicendi finem facere. || A thing said, dictum, vox : verbum : Cutting speeches (= sayings, words), verborum aculei : unkind or abusive speeches, maledicta, plural.

SPEECHLESS, mutus (dumb) : elinguis (deprived of the faculty of speech ; e. g., from fear). To render anybody speechless, aliquem elinguem reddere ; alicui usum linguæ auferre (of a thing ; Ovidius, Met., 14, 99) : to be or become speechless, elinguem esse ; linguæ usu defectum esse : I am or become speechless, vox me deficit ; aliquid mihi vocem intercludit or præcludit (anything deprives me of the power of utterance).

Speechless from amazement, stupidus.

SPEED, s., festinatio : properatio (Cicero) : properantia (Sallustius, Tacitus) : maturatio (Auctor ad Her. ) : With speed, festinanter propere ; raptim ; properanter ; cursim ; curriculo : with the utmost speed, præpropere ; properantius ; maturius ; quam celerrime (Cicero) ; quam ocissume (Sallustius) ; velis remis ; remis velisque (Cicero) : to make all possible speed, omni festinatione properare (Cicero, Fam., 12, 25, 3) ; ventis remisque festinare (Cicero) ; nihil ad celeritatem sibi reliquum facere (Cæsar, B. G., 2, 26) : more haste worse speed, sat celeriter fit, quicquid satis bene (Suetonius) ; sat cito si sat bene.

SPEED, v., || Intransitively, To hasten, festinare (to do a thing in a hurried and imperfect manner) : maturare (to take care to be in good time) : properare (to take care that an opportunity does not pass ; Cicero) : festinationem adhibere (Nepos) : celeritati studere (Cæsar) : accelerare : currere (to make haste ; Cicero) : se incitare (Cæsar) : propere tendere : contendere aliquo (to hasten to a place ; Livius). || Transitively, To hasten, accelerare aliquid (to endeavor to bring anything about quickly) : maturare aliquid, or with infinitive (not to put off anything which should be done now ; but admaturare is only = to bring anything to maturity, Cæsar, B. G., 7, 54) : repræsentare aliquid (to execute anything without delay, even before the time) : præcipitare aliquid (to accelerate it too much). || To prosper, vid.

SPEEDILY, Vid. QUICKLY.

SPEEDY, Vid. QUICK.

SPELL, s., carmen (Plinius, Horatius) : cantio (Cicero) : cantus magicus (Columella) : incantamentum (charm, incantation ; Plinius) : canticum (Appuleius). To pronounce a spell, carmen incantare (Plinius) : spell-bound, (figuratively) defixus (Tacitus).

SPELL, v., ordinare syllabas literarum (Prisc., to arrange the syllables and letters) : literas in syllabas colligere. To spell correctly (in writing), * recte ordinare syllabas literarum : to know how to spell a word, * nosse quibus quæque syllaba literis constet.

SPELLING, by circumlocution with the verb.

SPELT, far (ζέα, which Pliny also writes, in Latin, zea) : * triticum spelta (Linnæus).

SPEND, || To lay out, apply, convertere aliquid in aliquem rem : conferre aliquid ad aliquem rem : ponere, collocare, consumere, conterere aliquid in aliqua re : adhibere, impendere aliquid alicui rei : erogare aliquid in aliquam rem (Cf., not alicui rei ; e. g., in ludos, not ludis). || To pass (time), degere : agere : transigere (e. g., diem, vitam, or ætatem). To spend, (time) in anything or with anyone, (tempus) ducere aliqua re (e. g., noctem jucundis sermonibus) ; consumere or conterere aliqua re or in aliqua re (to consume, bestow upon anything, or, in a bad sense, to throw it away) : absumere aliqua re (to spend uselessly, to waste ; e. g., tempus dicendo, diem frigidis rebus) : extrahere aliqua re (to wear out, to protract, without any result ; always used of spending time in talk, etc., instead of action). To spend one’s whole life in study, totam vitam in studiis literarum conterere, absumere, or consumere ; ætatem ducere in literis : to spend one’s life in idleness and entertainments, vitam in otio et conviviis agere : to spend one’s life in travelling, ætatem suam consumere in perpetua peregrinatione : to spend whole days over the fire, totos dies juxta focum atque ignem agere : to spend the whole day in running about, totum diem cursando atque ambulando conterere : to spend a day with anyone, diem cum aliquo ponere (Cicero, ad Fam., 5, 21, 3) : I spent three days with him, triduum cum eo fui : let us spend this day merrily, hilare hunc consumamus diem (after Terentianus, Ad., 2, 4, 23, where sumamus is only poetic ; vid. Ruhnken. in loc. ) : to spend the night in a place, pernoctare aliquo loco (to pass the night) ; manere aliquo loco (to remain anywhere during the night ; e. g., in tabernaculo ; inter vicos et vias ; usually with the idea that one cannot travel further or find a lodging elsewhere ; vid. Ruhnken : Suet., Cæs., 39) : to spend the night with anyone, pernoctare cum aliquo or apud aliquem. To SPEND ITSELF, absumi : consumi.

SPENDTHRIFT, homo prodigus, profusus, effusus : heluo : gurges. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) gurges atque heluo : nepos (a young spendthrift).

SPERM, semen (Celsus) : sperma (Sulp., Sever. ).

SPERMATIC, spermaticus (technical term) ; or by the genitive, seminis.

SPEW, vomere : evomere : vomitum vomere (Plinius).

SPHERE, || Properly, sphæra. The celestial spheres, cœlestia loca, nominative plural. || Figuratively, munus : munia, -ium, plural. To keep within one’s sphere, se rerum suarum finibus continere.

SPHERICAL, by circumlocution with sphæra. Cf., Sphæricus, sphæroides, late.

SPHINX, sphinx, -gis, feminine, (Auson. )

SPICE, s., condimentum (general term, anything by which food is rendered savory ; also figuratively ; e. g., condimentum amicitiæ) : aroma, -atis, neuter (foreign spice, as cinnamon, ginger).

SPICE, v., (cibos) aromatibus condire : * aspergere aromata cibis.

SPICERY, * omne aromatum genus : * omnia aromata.

SPICY, aromaticus (Spartian. ) ; or by circumlocution with aroma.

SPIDER, aranea (Linnæus), araneola : Of a spider, araneus : a spider’s web [vid. COBWEB] : the spider, orchis, * ophrys aranifera (Linnæus) : spider-wort, * anthericum liliastrum (Linnæus).

SPIGOT, obturamentum : embŏlus : epistomium (Varro).

SPIKE, s., || An ear of corn, etc., spica. || A long nail, * clavus spicatus. || A javelin, spiculum. || A kind of lavender, lavandula spica (Linnæus).

SPIKE, v., spicare : spiculare. To spike cannon, * tormenta clavis adactis inutilia reddere.

SPIKENARD, spica nardi (Plinius) : spica (Scribonius, Larg. ).

SPILL, s., || A thin shiver of wood, assula.

SPILL, v., effundere : profundere.

SPIN, || Transitively, nere. Cf, Stamina nere : stamina ducere versato fuco, stamina torta ducere manu, are found in the poets, but are admissible in prose ; but fila deducere, stamina torquere digitis or pollice are purely poetical : lanam tractate (as a business) : pensum facere or peragere (as a task). To spin a web (of the spider), texere telam : to spin off, deducere stamina colo (Tibullus, 1, 3, 86) : to spin out, deducere (to spin to the end ; properly, or figuratively) ; excogitare ; comminisci (to think out) : to spin out a thing ; i. e., to unfold it
copiously, uberius or fusius disputare de re ; pluribus docere, exponere aliquid. || Intransitively = To turn round quickly, in orbem agi, circumagi, or circumferri (Cf., rotari is rather poetic) ; gyros variare (to make circles, as birds do in the air).

SPINACH,

SPINAGE, * spinacea oleracea (Linnæus).

SPINAL, spinæ (generally).

SPINDLE, || In a spinning wheel, fusus. To work a spindle, fusum versare (Ovidius). || Any slender pointed rod made to turn round, cylindrus : axis.

SPINE, spina. One of the vertebræ of the spine, spondy̆lus ; vertebra (Celsus).

SPINNER, * qui, quæ net, fila or stamina deducit.

SPINNING, filorum deducendorum opus (Ban. ).

Spinning of wool, lanificium : to live by spinning, lana victum quæritare (Terentius, Andr., 1, 1, 48) : the art of spinning, ars nendi, stamina or fila deducendi : a spinning-machine, * machina staminibus nendis utilis : a spinning wheel, * rhombus cujus ope stamina nentur.

SPINOUS, spinosus (properly and figuratively).

SPINSTER, virgo : innupta, -æ.

SPIRACLE, spiramentum : spiraculum : lumen (any opening that admits light and air). To open spiracles, spiramenta laxare, relaxare (†) : If “spiracles” = pores, foramina invisibilia corporis (Celsus, 1, præf., p. 14, Bip. ) : * pori (technical term).

SPIRAL, quasi in cochleam serpens : in cochleam retortus : muricatim intortus (Plinius, 9, 33, 52). A spiral line, spira : linea tortuosa (not spiralis) : a spiral pillar, columna cochlis (P. Vict., De Regg. urb. Rom., 8, 9) : a spiral stair-case, * gradus quasi in cochleam serpentes or exstructi. Cf., Cochlea is without authority.

SPIRALLY, * in cochleæ speciem : in cochleam (Celsus 8, 10) : muricatim.

SPIRIT, || Anything eminently refined, inflammable liquor raised by distillation, perhaps * spiritus (technical term) : * liquor acrior (Georges) : liquor tenuissimus, nobilissimus, efficacissimus (Bau ; Plautus says, flos vini). Hence || Essential quality, flos : medulla. The spirit of Luther’s works, flores e Lutheri scriptis decerpti (after Plinius, 14, 1, extr. ). || Figuratively, Liveliness, vivacity (of style), spiritus sanguis (freshness) : to borrow from poets the art of giving a subject spirit and life, a poetis in rebus spiritum petere (Quintilianus, 10, 1, 27) : in Archilochus we find great spirit and life, in Archilocho plurimum sanguinis atque nervorum (Quintilianus, 10, 1, 60). || The soul, powers of the human mind, animus (the vital power, the sensitive and appetitive nature, τὸ ἐπιθυμητικός, ὁ θυμός ; then the whole spiritual nature of man ; opposed to corpus) : mens (the intellect, ὁ νοῦς) : anima (in the best writers, denotes the principle of life = spiritus, πνεῦμα ; it is only in later prose writers that it obtains the meaning of animus) : spiritus (almost = anima, the breath of life ; then, also, those properties of the mind which answer to our “high spirit, ” energy, inspiration, etc. ) : ingenium (intellectual powers, talent, especially the creative or inventive faculty). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) animus et mens : A great or lofty spirit, animus magnus, excelsus, altus ; ingenium magnum, excelsum : a man of great spirit, animus magnus ; vir magni ingenii : noble or choice spirits, clarissima ingenia : an inferior spirit, ingenium parvum, pusillum ; homo parvi ingenii (of a person) : a philosophical spirit, subtilitas (in disputando) ; vir subtilis, sagax (of the parson) : to have great spirit, magno ingenio esse ; ingenio abundare : to show spirit, signa dare ingenii. || The prevailing opinion or constitution of mind, also that which principally guides the actions, animus : mens : studium alicujus rei (inclination to anything). A servile spirit, animus servilis : a spirit of contradiction, * obloquendi studium : a spirit of novelty, rerum novarum or novandarum studium : a spirit of private gain, * privatæ utilitatis studium : a warlike spirit, gloriæ bellicæ studium ; studium bellicum. || Peculiar manner of thinking and acting, ingenium (peculiar turn or constitution of mind) : natura (natural quality or stale) : proprietas (property) : ratio (peculiar manner and way) : mens (the peculiar mode of thinking ; hence, also, the sense attached by a writer to his words ; opposed to verba ; vid. Paullus, Dig., 19, 4, 19) : voluntas, or (ad Her., 2, 10) scriptoris voluntas (that which a writer means to say, that which he had in his mind when he wrote ; opposed to scriptum, verba, or literæ = literal meaning, the letter ; vid. Cicero, Cæcin., 23, 65 ; De Invent., 1, 4, 19) ; also, voluntatis conjectura (opposed to verborum proprietas) : sententia (idea contained in what is said, etc ; opposed to verbum ac litera ; vid. Cicero, Cæcin. 27, 77) : id quod ex verbis intelligi potest (opposed to the words themselves) : Cf., Genius, in this sense, is not Latin. Whether the spirit should be followed or the letter, verbis standum sit an voluntate (Quintilianus) : to follow the spirit against the letter, a voluntate et contra scriptum judicare de re (ad Herenn. ) : the letter against the spirit, verba et litteras sequi, negligere voluntatem : to obey the letter, not the spirit, of a law, command, etc., ad verba alicui obedire, non ad id, quod ex verbis intelligi potest, obtemperare : to preserve the spirit of an author without tying one’s self down to a strictly literal translation, non verbum pro verbo reddere, sed genus omne verborum vimque servare. The spirit of eloquence among the Greeks in each successive age, can be learnt from their writings, ex Græcorum scriptis cujuscumque ætatis quæ dicendi ratio voluntasque fuerit, intelligi potest : to comprehend the spirit of a writer, mentem (Cf., not genium) scriptoris assequi ; ad voluntatem scriptoris accedere : the spirit of Lælius seems also, to breathe in his writings, videtur Lælii mens etiam spirare in scriptis : the spirit of the Greek language, * Græcæ linguæ natura : spirit of the age [vid. AGE]. || A simple incorporeal being, with the power of thought and will, perhaps spiritus (Seneca, Ep., 41, in., sacer intra nos spiritus sedet) : anima quæ relicto corpore errare solet (after death, according to Plinius, 7, 52, 53). The Holy Spirit, Spiritus Sacer ; Deus (e. g., Deus tecum est, intus est, with Seneca, loc. cit. ) : God is a Spirit, Deus est mens soluta quædam et libera, segregata ab omni concretione mortali (with Cicero, Tusc., 1, 27, 66) : an evil spirit, dæmon (Lactantius, 2, 14, sqq. ) : the spirits of the dead, lemures (general term) ; manes (souls of the dead regarded with awe, as being no longer connected with matter, but like shades) lares (good spirits, worshipped as domestic gods) ; larvæ, maniæ (bad spirits, supposed to wander about at night as ghosts) ; pii (the pure spirits ; vid. Cicero, Phil., 14, 12, 32) ; umbræ, especially with infernæ (shades of the departed in the lower regions) : the world of spirits, * quidquid sine corpore viget (everything incorporeal) : cœlestia, -ium, neuter (in heaven) : piorum sedes et locus (habitation of the pious, blessed). To enter the world of (happy) spirits, piorum sedem et locum consequi.

SPIRITED, alacer (brisk, lively, in body or mind) : acer (full offire and energy) : vividus (lively, energetic) : vegetus (of the mind, lively, quick) : vigens (fresh, strong, in body or mind) : concitatus (impassioned) : animosus (full of high courage ; of men, of horses, Ovidius). A spirited speech, oratio fervidior : a spirited orator, orator agens ; calens in dicendo : to give a spirited account or representation of anything, alicujus rei imaginem exprimere quæ veluti in rem præsentem perducere audientes videatur (after Quintilianus 4, 3, 123) : a spirited contest, contentio acris ; certamen acre (fight) : the battle is spirited, fit pugna acri certamine.

SPIRITEDLY, alacri animo : acriter.

SPIRITLESS, imbecilius : tardus : tardi or pinguis ingenii (of weak mind) : frigidus inanis. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) frigidus et inanis (without vigor or life).

SPIRITUAL, || That consists of spirit, incorporeal, corpore carens ; in quo nihil est mixtum atque concretum, aut quod ex terra natum atque fictum esse videatur, or ab omni concretione mortali segregatus (vid. Cicero, Tusc., 1, 27, 66). Cf., Incorporeus and incorporabilis are not found in classical prose. Pure spiritual existences, animi per se ipsos viventes (Cicero, Tusc., 1, 16, 37). || That concerns the mind or spirit, by the genitive animi, ingenii (e. g., spiritual joys, animi voluptates). Cf., Avoid the barbarous spiritualis.

Spiritual goods, animi bona : the spiritual welfare of mankind, æterna animi felicitas : spiritual excellences, animi virtutes : with spiritual eyes, animi oculis. || Not secular, ecclesiasticus (ecclesiastical, Ecclesiastical) ; sacer (sacred) : clericorum (generally plural, of or belonging to the clergy ; e. g., ordo clericorum). A spiritual person, clericus : ecclesiasticus.

SPIRITUALLY, animo : ingenio : mente (opposed to sensu).

SPIRITUOUS, * fervidus.

SPIT, s., veru, neuter, verum (Plautus). To turn a spit, veru versare.

SPIT, v., || To fasten on a spit, * (carnes) veru transfigere. || To eject from the mouth, spuere : exspuere. To spit blood, sanguinem vomere, ejicere, extussire ; sanguinem per tussim exscreare or ejicere ; tussis sanguinem extundit (Celsus) ; sanguinem
per os reddere ; sanguinem (ore) rejicere (Plinius) : to stop a spitting of blood, exscreationes cruentas inhibere : to spit at or on, aliquid sputo aspergere or respergere ; inspuere in aliquid : conspuere ; consputare (general term, in good or bad sense. Cf., Aspuere, Plinius, 28, 4, 7, and insputare, Plautus, Capt., 3, 4, 21 and 23, are unusual) : to spit in anybody’s face, inspuere alicui in frontem or in alicujus faciem ; os alicujus sputo respergere ; also, consputare aliquem : to spit forth, out, or up, exscreare (in clearing the throat, or coughing) ; spuere, exspuere (to spit out) ; salivare (to emit as spittle, of the murex, Plinius, 9, 36, 60) ; vomere, evomere ; ejicere, rejicere (to vomit ; evomere also, of volcanoes) ; per os reddere (to emit from the mouth) : to spit forth flames, ex montis vertice ignes erumpunt ; mons ignes evomit (†) or flammis emicat : (figuratively) to spit out venom and gall, acerbitatis virus evomere ; against anybody, apud aliquem : to spit out death and destruction, cædem eructare sermonibus.

SPITAL, Vid. HOSPITAL.

SPITE, s., odium occultum, tacitum : simultas obscura (a secret, suppressed dislike or enmity between two parties or persons, especially in political matters ; opposed to simultas aperta ; Döderlein and Herzog show that simultas alone does not express our “spite”) : odium inclusum (Cicero, Fam., 1, 9, 54). To cherish spite, odium occultum gerere adversus aliquem (after Plinius, 8, 18, 26) ; occulta simultas mihi cum aliquo intercedit (after Cæsar, B. C., 2, 25) : in spite of, by the prepositions adversus or in ; adversus marking opposition and inconsistency between the two things ; in expressing the existence of a state, but implying inconsistency between it and the other assertion.

Something was done in spite of a treaty, a decree of the Senate, adversus inducias, senatus consultum : stultus est adversus ætatem et capitis canitiem (in spite of his age and grey hairs) ; sed in hac ætate utrique animi juveniles erant ; tamen in tot circumstantibus malis mansit aliquam diu immota acies ; or by ablative absolute with contemtus, neglectus, etc. (e. g., in spite of anybody, invito or nolente aliquo) : he proceeds in spite of difficulties, licet tot difficultates obstent, objiciantur, tamen incepto suo non desistit : he retains his opinion in spite of all contrary arguments, contemtis, neglectis, omnibus adversarii rationibus, in sua perseverat sententia : you see how poor it is in spite of its fine name, qui tam tanto nomine quam sit parvus vides.

SPITE, v., || To be spiteful [vid. “to cherish SPITE”]. || To show spite or ill-will toward anybody, odium occultum habere alicujus rei or in aliquem : to be spited by anybody, esse alicui in odio, or apud aliquem in odio.

SPITEFUL, malignus (opposed to benignus) : malevolus : malevolens (ill-natured).

SPITEFULLY, maligne.

SPITEFULNESS, malignitas : malignitas multo veneno tincta (Seneca).

SPITTER, sputator (Plautus) : qui spuit, etc.

SPITTING, by sputum (spittle) ; or by the verb :

Spitting-box, * cistula or vas sputo excipiendo collocata (Horatius) ; * vas in quod inspuitur.

SPITTLE, saliva : humor oris (whether spit out of the mouth or not) : sputum (only as spit out) : oris excrementa, plural (post-Augustan) . To create spittle, sputum ciere, movere, or facere.

SPLASH, aspergere aliqua re or aspergere aliquid alicui.

SPLAY, v., luxare (e. g., membrum. Cf., There is no sufficient authority for eluxare) : ejicere (armum, a shoulder, Vegetius, of a horse) : movere sua sede, or de suo loco.

SPLAY-FOOTED, varicus (Ovidius, A. A., 3, 304).

SPLEEN, || Properly, splen (Plinius) : lien (Celsus) : Disorder of the spleen, morbus lienis (Plautus) ; malum hypochondriacum (technical term). κυρικιμασαηικο|| Figuratively, Ill-will, bilis ; indignatio, (alicujus rei) indignitas, ha. To vent one’s spleen upon or against anybody, stomachum in aliquem erumpere ; dolor meus in aliquem incursat ; iram in aliquem effundere, evomere, erumpere.

SPLENDID, splendidus (properly and improperly) : splendens : fulgens : nitens : nitidus [SYN. in BRIGHT] : micans (glittering, bright) : illustris : magnificus (improperly ; the latter referring more to the real nature of the thing). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) splendidus et magnificus : præclarus (illustrious). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) magnificus et præclarus ; lautissimus (very neat and elegant, exquisitely fine). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) magnificus et lautissimus. The splendid passages in a poem, eminentia, -ium (Quintilianus) : splendid achievements, magnificæ res gestæ ; facta splendida (†). To gain a splendid victory, magnifice vincere. A splendid reputation, nomen illustre. A splendid edition, editio et charta et literarum formis ornatissima ; liber et charta et literarum formis ornatissimus (Cf., not editio splendidissima, or liber spleudidissimus).

SPLENDIDLY, magnifice : splendide : præclare : lautissime : egregie. To live splendidly, largiter se invitare (with reference to food and drink) : magnifice vivere (in respect of magnificence) : luxuriose vivere (general term, in respect of luxury). The affair went off splendidly, prorsus ibat res.

SPLENDOR, || Properly, As a property of a body, splendor (bright lustre ; of any color) : fulgor (strong and dazzling brightness ; of light ; especially of the color of fire, or the like) : nitor (of a polished or glossy surface) : candor (clear brightness ; especially of the sky, the sun). To give splendor to a thing, splendidum or nitidum facere aliquid ; in splendorem dare aliquid ; nitorem induere alicui rei. || Figuratively, Magnificence, illustrious quality, splendor (of anything great or imposing) : fulgor (of character or reputation) : claritas (renown) : magnificentia (pomp, magnificence) :

Splendor in style of living, vitæ cultus : splendor of diction, splendor verborum : splendor of a name, splendor et nomen : to be still in the splendor of glory, recenti gloria nitere : the splendor of a thing is extinguished, alicujus rei splendor deletur : to lose its splendor, obsolescere (of things) : to show itself in its splendor, fulgere aliqua re (of persons) ; totum splendere (of things) ; enitere (of things which attract observation).

SPLENETIC, || Properly, splenicus : spleneticus : lienosus (Plinius). || Figuratively, stomachosus : morosus : tristis : æger animi or animo.

SPLICE, jungere : nectere : Vid. JOIN.

SPLINT,

SPLINTER, || A fragment split off, fragmentum. A splinter of a broken bone, ossis fragmentum (Celsus) : to take out splinters, fracta ossa extrahere (Plinius). || A thin piece of wood to keep a set bone in its place, canalis : canaliculus (Celsus) ; also, plural, ferulæ [the stalks of that plant being used as splinters], to which Celsus adds, explaining their use, quæ fissæ circumpositæque ossa in sua sede contineant (Celsus, 8, 10, 1). To put on splinters, ferulas accommodare, or circumponere, or imponere (Celsus, ib. ) ; ferulas circumdare (ib. ).

SPLINTER, v., Transitively, * in assulas tenues findere aliquid. Intransitively, * assulatim abscedere.

SPLIT, Transitively, findere (general term) : diffindere (asunder) : cædere (with an axe ; e. g. lignum) : split (part. ), fissus (general term, as Suetonius, Cæs., 61, ungula) : bisulcus (in two parts = cloven, ungula, pes, lingua). to split a rock, saxum diffindere : to split in the middle, medium secare ; ictu findere (with a blow). Intransitively, findi : diffindi. To split (of stones), rumpi in testas.

SPLUTTER, s., || Properly, by circumlocution with the verb. || Improperly, To make a great splutter about anything, magno conatu magnas nugas dicere (Terentius, Heaut., 4, 1, 8) ; excitare fiuctus in simpulo, ut dicitur (Cicero, Leg., 3, 16) ; laborare sine causa (Cicero, Fam., 13, 1) : what a splutter he makes! quas tragœdias efficit! (Cicero, Tusc., 4, 34, 73).

SPLUTTER, v., tumultuari (may express the noisy spluttering of one in a passion) : ore confuso loqui or blaterare (os confusum ; opposed to os planum or explanatum) : voce perturbata loqui (vox perturbata inarticulate; opposed to vox explanabilis ; Seneca, De Ira, 1, 3, 5) : * raptim atque perturbate loqui.

SPOIL, v., || To plunder, prædari : prædam or prædas facere, or (of living creatures) agere : rapere : rapinas facere. || To devastate, vid. || To corrupt, destroy: Transitively, corrumpere : depravare : perdere : pervertere : vitiare. The dinner is spoiled, corrumpitur cœna (Plautus), prandium (Terentianus) : the fish are spoiled, pisces corrumpuntur (Plautus) : to spoil fruit, fruges perdere (Cicero) : to spoil corn, frumentum corrumpere (Cæsar) : to spoil one’s pleasures, gaudium alicujus contaminare (Terentius, Eun., 3, 5, 4), acerbare (Statius, Theb., 12, 75) ; gaudium alicujus turbare ; voluptas alicujus corrumpitur aliqua re (†) : to see one’s character, depravare, corrumpere mores (Cicero) : to spoil a child, indulgentia puerum depravare or corrumpere ; deliciis solvere ; molli illa educatione, quam indulgentiam vocamus, nervos omnes mentis et corporis frangere (Quintilianus) : to be spoiled by a luxurious and indolent life, luxu atque inertia corrumpi (Sallustius) : to be spoiled (of children, etc. ), remollescere, effeminari.
Intransitively, corrumpi : depravari : perdi.

SPOIL, s., præda : raptum.

Spoils, plural, spolia, -orum, neuter ; exuviæ (the former, arms, standards, and all trophies taken from an enemy ; the latter, only arms taken off the person) ; spolia opima, -orum, neuter (arms taken from a general) ; manubiæ (money obtained from the spoils ; then the general’s share of them ; vid. commentators on Nepos, Cim., 2, 5) ; sectio (booty divided into portions ; then the share which fell to the treasury ; vid. commentators on Cæsar, B. C., 2, 23 ; Ernesti, Clav., Cic., s., v. ).

SPOKE, radius (Columella, Vitruvius).

SPOKESMAN, qui loquitur : orator.

SPOLIATE, Vid. SPOIL.

SPOLIATION, direptio : spoliatio : expilatio (Cicero) ; or by spolia ; e. g., aliorum spoliis facilitates suas augere (Cicero, Off., 3, 5, 22) : peculatus (peculation).

SPONDAIC, spondaicus.

SPONDEE, spondæus.

SPONDYL, spondy̆lus (Plinius) : vertebra (Celsus).

SPONGE, spongia : to wash with a sponge, spongia abstergere : to squeeze a sponge, spongiam exprimere.

SPONGY, spongiosus (Celsus, Plinius).

SPONSAL, sponsalis : nuptialis : (sponsalitius, Code Justinian).

SPONSOR, || Surety, vid. || At baptism, sponsor (Tertullianus, Bapt., 18). To stand sponsor, * alicujus baptismo sponsorem interesse.

SPONTANEITY, voluntarius animi motus (Cicero, Fat. 11, 25). The human mind possesses spontaneity, animus humanus ex se ipse sua sponte movetur (after Cicero, N. D., 2, 12, 32).

SPONTANEOUS, || Voluntary, vid. || Of its own accord, by circumlocution by sponte : sua sponte (Cf., not sponte sua, which is found only in poets and later prose writers ; the pronouns are put first for emphasis ; vid. Herzog, ad Cæs., B. G., 1, 9) : ultro : voluntate : sua voluntate : ipse : (Cf., Seneca introduced the use of spontaneus, ultroneus ; these words can be adopted only as technical terms).

SPONTANEOUSLY, Vid. SPONTANEOUS.

SPOON, cochlear (terminated with a point at one end, broad and hollow at another : the pointed end was for drawing snails, cochleæ, out of their shells, and eating them ; the broad end for eating eggs, etc. ) : ligula (provincial lingula, a flatter spoon for eating preserved fruit with ; savillum, for scooping up honey, etc. ) :

Spoon-shaped, in formam lingulæ redactus. The handle of a spoon, * manubriolum cochlearis or ligulæ.

SPOONFUL, cochlear (= 1-24th of the cyathus ; used as a measure of medicine) : ligula (Plinius) : lingua (Plinius, semen lonchitidis duabus linguis ex aqua potum ; 26, 11, 73). Two or three spoonfuls, duarum aut trium ligularum mensura (Plinius) : a spoonful of salt, ligula salis : a lange spoonful, cochlear cumulatum : ligula cumulata. To take a spoonful of anything, aliquid mensura cochlearis bibere : to take a spoonful of it in water every day, cochlearis mensura in die sumere or sorbere aliquid in aqua : to give anybody a spoonful of anything, aliquid cochleari or cochlearis mensura dare : cochlearium (Plinius, Scrib., Larg., is another form of cochlear.

SPORADIC, dispersus : diffusus : dissipatus. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) dissipatus et dispersus.

SPORT, s., || Play, ludus : jocus [Vid. PLAY. ]To make sport of anybody, aliquem ludere, deludere, illudere. In sport, per jocum : per ludum et jocum : per ridiculum : joco, joculariter (e. g., alicui objicere aliquid). || Mockery, irrisio : derisio : derisus (post-Augustan) : cavillatio : ludibrium. To make sport of, ludibrio (sibi) habere aliquem or aliquid : to be the sport of the winds, ventorum ludibrium esse : aliquid or aliquem irridere, deridere, cavillari : to make great sport of, acerbis facetiis aliquem irridere : to be made sport of, irrideri : ludibrio esse. || Pursuit of game, venatus. To enjoy field sports, * venandi studio teneri : multum esse in venationibus : venandi studiosum esse. Fondness for field sports , venandi studium, or voluptas, or studium ac voluptas.

SPORT, v., || To play, ludere : ludendo tempus terere : ludicra delectari delectatione : lusionibus delectari. || To pursue some sport, venari.

SPORTFUL,

SPORTIVE, hilaris : hilarus : lætus : solutus : festivus. To be sportive, animum explere : animo obsequi : oblectare (Cicero) ; hilarum se facere.

SPORTFULLY,

SPORTIVELY, hilare : læte : festive : jocose (Cicero) ; joculariter (Suetonius, in jest).

SPORTFULNESS,

SPORTIVENESS, hilaris animus et ad jocandum promptus.

SPORTSMAN, venator.

Sportsman-like, in a sportsman-like manner, * venatorum more : of or belonging to a sportsman, venatorius : a sportsman’s word or term, * verbum venatorium : a company of sportsmen, * cohors venatorum.

SPOT, s., || A stain, mark, macula (which marks a thing otherwise of a single color ; also for labes) : labes (which renders unclean ; in prose mostly figuratively = stain, blot, blemish) : nota (a mark used for distinction) : nævus (natural spot on the skin) : ærugo (a spot of rust) : atramenti litura (a blot [so Georges ; but Freund gives no instance of litura in this sense, its meaning being that of smearing over ; e. g., in erasure from a waxen tablet : thus linere atramento is to cover with a wash of black paint : better, nota or labes atramenti, after tractata notam labemque remittunt Atramenta, Horatius]) : rubor (a red spot) : livor, sugillatio (a blue spot on the body ; the former natural, the latter in consequence of a blow) : glaucoma, -atis, neuter (a blue or grey spot on the eye) : sarcion (a vein in a precious stone) : vitium (figuratively, a fault, stain). To make a spot in anything, maculam facere in aliqua re : to take away or remove a spot, maculam tollere, delere, auferre ; from anything, e or de re (general term) ; maculam (atramenti labem) abluere ; from anything, e re ; with anything, aliqua re (to wash out) ; maculam extrahere (to draw out) : to remove a spot from the body, maculæ corporis mederi : from the face, maculam e facie tollere : to be without a spot, omni vitio carere. [Vid. also, . BLEMISH, STAIN. ] || Place, locus. In the right spot, suo loco : not to move or stir from the spot, nusquam se vestigio movere : not to remain in one spot, nusquam insistere : to be always looking to one spot, eadem contueri : not to stir or advance from the spot, nihil promovere.

SPOT, v., maculare : commaculare : maculis aspergere (especially to make spots on anything white) : inquinare (to disfigure by spots) : contaminare (to pollute, figuratively) : oblinere (to besmear) : labem or labeculam aspergere alicui rei (to affix a stain of infamy to). Vid. To STAIN, POLLUTE.

SPOTLESS, || Properly, sine macula or maculis : purus. || Figuratively, integer : castus : candidus. A spotless life, vita sine labe peracta (Ovidius) ; vita pura (Horatius) : spotless conduct, mores labe carentes (Ovidius).

SPOTTY, maculatus : maculosus : maculis sparsus.

SPOUSE, conjux (husband or wife) : maritus (husband) : uxor (wife) : sponsus : sponsa (betrothed).

SPOUT, s., || A tube from which water springs forth, sipho, -onis, masculine ; os, oris, neuter (mouth of a vessel). || A cataract, vid. || Under the caves (for collecting rain-water), canalis, qui excipit e tegulis aquam cœlestem (Vitruvius, 3, 5, 15). Cf., Tegulæ colliciales were the gutter-tiles, down which the rainwater flowed (Cato, R. R., 14, 4). || Water-spout, typhon.

SPOUT, v., || Properly, prosilire (poetical and post-Augustan prose) : emicare (†) ; se ejaculare in altum (all three of the blood, Ovidius, Met., 6, 259) : scaturire (to bubble up ; post-Augustan, very rare) : exsilire (of water, Lucretius, 2, 200). || Figuratively, Vid. To DECLAIM.

SPRAIN, s., by circumlocution by the verb : luxatura (dislocation, very late).

SPRAIN, v., convellere (e. g., armos, Columella).

SPRAT, * clupea sprattus (Linnæus).

SPRAWL, porrigere manus et crura.

Sprawling, stratus, porrectus. To lie sprawling, supinum jacere porrectis manibus et cruribus ; resolutum stratis in herbis porrigi († Ovidius, Met., 7, 254) ; * projectum humi jacere (if one has been struck down) ; projectus humi (Tacitus).

SPRAY, || A little branch, ramulus : ramusculus : virgula : germen : surculus (sprig). || Foam of the sea, spuma.

SPREAD, v., || Transitively, tendere : contendere (to spread out) : distendere (to stretch apart or asunder) : extendere (to stretch out, extend) : pandere : dispandere (to open, spread out) : explicare (to unfold). To spread nets, plagas tendere (Cicero, Off., 3, 17, 68) ; retia tendere (for an animal, alicui ; also figuratively). To spread the sails, vela dare ventis ; vela tendere or pandere (poetical). || Intransitively, diffundi (of trees and their branches) : luxuriari (to grow luxuriantly ; of plants). To spread far, late diffundi (of branches) ; vastis or patulis diffundi ramis (of trees) ; manare, serpere (of a calamity, a rumor ; the latter also with the notion of gradual, unobserved progress) ; increbrescere, invalescere (as customs, etc. ) ; diffundi, evagari (of diseases) : luxury spreads, luxus excrescit or pullulare cœpit : to spread further, longius serpere atque progredi (of an evil) : to spread further every day, serpere manareque in
dies latius : a rumor spreads through the whole town, rumor tota urbe manat or discurrit : the doctrine of Pythagoras spread far and wide, doctrina Pythagoras longe lateque fluebat.

SPREAD ABROAD, Transitively, || Properly, pandere : expandere : dispandere : explicare (as troops, ships, battle array) : extendere (to stretch out, extend) : diffundere (to spread abroad in different directions, as a tree spreads its branches) : sternere (to stretch out upon the ground). || Figuratively, diffundere : differre : circumferre : disseminare : spargere ; dispergere (to scatter) : vulgare ; divulgare ; pervulgare (among the people) : evulgare : in vulgus edere (to divulge what ought to be kept secret). || Intransitively, diffundi : se diffundere (of trees and fluids) : se spargere (of trees) : vagari per locum ; spargi per locum ; late vagari (to wander over a place ; of persons) : diffundi et patescere (of a road).

SPREAD, s., By circumlocution with the verb.

SPRIG, surculus : germen : virgula. A sprig of olive, virgula oleagina (Nepos).

SPRIGHT, Vid. SPIRIT.

SPRIGHTLINESS, vigor : animus acer or alacer : hilaritas.

SPRIGHTLY, hilaris, hilarus (either at the moment or habitually) : alacer gaudio (at the moment). [Vid. GAY. ]

Sometimes vegetus : alacer ; vigens. SYN. in ALERT.

SPRING, s., || The vernal season, ver : tempus vernum (the time of spring). At the beginning of spring, primo vere ; principio veris ; ineunte and inito vere (the former when it begins, the latter when it has begun) : it is early in spring, prævernat (Plinius, 18, 26, 65, no. 2, § 239) : that happens or is found in spring, vermis : the spring of life, flos primus ætatis (Cf., ver ætatis is poetical) : the beginning of spring, veris principium ; ver primum : a spring day, * dies vernus ; * dies veris (Cf., species verna diei is poetical) : spring weather, tempestas verna ; * cœlum vernum : it is spring weather, cœlum (or aër) quodammodo vernat (vid. Plinius, . 2, 50, 51) : warm spring weather, * vernus cœli tepor. || A principle of motion, * elater : * spira e ferro recellente facta ; * spira recellens or resiliens.

Spring of a watch, * elater horologii. || A leap, saltus, -ûs. || A fountain, (properly) aqua saliens (Suetonius) ; saliens (Vitruvius) : salientes (sc. aquæ, Cicero, Vitr. ). || A source, origin, vid.

SPRING, v., || Intransitively, To begin to grow, progerminare (Columella) : emergere (Cicero) : enasci (Columella). || To arise, oriri (general term) : scaturire : excurrere, at a place, ex (to bubble forth, of fountains) : originem habere (to have its origin anywhere, of rivers) : profluere (of fountains and rivers) : fluere : manare : proficisci : nasci : gigni : exsistere : erumpere ex aliqua re (figuratively, to have its foundation or ground in anything) : sequi aliquid (to be the consequence of anything) : Injurious consequences spring from that measure, inutiles res sequuntur illam viam consilii : to spring from another quarter, gigni aliunde : sprung from, natus or prognatus aliquo (born from) ; ortus ab aliquo (descended from) ; oriundus ab aliquo (that derives his origin from anybody of more remote descent) : to be sprung from a place, from a person, ortum esse ex aliquo loco, ab or ex aliquo ; natum esse aliquo loco, aliquo (in respect of the place, the rank, or the person from whom one is derived) ; oriundum esse ab aliquo loco or ab aliquo (of the place or person from whom our ancestors were descended ; hence frequently opposed to natus ; e. g., Livius, 24, 6, Hippocrates et Epicydes nati Carthagine, sed oriundi ab Syracusis). || To leap, salire. To spring up, subsilire ; exsilire (de) ; prosilire (a). || To fly with elastic power, dissilire : rumpi : disrumpi. The door springs open, janua se aperit. || Transitively, To burst, rumpere : disrumpere. || PHR., To spring an arch, camerare, concamerare, confornicare, aliquid. To spring a leak, rimas agere. The ship springs a leak, navis rimis fatiscit (Vergilius). To have sprung a leak, (omnibus) compagibus aquam accipere ; plurimis locis laxari cœpisse (in several places). To spring a mine, * vi pulveris pyrii cuniculum discutere : to spring a rattle, * insonare crepitaculo (after insonuitque flagello, Vergilius).

SPRING- GUN, * sclopetum quod sua sponte disploditur.

SPRING-TIDE, (maritimus) æstus, quem luna plena (or luna nova, as the case may be) : maximum effecit (after Cæsar, B. G., 4, 29).

Spring-tides, maritimi æstus maximi, or quos luna plena maximos effecit (ib. ).

SPRINKLE, || To scatter water by drops, spargere : aspergere (e. g., water on the ground). To sprinkle on anything, aspergere aliquid alicui rei : conspergere aliquid aliqua re : to sprinkle the ground before the door, spargere or conspergere humum (ante ædes). To sprinkle the roads in order to lay the dust, vias conspergere propter pulverem. || To spot, maculis variare (Cf., not maculare) : sprinkled, maculosus : coloris maculosi.

Sprinkled with while, maculis albis : sprinkled with black, maculis nigris : sprinkled with gold, ex aureolo varius ; aureis maculis sparsus : sprinkled with blue and yellow, ex cæruleo fulvoque varius. Cf., Sparsus alone can never mean “sprinkled. ”

SPRITE, Vid. SPIRIT.

SPROUT, s., germen (as in a bud, etc. ) : surculus (shoot of a tree, that may be used as a setting to propagate the species, tree, etc. ) : sarmentum (a useless twig or shoot) : stolo (an injurious sprout or sucker).

SPROUT, v., germinare : egerminare : progerminare : prosilire (of trees) : herbescere (of grass, etc. ).

SPRUCE, bellus (pretty ; mostly, but not always with praise) : nitidus (carefully and strikingly neat, etc. : e. g., quos vides pexo capillo nitidos, Cicero, Cat., 2, 10, [Orelli puts a comma after capillo]) : lepidus (used in a bad sense in Cicero, Cat., 2, 10 : ni pueri, tam lepidi, tam delicati, alluding to their fine and effeminate dress, appearance, etc. ) : lepide ornatus (Plautus, Pœn., 1, 2, 84) : Cf., comtus almost always refers to neatness, etc., of style, composition, as lepidus often does. From a spruce man he becomes a rustic, ex nitido fit rusticus (Horatius). A spruce gentleman, bellus homunculus (Varro, ap. Gell., 13, 10) : homo totus de capsula (as if come out of a bandbox, Seneca, Ep., 115, 2).

SPRUCELY, lepide : nitide, or lepide nitideque : concinne. A sprucely dressed man, nitidus (Horatius).

Sprucely and neatly dressed, concinne et lepide vestita (Plautus, of a female).

SPRUCENESS, nitor (e. g., in cultu, Quintilianus, 8, 5, 34, speaking of dress ; Att., ap. Non. has nitiditas) : * nitidus or lepidus cultus, vestitus : cultus justo mundior (Livius, over-fine attire) : concinnitas (Seneca ; non est ornamentum virile concinnitas, Ep., 115).

SPUNGE, s., Vid. SPONGE.

SPUNGE, v., parasitari (Plautus) : upon anybody, alicujus mensa vivere (after aliena vivere mensa, Juvenalis, 5, 2).

SPUNGER, parasitus (one who fawns and flatters for the sake of good cheer, Plautus) : cœnarum bonarum assectator.

SPUNGY, spongiosus (Celsus, Plinius).

SPUR, s., calcar (of a boot ; also of a fighting-cock : it is only in the poets that it is improperly = incitement, impulse, etc. ; though the whole phrase “to set spurs to, ” “to need the spur, ” etc., is used improperly) : radius (of a fighting-cock) : stimulus : aculeus : incitamentum (figuratively = an incitement). To set or put spurs to, equo calcaria subdere ; equum calcaribus concitare or stimalare (properly) ; alicui calcaria adhibere or admovere (properly or figuratively) ; aliquem stimulare or incitare (figuratively). To require the spur (improperly), egere calcaribus (opposed to egere frenis, Cicero). Anything is a great spur to anything (figuratively), est aliquid maximum alicujus rei incitamentum.

SPUR, v., alicui calcaria subdere : aliquem calcaribus concitare (properly) : alicui calcaria adhibere or admovere (properly or figuratively). To spur a horse on, (equum) calcaribus stimulare : to spur anybody on (figuratively), stimulos subdere alicujus animo ; calcaria alicui adhibere or admovere, or addere ; calcaribus uti in aliquo ; aliquem incitare ad aliquid.

SPURGE, euphorbia (Plinius, Linnæus).

Spurge flax, * daphne thymelea (Linnæus) : spurge laurel, * daphne laureola (Linnæus) : spurge olive, * daphne cneorum (Linnæus) : spurge-wort, * iris xiphium (Linnæus).

SPURIOUS, || Not genuine, adulterinus (general term ; opposed to probus, verus) : fictitius (fictitious ; opposed to verus) : fucatus, fucosus (showy, but false ; opposed to sincerus, probus) : subditicius (Plautus) ; subditus : suppositus : insitivus (suppositious ; e. g., a child, book, will, etc. ). || Illegitimate ; vid. BASTARD.

SPURN, || Properly, pedibus aliquem conculcare or proculcare. || Improperly, spernere : aspernari. Vid. DESPISE.

SPURRED, (Wearing spurs), * calcaribus instructus.

SPURRIER, * faber calcarium.

SPURT, v., || Transitively, spargere. To spurt over, spargere or conspergere aliquid aliqua re : aspergere aliquid alicui rei. || Intransitively, prosilire : emicare. A pen spurts, * penna chartam atramento respergit.

SPUTTER, oris humorem spargere (after Quintilianus, 11, 3, 56, with anger) : indignatione bullire (Appuleius).

SPY, s.,
explorator (a professed spy, especially in war ; one who examines everything closely on the spot, and reports it to his party) : speculator (a scout ; one who observes or watches anything from a high ground at a distance) : emissarius (one who is sent out by another, whose creature he is) : excursor (one who runs far out to espy). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) excursor et emissarius (e. g., istius excursor et emissarius, Cicero) : delator (one who endeavors to detect dangerous political opinions, etc., and report the holders of them to the magistrates ; a police spy). A female spy, speculatrix.

SPY, v., explorare : speculari. To spy into, introspicere : to spy out, perspicere : pervidere.

SQUAB, || A cushion, pulvinus. [Vid. CUSION. ] || A young bird, pullus.

SQUABBLE, Vid. QUARREL.

SQUAD, manipulus (Cæsar. ) : militum manus (Cicero).

SQUADRON, ||(Of troops), turma : by squadrons, turmatim. To divide the cavalry into three squadrons, equites dividere turmatim in tres partes (Livius, 20, 33). || (Of ships), classis (fleet) : diminutive, classicula (Cicero, Att., 16, 2, 4).

SQUALID, squalidus : sordidus.

SQUALL, v., vagire (like an infant) : vagitum edere. Vid. CRY.

SQUALL, s., || Cry, ejulatio : ejulatus : vagitus. Vid. CRY.

SQUALL, s., || Sudden gust, procella : subita tempestas : ventus turbo, or turbo only. A squall comes on, ventus turbo exoritur (Plautus).

SQUALLY, procellosus (Livius) : ventis turbidus (Ovidius).

SQUALOR, squalor : sordes.

SQUANDER, effundere : profundere (to spend lavishly) : conficere : consumere (to consume by lavish expenditure). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) effundere et consumere : dissipare (general term, to scatter abroad, dissipate) : abligurire (to consume by luxurious or dainty living) : lacerare (to cut up) : perdere (to destroy) : heluari (to lavish upon immoderate feasting) : Cf., prodigere is an old word, revived in the decline of the language, and therefore to be avoided. To squander one’s property, rem suam conficere or lacerare : to squander one’s time, tempus perdere ; tempore abuti.

SQUARE, adjective, quadratus : quadrangulus. A square foot, pes quadratus : quadrata cubita soli in quadratum quaternis denariis venundantur (four cubits square) : Ten feet square, deni in quadrum pedes : to build (e. g., a forum) square, in quadrato constituere : built square, in quadrato constitutus : quadratus : A square letter, litera quadrata.

SQUARE, s., || The mathematical figure, quadratum : tetragonum, or, pure Latin, figura quadrata or quadrangula. || Anything of a square shape, quadra.

Square of a chess-board, perhaps quadra tabulæ latrunculariæ. || (In architecture), quadratum : tetragonum (Greek) : | (In military tactics), orbis (literally, a circle ; formed by the Roman soldiers in cases in which modern troops would form a square : the square, in this sense, was unknown in ancient tactics ; for Cf., agmen quadratum denotes the whole army marching in battle array in the form of a parallelogram). To form a square, orbem facere or colligere ; in orbem coire ; in orbem se tutari. || A rule by which workmen form their angles, norma (Vitruvius).

SQUARE, v., quadrare (to make square) : ad acerrimam normam dirigere ; rem cum re commetiri (to make to fit or agree). To square a number, in se multiplicare.

SQUARE ROOT, * radix quadrata.

SQUARENESS, by circumlocution by the adjective, or verb.

SQUARING, quadratura.

Squaring of the circle, circuli quadratura (Appuleius, Dogm. Plat., 3, p. 275, Oud. ).

SQUASH, Vid. CRUSH.

SQUAT, v., || To sit down on the hams or heels, conquiniscere (Plautus) : subsidere (Livius). || To settle, vid.

SQUAT, adjective, || Sitting low, humi assidens : subsidens. || Short and thick, obesus : habitu corporis brevis et obesus (Cf., not quadratus, which = of moderate stature, but well knit together ; corpus quadratum, neque gracile neque obesum, Celsus, 2, 1) : ventriosus or ventruosus (corpulent, having a large stomach).

SQUEAK, stridere : * vocem argutam or stridulam edere.

SQUEAKING, stridulus ; or by circumlocution with the verb. A aqueaking voice, stridula et tenuis vox (Seneca, Ep., 56).

SQUEAMISH, fastidiosus.

SQUEAMISHNESS, fastidium : fastidium delicatissimum.

SQUEEZE, premere : comprimere. To squeeze out, exprimere : to squeeze out oil, oleam exprimere : to squeeze out water, etc., from a sponge, spongiam exprimere : to squeeze it dry, aquæ plenam spongiam manu premere ac siccare : to squeeze one’s self into a corner, compingere se in angulum : to squeeze to death (hyperbolical), aliquem complectendo necare (from affection, as apes their young ones) : to be squeezed to death in a crowd, præ turba elidi exanimarique.

SQUIB, || A small fire-work, * missile pyrium : radius pyrius (Bau. ). || A pasquinade, vid.

SQUILL, || A bulbous plant, scilla (Plinius) : * scilla maritima (Linnæus). || A crustaceous fish, squilla (Cicero).

SQUINT, v., limis or perversis oculis esse : strabonem esse (Cicero, naturally) : limis spectare (in a single case, Terentianus). to squint at, limis oculis intueri or aspicere aliquid or aliquem.

SQUINT,

SQUINTING, s., limi or perversi oculi.

SQUINTING, adjective, limus : perversus (of the eyes) : strabo (of persons, squint-eyed) : qui est limis or perversis oculis (of the natural defect) : limis (oculis) spectans (in a single case, Plautus) : pætus or pætulus (strictly speaking = looking askance, ogling, but sometimes used as a mild expression for strabo ; Horatius).

SQUIRE, armiger (Vergilius).

SQUIRREL, sciurus (Plinius). The common squirrel, * sciurus vulgaris (Linnæus) : the flying squirrel, * sciurus volans (Linnæus).

SQUIRT, v., || Transitively, spargere. || Intransitively, prosilire : poetical, emicare.

SQUIRT, s., || A syringe, sipho. || Water squirted, scatebra.

STAB, v., || Properly, fodere : figere : transfigere : cædere, vulnerare aliquem : sica, gladio, pungere, ferire aliquem : punctim ferire aliquem : with a dagger, etc., sica or pugione pungere or compungere. To stab anybody to the heart, cultrum in corde alicujus defigere (Livius, 1, 58) ; sicam in corpore alicujus defigere (Cicero, Cat., 1, 6, 16) ; gladium infigere alicui in pectus (Cicero, Tusc., 4, 22, 50) ; ictum alicujus corpori infigere ; aliquem ictu vulnerare : to stab one’s self, cultro se pungere, vulnerare, lædere. || Figuratively, To injure, destroy, vid.

STAB, s., ictus : plaga. A stab in the side, punctio lateris : in the breast, punctio pectoris.

STABILITY, || Properly, firmitas : firmitudo (firmness) : stabilitas (power of standing firmly or steadily, Cæsar). To give stability to, confirmare, firmare. || Figuratively, firmitas : stabilitas : constantia (opposed to mobilitas) : gravitas (opposed to levitas).

Stability of character, animi constantia propositique tenacitas (Eichst. ). Not to possess stability of character, non satis firma animi constantia munitum esse.

STABLE, adjective, firmus : stabilis : fixus : Vid. FIRM.

STABLE, s., equile : equorum stabulum or stabulum (general term, for any stall or stable).

Stable-door, janua stabuli (Columella).

Stable-keeper, stabuli magister : stable-boy, stabularius (general term) : agaso (a groom). To clean out a stable, stabulum purgare (a stercore), converrere or everrere. || Proverbially, To shut the stable-door when the steed is stolen, clipeum post vulnera sumere (Ovidius). κυρικιμασαηικο

STABLE, v., stabulare (Varro).

STABLING, stabula (plural) : stabulatio (e. g., hiberna, Columella, 6, 3, 1, for cattle in winter) : præsepia (plural).

STABLISH, Vid. ESTABLISH.

STACK, s., acervus (e. g., lignorum, stramentorum, fœni) : strues (e. g., lignorum) (Cf., fœnile, rather the barn or yard in which the hay was kept for use : meta fœni = a cock of hay : congeries, in the best writers, denotes a heap of things put together without order or regular form ; therefore not = stack. ) A stack of chimneys, * ordo (fumariorum, fumariolorum).

STACK, v., cumulare : acervare (rare) : coacervare : construere (e. g., fœnum).

STAFF, || A stick used for support, baculum, more rarely baculus (a walking-stick, for use) : scipio (for ornament ; staff of office) : fustis (for striking blows) : sceptrum (a sceptre) : pedum (shepherd’s staff). ||Figuratively, Property, vid. || In military language, a number of officers acting together, legati tribunique (after Cæsar, B. G., 4, 23) : prætorium (Cæsar, Livius). A staff-officer, tribunus militum (colonel) : legatus (general) : legati tribunique militum (the staff-officers).

STAG, cervus : of a stag, cervinus.

STAGE, || A raised platform, suggestus, -us (Livius) : suggestum (Cicero) : catasta (a platform on which slaves were exhibited for sale) : tabulatum (made of boards) : machina : machinatio (considered as an artificial structure) : pegma, -ătis (Auson. Cf., In classical writers = a book-case [Cicero], or a machine used in a theatre [Seneca]). To prepare a stage, machinam comparare ; machinationem
præparare, instruere. || Place for actors in a theatre, proscenium (space between the scena, scenes, and the orchestra ; the pulpitum was the part of the proscenium which was nearest the orchestra). Our word “stage” may be represented by the more general terms, scena, theastrum. Of or belonging to the stage, scenicus : theatralis. To enter upon the stage, in scenam prodire, produci (of an actor). To retire from the stage, de scena recedere ; scenam relinquere (of an actor). To make one’s first appearance on the stage [vid. DEBUT]. The action is represented on the stage, res agitur in scenis : on the stage = theatrically, in fabulis : to bring upon the stage, novam fabulam in scenam inducere, producere. || Figuratively, Place of action or display, theatrum, scena. To go off the stage, a publico rerum gerendarum theatro recedere ; e sole et pulvere in umbram et otium recedere (after Cicero) ; se removere a publicis negotiis (Cicero). To quit the stage = to die, a vita recedere ; vita decedere (Cicero). || Degree in a journey, statio : stabulum (place for changing horses ; the proper word of the Silver Age ; vid. Gierig., Plin., Ep., 6, 19, 4) : hospitium ac stabulum : stabulum ac deversorium (quarters). || A stage-coach ; i. e., coach that travels by stages, vehiculum publicum. || Single step in any progress, gradus.

STAGE-PLAYER, Vid. ACTOR.

STAGGER, || Intransitively, titubare (Properly, to trip) : vacillare (e. g., ex vino) : labare (so as to fall) : labascere : labefieri (properly and figuratively). To stagger home, titubante pede domum reverti. || Figuratively, claudicare : fluctuare : fluctuare animi or in animo ; incertum esse ; hæsitare : dubitare : in dubio esse. || Transitively, Properly, labefacere : labefactare. || Figuratively, labefacere, labefactare : collabefactare (Ovidius). To stagger anybody’s opinion, labefacere, labefactare aliquem ; labefactare alicujus opinionem, sententiam ; movere alicujus sententiam. To stagger anybody’s fidelity, fidem alicujus labefactare, sollicitare. To be staggered, labascere (Terentianus) : labefieri, labefactari (Cicero). Anything staggers me (= makes me almost doubt the conclusion I thought certain), dubitatio mihi movetur or affertur.

STAGGERS, vertigo. To be seized with the staggers, vertigine corripi : to have the staggers, vertigine laborare (Plinius) : vertiginem pati (Macrobius).

STAGNANT, stagnans (post-Augustan) : reses (e. g., aqua, Varro, R. R., 3, 17, 8) : lentus : torpens († lacus, Statius) : piger (sluggish). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) stagnans pigerque (e. g., aquæ, Plinius).

STAGNATE, stagnare (Plinius) : immotum esse (Cicero) : coagulari (to coagulate).

STAGNATION, by circumlocution with the verb.

Stagnation of trade, mercatura frigens, jacens, torpens.

STAIN, s., macula (a mark which variegates) : labes (a mark which disfigures) : nota (a mark which distinguishes). All these words properly or figuratively : to denote a stain on the character more distinctly, we may say, macula sceleris ; labes turpitudinis or ignominiæ ; nota turpitudinis. A slight stain, labecula : parva macula. To get a stain, maculam trahere. To take out a stain (properly), maculam, labem eluere : maculam delere : maculam (e veste) abluere (Plinius), (de veste) auferre (Ovidius). To wipe out a stain (figuratively), labem abolere, maculam delere (Cicero) .

STAIN, v., || To mark or disfigure with a stain, maculare (Cf., maculis variare, to spot, sprinkle) : maculis aspergere : rei labem imponere. || To color, vid.

STAIR, gradus (a single step) : scalæ, -arum (a flight of steps, stairs) : descensio (a flight of steps leading downward). To live up three pair of stairs, tribus scalis habitare (Mart., 1, 118, 7) : up stairs, contra scalas : down stairs, secundum scalas : to throw anybody down stairs, aliquem per gradus dejicere : to fall down stairs, per gradus præcipitem ire.

STAIR-CASE, scalæ, -arum.

STAKE, s., || A pale, palus (general term) : sudes (flat and pointed) : stipes (round, uncut) : vallus (a palisade). To fasten to a stake, palare aliquid ; alligare aliquem ad palum (Cicero). To drive a stake through the body, adigere stipitem per medium hominem (Seneca, Ep., 14, 4). || Fost at which a (real or pretended) malefactor is burnt, * palus (ad quem nocens alligatur igni comburendus) ; hence, figuratively, for death by fire, as a punishment, pœna, qua aliquis igni crematur (as Cæsar, B. G., 1, 4) ; sometimes from the context, rogus (funeral pile). To die at the stake, igni necari ; flammis circumventum exanimari (voluntarily). The condemned must die at the stake, damnatum pænam sequi oportet, ut igni cremetur. || Anything laid down at play, pignus. Anything is at stake, agitur aliquid (e. g., caput, one’s life is at stake ; rarely, in this sense, agitur de aliqua re, which = “anything is treated of ;”cf. Cortte, Sall., Cat., 52, 10) : in discrimine versatur aliquid (anything is in a dangerous position or situation ; e. g., salus mea) : dimico de aliqua re (I am running the risk of losing anything ; e. g., de vita, de fama, dimico ; cf. commentators on Nepos, Timoth., 4, 3).

Some have their life at stake and others their reputation, alii de vita, alii de gloria in discrimen vocantur.

STAKE, v., || To fasten by stakes, palare aliquid. || To wager, hazard at play, ponere (cf : Plautus, Curc., 2, 3, 76, pono pallium ; ille suum annulum opposuit, staked against it) : in medium conferre (Suetonius, Oct., 71, in singulos talos singulos denarios in medium couferebat, he staked a denarius upon every throw) : aliquid in pignus dare.

Say what you will stake, dic, quo pignore mecum certes. Hence, figuratively, to hazard, fortunæ committere (Cicero) : aleam jacere (Suetonius).

STALE, vetus : vetustus (old) : non recens (not fresh) : vapidus (of liquors).

Stale bread, panis strictus (Juvenalis, 5, 69) ; panis vetulus.

STALK, s., (of a plant), stirps (the whole lower part of plants or trees ; stem, including the roots ; of reeds, Plinius) : stilus (of asparagus, Columella) : caulis (e. g., brassicæ) : (of corn), culmus(as bearing the ear) ; calamus (as hollow) : pediculus (fruit or leaf stalk) : petiolus (fruit-stalk) : scapus (e. g., lupini, Varro, R. R., 1, 31, fin. ). Bean stalks, fabalia, -ium.

STALK, v., incedere : ingredi. To stalk proudly, magnifice incedere : to stalk in purple and gold, insignem auro et purpura conspici.

STALKING-HORSE : Vid. PRETEXT.

STALL, || Place for cattle, stabulum (general term) : bubile (an ox stall). || A bench, mensa. || A small house or shed used by a tradesman, taberna (as a place of sale) : officina (as a workshop). || In a cathedral, * scamnum, subsellium, locus (place, dignity) canonicorum.

STALLION, equus mas : equus admissarius ; also simply equus or admissarius, from the context (Columella).

STAMINA, stamen ; plural, stamina.

STAMMER, balbutire (intransitively and transitively) : halbum esse, lingua hæsitare (intransitively).

STAMMERER, balbus (habitual) : blæsus (unable to pronounce the sibilants s, z, mostly) : lingua hæsitans : balbutiens (denoting simply the fact).

STAMMERING, hæsitantia linguæ. Cf., There is no authority for balbuties.

STAMP, s., forma (instrument for stamping with) : signum, nota (impression) : species (appearance given to anything).

Stamped paper, * plagula signo reipublicæ notata : the price of stamps (i. e., a stamped paper), * pecunia, quæ pro plagulis signatis solvitur (Cf., not sigillum). || With the foot, pedis supplosio.

STAMP, v., || To impress with a mark, signare (general term) : signo reipublicæ signare or notare (to affix a public or official mark upon ; e. g., plagulam) : forma publica percutere : publice probare (e. g., mensuram). To stamp a thing, figuratively, alicui rei speciem alicujus rei conciliare. || To strike with the foot so as to make a noise, supplodere pedem : terram pede pulsare or percutere : terram pedibus tundere. || To beat, vid.

STAMPER, pistillum.

STANCH, v., (sanguinem) supprimere (Celsus), sistere (Plinius) : (sanguinis profluvium) inhibere (Curtius), sistere (Plinius).

STANCH, adjective, firmus : stabilis : constans : certus.

STANCHION, Vid. PROP.

STAND, v., || Intransitively, stare (general term) : consistere : resistere (to stand still, halt, not to flee) : collocari (of statues, etc. ; not stare) : durare : perdurare : obdurare : sustentare (to hold out, especially in a contest) : pererrare (of plants which endure the cold of winter) : manere : esse ratum (to remain unchanged ; e. g., if he wished his measures to stand, si suas res gestas manere vellet, Nepos, Alcib., 10). Nothing will stand of all that, etc., nihil earum rerum erit ratum, quas, etc. (Nepos, Alc., 10) : tears begin to stand in anybody’s eyes, lacrimæ oboriuntur alicujus oculis : to stand by an agreement, stare pacto or conventis ; by a promise, promissis stare ; by an opinion, in sententia sua manere, permanere, perseverare : to stand by anybody, alicui non deesse ; aliquem non deserere, destituere, etc. : to stand still, stare in vestigio ; consistere in loco (not to walk about ; opposed to inambulare) ; consistere, resistere (not to proceed, or to retire ; opposed to procedere,
fugere) ; subsistere (to halt, stop, of persons ; e. g., in itinere ; or things ; e. g., a clock) ; insistere (to stop one’s course) ; non residere (not to sit down) : to keep anybody standing, aliquem residere non jubere. || PHR., To stand in = to cost, stare or constare, with an ablative of the price : to stand for = to be bound for, sponsorem esse or spondere pro aliquo [vid. BAIL, SPONSOR] : to stand high in one’s opinion or favor, esse in gratia, in honore, apud aliquem ; gratissimum esse alicui ; gratia plurimum valere apud aliquem : to stand on anybody’s side, stare ab aliquo ; facere ab aliquo : it stands in my power, penes me est ; est in mea potestate ; situm est in mea potestate ; mea est potestas ; also, stat per aliquem (Cf., but not stat apud aliquem, which is barbarous) : how stand matters with you? quo loco sunt res tuæ? (Terentianus) : to stand out, exstare ; prominere : to stand out against, resistere ; obniti : to stand in awe, [vid. To Be AFRAID] : to stand in doubt, [vid. DOUBT, HESITATE] : to stand in need, [vid. To NEED, WANT] : to stand on end, stare ; horrere (e. g., stant arrectæ horrore comæ, Vergilius ; stant comæ, ibid. : horrent capilli, Tiberius ; comæ, Ovidius : rigent comæ metu, terrore, horrore, ibid. ) : to stand up, surgere (to rise) : to stand as a candidate, munere candidatorio fungi (Cicero) ; petere ambire : to stand good, manere ; valere ; ratum esse : to stand upon ceremony, magno apparatu aliquem accipere, excipere, colere : not to stand upon ceremony, nullo, sine ullo apparatu : simpliciter : pray do not stand upon ceremony with me, ne magno apparatu, quæso, me accipias : one who does not stand upon ceremony, homo simplex. ||Transitively, pati : perpeti (to endure, suffer ; perpeti, to the end) : ferre : perferre (to bear ; perferre, to the end) : tolerare : toleranter ferre (to endure with constancy) : perfungi aliqua re (to discharge). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) perpeti aliquid et perfungi : sustinere (to hold out) : parem esse alicui rei (to be a match for). To stand pain, dolores perpeti, subire : to stand torture, subire cruciatum : to stand trouble, danger, molestia, periculo perfungi : to stand toil, laboribus perfungi ; labores perferre : not to be able to stand anything, vinci aliqua re ; succumbere or imparem esse alicui rei : that can stand anything, patiens, tolerans alicujus rei (Cf., of the Silver Age) : to stand fight, in acie stare ac pugnare (opposed to fugere, in castra refugere) ; pugnam non detrectare.

STAND, s., || A station, statio : locus. || A stop, mora. To be at a atand, stare ; sistere : to come to a atand, subsistere. || Act of opposing or resisting, by circumlocution with verbs in OPPOSE, RESIST. || A frame, or the like, on which anything is placed, statumen : suggestus : basis : pes. || A set (e. g., a stand of arms), arma, plural ; armatura.

STANDARD, s., || That which has been established or stands as a test, a settled rate or measure, mensura (general term) : mensura publice probata (as a measure, Modestin., Dig., 48, 10, 32, no. 1) : pondus publice probatum (as a weight, ibid. ). || figuratively. A model, rule, regula : norma : lex. || An ensign in war, signum militare ; or, from the context, signum only : vexillum. SYN. and PHR. in COLORS.

STANDARD, adjective, * ad publice probatæ mensuræ (or ad ponderis publice probati) normam redactus.

STANDARD-BEARER, signifer : vexillarius (Livius) : vexillifer (Prudentius).

STANDING, participial adjective, stans.

Standing upright, erectus : standing water [vid. STAGNANT] : a standing camp, castra stativa, -orum, nominative plural, : a standing army, (we may say) milites perpetui : a standing festival, festi dies anniversarii.

STANDING, s., || The act of standing, status, -ûs. || A place where one stands, locus. || Condition, circumstances, status : conditio. || Rank, position, locus (position in civil relations) : dignitas (station according to character, family, etc. ) : sors (the slate of life to which one has been called or born) : genus ; stirps (family, descent). Cf., Ordo never means rank or standing, but the whole number of persons of a certain rank or standing, a class. || Age. Anybody of the same standing as another, æqualis alicui ; as myself, sequalis meus.

STAND-STILL, statio : institio (general terms, but especially of the apparent standing still of certain stars, stellarum). To be at a stand-still, consistere ; vestigio hærere (not to be able to walk on) ; in dicendo deficere (in a speech) ; in aliqua re hærescere or inhærescere ; nescio quid agam or quo me vertam (of not knowing what to do) ; nescio quomodo me expediam : business is at a stand-still, mercatura jacet or friget ; negotia jacent : everything is at a stand-still, omnia tamquam in quodam incili adhæserunt (Cœlius, ap. Cic., Fam., 8, 5).

STANZA, perhaps tetrastichon. A poem arranged in stanzas, * carmen tetrastichum or tetrastichon (genitive plural) ; carmen (Quintilianus).

STAPLE, s., || A mart, emporium : forum venalium : receptaculum peregrinarum mercium. || A loop of iron, * hamus (ferreus).

STAPLE, adjective,

Staple commodities of a country, * quæ aliqua terra gignit or parit (its natural products) ; alicujus terræ opera et artificia (its manufactures, etc. ).

STAR, stella (any single star) : astrum (any of the larger heavenly bodies, as the sun, moon, planets, or large fixed star) : sidus (a constellation, frequently, also, astrum ; Cf., astrum belongs rather to the style of poetry and science, sidus to common and historic prose). Translated to the stars, stellatus (Cicero, Tusc., 5, 3, 8) : born under a lucky star, dextro sidere editus or natus ; unlucky, malo astro natus : shooting star, trajectio stellæ (Cicero, De Div., 2, 6, 16) ; stella transvŏlans (Seneca, N. Q., 2, 14) ; plural, stellarum discursus (Plinius, 2, 36, 36). There is a shooting or falling star, scintilla e stella cadit ; stella cadit or præceps cœlo labitur ; stella volat or transvolat : a fixed star, stella inerrans ; sidus certa sede infixum ; plural, sidera quæ certis locis infixa sunt : the course of the stars, stellarum, siderum cursus (Cicero) : brighter than the stars, clarior stellis (e. g., oculus) : a map of the stars, * tabula cœlestis ; * tabula complexum cœli exhibens : like a star, in stellæ figuram redactus (Columella, 12, 15, extr. ).

STAR-GAZER, Vid. ASTROLOGER, ASTRONOMER.

STAR-LIGHT, sideribus illustris (e. g., nox, Tacitus, Ann. 1, 50, 3 ; 4, 5, 1) : Cf., stellans and sublustris are poetical.

STARBOARD, * latus navis dextrum.

STARCH, s., amylum.

STARCH, v., * lintea amylare or * amylo solidare.

STARCHED, Vid. STIFF.

STARE, v., torpentibus oculis aliquid or aliquem intueri (after Quintilianus, 11, 9, where torpentibus oculis) : defixis oculis intueri aliquid : obtutum figere in aliqua re. To stare anybody in the face, oculos defigere in vultu alicujus (Curtius) : to stare with astonishment, stupere.

STARE, s., oculi torpentes defixi : * obtutus in aliqua re defixus.

STARK, [vid. QUITE].

Stark naked, plane nudus : omni veste exutus (stript of all his clothing) : stark mad, delirus.

STARLING, sturnus (Plinius) : * sturnus vulgaris (Linnæus).

STARRY, adjective, stellarum plenus (full of stars) : astris distinctus et ornatus (adorned with stars) : Cf., stellifer, stellatus, stellans are poetical. A starry night, nox sideribus illustris (Tacitus, Ann., 1, 50, 3) : the starry heavens, cœlum astris distinctum et ornatum (Cicero, N. D., 2, 37, 95) : nocturna cœli forma undique sideribus ornata (Cicero, Tusc., 1, 28, 68) : Cf., cœlum stelliferum or stellans, stellatum or sidereum, are poetical.

START, v., || Intransitively, To startle, concitari terrore et metu : metu concuti : commoveri, percelli re nova, stupere : stupescere. To start back, resilire ; resultare : to start at anything, refugere, timere, vereri, horrere, reformidare aliquid : a horse starts, equus consternatur. || To make a beginning, incipere : initium facere. || To set out, abire : proficisci. To start from a certain place, excurrere ; e carceribus emitti (in a race). || To burst asunder, dissiliri : rumpi. || Transitively, To arouse, excitare : ciere. || To set on foot, rei initium facere : aggredi aliquid or ad aliquid faciendum (e. g., ad hanc disputationem, ad dicendum, Cicero ; also accusative only, ancipitem causam, Cicero ; in Sallust always accusative only ; in poetical and post-Augustan prose, infinitive) : fundamenta rei ponere or jacere. To start a question, rem commovere (quæ, etc., Cicero, Brut., 87, 297). || To burst, rumpere.

START, s., || Sudden action of the body from fear, repens terror. || A sudden impulse or rousing, impetus : impulsus. || A beginning, initium. || A setting out, profectus. To have made a false start, ad carceres revocari (effect for cause). || Advance, precedence, plus viæ confectum. To have the start of anybody, præcipere iter alicui (Livius, 3, 46) ; antecedere, antecessisse aliquem (to have got before anybody) : the king had got a considerable start, aliquantum viæ rex præceperat (Livius, 36, 19), or longius spatium præceperat (e. g., fuga, Livius, 22, 41) : to have scarcely four hours’ start of anybody, vix quatuor horarum
spatio antecedere (to be hardly four hours’ march ahead, Cæsar) : Antony had got two days’ start of me, biduo me Antonius antecessit (Brut, ap. Cic., Ep., 11, 13).

STARTING-PLACE, carceres, plural.

STARTLE, || Intransitively, [Vid. START. ] || Transitively, territare : terrere : terrefacere : alicui terrorem inferre, offerre, injicere, incutere : aliquem in timorem coujicere.

STARTLING, formidolosus (Terentianus, Sallustius) : terrorem injiciens, offerens, inferens : terribilis : horribilis. A startling speech, verbum territans (Plautus) : a startling blow, ictus ad terrendum, terroris causâ, paratus, incussus.

STARVATION, fames (hunger) : inedia (abstinence from food). To die of starvation, fame mori, perire, absumi, consumi, confici.

STARVE, || Transitively, To kill by deficiency of food, fame necare, macerare, suffocare. To starve one’s self, fraudare se victu suo ; fraudare ventrem : to be starved to death, fame mori, absumi, perire, or interire (through want) ; inedia mori ; inedia vitam finire ; per inediam a vita discedere (voluntarily to starve one’s self to death) ; fame necari (either as a punishment or otherwise) : to starve out, aliquem fame enecare, conficere ; (urbem) fame domare or suffocare ; inopia expugnare : starved out, fame enectus, confectus. || To kill with cold, * frigore necare, etc. || Intransitively, To be suffering from hunger, fame enecari. To be dying of hunger, fame mori, confici, consumi, etc. ; vid. above. || To be suffering from cold, frigere ; plane frigere (Cicero) ; frigore frigescere (Cicero) ; * frigore exstingui, exanimari (to die in consequence of the cold) ; frigore mori (Horatius ; morietur frigore si non Rettuleris pannum).

STATE, s., || Condition, status : conditio (conditio is lasting, status transient) : locus (the situation of a person or thing as brought about by circumstances ; vid. Herzog, Cæs., B. G., 2, 26) : causa (any unusual, embarrassing state, of which the end is still uncertain) : res (circumstances in the widest sense). A good or flourishing state, bonus status ; bona conditio ; bonus locus ; res bonæ, or secundæ, or florentes : to be in the same or in a similar state, in eodem loco esse ; in eadem causa esse ; eadem est mea causa : to find one’s self in a better state, in meliore conditione or in meliore causa esse ; meliore loco res meæ sunt : to be in a wretched state, in summa infelicitate versari ; pessimo loco esse : to be in a bad state, deteriore statu esse : to keep anything in a good state, aliquid integrum et incolume servare ; aliquid tueri : to restore anything to its former state, in pristinum restituere ; in antiquum statum restituere (general term) ; in integrum restituere (especially in juridical matters) ; reficere ; restituere (to mend) : to remain in its original state, statum suum tenere (to remain as it was) ; integrum manere (to remain uninjured) : a hopeless state, res pessimæ, perditæ : Planius is in nearly the same state, eadem fere causa est Planii : the state of affairs, rerum status : the state of affairs is entirely changed, magna facta est rerum commutatio ; versa sunt omnia : the unfavorable state of affairs, iniquitas rerum or temporum : according to the state of affairs (circumstances), pro re ; pro re nata ; pro rei conditione or statu ; ut res se habet ; ut res fert. || Commonwealth, civitas (the whole body of persons in the full enjoyment of civil rights and privileges, and lords of the soil) : res publica (with reference to the public institutions and ordinances, as designed for the common good) : res (with reference to its power and influence) : regnum (a kingdom) : imperium (an empire). Office of state, munus reipublicæ magistratus (of a magistrate) : business or affairs of state, publica res ; publicum negotium : records of the state, state papers, tabulæ publicæ : a servant of the state, homo publicus ; magistratus : great officers of state, summis honoribus fungentes or functi : to enter upon the service of the state, rempublicam or magistratus capessere ; ad rempublicam accedere : revenues of the state, vectigalia, -ium, nominative plural ; pecuniæ vectigales ; publici fructus : a state prisoner, qui in custodia, publica est : a state secret, arcanum aulicorum consilium : it is a state secret, hoc taciturn, tamquam mysterium, tenent aulici (vid. Cicero, De Or., 3, 17, 64) : the good of the state, rationes or utilitas reipublicæ ; communis omnium utilitas : for the good of the state, e republica : a robe of state, vestis forensis (opposed to vestis domestica) : a state coach, carpentum ; pilentum : a minister of state, socius et administer reipublicæ regendæ ; amicus regis, qui semper adest in consilio et omnium rerum civilium habetur particeps (vid. Nepos, Eum., 1, 6) : council of state, consilium publicum (Cicero, Mil., 33, 90) ; consilium reipublicæ (Flor., 1, 1, 15) : religion of the state, sacra publica, nominative plural : the helm of the state, gubernacula reipublicæ, civitatis, or imperii : to preside at the helm of the state, ad gubernacula reipublicæ sedere ; gubernaculis reipublicæ assidere ; gubernacula reipublicæ tractare ; clavum imperii tenere : the constitutions of the state, civitatis forma or status ; reipublicæ ratio or modus ; reipublicæ genus : to give a constitution to the state, rempublicam institutis temperare ; rempublicam or imperium constituere. || A higher class of citizens, ordo. || Pomp, splendor, magnificentia : splendor : apparatus : cultus : supellex ad ostentationem luxus comparata (Cicero).

STATE, v., indicare (to point out, disclose) : edere (to state publicly) : profiteri aliquid : professionem alicujus rei edere or conficere (to profess, make a public return or declaration) : memorare : commemorare (to mention ; of writers, etc. ) : auctorem esse alicujus rei (to be a voucher for anything ; likewise of writers) : significare (to give to understand by signs) : monstrare (to show, call attention to). To state anything verbally and explicitly, pronuntiare (vid. Cicero, Off., 3, 16, 66) : to state his debts, æs alienum profiteri : to state one’s income (to a magistrate), profiteri (apud prætorem) : to state one’s property too low, censum extenuare : to state all things accurately, omnia diligenter persequi.

STATE-PAPER-OFFICE, tabulinum or tablinum (place in a Roman house where papers were kept) : tabularium (place where public records are kept : later, archivum, archium, grammatophylacion).

STATELY, magnificus : splendidus : lautus.

STATEMENT, ratio : descriptio : designatio (a description, sketch) : indicium (in a court of justice) : delatio (information, notice) : libellus de aliquo datus (in writing, Plinius, Ep., 7, 27, 11) : professio (with or without bonorum, statement of property ; or nominis, of one’s name ; especially before a magistrate ; vid. Herzog, Cæs., B. G., 7, 2) : argumentatio : confirmatio (in rhetoric, a statement of the grounds or proofs with which one supports his argument) : auctoritas (allegation of a writer ; vid. Cicero, Cæcin., 23, 65). According to the statement of Livy, Livio narrante ; Livio auctore or teste ; si sequaris Livium auctorem or Livii auctoritatem : to make a statement, indicare aliquem (as an accuser) ; nomen alicujus deferre (to give in the name of anyone before the judge) ; accusare aliquem (to make a formal accusation) ; dare de aliquo libellum (to hand in a written accusation against anyone ; Plinius, Ep., 7, 27, 11) : to make a statement of anything against anyone, deferre aliquid ad aliquem : to make a false statement, calumniari aliquem : an old woman made this statement to me, id indicium mihi anus fecit.

STATESMAN, vir rerum civilium peritus : vir regendæ civitatis peritus or sciens (Cf., not vir posticus).

Statesmen, principes rempublicam gubernantes : as great a stateman as a general, magnus bello nec minor pace : to be a great stateman, reipublicæ regendæ scientissimum esse.

STATICS, statice (technical term).

STATION, s., || Place, position, statio : locus : sedes (of a thing fixed or quite at rest). || Rank, locus : dignitas : sors. [SYN. in STANDING. ] || Office, munus : partes, plural. || A place of lodging or rest on a journey, mansio.

STATION, v., locare : collocare. To station in several places, disponere : to station troops, milites constituere (in colle, Livius, ; in fronte, Sallustius) : to station guards round the house, domum sepire custodibus (Nepos, Dion 9, 1) : to station guards along the bank of a river, custodias ad ripam disponere.

STATIONARY, immotus : fixus : stabilis : loco se nonmovens : κυρικιμασαηικοstatarius (miles, pugna, orator) : Cf., stationarius is low Latin. To be stationary, commorari (e. g., Romæ) : to be stationary (of a disease), consistere (opposed to increscere and decrescere).

STATIONER, * chartarius. To be a stationer, * chartas venditare.

STATIONERY, * materia scriptoria : * charta (vid. Bremi ad Suet., Ner., 20).

STATISTIC, * ad civitatum, ad rerum civilium, cognitionem pertinens.

STATISTICS, rerum publicarum scientia, cognitio (Cicero). Modern statistics, cognitio regnorum rerumque publicarum nostri ævi (Wyttenbach).

STATUARY, ||One who makes statues, fictor (Cicero) : statuarum artifex (Quintilianus) : simulacrorum sculptor (Jul., Firm. ) : statuarius (Plinius) : qui signa fabricatur (Cicero, Off., 1, 41, 147) : marmorarius artifex, or simply marmorarius (Vitruvius,
Sen. ; in marble). || The art of making statues, ars signa fingendi, fabricandi (after Cicero) : sculptura (Plinius).

STATUE, signum (any plastic work ; opposed to tabula, pictura) : simulacrum (image of a god ; vid. IMAGE) : statua (full-sized image of a person, in marble or brass ; Cf., never = the image of a god) : effigies (a bust) : herma or hermes (a statue of Mercury ; then, general term, a statue representing only the head with part of the breast of a person, the trunk consisting merely of an oblong stone). A statue of brass, on horseback or on foot, statua ænea equestris or pedestris : to erect a statue to anyone, alicui statuam ponere, constituere : he stands like a statue, taciturnior est statua (after Horatius, Ep., 2, 2, 83) : to make a marble statue, facere alicujus simulacrum e marmore.

STATURE, statura : habitus : corporis statura (Cicero). Great or high stature, statura magna, procera : little or low stature, statura parva, brevis : middling stature, statura media (Livius) : mediocris (Justinus, 1, 2) : short of stature, brevi corpore (Suetonius).

STATUTE, lex : According to statute legibus convenienter ; legitime. Vid. LAW.

STAUNCH, adjective, firmus : stabilis : constans : certus.

STAUNCH, v., (sanguinem) sistere, supprimere ; profluvium (sanguinis) sistere, cohibere, inhibere.

STAVE, || Plank of a cask, * dolii lamina. || In music, * lineæ quibus notæ musicæ rescribuntur, complectuntur.

STAY, s., || Continuance, mansio (Cicero ; e. g., in vita) : commoratio : permansio (continued stay ; also perseverance in anything ; Cicero). || Figuratively, Support, columen (of persons) : adminiculum : firmamentum : præsidium : subsidium (of persons or things). [Vid. SUPPORT, figuratively. ] To be the stay of anything, fulcire or fulcire et sustinere aliquid ;præsidio or subsidio esse alicui or alicui rei, etc. ; in aliquo salus alicujus nititur ; in aliquo omnes alicujus spes sunt sitæ. || Delay, vid. || Stand-still, vid.

STAY, v., || Intransitively, To remain at a place or with anyone, morari, commorari, versari, at a place, in loco : se tenere, continere se (loco) : degere, or degere vitam : vivere loco (to live anywhere) : habitare : sedem ac domicilium habere loco (to dwell anywhere) : considere loco (to abide anywhere for a time ; the proper word, of sailors who lie anywhere) : To stay frequently at a place, multum versari in loco ; locum frequentare : to stay idle at home, sedere desidem domi : to stay in the country, ruri se continere (never to go to town) ; rusticari (to live in the country, especially for pleasure) : to stay long in town, diu in urbe hærere : to stay with anyone, commorari (to abide), habitare (to dwell, live), deversari (for a short time), apud aliquem ; hospitio alicujus uti (as a guest). Transitively, morari : remorari : moram facere alicui rei : moram afferre alicujus or alicui rei : moram et tarditatem afferre alicui rei (to occasion delay in anything) : tardare : retardare (to hinder in the prosecution of a thing ; e. g., the pursuit of an enemy, a journey, etc. ) : tenere : retinere : sustinere (to check the course, of a person or thing) : reprimere (to check or keep back by force ; e. g., fugam hostium, redundantem lacum) : arcere : cohibere (to keep or ward off) : ducere : trahere : extrahere (to protract). To stay anyone, morari, demorari, remorari aliquem (general term, to cause to tarry) ; detinere, demorari et detinere aliquem (to delay anyone, to keep back from a point at which one aims) : to stay the course of a thing, moram et tarditatem afferre rei ; morari celeritatem rei (e. g., belli).

STAY-LACE, * vinculum astrictorium.

STAYS, perhaps mamillare (used to confine the bosom ; Mart., 14, 66), or * thorax.

STEAD, locus : In stead of, loco or in loco (in the place of) ; vice or in vicem (in the room of), with a genitive ; pro (for ; with an ablative). To be or act in stead of, alicujus vice fungi (general term) ; alicujus officio fungi (to discharge the duties of anybody’s office) ; vicem alicujus rei præstare (general term ; of things) ; ad alicujus rei vicem addi ; in vicem alicujus rei sumi : to come in stead of, in locum alicujus or pro aliquo substitui (to be put in anybody’s place) ; in vicem alicujus, or in locum alicujus, or simply alicui, succedere (to be anybody’s successor) ; in alicujus locum subrogari or suffici (to be elected in anybody’s room) ; succedere in vicem imperii alicujus (to succeed in command) ; aliquid excipere (of things).

STEADFAST, firmus (firm, resisting any attempt to alter or destroy it ; hence unchangeable ; of things and persons) : stabilis (not yielding or varying ; of persons and things) : constans (steady, consistent ; opposed to varius, mobilis) : fidus (which may be confidently trusted ; of persons, and also of things, as, pax fida) : (The words are found in this connection and order. ) certus et constans ; firmus et constans : status (fixed, not subject to alteration ; e. g., cursus siderum ; Plinius) : ratus (calculated ; hence settled, immutable ; e. g., in omni æternitate rati immutabilesque siderum cursus). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) ratus et certus ; constans et ratus ; ratus atque firmus.

STEADFASTLY, firme : firmiter : constanter : stabili et firmo animo. Vid. the adjective.

STEADFASTNESS, constantia : firmitas or firmitudo (animi).

STEADILY, firme : or by circumlocution with the adjective.

STEADINESS, stabilitas (e. g., of infantry ; opposed to mobilitas equitum, Cicero ; and of the steadiness given to anything by a firm support ; also of steadiness in principle, etc. ) : constantia (firm continuance in anything). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) stabilitas et constantia : firmitas (firmness, strength ; of things and persons) : firmitudo (of things or persons ; e. g., pontis, Cæsar, and of the mind, animi).

Steadiness of mind, firmitas or firmitudo animi ; firmitudo gravitasque animi ; firmitas et constantia (with reference to the steady continuance in anything ; e. g., friendship, Cicero ; opposed to ardor quidam) : steadiness of character, gravitas ; constantia (in respect of opinion) ; constantia morum ; mores temperati moderatique (in respect of manners and behavior).

STEADY, v., firmare : confirmare : stabilire. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) confirmare stabilireque aliquid : stabilitatem dare alicui rei. To support and steady anything, aliquid dat stabilitatem alicui rei, quam sustinet (Cicero).

STEADY, adjective, || Firm, not moveable, firmus : immotus : fixus : stabilis. || Grave, serious, gravis (of dignified gravity ; opposed to levis) : constans (that acts according to fixed principles, consistent ; opposed to mobilis, varius).

Steady old age, ætas gravior ; ætas constans. || Steadfast, vid.

STEAK, offa (Plautus) : Beef-steaks, carnes bovillæ in carbones superimpositæ (Theod., Prisc., 1, 7).

STEAL, furtum facere alicui (general term) : furari alicui aliquid, or aliquid ab aliquo (secretly : clepere alicui aliquid, basely, is an old word, but retained in the phrase rapere et clepere) : sublegere alicui aliquid ; surripere alicui aliquid, or aliquid ab aliquo (general term, whether really or in jest ; e. g., multa a Nævio surripuisse, really ; puellæ suavium surripere, in jest) : furto abigere (of animals which are driven away by the thief). To steal a little time, aliquid spatii surripere : to steal out of the town, urbe elabi : to steal away from a company, clam se subducere circulo : stolen goods, oblatum furtum (as offered for sale, Gaius, Dig. ; actio oblati, an action against anybody for offering goods for sale, knowing them to be stolen, Gellius) : res furtiva (Quintilianus), or furtum ; furta, plural.

STEALTH, furtum. By stealth furtive : clam : clanculum.

STEALTHY, furtivus : tectus (secret, hidden) : clandestinus (clandestine).

STEAM, s., vapor. A pipe or flue for conveying steam, vaporarium.

STEAM, v., vaporare (transitively and intransitively).

STEAM-ENGINE,

STEAM- BOAT, * machina, navis, vaporaria, or vi vaporis impulsa.

STEED, equus. Vid. HORSE.

STEEL, s., chalybs (general term). Cf., For striking fire, the ancients used either a large nail, called clavus, or a second stone ; vid. Plinius, 36, 19, 30.

STEEL, v., durare : indurate (to harden) : confirmare (e. g., animum). To have steeled one’s self against anything, obstinatum esse adversus aliquid (e. g., adversus muliebres lacrimas, Livius).

STEELYARD, statera.

STEEP, adjective, præruptus : deruptus (shelving) : præceps (precipitous) : arduus (almost perpendicular ; hence, difficult of ascent). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) arduus et deruptus. A steep place, locus præceps : steep places, prærupta or derupta, -orum, neuter ; præcipitia, -ium (Suetonius) : to have a steep approach, arduo esse ascensu.

STEEP, v., mergere in aquam (Cicero) : intingere in aqua (Vitruvius) : madefacere (to moisten, soak).

STEEPLE, * turris ædi sacræ imposita.

STEEPLY, prærupte.

STEEPNESS, by circumlocution with the adjective.

STEER, v., || Transitively, (navem) gubernare, moderari, regere. To steer anywhere, tendere aliquo ; cursum dirigere aliquo.
|| Intransitively, navigare.

STEER, s., juvencus (a young bullock) : bos novellus (somewhat older ; vid. Varro, R. R., 2, 5, 6).

STEERAGE, || The act of steering, circumlocution by the verb ; or scientia gubernatorum (Cæsar) : ars gubernandi (Cicero). || The hinder part of a ship, puppis.

STEERSMAN, gubernator : rector navis. The steersman is at the helm, gubernator sedet in puppi clavum tenens (Cicero) : the ship has a good steersman, navis utitur scientissimo gubernatore (Cicero).

STEM, s., || A trunk, truncus (Cf., not caudex or stirps) : arboris corpus (Plinius). || Prow of a ship, prora.

STEM, v., obstare : obsistere : resistere. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) repugnare obsistereque. Anything may be stemmed, alicui rei repugnari obsistique potest : to try to stem the torrent (figuratively), objicere aliquid fluctibus ; dirigere brachia contra torrentem (proverbially, † Juvenalis) : to stem the torrent of public calamities, fluctus (aliquos) a communi peste depellere (Cicero). Vid. RESIST, OPPOSE.

STENCH, fœtor. Vid. STINK.

STEP, s., || A pace, gradus (a step taken) : gressus (a stepping) : Cf., passus, in the best prose writers, always includes the idea of a certain length, a pace. To take a step, gradum facere (properly) ; agere et moliri (figuratively) : to take long steps, magnos facere gradus ; grandibus esse gradibus : to take short steps, gradum minuere (Quintilianus) ; parvo procedere passu (Ovidius) : not to stir a step out of the house, domo pedem non efferre ; domi or domo se tenere : to take a hazardous step (figuratively), * periculosum consilium inire ; se in casum dare : to keep step with anybody, gradum æquare (properly) ; parem esse alicui (figuratively) : step by step, gradibus ; gradatim (up or down, according to a certain measure), pedetentim (with great care and caution) ; minutatim (little by little) : to take the first step in anything (figuratively), initium facere alicujus rei ; aliquid facere cœpisse : to tread with a firm step, certo gradu incedere : to urge anybody to take a bold step (figuratively), aliquem ad audendum aliquid concitare. || A footstep, vestigium : To follow the steps of anybody, vestigiis insistere (Cicero) : vestigia persequi (Cicero), legere (Ovidius), premere (Tacitus). || A stair, gradus.

Sometimes, plural, scalæ (a flight of stairs) : gradus, plural (single stairs) : descensio (a place for going down) : a flight of steps, gradus scalarum. || Figuratively, A degree, gradus. || Measure, ratio : consilium : via [vid. MEASURE]. To take a step, agere et moliri : to take a rash step, temere or inconsiderate agere.

STEP, v., gradum facere, incedere, ingredi. To step back, regredi ; retrogredi : to step out = go quickly, pleno gradu tendere ; gradum addere, accelerare, corripere : to step on anything, pedem ponere in aliqua re ; ingredi aliquid (to set foot on) ; intrare aliquid (to enter) ; prodire in aliquid (e. g., in scenam) : to step on shore, exire in terram, in litus : to step on board a ship, inscendere navem, or in navem : to step into, inire, introire, intrare, or ingredi aliquid (e. g., domum inire ; domum, or in domum, introire ; limen intrare) : to step over, transire : to step aside, secedere (general term) ; de viâ secedere (from the road or path, to make room) ; viam, locum dare ; locum dare et cedere (that anybody may pass).

STEP-BROTHER, mariti or uxoris frater : levir (husband’s brother) : sororis maritus (sister’s husband).

STEP-DAUGHTER, privigna.

STEP-FATHER, vitricus.

STEP-MOTHER, noverca ; adjective, novercalis.

STEP-SISTER, mariti or uxoris soror : glos (Pand. ; husband’s sister).

STEP-SON, privignus.

STERCORACEOUS, stercorarius : stercorosus (full of dung).

STEREOTYPE, * formæ literarum fisæ : * stereotypus (technical term).

STERILE, infecundus (in reference to procreative power, also of the soil ; opposed to fecundus) : sterilis (in reference to productive power, that bears no fruit ; also of the soil, of the year ; opposed to fertilis and [in reference to soil] opimus : figuratively, in reference to the female sex).

STERILITY, sterilitas (opposed to fertilitas).

STERLING, adjective, verus : bonus (e. g., of money, nummi ; opposed to nummi adulterini. )

Sterling coin of the realm, nummus cui publica forma est ; nummus publicæ formæ (i. e., coin of the realm) ; nummi Anglica moneta percussi (after Appuleius, Apol., 298, the mention of “sterling” being especially applied to English money on the Continent). Vid. GENUINE.

STERLING, s., A pound sterling, perhaps from context, libra pondo.

STERN, s., puppis.

STERN, adjective, austerus : durus : severus : natura asper.

STERNLY, dure : severe : torve.

STERNNESS, severitas : duritas : austeritas.

STETHOSCOPE, * stethoscŏpium (technical term).

STEW, v., * incluso intus vapore excoquere : * testa tecta vapore suo aliquid mitigare : * in olla clausa coquere.

STEW, s., || Stewed meat, * carnes vapore suo temperatæ, mollitæ (Bau. ). || A brothel, lupanar : lustrum : fornix : stabulum. || (Colloquially). Difficulty, angustiæ : difficultas. To be in a stew, angustius se habere ; in angustiis esse (to be harassed with difficulties) ; perturbatum esse (to be perplexed or confused) ; incertus or dubius sum, quid faciam ; nescio quid agam ; nescio quid agam, quo me vertam (not to know what to do, or whither to turn) : to put anybody in a stew, aliquem or alicujus animum perturbare or conturbare ; aliquem in angustias adducere.

STEWARD, administrator : procurator (manager of the affairs of an absentee by commission) : villicus (under-steward of a manor). To commit the management of an estate to a steward, villicum fundo familiæque præponere : a house-steward, quires domesticas dispensat ; dispensator.

STEW-PAN, * olla clausa.

STICK, s., baculum or (more rarely) baculus (a walking-stick for use or convenience) : scipio (for ornament, also as a walking-stick) : fustis (a cudgel) : ferula (a little stick, rod). To lean upon a stick, inniti baculo ; artus baculo sustinere (†) : to use a stick, (for striking), fustem alicui impingere ; aliquem fuste coercere (as corrective discipline ; e. g., puerum, Horatius) : a stick of sealing-wax, * scapus ceræ or laccæ signatoriæ.

STICK, v., || Transitively, figere : infigere. To stick on or to, affigere ad aliquid : in front of, præfigere alicui rei : through, inserere alicui rei or in aliquid : into, figere or infigere in aliquid ; inserere alicui rei or in aliquid. || Intransitively, fixum or infixum esse in aliqua re : affixum esse in aliqua re : hærere in aliqua re. To have something sticking in one’s throat, faucibus aliquid obstat (Quintilianus) : a bone sticks in anybody’s throat, os devoratum fauce alicujus hæret (Phædrus. ) : to stick (in speaking), in dicendo deficere : to stick to, inhærere alicui rei or ad aliquid (properly) ; hærere, adhærere rei or alicui (properly and figuratively) : to stick close to, se applicare ad aliquid (to apply closely to) ; prensare aliquid (to seize and press ; e. g., alicujus genua) ; alicui blandiri (to fawn upon anybody) ; se applicare ad aliquem (in a friendly manner) ; se insinuare in alicujus familiaritatem or familiarem usum, insinuare in alicujus consuetudinem : to stick out, eminere exstare ; vid. PROJECT.

STICKINESS, lentitia : tenacitas.

STICKLER, rei defensor acerrimus. To be a great stickler for anything, * acri studio aliquid defendere ; alicujus rei esse propugnatorem.

STICKY, tenax (tenacious ; e. g., wax) : resinaceus (like resin) : glutinosus (like glue) : lentus (capable of being easily extended or bent ; hence “sticky”).

STIFF, || Rigid, rigidus (also of statues, signa, Cicero) : rigens :

Stiff with cold, frigore rigens, torpidus, torpens : to be stiff, rigere, torpere. || Formal, starched, durus (opposed to mollis) : moribus incompositus. To have a stiff gait, durius incedere ; in incessu duriorem esse.

STIFFEN, rigidum facere, reddere aliquid (to make more rigid ; general term) : densare (to thicken). To stiffen with starch, (vestem) firmare.

STIFFLY, rigide : dure.

STIFF-NECKED, Vid. OBSTINATE.

STIFFNESS, rigor (rigidity ; also in painting, sculpture, etc. ) : mores asperi or duri (Quintilianus, formal and unpleasant manners).

STIFLE, || Properly, suffocare aliquem (Cicero) : intercludere alicui animam, spiritum (Livius) : interprimere alicui fauces (Plautus, Rud., 3, 2, 46) : strangulare (to strangle). || Figuratively, opprimere : exstinguere. To stifle genius, exstinguere vires ingenii : fear, anguish, stifles the voice, metus, angor, præcludit, intercludit vocem.

STIFLING, By circumlocution with the verbs. Cf., Strangulatio = strangling ; suffocatio, Plinius, only mulierum.

STIGMA, nota : labes : nota turpitudinis : macula : stigma, -atis (= a branded mark on slaves, etc., was used as “a mark of infamy, ” by Suetonius, Mart., etc. ).

STIGMATIZE, maculam, or ignominiam, or notam turpitudinis alicui inurere : aliquem ignominia notare (of the censor).

STILETTO, sica : mucro.

STILL, v., || To suppress, reprimere : sedare. || To pacify,
tranquillum aliquem or alicujus animum reddere or facere. || To distill, (liquores) destillare.

STILL, s., * alembicum (technical term).

STILL, adjective || Motionless, immotus : stabilis : fixus. To stand still, consistere [vid. STAND]. || Tranquil, quiet, tranquillus : quietus : placidus : sedatus [SYN. and PHR. in CALM]. || Silent, silens : tacitus. To be still, silere (not to make a noise) ; tacere (not to speak) ; silentium tenere ; quiescere.

STILL, adv., || Always, vid. || Nevertheless, vid. || Followed by a comparative, etiam (in the Golden Age ; e. g., tantum et plus etiam mihi debet, Cicero, still more) : adhuc (in later writers ; e. g., adhuc difficilior obscuratio est, Quintilianus, still more difficult ; Cf., to be avoided) : also, jam (= ἤδη, when there is a progression implied ; e. g., non ad maritimos modo populos, sed in mediterraneis quoque, et montanis et ferociores jam populos, Cicero, Pr. Intr., ii., 865).

Still more, magis etiam ; multo etiam magis : Cf., The “still” is sometimes omitted (with diminished emphasis) ; e. g., indignum est a pare vinci, indignius ab inferiore ; and “still more” is often plus, amplius, only ; e. g., plus pecuniæ poscit. || Of time, (= yet, up to this or that time) adhuc (up to this time) : (usque) ad id tempus : ad id : ad id locorum (up to a past time spoken of : on ad id loc, vid. Cortte and Fabri on Sallustius, Jug., 63, 6 : Gronov., Livius, 27, 7, 17) : etiam (where “still” is emphatic, implying that it is surprising the thing, state, etc., should even now exist, inasmuch as it might have been expected to have ceased before this ; are you still muttering? muttis etiam? do you still refuse to speak? taces etiam ? when he was still asleep, quum iste etiam cubaret) : etiamnunc (a strengthened etiam ; it may be used of the past, especially in oblique narrative of what was the speaker’s present ; e. g., dixisti paullulum tibi esse etiamnunc moræ, etc., Cicero, and in letters ; Brutus erat in Neside etiamnunc, “is still, ” etc., it being the writer’s present. Also with verb in imperfect subjunctive with quum, the principal verb being in the perfect ; vid. Pract. Intr., ii., 331 334) : How long still ? quamdiu etiam, etc. ? still at this day, hodie ; hodie etiam ; adhuc : do you still not know me (= my character) ? non satis me pernosti etiam qualis sim? and still more, or still further (in continuing arguments, etc. ), quid vero ; verum etiam ; et, quod plus est ; et, quod magis est : nay, what is still more, imo ; imo enim vero : and still more if, etc., præsertim si.

STILLNESS, silentium (silence) : quies (repose).

Stillness of the water at sea, malacia (Cæsar) ; maris tranquillitas (Cicero). Vid. CALM.

STILTS, grallæ, plural, (Varro, ap. Non., 115, 19 ; defined by Festus “perticæ furculas habentes”). The pace of one in stilts, grallatorius gradus : to go on stilts, * incedere grallis ; * super grallis ambulare (properly) ; pompam adhibere in dicendo (improperly, of an author) : one who walks on stilts, grallator (Varro).

STIMULANT,

STIMULUS, incitamentum : irritamentum (means of incitement) : stimulus (qu., a goad) : gloriæ stimuli. To have no stimulus, calcaribus egere.

STIMULATE, stimulare : excitare : incendere ; inflammare ; exstimulare (poetical and post-classical).

STING, s., || Properly, aculeus (of insects) : aculeus ; spina (of plants). Wound from a sting, ictus. ||Figuratively, aculeus : morsus. The stings of conscience, conscientiæ stimulus ; animi morsus ; conscientiæ angor et sollicitudo, cruciatus (Cicero).

STING, v : pungere ; compungere (general term for pricking or causing a pricking pain) : ferire (to strike) : mordere (of a biting pain ; e. g., of a nettle) : urere (of a burning, smarting sting ; e. g., as that of a nettle, etc. ). To be stung by a serpent, a serpente pungi or feriri (Plinius) ; by a nettle, urticæ aculeis compungi : the stinging leaves of a nettle, urticæ folia mordentia. || Improperly, mordere (e. g., valde me momorderunt epistolæ tuæ) ; conscientia mordere (Cicero) ; pungere or stimulare ac pungere.

STINGILY, tenuiter : parce. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) parce ac tenuiter : illiberaliter : sordide : maligne.

STINGINESS, parsimonia : sordes : illiberalitas (Cicero).

STINGY, parcus : tenax : sordidus : illiberalis (Livius).

STINK, s., odor malus : fœditas odoris ; also, from context, odor only : fœtor (common Latin and post-classical, Columella, Plinius) : olor (according to Döderlein, avoided as a too common and coarse word).

STINK, v., male olere : fœtere (less common) : putere [SYN. in STINKING]. To stink of anything, olere or obolere aliquid (e. g., of garlic, allium).

STINKING, male olens (general term) : fœtidus (foul, giving forth a strong, bad smell ; e. g., anima, the breath ; os, the mouth) : putidus (in a state of corruption, putrid ; e. g., ulcus) : olidus (having a strong smell ; e. g., capra, Horatius).

STINT, modum facere alicui rei : aliquem circumscribere : coartare : coercere. To stint one as to time, in speaking, in breve tempus conjicere aliquem (Tacitus) : to stint one’s self for time, sibi temperare in dicendo, in scribendo (after Cicero) : to stint one in food, arte colere aliquem (Sallustius, Jug., 85, 35) ; parce habere aliquem ; alicui cibum subducere or deducere : to stint one’s self, parce vivere ; sumtus circumcidere ; modum facere sumptibus (to contract one’s expenses ; also, impensas corripere, Suetonius) : to stint one’s self in food, parce fraudare se victu suo ; fraudare ventrem (Cf., defraudare genium suum is rather poetical ; opposed to defraudare nihil sibi, Petronius, 69, 2).

STIPEND, * beneficium annuum : annua in beneficii loco præbita, plural, (if necessary, as technical term, * stipendium ; but in Lutin authors we find stipendium of the pay of soldiers, not of civil officers. )

STIPENDIARY, * qui beneficio annuo sustentatur (Cf., not stipendarius in this sense).

STIPULATE, pacisci : depacisci : aliquid convenit alicui cum aliquo or inter aliquos (to agree with anybody about anything, or among another) : sibi depacisci (to reserve to one’s self, to stipulate for one’s self) : sibi excipere (to exempt one’s self) : κυρικιμασαηικοstipulari (to cause formally to be promised to one’s self).

STIPULATION, pactio : stipulatio : conditio. To make a stipulation, conditionem ferre, proponere : to accept a stipulation, conditionem accipere (opposed to conditionem aspernari).

STIR, v., || Transitively, movere : excitare. To stir the fire, ignem languentem excitare (cf., Cæsar, B. G., 7, 24) ; ignem exstinctum suscitare (after Ovidius, A. A., 3, 597) : to stir with a ladle or spoon, rudicula peragitare ; rudicula or rudiculis miscere : to stir up [vid. AROUSE, EXITE]. || Intransitively, moveri : se movere.

STIR, s., tumultus : turbæ, plural [vid. also, CONFUSION]. To make a stir about anything, about nothing, etc., multum in agendo discursare (Quintilianus) : jactare, venditare aliquid ; aliquid mirifice extollere, or miris laudibus efferre (to praise highly and officiously).

STIRRING, sedulus : navus : industrius : laboriosus : strenuus : acer : impiger. A stirring life, vita negotiosa. Cf., Actuosus, used by Cicero only as epithet to virtus, and of the part of an oration which ought to be the most animated, etc.

Seneca says vita actuosa ; animus actuosus and agilis. Cicero would have said for the first, operosa, semper agens aliquid et moliens ; for the second, qui viget, omnia movet, et motu præditus est sempiterno : activus is a post-classical, philosophical, and grammatical technical term (Krebs).

STIRRUP, stapia : stapeda (in the Latin of the Middle Ages) : scala (from the sixth century ; vid. Vogel’s History of Inventions, vol. i, p. 431).

Stirrup-leather, * lorum stapiæ.

STITCH, v., consuere : acu conserere aliquid.

STITCH, s., || A pass of the needle, * tractus (acus) : * ductus (fili). Or by the verb. || A sharp pain, dolores lateris (or laterum) subiti, qui punctionem afferunt (Plinius, 34, 15, 44).

STOCCADO, petitio : ictus.

STOCK, s., || The trunk or body of a plant, truncus : arboris corpus : stirps (Cf., not caudex or stipes).

Stock still, immotus ; immobilis : to be standing stock still, tamquam in incili aliquo adhærere (proverbially, Cœlius, ap. Cic. ) ; immotum stare. || A race, lineage, vid. || Great quantity, vis : copia : magnus numerus. || Store, copia : apparatus. A large stock, vis magna, maxima : to lay in a large stock of corn, frumenti vim maximam comparare. || Capital, sors : caput. || (In ship building) Stocks, plural ; navalia, -ium, plural. To put a ship upon the stocks, navem ædificare or exstruere (in navalibus) : to take a ship off the stocks, navem deducere : a ship leaves the stocks, navis exit navalibus. || Plural, Stocks, hold for the legs, compedes, plural. || If = funds, vid.

STOCK, v., suppeditare alicui aliquid : instruere : exstruere (rare) : ornare. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) instruere et ornare aliquem aliqua re.

Stocked, instructus : ornatus.

STOCKADE, Vid. PALISADE.

STOCK-DOVE, Vid. PIGEON.

STOCK-GILLIFLOWER,
leucoion (Columella) : * cheiranthus incanus (Linnæus).

STOCKING, s., We may say tibiale (the singular occurs, Paullus, Dig., 49, 16, 14 ; the plural, Suetonius, Oct., 82). To wear stockings, tibialibus munire. Cf., The ancient tibialia were, in fact, bandages, fasciæ or fasciolæ, which were worn usually by none but the infirm, and sometimes in winter by other persons, fasciis vincire pedes, or vestire crura.

STOIC,

Stoicus. A complete stoic, germanissimus Stoicus (Cicero, Acad., 2, 43, 132). || Figuratively, perfectus e Stoica schola, sapiens (Wyttenback).

STOICAL, || Properly, Stoicus. || Figuratively, lentus : durus. To regard anything with stoical indifference, non moveri, non duci, non tangi aliqua re : durum esse ad aliquid : animus obduruit ad aliquid : lente ferre aliquid. Vid. also, APATHY.

STOICALLY, || Figuratively, inhumane, lente.

STOLE, stola.

STOMACH, || Properly, stomachus (properly, the canal that conveys the food into the belly ; then, also, the stomach, including all the digestive organs in man and beast) : ventriculus, venter (belly ; as the receptacle of food : venter also for the whole lower part of the body). [vid. BELLY. ] A weak stomach, stomachus infirmus, invalidus, imbecillus (opposed to stomachus firmus, fortis). To have a weak stomach, stomacho parum valere : languenti esse stomacho (a sluggish stomach, that does not digest properly). This is not good for the stomach, hæc stomacho aliena sunt non apta sunt or non conveniunt. To overload the stomach, largius se invitare : to injure the stomach by any (improper) food, stomachum alicujus rei usu vitiare (after Suetonius, Vesp., 24). An overloaded stomach, stomachus marcens cibi onere (Suetonius). To have a pain in one’s stomach, torminibus or ex intestinis laborare : torminibus affectum esse. Disorder of the stomach, stomachi resolutio (Celsus) ; defectus, -uum, plural ; dissolutio (Plinius). The stomach is out of order, stomachus dissolvitur (Plinius), non consistit. || Figuratively, Anger, Indignation, vid.

STOMACH-ACHE, Vid. BELLY-ACHE, under BELLY.

STOMACHER, strophium (Cicero) : mamillare (Mart. ) : [These words do not exactly apply : the first was used either to raise or depress the breasts, the latter only for the latter purpose. ]

STOMACHIC, quod stomachum reficit, recreat, corroborat. A stomachic (medicine), recreantes stomachum succi (after Ovidius, Pont., 4, 3, 53).

STONE, s., lapis (general term) : lapillus (a small stone) : saxum (a large stone) : gemma (a precious stone) : silex (flint) (cotes is a whet-stone) : os, ossis : granum (in fruit) : saxum sectile, lapis sectilis (free-stone) : pumex (pumice-stone) : magnes (lapis) (a load-stone) : Full of stones, lapidosus : granosus (of stones in fruit). To clear (a field) of stones, elapidare agrum. A heap of stones, acervus lapidum ; lapides in unum locum congesti (Cf., not congestus lapidum) : stone’s throw, lapidum conjectus.

Set with (precious) stones, gemmatus : gemmis distinctus : to turn to stone, lapidescere : in lapidem (in saxum) verti. || In the human body, calculus (as a disease) : to cut for the stone, alicui calculos excidere : to cure of the stone, alicui calculos pellere, discutere, or curare : alicui lapillum ejicere. Proverbially, Not to leave one stone upon another, domum, or urbem, diruere atque evertere, solo æquare or adæquare. To kill two birds with one stone, de eadem fidelia duos parietes dealbare (= to dispatch two things at once ; Curio ap. Cic., ad Fam., 7, 29, extr. ) : una mercede duas res assequi, or uno saltu duos apros capere (= to obtain a double advantage with one effort ; Cicero, Rosc. Am., 29, 80 ; Plautus, Cas., 2, 8, 40). Not to leave a stone unturned, nil intentatum linquere (Horatius, A. P., 235) ; nihil inexpertum omittere (Curtius, 3, 6, 14) ; omnia experiri (Terentianus) ; nihil reliqui facere (Tacitus) ; nihil sibi reliqui facere (Cæsar. ). || A certain weight, * octo (or quatuordecim, as the case may be) libræ pondo.

STONE, v., || To take away stones, (agrum) elapidare. || To clean with a stone, cote despumare (pavimentum) || To kill with stones, lapides in aliquem conjicere : aliquem lapidibus co-operire (Cf., not aliquem lapidibus obruere, which was a false reading in Cicero, Off., 3, 11, 48) : Cf., aliquem lapidare is not found in the best prose, which has only the impersonal lapidat, usually with imbri or de cœlo, “it rains stones. ”

STONE-BLIND, cæcus. Vid. BLIND.

STONE-CUTTER,

STONE-MASON, lapicida, -æ, m. (Varro) lapidarius, sc. faber (late).

STONE-PIT,

STONE-QUARRY, lapicidinæ (plural, Cicero, Varro) : lautumiæ (plural ; Cicero, Plautus , Livius) : latomia lapidaria (Plautus).

STONING, s., || The act of destroying with stones ; must be expressed by the verbs or phrases mentioned under To STONE. Lapidatio means “a throwing of stones. ” Lapidatio alicujus, is not Latin.

STONY, lapideus : saxeus (of stone) : lapidosus : saxosus (full of stones).

STOOL, || A low seat, sellula (Tacitus) : sedecula (Cicero) : subsellium : scabellum (a foot-stool). || Natural evacuation of the bowels, alvus. To go to stool, alvum exonerare (Plinius) : necessitati or naturæ parere ; secedere ad exonerandum corpus (Seneca, Ep., 70, 17). To have a stool, alvum dejicere (Cicero), solvere, exinanire (Celsus).

STOOP, v., || Properly, se demittere : caput demittere (Cicero) : caput inclinare (Prisc. ) : se flectere (Cæsar) : flecti, incurvescere (Cicero). || Figuratively, To condescend, vid.

STOOP, s., inclinatio : flexus : or by the verb.

STOP, v., || Transitively, morari : remorari : moram facere alicui rei : moram afferre alicujus or alicui rei : moram et tarditatem afferre alicui rei (cause a delay in anything) : tardare : retardare (to retard the prosecution of anything ; e. g., of a journey, of the pursuit of an enemy) : tenere : retinere : sustinere (to stop the progress of something ; a thief, a carriage, a horse) : reprimere (to check forcibly ; fugam hostium ; redundantem lacum) : arcere : cohibere (to hold anything off, so that it may not approach) : inhibere : sistere (sistere, of persons or things ; inhibere, of lifeless objects in motion, currens, or flumen, sistitur ; currus inhibetur). To stop anybody, morari, demorari, remorari aliquem (general term for delaying him) : detinere, demorari et detinere aliquem (to draw him back, with reference to some object pursued by him) : abrumpere (to stop abruptly) : to stop anybody on a journey, retardare aliquem in via ; remorari alicujus iter to stop anybody’s pursuit of an enemy, tardare aliquem ad insequendum hostem (of a marsh or other obstacle) : to stop the progress of a war, moram et tarditatem afferre bello ; morari celeritatem belli ; the onset of an enemy, tardare or retardare hostium impetum : to stop horses, equos sustinere (opposed to agere, incitare) ; frenare ; refrenare (to bridle ; to hold in check) : to stop mischief, obviam ire alicui rei (to meet a difficulty or danger by counteracting measures) : stop thief! tenete furem !to stop one’s breath, animam comprimere (Terentianus) ; spiritum retinere (Celsus, hold one’s breath) : to stop the course of a vessel, navigium inhibere : to stop a sedition, uproar, etc., seditionem, motus comprimere : to stop one’s self, se sustinere ; se reprimere ; se cohibere : to stop anybody’s mouth, linguam alicui occludere ; alicui os obturare ; comprimere linguam alicujus, or vocem alicujus, or aliquem only (all comedy) : to stop payment, non solvendo esse : to stop anybody on the high-road, viatorem invitum consistere cogere (Cæsar, B. G., 4, 5 ; not of itself implying robbery). || Intransitively, To stay, abide, manere : permanere. To stop on the road, devertere ad aliquem (in hospitium) : to stop with anybody, in alicujus domo or apud aliquem habitare ; apud aliquem or in alicujus domo deversari (for a time, as a guest) ; cum aliquo habitare (to live together) ; commorari (to he stopping at or abiding for a time). [Vid. STAY. ] || To pause, consistere : insistere : subsistere : quiescere : (1) in speaking, paullum respirare ; in lectione spiritum suspendere (Quintilianus, 1, 8, 1) ; intervallo or intervallis dicere (opposed to sine intervallis dicere, after Cicero, Or., 3, 48, 185 ; also, uno tenore dicere, to speak without intermission) : (2) in reading, distinguere (to observe the proper stops) : (3) in singing, intermittere : (4) in writing or printing, interpungere : (5) in drinking, intermittere. Without stopping, sine intervallo ; ne intervallo quidem facto ; sine ulla intermissione ; uno tenore : to drink without stopping, non respirare in hauriendo (Plinius, 14, 22, 28). || To cease, vid. STOP UP, obturare : obstipare : claudere (shut in) : obstruere : obsepire : intercludere.

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To stop up the way, viam præcludere : viam obstruere (barricade) : iter obsepire : iter intercludere : interrumpere. To stop up with anything, aliqua re pro tomento uti.