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SKILLFULLY, dextre (Livius) : sollerter : ingeniose : commode : scienter : perite : docte. More skillfully, dexterius (Horatius) : he managed affairs so skillfully that – , rem. . . ita dexter egit, ut (Livius). SYN. in SKILLFUL.

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SKIM, || Properly, despumare (Celsus). To skim a pot, despumare carnes (Plinius) : to skim milk, * florem lactis tollere. || Figuratively, leviter transire ac tantummodo perstringere : celeriter or leviter perstringere atque attingere (of touching on a subject lightly). For “to read cursorily, ” vid. CURSORILY. To have skimmed anything, leviter imbutum esse aliqua re ; leviter attigisse aliquid.

SKIMMER, cochlear (general term for spoon ; to which * despumandis carnibus, * flori lactis tollendo, etc., may be added, if necessary).

SKIN, s., cutis (of men) : tergus (of animals ; both, the skin without hair) : pellis (bristly, with pili) : vellus (woolly, with villi. Men have cutis ; elephants, snakes, etc., tergora ; lions, goals, dogs, etc., pelles ; sheep, vellera, Döderlein).

Skin, when taken off, pellis : corium (thick hide) : exuviæ (poetical). A thin or fine skin, membrana ; membranula (e. g., a fine membrane). Proverbially. He is all skin and bones, ossa atque pellis totus est (Plautus, Aul., 3, 6, 28) ; vix ossibus hæret (Vergilius) : I should not like to be in his skin, * nolim esse eo, quo ille est, loco : to come off with a whole skin, integrum abire ; salvum evadere ; latere tecto evadere (Terentius, Heaut., 4, 2, 5, Ruhnken) : the skin of a horse, pellis : his skin is harsh and dry, aret pellis (Vergilius) : a harsh, dry skin, pellis dura ac frigida : to cast its skin (of the serpent), pellem exuere ; vernationem or senectam exuere. || Skin of certain vegetables (e. g., the onion), cutis (thin covering of soft vegetables ; e. g., of berries, of the kernel of a nut) : membrana : tunica (membrana, of chestnuts, walnuts, etc. ; tunica, of mushrooms, wheat, bark, etc. ) : corium (thick outward skin ; e. g., of grapes) : callus : callum (of apples, etc. ) : folliculus (husk of corn).

SKIN, v., || To take off a skin, pellem detrahere alicui or alicujus corpori (not deglubere). || To cover with a skin : anything (e. g., a wound) is skinned over, obducta est alicui rei cicatrix.

SKINFLINT, by circumlocution ; e. g., pumex non est æque aridus, atque hic est senex (Plautus) ; perhaps * homo vel pumice aridior.

SKINNER, pellio : pellionarius (inscriptions).

SKINNY, macilentus : macie torridus (Cicero, homo vegrandi macie torridus). Vid. also, LEAN.

SKIP, v., salire : exsilire (to skip high) : exsultare : assultim ingredi (Plinius, to skip about, often). to skip over ; vid. OMIT, OVERLOOK.

SKIP, s., saltus : exsultatio (skipping).

SKIRMISH, s., prœlium leve or levius : prœlium parvum or minutum (a slight or trifling engagement) : pugna fortuita (a fortuitous engagement, as distinguished from a regularly planned battle) : concursatio (an engagement of short duration ; e. g., meliorem concursatione quam comminus militem, Curtius, 8, 14, 24. Cf., Concursatoria pugna is late) : procursatio (an engagement of light troops in advance of the line) : levis armaturæ prima excursio (Cicero, of a skirmish of the light-armed troops ; vid. quotation in skirmish. Improperly). To fight in skirmishes, parvulis prœliis cum hoste contendere ; minutis prœliis inter se pugnare ; hostem levibus prœliis lacessere (also velitari, after manner of the velites) in the skirmishes the Gabinians usually had the best of it, parvis prœliis Gabina res plerumque superior erat. || Improperly prolusio – tamquam levis armaturæ primæ alicujus rei excursio (the preparatory skirmish ; opposed to ipsa pugna ; e. g., sin mecum in hac prolusione nihil fueris, quem te in ipsa pugna cum acerrimo adversario fore putemus? Div. in Cæcil., 14 ; compare hæc tamquam levis armaturæ est prima orationis excursio – nunc comminus agamus, De Divin., 2, 10, 26) : velitatio (Plautus, Asin., 2, 3, 41). Nothing took place but a few skirmishes, levia tantum prœlia fiebant (after Livius, 26, 27).

SKIRMISH, v., velitari, (properly and improperly) : procursare cum aliquo (properly). Vid. also, SKIRMISH, substantive.

SKIRRET, * sium sisarium (Linnæus).

SKIRT, s., limbus (on a garment) : ora (figuratively ; e. g., Galli oram extremam silvæ circumsedissent, Livius, the outer skirts).

SKIRT, v., finitimum, vicinum, confinem esse alicui loco, adjacere alicui loco (to be near) : tangere, attingere, contingere locum (to touch upon).

SKITTISH, Vid. FRISKY.

SKITTLE, perhaps conus (Cicero). To play at skittles, * conis globis petere : to set the skittles up, * conos statuere.

SKY, cœlum [vid. HEAVEN]. Cf., Altum (neuter adjective) is poetical (Ennius, Virg., etc. ). To praise anybody to the skies, aliquem ad cœlum (or ad astra) tollere or ferre ; alicujus laudes in astra tollere : anything, aliquid ad cœlum laudibus efferre.

SKYLARK, * alauda arvensis (Linnæus).

SKYLIGHT, * fenestra, quæ est in tecto (domus). Cf., Fenestra (in) tecto is not Latin.

SLAB, s., quadra (a square slab, as used in the base of a pillar) : crusta (e. g., a marble slab, crusta marmoris. Freund says that lamina may also be applied to marble). To cover with marble slabs, crustis marmoris operire aliquid : to cut into slabs, in crustas secare (e. g., marble).

SLAB, v., crustis alicujus rei operire (e. g., crustis marmoris) : pavire (to pave ; e. g., terram, aream) : pavimentum facere.

SLABBER, by circumlocution with fluit, madet, os alicujus saliva. There is no safe authority for salivare, Intransitively.

SLACK, laxus (not tight, loose ; opposed to astrictus, artus ; also, figuratively = not strict ; e. g., imperium laxius) : remissus (not strained ; opposed to adductus, contentus ; also, figuratively, of the mind = relaxed) : flaccidus (hanging down loose ; e. g., of sails, ears of animals, etc ; opposed to rigidus) : pendulus (hanging down, not firm) : fluidus (not fast or firm in its component parts ; opposed to compactus. Cf., Thus, according to Livius, 34, 47, § 5, “corpora fluida” are bodies whose fleshy parts are not firm ; according to Cicero [Tusc., 2, 23, 54], however, they are bodies whose nerves are in a relaxed or languishing state). To make slack, laxare ; relaxare ; remittere ; cessare ; mollire ; emollire (e. g., the thong of a spear, jaculi amentum emollire ; then, also, improperly, to weaken, to effeminate) : to become slack, laxari ; remitti ; flaccessere ; languescere (SYN. above) : to be slack (of business, trade, etc. ), jacere ; cessare.

SLACKEN, || Transitively, To make slack, laxare (general term, to lessen the tension of anything) : relaxare (to relax, to unbend ; e. g., of a bow or its string †) : remittere (to lessen the tightness, to let go to some degree ; e. g., the reins, a bridle ; then of the string of a bow ; also of the latter, arcum retendere †) : mollire : emollire (properly ; e. g., of the thong of a spear, jaculi amentum emollire ; then also improperly, to slacken anybody’s energies, to weaken or effeminate) [vid., also, ” to make SLACK”]. || To loosen, solvere : resolvere : relaxare (to relax, to make rather loose) : expedire (to set free anything that was entangled). || To mitigate, mitigare : mitiorem facere : mollire : molliorem facere (to cause to become more yielding, to cause to give way) : levare (to alleviate, to cause some relief). || To weaken [vid. DEBILITATE]. To slacken the energies of the mind, frangere vires animi ; debilitare animum : to slacken both the bodily and mental energies, corporis et mentis nervos frangere : to slacken anybody’s mental energies, languorem afferre alicui. || To dissolve lime, macerare (i. e., to soak). The slackening of lime, maceratio calcis. || Intransitively, To be freed from tension, laxari : relaxari : remitti. [SYN. above. ] || To languish, to become weak, languescere : elanguescere : relanguescere. || To become rather loose, flaccessere (of sails ; then, improperly, of a speech). || To abate, remittere : remitti (e. g., rain, fever, pain, etc. ) : minui : minuere (to lessen, to be lessened ; e. g., of the violence of waters, etc. ; vid. Herzog, Cæs., B. G., on the intransitive minuere) : defervescere (to subside ; e. g., passions, anger, etc. ) : residere (to cool, to abate, to go off ; e. g., anger, impetuosity, etc. ). To slacken for a time, intermittere (e. g., of a flame, of rain, etc. ) : anybody’s activity is slackening, languescit industrial : the zeal of anybody for anything slackens, languidiore studio est in aliqua re : to allow one’s zeal to slacken, studium alicujus rei deponere ; friendship, amicitiam sensim dissuere (Cicero, Læl., 21, 76) : you never slacken in your work, nullum tempus remittis : to slacken for a while, aliquid intermittere.

SLACKLY, By the adjectives.

SLACKNESS, by circumlocution with the past participle of the verbs in To SLACKEN or SLACK.

SLAG, scoria.

SLAKE, exstinguere : sedare. To slake one’s thirst, sitim explere (Cicero), exstinguere (Ovidius), restinguere (Vergilius), sedare (Ovidius), depellere (Cicero). To slake lime, macerare glebas calcis (Vitruvius) ; calcem exstinguere (id. ).

SLANDER, s., calumnia (false accusation) : criminatio (the traducing anybody’s character).

SLANDER, v., calumniari (to accuse falsely and with malignant intention) : falso criminari aliquem apud aliquem : de fama or existimatione alicujus detrahere : male dicere alicui : absentem rodere (Horatius) : de aliquo absente detrahendi causa maledlce contumelioseque dicere (Cicero, Off., 1, 37, 134) : alicui absenti male loqui (Terentianus, Phorm., 2, 3, 25). I am slandered, detrahitur de mea fama.

SLANDERER, calumniator : feminine, calumniatrix : obtrectator.

SLANDEROUS, calumniosus (late) : falsas criminationes continens (of things) : qui calumniatur, etc. (of persons).

SLANT, || Transitively, obliquare. || Intransitively, obliquari ; or by circumlocution with obliquus, in or per obliquum.

SLANTING, obliquus.

SLANTINGLY, oblique, ex or ab obliquo (sidelong) : in or per obliquum (sidewise).

SLAP, s., alapa (Cf., colaphus = a blow with the fist).

SLAP, v., alicui alapam ducere.

SLASH, v., cæriere : incidere.

SLASH, s., incisura ; or by the verbs.

SLATE, s., saxum fissile (in masses) : * lapis fissilis (in smaller pieces). A slate, quarry, * lapidis fissilis fodina : a slate roof, tectum cui tegulæ e lapide fissili impositæ sunt : slate color, * color lapidis fissilis ; color nigricans : a slate (for writing on), * tabula e lapide fissili facta : a slate pencil, * stilus e lapide fissili factus.

SLATE, v., * tegulas e lapide fissili tectis imponere.

SLATER, * contegulator (Georges ; but without authority) : scandularius (Digests = one who covers a roof with planks or boards). by circumlocution with the verb.

SLAUGHTER, s., cædes (general term) : trucidatio (a slaying, as of cattle) : jugulatio (only of persons ; Cf., avoid laniena in this sense). A dreadful slaughter, cædes atrox : there was no battle, but a slaughter as of cattle, non pugna erat, sed trucidatio velut pecorum : the slaughter is general, cædes omnia obtinet : to breathe forth slaughter, cædem eructare sermonibus : to commit slaughter, cædem or stragem edere, facere.

SLAUGHTER, v., cædere : trucidare : jugulare : mactare (as a sacrifice). [SYN. in SLAY. ]

SLAUGHTER-HOUSE, * ædes mactandis bestiis destinatæ, exstructæ. Cf., Laniena, a butcher’s stall, according to Freund and others ; but Krebs says that it is the classical term for a slaughter-house.

SLAVE, servus : verna (born-slave) : mancipium (slave by purchase, or prisoner taken in war) : famulus (as attendant) : puer (as waiting-boy) : minister (as waiter). The slaves, servi ; servitia ; also, servitium ; corpora servilia ; mancipia : young slaves (i. e., recently bought), venales novitii : the slaves of a family, familia : to be a slave, servum esse ; in servitute esse (servitutem servire rare and forced) : to be anybody’s slave, servire alicui or apud aliquem : to make anybody one’s slave, aliquem in servitutem redigere ; alicui servitutem injungere ; aliquem servitute afficere : to sell anybody for a slave, aliquem sub corona vendere : to be sold for a slave, sub corona vendi : a runaway slave, fugitivus. || Figuratively, The slave of lust, servus libidinum : to be the slave of anybody or anything, servum esse alicujus or alicujus rei ; servum esse potestatis alicujus ; alicui rei obedire : to be the slave of sensual pleasures, voluptatum esse ministrum ; corporis voluptatibus se dedisse ; voluptatibus obedire (Cicero).

SLAVE-DEALER, negotiator mancipiorum : venaliciarius : venalicius (general terms) : mango (who tries to conceal their defects, etc. ).

SLAVE-MARKET, * locus, quo mancipia or corpora servilia proponuntur venalia. Bought in the slave-market, de lapide emptus (according to Roman custom).

SLAVERY, servitus : servitudo (the former, the condition of a slave, the latter, the manner of being in that condition, inasmuch as it is connected with debasement, pressure, work, etc. ; but servitium is = the service or work of a slavery) : jngum servitutis (the yoke of slavery) ; also, jugum servile. To reduce anybody to slavery, jugum alicui imponere : to free from slavery, jugum alicui solvere or demere ; aliquem eximere servitio : to keep anybody in slavery, aliquem servitute oppressum tenere : to hate slavery, odisse conditionem servitutis : to shake off the yoke of slavery, jugum decutere, or excutere, or exuere ; jugo se exuere ; jugum servile a cervicibus dejicere ; servitutem or servitium exuere : to reduce or put anybody to the yoke of slavery, alicui jugum servitutis injungere : to deliver anybody from the yoke of slavery, jugum servitutis a cervicibus alicujus depellere.

SLAVISH, Vid. SERVILE.

SLAVISHLY, serviliter : verniliter (also in a sneaking manner).

SLAY, trucidare (in a barbarous or horrible manner) : jugulare (to cut the throat) : mactare (properly, to kill as a sacrifice ; all three of men or animals) : dejicere (to strike to the ground ; an animal or person) : cædere, occidere (to cut down enemies, etc. ) : interficere : interimere (to kill) : conficere (to kill those who offer resistance). To slay many enemies, multos hostes concidere. Vid. also, To KILL.

SLAYER, alicujus interfector (never without a genitive of the person slain ; Cf., occisor alicujus only in Plautus, Mil., 4, 2, 64 : interemtor and peremtor are late, and to be avoided) : or by circumlocution with the verbs. Man-slayer, homicida.

SLEDGE, || A heavy hammer, malleus fcrrarius, fabrilis. || A kind of vehicle, traha (Columella). To drive a sladge, traha vehi.

SLEDGING, s., perhaps traharum vectiones (after quadrupedum vectiones, Cicero, N. D., 2, 60, 151).

SLEEK : Vid. SMOOTH.

SLEEP, s., somnus (natural, healthy sleep) : sopor (a heavy sleep unnatural, as of persons intoxicated, sick, or weary) : quies (sleep considered as repose, rest from exertion). A sound, deep sleep, gravis or artus somnus ; artus et gravis somnus. I am seized or overcome with sleep, somnus me opprimit ; somno opprimor. To fall into a deep sleep, arte et graviter dormire cœpisse ; arto somno opprimi ; arto et gravi somno opprimi : to cause sleep, somnum facere, gignere, afferre, conciliare, concitare, or arcessere : to endeavor to get some sleep, somnum quærere, allicere, or moliri : to drive away sleep, somnum fugare or auferre ; somnum adimere or avertere : to be overcome with sleep, somno vinci. I have not been able to get a wink of sleep all night, somnum ego hac nocte oculis non vidi meis (Terentius, Heaut., 3, 1, 82). I get no sleep at night, noctem insomnis ago (I am unable to sleep) ; but Cf., noctem pervigilo means, ” I do not attempt to go to sleep all night”). If I could but get some sleep, ego si somnum capere possem. I cannot get any sleep after I have been once awaked, ego somnum interruptum recuperare non possum. To arouse out of sleep, e somno excitare or expergefacere : to awake from sleep, expergiscere : expergefieri ; somno solvi. In or during sleep, per somnum ; per quietem ; in somno ; somno ; dormiens : to put or lull to sleep, sopire, consopire ; alicui somnum afferre, parere, conciliare (properly) ; securum, or lentum, or negligentem reddere or facere (figuratively). To go to sleep (properly), obdormire : obdormiscere (also = to die gently) : somnum capere (to take sleep) : somno opprimi (to be overcome with sleep). I go to sleep, somnus me arripit (against my inclination, Justinus, 11, 13, 1). To have gone to sleep, somno sopitum esse : to have fallen into a deep sleep, arte et graviter dormitare cœpisse : to go to sleep again, somnum repetere : to go to sleep at or over a thing, indormire alicui rei ; obdormiscere in re (e. g., in mediis vitæ laboribus, Cicero, Tusc., 1, 49, 117, there = to die). To go to sleep (figuratively), torpescere : refrigescere (to grow cold) : in oblivionem ire or adduci (to fall into oblivion) : industriam remittere (to abate one’s diligence). To have gone to sleep (i. e., to be forgotten), jacere ; in oblivione jacere ; oblivione obrutum esse ; obliteratum esse.

SLEEP, v., || Properly, dormire (geneeral term) : dormitare (to be in a deep sleep) : quiescere (to be at rest after exertion) : somnum capere (to fall asleep). To prevent anybody from sleeping, aliquem somno prohibere. To cause anybody to sleep, sopire : consopire : alicui somnum afferre, parĕre, conciliare. To sleep soundly, arte et graviter dormire (Cf., altum dormire is poetical). To sleep sweetly, sine omni cura dormire ; dormire in utramvis aurem otiose : to sleep but little, minimum dormire (on a single occasion, Plinius, Ep. 3, 5, 11) : brevissimi esse somni or brevissimo somno uti (habitually, Suetonius, Claud., 33 ; Seneca, Ep., 83, 6 ; but Cf., parcissimi esse somni is a false reading in Plinius, Ep. 3, 5, 3, for erat somni paratissimi). To sleep or have slept enough, somno, or quiete, satiari. To sleep upon anything (i. e., to take a night to consider of it), noctem sibi sumere ad deliberandam rem, or simply ad deliberandum : to sleep off or away (i. e., to get rid of by sleeping), edormire (e. g., vinum, crapulam). To sleep through, edormire (e. g., Ilionam edormire ; i. e., to sleep through the part he should be acting). || Figuratively, securum, lentum or negligentem esse ; dormitare. To sleep over a business, indormire
alicui rei (Cicero), also in aliqua re faciendâ (e. g., in homine colendo, Cicero). to sleep away, edormire aliquid (e. g., tempus). Vid. also, SLEEP, s.

SLEEPER, || One who sleeps, dormiens : qui dormit, etc. ; dormitor (Martial). || (In architecture), vid. CROSS-BEAM.

SLEEPILY, || Properly, by circumlocution with the substantive or verb. || Figuratively, Negligently, tarde : lente : segniter (somniculose only in Plautus).

SLEEPINESS, || Properly, (a) As a temporary state, somni necessitas : oscitatio (yawning) : (b) as a characteristic quality, veternus (Cf., not somnolentia, which occurs for the first time in Sidon. Ep., 2, 2). || Figuratively, Slowness, tarditas : segnities.

SLEEPING-ROOM, cubiculum dormitorium ; or simply dormitorium (Plinius) ; cubiculum noctis et somni (Plinius, Ep. ) : zotheca, zothecula (a small chamber). The sleeping-room (as a part of a house), dormitorium membrum.

SLEEPLESS, insomnis (that cannot sleep) : exsomnis, vigilans (that does not desire to sleep). To pass a sleepless night, noctem insomnem agere (involuntarily) : noctem pervigilare ; noctem perpetuis vigiliis agere (voluntarily).

SLEEPLESSNESS, insomnia (involuntary) : vigilia (voluntary).

SLEEPY, || Drowsy, (α) as a temporary state, dormitans (beginning to sleep) : somni plenus ; somno gravis (overcome with sleep) : somni indigens (needing sleep) : oscitans (yawning). To be sleepy, dormitare (to be falling asleep) : somni indigere (to want sleep) : somno urgeri ultra debitum (to be unusually drowsy). (β) As a characteristic or permanent state, somniculosus ; somno deditus (Cf., somnolentus is found only in later writers). || Figuratively, Slow, tardus : lentus : segnis. || Soporific, qui somnum affert or conciliat ; soporificus.

SLEET, pruina ; nix concreta pruina (Lucretius) : * imber niveus ; * pluvia grandinosa or nivea. κυρικιμασαηικο

SLEEVE, manica (the proper word) : manulea (a sort of long sleeve covering the hand, χειρίς, as a defence against the cold) : having sleeves, manicatus, manuleatus : chiridotus (Gellius, 7, 12). To wear no sleeves, partem vestitus superioris in manicas non extendere (Tacitus, Germ, 17, 3). To shake anything from the sleeve (i. e., to speak or write with ease or without preparation), aliquid effundere (with ease) : extempore dicere (without preparation). To laugh in one’s sleeve, furtim cachinnare (Lucretius : Cf., not cachinnari) ; sensim atque summissim ridere (Gellius).

SLEIGHT (of hand), præstigiæ (circulatoriæ præstigiæ, Tertullianus, Apol., 23) : fallacia (trickery, general term) : vana miracula (false miracles, Livius, 7, 17, 4). To practise sleight of hand, præstigias agere : one who practises sleight of hand, prsestigiator : feminine, præstigiatrix.

SLENDER, || Thin and long, procerus (tall ; opposed to brevis) : gracilis (thin ; opposed to obesus) : tenuis (thin). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) procerus et tenuis (e. g., collum, neck : Cf., teretibus membris, in Suetonius, Cæs., 45, is said of a well-proportioned stature or shape). || Slight, parvus (small, not grown up) : paullus : paullulus (small ; opposed to magnus or multus ; e. g., equi hominesque paulluli gracilesque, Livius, 35, 11, 7) : pusillus (stunted in its growth, very small) : minutus (of the smallest size) : humilis (low, not high ; of the stature or shape of men, animals, plants) : humilis staturæ : humili statura (of short size, small in stature) : parvulus : infans (quite young) : exiguus (inconsiderable, small, short, relative to quantity, number, etc. ) : macer (lean; opposed to pinguis) : strigosus : strigosi corporis (especially of animals, produced by want of food, opposed to obesus) : exilis (not full, that has not its usual fulness ; e. g., the thigh, etc. ; opposed to plenus ; then also of no value ; e. g., production of an author, speech, etc. ). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) exilis et macer.

SLENDERLY, Vid. SLIGHTLY.

SLICE, v., Vid. To CUT.

SLICE, s., || Any piece cut off, frustum. A slice of bread, frustum panis. A slice of bread and butter, * panis butyro illitus. || A spatula, spathula : spatha. || An egg-spoon, cochlear ovis utile (Mart., 14, 121).

SLIDE, s., lapsus. A slide upon the ice, * iter glaciale ; stadium glaciatum, or per glaciem (of the act of sliding).

SLIDE, v., labi (the proper word) : fallente vestigio cadere (Plinius, Ep., 2, 1, 5). To slide on the ice, per glaciem currere or decurrere.

SLIGHT, adjective, tenuis (properly, thin ; opposed to crassus ; then improperly, small, inconsiderable, etc. ; e. g., spes, hope ; suspicio, suspicion) : exilis (not strong, weak ; opposed to plenus ; e. g., voice, vox) : parvus, non magnus (small, not great ; e. g., non magna signa alicujus rei, a slight proof only of anything ; hope, spes ; faith, fides) : exiguus (small, trifling, of no note ; e. g., force, manus ; hope, spes ; credibility, fides) : levis (light, without intrinsic value, opposed to gravis ; e. g., munus leve ; suspicion, suspicio ; proof or argument, argumentum) : infirmus (not firm, weak, not able to undergo or bear anything, of persons and things ; glimmer, lumen ; taste, sapor ; proof, argumentum) : invalidus (not powerful, inefficient ; e. g., poison, venenum ; medicament, medicamentum) : iners (without life, dull ; e. g., color) : imbecillus (imbecillis late ; opposed to fortis ; e. g., pulse, imbecilli venarum pulsus) : levidensis (properly, lightly wrought, of a light texture, Isidorus, Origg., 19, 22, § 19 ; hence metonymy = without value ; e. g., munusculum, Cicero, Fam., 9, 12, 2 ; Orelli, N. Cr. ) : nullus (οὐδείς, next to none ; vid. Cicero, Fam. 7, 3, 2 ; Nepos, Phoc., 1, 1) : vilis (without worth, according to quality, mostly as term of contempt) : dictu parvus (hardly worth mentioning ; e. g., accident, res) : tener : mollis (tender, delicate) : gracilis (slim, thin ; of shape ; delicate ; e. g., legs, crura). || Negligent, neglectus (not taken care of) : parum accuratus (on which no pains have been bestowed) : negligens : dissolutus (of the person). || Small (of number), numerus exiguus, parvus, pauci (a few) : paucitas (fewness). With slight trouble, sine negotio ; nullo negotio : not the slightest doubt, ne minima quidem dubitatio : not in the slightest degree, nihil (in no respect) ; ne minima quidem re (not by the least thing ; e. g., to offend anybody, offendere aliquem) ; minime (in the least ; e. g., quod minime putabat) : to consider as very slight, parvum, parvi, etc., ducere ; parvi æstimare ; contemnere ; despicere (to look on with contempt). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) contemnere et pro nihilo ducere ; vile habere ; leve habere or in levi habere (the latter, Tacitus, Ann., 3, 54, 4, and Hist., 2, 21, 2) : not to have the slightest knowledge, omnium rerum rudem esse : to hare not the slightest idea of anything, or to be able to form, etc., notionem alicujus rei non habere ; fugit aliquid intelligentiæ nostræ vim et notionem : slight causes, parvulæ causæ : a slight attack of an illness, commotiuncula ; levis motiuncula (Suetonius, Vesp., 24).

SLIGHT, s., Vid. CONTEMPT.

SLIGHT, v., || To pass over unnoticed, to disregard, præterire silentio or tacitum ; or, from the context, præterire simply : repulsam dare alicui (not giving anybody a place or post applied for) : parvum or parvi ducere ; parvi æstimare ; pro nihilo ducere ; vile habere ; leve habere or in levi habere (the latter, Tacitus, Ann. 3, 54, 4, and Hist., 2, 21, 2 : all = not to make much of, to disregard, pass over) ; elevare (to deprive of credit, respect, etc. ; aliquem or aliquid, to contemn with words). To be slighted, præteriri (general term) ; repulsam ferre or accipere (to be refused a post or office). For stronger terms, vid. “To treat with CONTEMPT. ”

SLIGHTINGLY, contemtim (contemptuously, with contempt) : male (ill). To speak slightingly of anybody, contemtim or male de aliquo loqui : to think slightingly of anybody, male de aliquo opinari (vid. Bremi, Suet., Oct., 51) : to treat anybody slightingly, * aliquem contemtim tractare ; aliquem contemnere : to look down on anybody slightingly, aliquem or aliquid despicere, or despicatui habere, or despicatum habere : to think slightingly of, parvum or parvi ducere ; parvi æstimare ; pro nihilo ducere ; leve or in levi habere. Vid. To SLIGHT.

SLIGHTLY, || To a certain degree = a little, paullum, and with a comparative, paullo ; nonnihil, aliquid (in a certain measure ; e. g., it slightly comforts me when I come to think that, etc., nonnihil me consolatur quum recordor) : leviter (e. g., saucius, eruditus, inflexus, ægrotare). To differ slightly from anything, aliquid difierre : to be slightly vexed with anybody, aliquid succensere alicui : slightly incensed against anybody, subiratus : to be slightly incensed, subirasci. If = slightingly, vid.

SLIGHTNESS, exiguitas : levitas : vilitas. SYN. in SLIGHT, adjective.

SLILY, Vid. SLYLY.

SLIM, gracilis (thin ; of shape). Vid. also, SLENDER.

SLIME, pituita (in the body of men or animals) : mucus (when thick) : saliva (of snails, etc. ).

SLIMY, pituitosus : mucosus (full of slime) : pituitæ similis (like slime) : lubricus (slippery).

SLING, s., || An instrument for throwing stones, funda. To put anything into a sling, in fundam indere aliquid : to throw anything with a sling, funda librare or excutere aliquid ; funda mittere. || A throw, a fling ; [vid. FLING]. || (From its resemblance) = a hanging bandage, vinculum : mitella (as technical term in chirurgery. ). To use a sling for one’s arm, or to have one’s arm in a sling, brachium mitella excipere ; also, brachium suspendere ex cervice (if it hangs down from the neck) : the broader part of the sling is intended for the arm, and its ends are tied to the neck, mitella latitudine ipsi brachio, perangustis capitibus collo injicitur.

SLING, v., || To throw with a sling, funda mittere, or librare, or excutere. || To hurl, jaculari (e. g., a lance, etc. ) : mittere : emittere (to throw with the hand, etc., in general) : jactare (to throw repeatedly ; e. g., lances ; hence also, of “throwing out one’s arms, ” brachia). Cf., Torquere or contorquere, for jaculari, only poetical [vid. To FLING]. || To hang as in a sling ; vid. To HANG.

SLINGER, funditor (one that throws by means of a sling).

SLINK, || To steal out of the way, clam se subducere.

SLIP, s., || A false step, || Properly, vestigii lapsus. To make a slip, vestigio falli : to make a slip and fall, vestigio fallente cadere. || Improperly, lapsus (departure from what is right) : error (a mistake) : peccatum (an offence) : to make a slip, labi ; peccare : “there’s many a slip ‘twixt the cup and the lip, ” iuter os et offam (sc. multa intervenire possunt ; a proverb of Cato’s, Gell., 13, 17) ; multa cadunt inter calicem supremaque labra (a translation of πολλὰ μεταξὺ πέλει κύλικος καὶ χείλεος ἄκρου ; vid. Facciol., in ANÆUS) : a slip of the memory, offensatio memoriæ (labentis) ; or by circumlocution with memoria labi (e. g., to do anything from a slip of the memory, memoria lapsum facere aliquid, or perperam edere aliquid). || A branch set in the ground, surculus. || A long thin board, etc., * pala. || A noose, vid. || PHR., To give the slip, excidere : elabi. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) excidere atque elabi.

SLIP, v., Intransitively, vestigio falli : vestigio fallente cadere (when one slips and falls). My foot slips, me instabilis gradus fallit (Curtius, 7, 11, 16) ; vestigium fallit (Plinius, Ep., 2, 1, 5) : one’s foot slips on the ice, glacies vestigium non recipit (Livius, 21, 36) : to slip on the sleep rocks, prærupta saxa vestigium fallunt (Curtius, 4, 9, 18) ; se subducere (as earth slips) : to let an opportunity slip, occasionem amittere (Terentianus), omittere (Cicero) : to slip out, excidere ; elabi (both properly and figuratively). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) excidere atque elabi : a thing slips out of my hands, aliquid de manibus excidit, delabitur, fluit ; aliquid mihi excidit atque elabitur : a word slips out from me, verbum (or vox) excidit or elabitur (ex ore) : a thing slips from my memory, excidit or effluit aliquid ex animo ; elabitur aliquid memoria ; exit res memoria : the name has slipped from me, nomen perdidi : to slip through or away, perlabi per, etc. (to slip through entirely, etc. ) ; elabi (to give the slip ; with custodiæ, of a prisoner) ; evadere (to escape) ; se subducere, subtrahere, surripere (to get out of the way quickly and imperceptibly). || Transitively, To slip a knot, nodum solvere, expedire.

SLIP INTO, v., Transitively, rem in re inserere or injicere.

SLIPPER, crepida, diminutive, crepidula ; pure Latin solea (vid. Gellius, 13, 21, 5). In slippers, soleatus : a maker of slippers, crepidarius (Gellius).

SLIPPERY, || That does not afford firm footing, lubricus. || Figuratively, Uncertain, fickle, vid. I said he was a slippery fellow, dixi volaticum esse ac levem, et te non pedem ejus tenere, non pennam. || Dangerous, vid.

SLIT, v., incidere (to make a slit in anything) : scindere : discindere (to slit up or open).

SLIT, s., scissura : fissura : or by the verb.

SLOE, * prunus sylvestris (Linnæus).

SLOOP, lembus : celox. Vid. SHIP.

SLOP, || Poor drink, * potus vilior or tenuior. || Water, etc., spilled, lacuna : lacuna lutosa. || Ready-made clothes for sale, vestes promercales.

SLOP-BASIN, labrum eluacrum (Cato, but the reading is doubtful).

SLOP-SHOP, officina vestium promercalium (Suetonius, Gramm., 23).

SLOPE, s., declivitas (downward) : acclivitas (upward) : proclivitas (a sloping position) : locus declivis, acclivis, proclivis (a sloping place) : ascensus (of ascent ; vid. Herzog, Cæs., B. G., 1, 21). To go up a great slope, ascensu ingredi arduo : a hill with a gentle slope collis leniter editus or clementer assurgens ; molle et clementer editum montis jugum : a town on the slope of a hill, urbs applicata colli.

SLOPE, v., || Intransitively, declivem, devexum esse (Cæsar, Cicero) : proclinari (Vitruvius). || Transitively, * declive reddere aliquid.

SLOPING, declivis : acclivis : proclivis (declivis, as seen from above ; acclivis, from below ; proclivis, sloping gradually and stretching out to some length). A hills, in front, collis frontem fastigatus (vid. Herzog, Cæs., B. G., 2, 8).

SLOPPY, lutosus : uvidus : madidus.

SLOTH, || Idleness, ignavia : pigritia : segnities : inertia : socordia : desidia [SYN. in IDLENESS] : fuga laboris. To be sunk in sloth, desidia marcescere ; marcescere otio et inertia sopiri. [Vid. IDLENESS, LAZINESS. ] || The animal so called, * brady̆pus, -ŏdis (Linnæus).

SLOTHFUL, ignavus : piger : socors : deses : desidiosus : segnis : fugiens laboris. SYN. in IDLENESS : PHRASES in IDLE, LAZY.

SLOTHFULLY, ignave : pigre : segniter : socorditer (Livius). SYN. in IDLENESS.

SLOUGH, s., || A deep, miry place, locus cœnosus. || Cast-off skin, pellis : exuviæ (poetical). To cast a slough, pellem exuere ; vernationem or senectam exuere (of serpents).

SLOUGH, v., (Medical term) crusta obduci.

SLOVEN,

SLOVENLY, squalidus : discinctus (in dress) : negligens (general term ; e. g., in cultu ; in re familiari).

SLOVENLINESS, squalor (in person and appearance) : cultus corporis parum accuratus (in person, etc. ) : negligentia (carelessness in general).

SLOW, tardus (opposed to celer, velox ; also of the mind) : lentus (opposed to citus ; and of the mind, opposed to acer) : segnis (opposed to promptus). According to Döderlein, tardus denotes slowness with reference to the great length of time spent ; whereas lentus with reference to quietness of motion (Handbuch, p. 209) :

Slow in transacting business, tardus in rebus gerendis : to be slow in writing, cessatorem esse in literis : slow in learning, tardus ad discendum or in discendo ; lentus in discendo ; ingenio tardo ; piger (slothful) : slow of apprehension, hebes, hebes ad intelligendum, tardus (stupid) ; stupidus (dull, stupid). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) stupidus et tardus : mente captus (without understanding) : slow poison, venenum lentum.

SLOWLY, tarde : lente (also of the mind) : tardo pede : tardo gradu or passu (with slow pace) : leniter (gently) : paullatim : pedetentim (gradually). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) lente et paullatim : segniter (only of the mind ; sleepily, sluggishly). To walk slowly, tarde ire or ingredi ; tardo pede or gradu incedere ; lente incedere : to move slowly, lente moveri.

SLOWNESS, tarditas (bodily or mental, ofpersons or of things) : segnitia : segnities (sluggishness, of character) : Cf., lentitudo was not used in this sense during the best age.

Slowness of pace, tarditas in incessu : slowness in transacting business, tarditas in rebus gerendis.

SLUG, || A kind of snail, limax (Columella, Linnæus). || A kind of shot, * massa or massula plumbi, ferri.

SLUGGARD, dormitator (Plautus) : somniculosus : somno deditus.

SLUGGISH, ignavus : piger : deses : desidiosus : segnis : socors : iners [SYN. in IDLENESS] : fugiens laboris. For phrases, vid., IDLE, LAZY.

SLUGGISHLY, ignave : pigre : segniter : socorditer (Livius). SYN. in IDLENESS.

SLUGGISHNESS, ignavia : pigritia : segnities : socordia : desidia : inertia [SYN. in IDLENESS], fuga laboris. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) tarditas et ignavia ; socordia atque ignavia ; languor et desidia. Vid. LAZINESS.

SLUICE, catarracta. To form sluices (for the purpose of breaking the force of water), catarractis aquæ cursum temperare (Plinius, Ep., 10, 69).

SLUMBER, Vid. SLEEP.

SLUR, macula : labes : nota turpitudinis. To cast a slur on anybody, labem or labeculam aspergere alicui or alicui rei ; alicui ignominiam inurere ; infuscare, deformare, infamem facere, fœdare, oblinere.

SLUT, mulier discincta or negligens.

SLUTTISH, discinctus : negligens : dissolutus.

SLY, callidus : versutus : vafer : astutus : subdolus. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) callidus et astutus ; astutus et callidus ; versutus et callidus. SYN. in CUNNING.

SLYLY, astute : callide : vafre : subdole.

SLYNESS, astutia : vafrities : versutia : calliditas : dolus.

SMACK, s., || Taste, savor, sapor [vid. TASTE]. || A loud sound, crepitus : fragor : sonitus fragilis (Lucretius, 6, 111). || A loud kiss, basium. They gave each other a hearty smack, osculo (osculis) collisa labra crepitabant (Petronius). || A small sailing-vessel, scapha.

SMACK, v., || Intransitively, To make a cracking noise, fragorem dare, crepare : sonitum fragilem dare (after Lucretius). || To taste, vid. ||Transitively, To slap, alicui alapam ducere.

SMALL, parvus : exiguus : minutus : Very small, parvulus : perexiguus [SYN. and PHR., in LITTLE] : a small letter (i. e., not a capital), litera minuta (vid. Plautus, Bacch., 4, 9, 69 ; Cicero, Verr., 4, 24, 74).

SMALL-BEER, * cerevisia dilutior. Not to think small-beer of himself, sese aliquem or aliquid esse putare.

SMALL-CLOTHES, femoralia (plural, Suetonius), braccæ (plural, Tacitus). Wearing small-clothes, braccatus, braccis indutus : to wear small-clothes and stockings in winter, hieme muniri feminalibus tibialibusque (Suetonius, Oct., 82).

SMALL-POX, variolæ, plural.

SMALL-TALK, garritus (late) : or by circumlocution with garrire quicquid in buccam.

SMALLAGE, * apium graveolens (Linnæus).

SMALLNESS, parvitas : exiguitas : Or by the adjectives.

Smallness of stature, staturæ brevitas, or, from the context, brevitas only (Cæsar, B. G., 2, 30).

SMART, s., dolor : cruciatus : angor.

SMART, adjective || Sharp in flavor, acer : acidus. || Quick, vigorous, acer : vehemens. || Witty, clever, acutus : salsus : mordax (pungent). || Fine, gay, ornatus : comptus.

SMART, v., dolorem capere ex aliqua re : dolore affici ex aliqua re or ob aliquem rem. I will make him smart for it, hoc non impune fecerit ; hoc non impunitum omittam.

SMART-MONEY, Vid. FORFAIT.

SMARTNESS, Vid. SHARPNESS, SEVERITY.

SMATTERER, rudis et tiro : tiro : semidoctus : mediocriter doctus : leviter eruditus : qui primoribus, ut aiunt, labris literas attigit (Cicero). Cf., Avoid sciolus, which occurs first in Arnobius.

SMATTERING, by circumlocution with leviter eruditus. To have a smattering of learning, primoribus, ut aiunt, labris literas attingere.

SMEAR, linere : oblinere : perlinere : ungere : perungere : Cf., linere, to cover with a sticky, adhesive substance ; ungere, to cover, etc., with a greasy, oily substance.

SMELL, s., || Sense of smelling, odoratio : odoratus (Cf., olfactus, both for odoratus and for odor, is not found in classicalprose). || Scent, odor (general term) : nidor (κνίσσα, of roast flesh and fat things prepared on the fire) : anhelitus (of spirits). A bad smell, odor malus or teter ; odor fœtidus ; fœtor (a stench) : a pleasant or agreeable smell, odor suavis ; suavitas odoris : a strong, penetrating smell, odor gravis : to take a smell, odore imbui (vid. Horatius, Ep., 1, 2, 69 : Cf., odorem ducere or ad se ducere is not Latin) ; alieno odore infici (after Plinius, 15, 3, 4) : to have or emit a smell, odorem habere, præstare, emittere (Cf., poetical, spargere, spirare, diffundere) : to have or emit a good, agreeable smell, bene or jucunde olere ; a bad, disagreeable smell, male olere, fœtere : to have the smell of anything, olere or redolere aliquid : a thing loses its smell, alicujus rei odor non permanet integer (after Columella, 10, 49, 3) : without smell, that has no smell, * odoratu or odoris sensu carens (that has not the sense of smell) ; odore carens, ex aliqua re odor non afflatur or odores non afflantur (that yields no smell).

SMELL, v., || Transitively, olfacere : olfactare (to smell anything ; olfactare also = to try or examine by smelling) : odorari (to try or examine by smelling) : ad nares admovere (to hold to the nose for the purpose of smelling ; e. g., fasciculum florum). Improperly, To smell out anything, quodam odore suspicionis aliquid sentire (Cicero). || Intransitively, olere (to have a scent ; especially a bad scent) : fragrare (to smell sweetly) : redolere (to have a strong smell, good or bad) : perolere (to have a strong, bad smell). To smell sweetly, bene or jucunde olere (Cicero) ; suavem odorem reddere (Plinius) : the flowers smell sweetly, odores e floribus afflantur : to smell badly, male olere ; reddere fœtorem.

SMELLING, adjective, olidus (especially with a bad smell) : odorus (with a good smell).

SMELLING-BOTTLE, olfactorium (Plinius).

SMELT, v., liquefacere : liquare : conflare : excoquere.

SMELT, s., * salmo eperlanus (Linnæus).

SMERK, subridere.

SMERLIN, * cobitis aculeata (Linnæus).

SMILE, s., risus lenis (Mart. ) : With a smile, subridens : to force a smile from anybody, excutere alicui risum.

SMILE, v., subridere : renidere (when a smile is considered as lighting up the features). To smile upon, (leniter) arridere alicui (properly and figuratively) ; blandiri alicui ; affulgere alicui (figuratively) : fortune smiles upon him, fortuna ei arridet or affulget ; fortuna blanditur cœptis suis.

SMILINGLY, risu leni ; subridens.

SMITE, [vid., STRIKE, properly, and figuratively].

Smitten with love, amore captus or incensus ; amore perditus (Plautus) : to be smitten with love of anybody, furere or insanire in aliqua ; amore alicujus mori (Propertius), perire, or deperire.

SMITH, faber (ferrarius, argentarius, aurarius) : opifex ferri, etc.

SMITHY, officina ferraria (B. Afr., 20) : * fabrica ferraria (Cf., if for the purpose of forging arms, officina armorum, Cæsar ; fabrtca armorum, Vegetius).

SMOCK, indusium (chemise).

SMOCK-FROCK, * amiculum agreste : * amiculum linteum.

SMOKE, s., fumus. To make a smoke, fumare : full of smoke, fumosus : to cure or dry by smoke, in fumo suspendere (Cato, R. R., 162, extr. ) ; fumo siccare (Plinius, 19, 5, 24) : smoke rises, fumus evolvitur ex, etc. ; also, fumat aliquid (e. g., domus, culmen ; vid. To SMOKE).

SMOKE, v., || Transitively, To dry in the smoke, fumo siccare (Plinius, 19, 5, 24) : in fumo suspendere (Cato, R. R., 162). || To burn (tobacco), * herbæ nicotianæ fumum ducere. || To jeer, vid. || Intransitively, fumare : vaporare. The house smokes, domus fumat ; culmen fumat (i. e., smoke ascends from the chimney) ; * ventus in conclave fumum regerit or refundit (a room is filled with smoke).

SMOKY, fumidus : fumosus. To have a smoky taste, * fumum sapere : to have a smoky smell, fumum redolere.

SMOOTH, adjective, Properly, || Not rough, levis (general term, opposed to asper ; Cf., but in the sense of “without hair, ” it is only poetical) : levigatus : politus (rendered smooth, polished). To make smooth, levigare : polire. || Slippery, lubricus. || Without hair, bald (by nature), sine pilo or pilis : pilo carens : (by artificial means), depilatus (general term, deprived of hair) : rasus : tonsus (shaven, shorn ; opposed to intonsus) : glaber (properly naturally smooth, without hair ; opposed to pilosus ; then, also, rendered smooth by shaving or plucking off the hair). Figuratively. || Bland, mild, blandus (e. g., words, a tongue) : mendax (lying). || Flowing, soft (of style), fluens. || Easy, vid.

SMOOTH, v., properly, || To free from roughness, levigare, more rarely levare (general term) : polire (so that the thing smoothed receives a polish ; also of the smoothness of style, etc. Cf., Both levigare and polire are used of making smooth with a knife, a file, pumice-stone, or in any other manner) : limare (to file) : runcinare (to plane) : fricare (to smooth by rubbing ; e. g., pavimentum) : radere (to scrape, rub with pumice stone ; vid. Mart., 1, 118) : || To level, vid. || To facilitate, vid.

SMOOTHLY. || Not roughly, by circumlocution with the adjective (Cf., leviter does not occur). || With soft language, leniter : blande : comiter : benigne. Vid. GENTLY.

SMOOTHNESS, levor (smooth quality ; e. g., chartæ) : levitas (quality of being smooth, also of gentleness in expression) : mollitia (softness) : mollitudo (as lasting quality). || Mildness ; vid. GENTLENESS.

SMOTHER, || properly, To suffocate, suffocare : animam or spiritum intercludere : strangulare (to strangle). To smother anybody by throwing a number of clothes over him, opprimere aliquem injectu multæ vestis (Tacitus) : to smother anybody with blankets, injectis lodicibus in caput faucesque spiritum intercludere (after Livius, 40, 24, where it is injectis tapetibus) : to smother one’s self by putting one’s pocket handkerchief into one’s mouth, or by stopping up one’s mouth with a pocket handkerchief, sudario coartatis ore et faucibus spiritum intercludere : to be smothered, suffocari ; spiritu intercluso exstingui : to be smothered by anything, aliqua re suffocari. || Improperly, To put down or out, exstinguere : restingugre (e. g., offire, etc. ; then to quell, to suppress ; e. g., an insurrection, etc. ) : auferre : tollere (to stifle, figuratively ; e. g., all sense of honor). To smother in the very birth, nascens aliquid opprimere. Vid. also, CONCEAL.

SMOULDER, fumare.

SMUGGLE, * inscriptas merces clam importare, ne portorium dem (after Lucilius, ap. Non., 37, 19) : merces sine portorio importare (after Cicero, Verr., 2, 70,
171).

Smuggled goods, * inscriptas merces.

SMUGGLER, * inscriptas merces importans.

SMUGGLING, * inscriptarum mercium importatio.

SMUT, s., || Blackness, nigritude : * macula ex rubigine concepta. || Obscenity in expression, obscenum verbum : canticum obscenum : obscena dicere.

SMUT, v., || Transitively, rubiginem obducere alicui rei : denigrare (to turn black). || Intransitively, To gather mould, rubigine obduci : rubigine infestari, or lædi, or corripi : in æruginem incidere (the latter of copper).

SMUTTILY, sordide : obscene : Vid. the adjective

SMUTTINESS, by circumlocution with the adjective, Vid. also, SMUT.

SMUTTY, fumosus (sooty, soiled with smut) : fumidus (of the color of smoke or smut ; also, smelling of it) : rubiginosus : æruginosus (covered with rust, rusty) : colore nigro (of a black color) : cineraceus (of the color of cinders) : pullus (of a dirty black, either by nature or from soil) : sordidus (black in general). || Obscene, obscenus.

Smutty language, obscenum verbum : to make use of it, obscena dicere.

SNACK, ||A share, a part taken by compact, portio (the part of a whole, inasmuch as it forms one’s share, used only with “pro ;” vid. also, SHARE). || A meal taken in haste, a slight repast, cœnula : gustatio : to have a snack, cœnulam facere.

SNAFFLE, Vid. BIT.

SNAIL, cochlea (general term) : limax (without a shell). A snail in its shell, limax conchæ implicitus (Cicero) : like a snail, cochleæ speciem habens, referens : a snail’s shell, domus cochleæ (Suetonius) ; cochlea (Mart. ) : a snail’s pace (figuratively), incessus tardus, lentus(Cicero) ; gradus testudinum (Plautus, Aul., 1, 1, 10) : people who travel at a snail’s pace, homines spissigradissimi, tardiores quam corbitæ sunt in tranquillo mari (Plautus, Pœn., 3, 1, 4).

SNAKE : [Vid. SERPENT. ]The bearded snake, * coluber naja (Linnæus).

SNAKY, anguinus : anguineus : or by circumlocution.

SNAP, s., || A sudden noise, fragor : crepitus. || A bite, morsus, -ûs. || A catch, captus, -ûs.

SNAP, v., || Transitively, To break, frangere ; diffringere ; [vid. Break]. || Intransitively, frangi : confringi : dissilire (e. g., of the blade of a sword). Vid. BREAK, Intransitively.

SNAP AT, hiante ore captare aliquid (properly) : inhiare alicui rei (to open the mouth at anything ; also, figuratively, to seek eagerly).

SNAP-DRAGON, * antirrhinum (Linnæus).

SNAPPISH,

SNAPPISHLY, etc. Vid. CROSS, ILL-TEMPERED, etc.

SNARE, || Properly, Anything set to catch an animal, a gin, a noose, laqueus (a sling, etc. ). To lay a snare, laqueum ponere, also with “venandi causa : ” to fall or get into a snare, in laqueum or laqueos cadere : to have fallen into a snare, in laqueis hærere († all three, also, improperly) : || Improperly, insidiæ (trap) : laquei (snares, traps). Cf., Decipula or decipulum = “gin, trap, ” never occur in the proper meaning, and they are either ante- or post-classical. To lay a snare, insidiari : for anybody, insidias alicui tendere, ponere ; insidiis petere aliquem ; dolum alicui nectere (to deceive, to defraud) : to entice anybody into a snare, in fraudem pellicere aliquem : to get or fall into a snare, in insidias incidere : I am falling into the snare which I have laid for others, eadem capior via qua alios captabam : to have fallen into the snare, laqueis irretitum teneri : to catch as it were, in a snare, velut indagine capere.

SNARL, gannire (also, improperly, of men).

SNARLER, canis, qui gannitu lascivit (after Appuleius, Met., 6, p. 175, 30) : homo, qui allatrat omnes, et gannitibus improbis lacessit (after Mart., 5, 61, 2).

SNARLING, s., gannitio (Festus, p. 74 and 109) : gannitus (also, figuratively, of men).

SNATCH, s., || Act of catching hastily, captura, or by the verb. By snatches (i. e., at intervals), per intervalla (Plinius, 8, 42, 66) ; perhaps carptim ; per intermissa spatia.

Snatches of sunshine, * sol interdum nubibus interfulgens.

SNATCH, v., rapere. To snatch at, captare : prehendere : to snatch from, eripere ; adimere ; auferre (to take away unjustly) ; avellere : divellere (to tear away) ; extorquere (to wrest from the hands ; properly and figuratively ; e. g., alicui regnum) ; alicui eripere de (or e) manibus (properly and figuratively) : to snatch from the mother’s arms, aliquem de amplexu matris avellere, or de complexu matris abripere : to snatch one from danger, from death, eripere ex periculo, a morte ; from destruction, servare aliquem ab interitu.

SNEAK, v., repere : serpere. To sneak off or away, clam se subducere.

SNEAK, s., homo occultus, tectus (Cicero) : tenebrio (Varro). κυρικιμασαηικο

SNEAKING, abjectus : humilis : vilis.

SNEER, s., Vid. GIBE.

SNEER, v., To sneer at anybody, aliquem ludificari or deridere : aliquem irridere et vocibus increpitare : aliquem irrisu insectari : aliquem cavillari. To sneer at the misfortune of others, aliena mala ludificari : to sneer at anybody in his misfortune, adversis rebus alicujus insultare : to gibe and sneer at anybody in all possible ways, aliquem omnibus contumeliis eludere. [SYN. in GIBE. ]

SNEEZE, v., sternuere : sternutare. To sneeze again, sternutationem iterare : to sneeze repeatedly, sternutationes frequentare : to hear anybody sneeze, sterntationis sonum accipere : the elephant utters a noise as when anyone is sneezing, elephas sternutamento similem elidit sonum ; to say “God bless you!” when anybody is sneezing, sternutamentis salutare ; salutem alicui imprecari : to cause to sneeze to make anybody sneeze, sternutamentum movere or evocare, or excitare : to cause frequent sneezing, alicui crebras sternutationes commovere.

SNEEZE, s., sternutatio (as act) : sternutamentum (the state in which one is when sneezing) : sternutationis sonus (the sound or noise produced by sneezing).

SNIFF, v., || Properly, and Figuratively, anhelare (to draw breath audibly up the nose). || To draw in with the breath, spiritu (spirando) ducere : (spiritu) haurire. || As language of contempt. To sniff about, odorari et pervestigare (properly of dogs ; then, by metonymy, of men ; vid. Cicero, Verr., 4, 13, 31). To be sniffing about in all corners, in omnibus latebris perreptare.

SNIFF, s., anhelitus.

SNIP, s., || Act of cutting, sectio : sectura. || An incision, incisura (Plinius). || A piece cut off, segmentum : recisamentum : particula. A snip of paper, resegmen chartæ (after Plinius, res : papyri, 13, 12, 23).

SNIP, v., secare : dissecare aliquid.

SNIPE, scolŏpax (Nemesian) : * scolopax gallinago (Linnæus).

SNIVEL, s., mucus (μῦκος), or pure Latin, narium excrementa, -orum, plural.

SNIVEL, v., * perhaps mucum resorbere.

SNIVELLING, mucosus : muculentus.

SNORE, v., stertĕre.

SNORE,

SNORING, rhonchus (ῥόγχος), or pure Latin, stertentis (or stertentium) sonitus.

SNORER, stertens.

SNORT, fremere (as a horse) : vehementius anhelare : imo de pectore spiritum trahere (to fetch breath forcibly) : fremere : sævire (to rage).

SNORTING, fremitus.

SNOUT, rostrum : An elephant’s snout, proboscis. Vid. NOSE.

SNOW, s., nix, genitive nivis, feminine ; usually in plural, nives (of a great fall or quantity of snow). Consisting of snow, nivalis : full of snow, nivosus : white as snow, niveus : snow falls, nives cadunt (Seneca) ; delabuntur (Livius) : to be covered with snow, nivibus obrui, oppleri : the snow is deep, nix alta jacet (Vergilius) ; altse nives premunt terram (Curtius) : there is a deep fall of snow, plurima nix e cœlo delabitur (Livius) ; plurimæ nives cadunt (Seneca) : to make one’s way through the snow, nives eluctari(Tacitus, Hist., 3, 59) : mountains covered with perpetual snow, montes perenni nive rigentes ; montium juga perenni nive obruta (Curtius, 7, 11, 8) ; montes in quibus nives ne æstus quidem solvit (after Seneca, Ep. 79, 4) : a snow-ball, * globus ex nive compactus ; glebula nivis (Scribonius, Larg. ) ; globus nivalis (Macrobius, Sat., 7, 12) : a fall of snow, nivis casus (Livius, 21, 35) : a flake of snow, floccus nivalis : a snow-storm, nives volantes ; tempestas nivosa : a snow-drift, * agger niveus ; * vis nivis exaggeratæ ; moles, magna vis nivium (after Cicero) : a snow-boot, * calceus nivibus trajiciendis aptus factusque : snow-water, aqua nivalis (Gellius) : * aqua ex nivibus resolutis ; nives ex montibus prolutæ (Cæsar, B. C., 1, 48) ; nives de montibus solutæ (Ovidius, Met., 8, 556). To cut a road through the snow, nivem discindere atque ita viam patefacere.

SNOW, v., It snows, ningit ; nives cadunt (Seneca), delabuntur (Livius).

SNOW- DROP, * leucoium vernum (Linnæus).

SNOWY, nivalis (consisting of snow) : nivosus (full of snow, covered with snow) : niveus (white as snow).

SNUB, v., alicui convicium facere : aliquem conviciis or contumeliis consectari.

SNUB-NOSE, nasus simus : nares resimæ (turned up) : nasus collisus (flat). That has a snub-nose, silus or simus ; homo sima nare (Mart., 6, 39, 8) ; homo naribus resimis.

SNUFF, s., || Burnt wick of a candle,
fungus candelæ ; or, from context, simply fungus (Vergilius). || Powdered tobacco, * pulvis sternutatorius (Kraft) : medicamentum ad sternutamentum movendum efficax (after Celsus, 3, 18, p. 157, ed. Bip., Georges). To take snuff, * ducere pulverem sternutatorium (Bau. ) ; * medicamento ad sternutamentum movendum efficaci uti (Georges). || Anger, scorn, vid.

SNUFF, v., Intransitively, || To inhale, haurire naribus. || To scent, smell, vid. ||Figuratively, To turn up the nose, fastidium ostendere, præ se ferre. To snuff at, aliquem suspendere naso (Horatius). || Transitively, To crop the wick of a lighted candle, * fungum candelæ demere (Cf., not emungere).

SNUFF-BOX, * theca sternutatoria.

SNUFF-TAKER, * qui utitur pulvere sternutatorio : * qui ducit pulverem sternutatorium. A great snuff-taker, * qui crebro utitur, etc.

SNUFFERS, emunctorium (Bibl. Vulg., Exod., 25, 38) : * forfex candelarum.

SNUFFLE, de nare loqui (Persius).

SNUG,

SNUGLY, Vid. CLOSE, CLOSELY.

SO, adverb, || Referring to a subject already indicated, (a) demonstrative ; in this manner, in this degree, sic (in such wise ; used only subjectively, or with reference to a fact as conceived in the mind of a speaker, not implying the actual existence of the thing) : ita (used subjectively, and also with reference to a fact as actually existing = under these circumstances) : tanti (in so high a degree) : tam (so very ; especially with adjectives, adverbs, and participles, followed by another clause with ut or qui ; and with verbs in comparisons, followed by quam, quasi, etc. : sic and ita are more rarely found with adjectives. ) : adeo (up to that limit ; places two things on an equality in point of intensity, etc., followed by ut : adeone esse hominem : infelicem quemquam, ut ego sum! Terentianus) : (b) relative ; in such manner or degree, ita : sic. It is so, sic est ; ita res se habet : it is not so, non ita res se habet ; sic res non est ; aliter factum ac narras. || Referring to something which follows ; e. g., Be so good as to come to me, da mihi hoc, ut convenias ; me velim convenias : be so good as to pardon him, ea sis liberalitate, ut ei ignoscas : who is so rich as you? quis tantas, quantas tu, habet divitias? (Ovidius). Not so. . . as [vid. AS]. || Copulative ; by construction with æque, ac, or atque : non minus, quam. || Conditional ; by circumlocution (e. g., quod si feceris, gratum mihi erit, so you will oblige me). || Consecutive ; ita (= “and so, thus;” e. g., deus vester. . . expers. . . virtutis, ita [= and so] ne beatus quidem est , [After detailing the various opinions of philosophers], ita [and so] cogimur dissensione sapientum dominum nostrum ignorare ; Pr. Intr., ii., 778, n. ) : itaque (= and so, accordingly ; e. g., itaque rem suscipit, et a Sequanis impetrat). || How so? why so? quid ita ? (τι δαί ;). || Comparative ; as. . . so, ut. . . ita, or, inverted, ita. . . ut (sometimes sicut, prout, ut si, quomŏdo, quo pacto, quemadmodum : sometimes quam, quasi, tamquam, veluti, atque ac) : ut. . . sic ; sic. . . ut (less frequently the correlative to ita is quemadmodum, tamquam, quasi ; Pr., Intr., ii. 779, 2) : tam. . . quam (with adjective, etc : nemo tam multa scripsit, quam multa, etc. ) : adeo (in such a degree ; with adjectives, adverbs, and verbs, or absolute ; e. g., Terentianus, Andr., 1, 1, 92, unam aspicio vultu adeo modesto, adeo venusto, ut nihil supra ; or Cicero, Qu., Fr., 1, 2, 5, rempublicam funditus amisimus ; adeo, ut Cato adolescens nullius consilii, sed tamen civis Romanus et Cato, vix vivus effugeret). For “so” with an adjective in the positive degree ; e. g., so good, so great, etc., the Latin employs a superlative ; e. g., so fine a city, urbs pulcherrima ; or (adjective) talis, is, hic (of such a quality ; of persons and things) : tantus (of such quantity ; of things only), or (adverb) ita, sic ; e. g., itaque et Siciliæ amissum et Lacedæmoniorum victorias culpæ suæ tribuebant, quod talem virum e civitate expulissent (so illustrious or so excellent a man, Nepos, Alc., 6, 2) : celeri rumore dilato, Dioni vim allatam, multi concurrerant quibus tale facinus displicebat (so atrocious a deed, Nepos, Dion, 10, 1) : non id tempus esse ut merita tantummodo exsolverentur (not so good, Livius, 2, 29, § 8) : jam Latio is status rerum erat, ut (so sad, Livius, 8, 13, § 2) : quoniam Ariovistus hanc sibi populoque Romano gratiam referret, ut (was so ungrateful, Cæsar, B. G., 1, 35) : senatus consultum tantam vim habet (is of so little worth, Cicero, Fam., 1, 7, 4) : Hegesias se ita putat Atticum (so good, Cicero, Brut., 83, 286). By circumlocution (e. g., quales pueri, teneris annis assuefacti sumus, tales adulti manemus, so we are in manhood) : Cf., “sic, ” like our “so, ” is sometimes = “such ;” “a good man, for so he was, ” vir bonus, sic enim fuit. || So so = but moderately or indifferently, sic (e. g., Terentius, Phorm., 1, 2, 95 : Dav. Quid rei gerit? Get. Sic, tenuiter, Terentius, Andr., 4, 5, 9 : Crit. Quid vos, quo pacto hic? satisne recte ? Mys., Nosne? sic, ut quimus, aiunt).

So much for today, in hunc diem hactenus ; reliqua differamus in crastinum.

SO CALLED, quem, quam, quod vocant, dicunt : qui, quæ, quod dicitur. Cf., Not sic, ita dictus, nominatus, appellatus.

SO FAR, LONG, MANY, MUCH,

SOON, TRUE, WELL. . . AS, Vid. AS.

SOAK, v., || Transitively, macerare (to put a thing in water, in order to soften it, as flax, fish) : aqua perfundere (to wet well with water, as corn) : madefacere (general term, to make quite wet). To be soaked with rain, pluvia or imbre madefieri. || Intransitively, madefieri : madere : madescere.

SOAKING, maceratio (by steeping in water) : perfusio (by pouring water on).

SOAP, s., sapo, -onis (Plinius). A piece or ball of soap, bulla saponis.

SOAP, v., sapone linere or oblinere aliquid.

SOAP-BOILER, * saponis coctor : * qui saponem coquit.

SOAP-HOUSE, * officina saponis.

SOAP-SUDS, * aqua sapone infecta.

SOAR, sursum or sublime ferri : subvolare (to fly up, of birds and things) : to soar aloft to heaven, in cœlum ascendere ; sublimem abire ; ad deos abire (of persons dying) : to soar aloft to a higher region, in cœlestem locum subvolare.

SOB, v., singultire (Celsus) : singultare (Quintilianus).

SOB, s., singultus, -us.

SOBBINGLY, cum singultu (with a sob, Cicero) : modo singultantium (as those who sob, Quintilianus).

SOBER, || That avoids excess in drinking, sobrius (Cicero) : qui crapulam vitat : qui modice bibit. || Moderate, sobrius : temperans : temperatus.

SOBERLY, sobrie (properly) : temperanter : temperate (figuratively).

SOBRIETY, || Abstinence from excessive drinking. By circumlocution with sobrius. || Moderation, sobrietas (Seneca) : temperantia (Cicero).

SOCCAGE, servitus : servitium. In soccage servus ; or by circumlocution ; e. g., Lycurgus agros locupletium plebi ut servitio colendos dedit (in soccage, Cicero, Rep., 3, 9, 16).

SOCIABLE, commodus (suiting his manners to those of others) : affabilis (ready to speak, condescending in conversation) : sociabilis (inclined to intercourse with others) : congregabilis (apt to unite in a flock or herd) : facilis (as a quality of character). Not sociable, insociabilis : morosus (sullen).

SOCIABLENESS, socialitas (as prevailing in a society, Plinius) : mores faciles (as a person’s character).

SOCIABLY, socialiter.

SOCIAL, socialis (inclined to union and companionship) : sociabilis (capable of or inclined to union and companionship with others) : congregabilis (also capable of being easily united with others in a herd or set ; e. g., apum examina, Cicero) : facilis (easy of access, companionable).

Social life, vitæ societas ; societas conjunctionis humanæ ; caritas atque societas humana : to bring uncivilized men to the habits of social life, homines dissipatos congregare, et ad (or in) vitæ societatem convocare : to lead a social life (i. e., life of friendly intercourse) with one’s companions, societatem caritatis coire cum suis : man is a social animal, homo est animal sociale ;natura nos sociabiles fecit ; natura hominem conciliat homini et ad orationis et ad vitæ societatem : the social union, civilis societas ; hominum inter homines societas ; societas or consortio humana ; consociatio hominum ; societas generis humani ; conjunctio congregatioque hominum ; societas hominum conjunctioque ; convictus humanus (all Cicero).

SOCIETY, || Union, societas. To live in society, congregatos esse (especially of animals ; opposed to solivagos esse ; vid. Cicero, Tusc., 5, 13, 88) ; societatem caritatis coiisse inter se (from mutual inclination) : man is born for society homines natura sunt congregabiles ; natura nos sociabiles fecit ; natura hominem conciliat homini et ad orationis et ad vitæ societatem ; natura impellit hominem ut hominum cœtus et celebrationes et esse et a se obiri velit. || Companionship. To give one’s society to anybody, esse cum aliquo (to be with him) ; aliquem comitari ; alicui comitem se addere or adjungere (to accompany anybody as an attendant) in the society of anybody, cum aliquo : to shun the society of anybody, alicujus aditum sermonemque defugere : to seek the society of
anybody, alicujus consuetudinem appetere : bad society spoils good manners, malignus comes quamvis candido et simplici rubiginem suam affricat (Seneca, Ep., 7, 6). || Union of several persons for a common end, societas (especially of literary societies, trading companies, etc. ) : sodalitas (of colleagues ; e. g., of certain priests at Rome ; then, general term, of any society in which any secret exists ; e. g., of Free-masons with us) : factio (a party, especially for a bad purpose ; vid. Trajanus, ap. Plin., Ep., 10, 36 [43], 1) : collegium (a corporation ; e. g., of merchants, artisans, priests, etc. ). To enter into society with anybody, societatem cum aliquo facere, inire, coire (general term) ; rationem communicare cum aliquo (to make common cause with anybody) ; societatem contrahere cum aliquo (to enter into a partnership) : to receive anybody into a society, aliquem in societatem assumere or ascribere (general term) aliquem in collegium cooptare (into a corporation) : to dissolve a society, societatem dirimere : human society, societas humana, hominum, or generis humani : civil society, societas civilis. || A body of persons united for one object, cœtus, conventus hominum or amicorum (general term, an assembly of friends) : circulus (a social circle) : congressus (an assembly which meets together for some purpose) : acroasis (an assembly of learned persons in which anything is read) : sodalicium (an assembly of colleagues, especially of certain priests and others, in order to celebrate the private worship of a deity with feasting) : a society of friends, congressio familiarium : a large society, frequentia, celebritas ; celeberrimus virorum mulierumque conventus : to be fond of attending societies and meetings, circulos et sessiunculas consectari.

SOCK, soccus (worn by comic actors, Plautus).

SOCKET, myxus (in a candlestick or lamp : i. e., the part in which the wick stood ; Mart., 14, 41) : tubus (a tube) : vagina, (a sheath) : theca (a case).

Socket of the eye, * cavum oculi.

SOCKLE (in architecture), podium (Vitruvius).

SOD, cæspes (gleba = a clod). To cover a roof with sods, * cæspite tegere or contegere.

SODA, soda (technical term, prepared) : nitrum (in its natural state).

SODALITY, Vid. SOCIETY.

SOEVER, cunque (added to a word ; e. g., quiscunque, whosoever).

SOFA, lectus (general term) : lectulus : lectica lucubratoria (especially for reading or study) : grabatus (a low couch) : hemicyclium (of a semicircular form, for two or three persons, especially for conversation, etc. ) : stibadium (Plinius, Ep. ) : sigma, -ătis (Mart., of a semicircular form). Arms or side of a sofa, pluteus (e. g., plutei fulcra, Propertius).

Sofa cushion or squab, torus lecti.

SOFT, || Properly, mollis (not hard ; opposed to durus) : tener (tender ; opposed to asper) : mitis (gentle, mild). Very soft, præmollis : soft-boiled eggs, ova mollia or sorbilia. A soft hand, manus mollis (Ovidius). A soft voice, vox lenis : a soft air, aër tepidus. [Vid., also, GENTLE, MILD. ]to grow soft [vid. SOFTEN]. || Figuratively, mollis : tener.

SOFTEN, || Properly, mollire, emollire : mitigare (transitively) ; emolliri : mollescere : emollescere : mitigari(intransitively). || Figuratively, mollire, emollire, commovere animum alicujus ; aliquem, alicujus animum, lenire, delenire, mitigare (transitively) ; molliri : leniri (intransitively). To soften down anything in the telling, ad aliquem in mollius referre aliquid (Tacitus, Ann., 14, 39).

SOFTLY, molliter (general term) : leniter, placide : clementer : pacate (gently, mildly, quietly).

SOFTNESS, mollitia : mollitudo (as an abiding quality).

SOHO, heus! eho! heus tu! (Terentianus).

SOIL, || Ground, earth, terra, (terræ) solum (surface of the ground) : ager ; soli natura, ingenium ; solum (in respect of its natural quality and its produce). A rich soil, solum pingue. A thin soil, solum macrum et exile. A loose or close, moist or dry soil, solum solutum vel spissum, humidum vel siccum. || Dung, stercus (of men and animals) : excrementum, usually plural, excrementa, -orum, neuter (of men and animals ; post-Augustan, but classical). || A spot, stain, vid.

SOIL, v., aliquid aliqua re inquinare (to cover with dirt ; the strongest term) : contaminare (to soil more slightly, especially by use or frequent handling) : turpare (to take off the freshness of a thing ; Cf., not deturpare) : maculare (with spots) : spurcare : conspurcare (so as to make foul or loathsome). To soil one’s fingers (figuratively), se sceleribus contaminare (Cicero) ; flagitiis se dedecorare (Sallustius) ; contaminare, inquinare, polluere (Cicero).

SOJOURN, s., and v., Vid. ABIDE, ABODE : DWELL, DWELLING.

SOLACE, v., Vid. CONSOLE.

SOLACE, s., Vid. CONSOLATION.

SOLANDER, * scabies.

SOLAR, solaris : solarius : or by genitive, solis. A solar eclipse, solis defectus or defectio ; sol deficiens [vid. ECLIPSE]. The solar year, annus qui solstitiali circumagitur orbe (Livius, 1, 19, extr. ) : annus solstitialis (Serv., Virg. Æn., 4, 653). The ancient Romans reckoned a lunar year, the latter a solar, Romani veteres ad lunæ cursum, et sequentes ad solis anni tempora digesserunt.

SOLD, participle of To SELL.

SOLDER, s. ferrumen (Plinius). “Soft solder” (Sam Slick), palpum (e. g., mihi obtrudere non potes palpum, Plautus, Pseud., 4, 1, 35).

SOLDER, v., ferruminare : conferruminare (to solder together, Plinius).

SOLDIER, miles (the proper word ; sometimes collective for milites) : armatus (an armed man, usually plural : Cf., bellator, pugnator, prœliator, a warrior, poetical) : homo or vir militaris (as when we say “a good soldier, ” ” a distinguished soldier, ” in speaking of a veteran or general ; Cf., only the poets and later prose writers employ militaris for miles). Of or belonging to a soldier, militaris : A raw or fresh soldier, miles tiro, or tiro only (Cicero, Cæsar) ; miles tirunculus (Suetonius). An old or veteran soldier, veteranus : soldiers (with respect to their profession), homines or viri militares. A common soldier, miles gregarius, or miles only. The common soldiers, milites gregarii ; militum or armatorum vulgus. A brave or good soldier, miles fortis, strenuus, bonus, acer (Cicero) ; ad pugnandum alacer or paratus ; studio pugnæ ardens, incensus atque incitatus (Cicero). A cowardly, bad soldier, miles ignavus, timidus (Cicero), pavidus (Sallustius).

Soldiers of the line, (milites) legionarii : to turn soldier, to enlist as a soldier, nomen dare, or profited, militiæ (Livius) ; sponte militiam sumere (Tacitus). To go out as a soldier, militatum abire (Terentianus) ; in militiæ disciplinam proficisci (Cicero ; Cf., these phrases are not to be employed in the sense of “to turn soldier, ” “enlist as a soldier, ” “become soldiers”). To be, serve as a soldier, militare ; militiæ munus sustinere ; stipendia merere, mereri (Cicero, Livius) ; militiam tolerare (Vergilius), colere (Ovidius). A soldier’s wife, uxor militis : a soldier’s child, puer (puella) militaris : a soldier’s life, vita militaris : A soldier’s cloak, sagum : a soldier’s dress, vestitus militaris ; habitus gregalis (of the common soldier, Tacitus, Ann., 1, 59) : soldier-like, militaris : in a soldier-like manner, militum more, modo (Cicero) ; militariter (Livius).

SOLDIERY, milites, plural ; miles : armati, plural.

SOLE, adjective, solus : unus : unicus (e. g., filius, filia, etc. : illa villa solius tua, you have sole possession of). Vid. ALONE, ONLY.

SOLE, s., || The bottom of a foot, planta : Cf., not solea in this sense. To find no place for the sole of one’s foot, locum, ubi consistat, non reperire. || The bottom of a shoe, solea. || A fish, * pleuronectes platissa (Linnæus).

SOLE, v., * calceis soleas suffigere.

SOLECISM, vitium : error : Cf., barbarismus, a fault in single words, as though one should say Mæcenum for Mæcenatem, or should use an outlandish word ; e. g., canthus, for ferrum quo rotæ vinciuntur solœcismus, a fault in grammar or construction ; e. g., non feceris, for ne feceris ; acyrologia, Greek or Latin, improprium, an erroneous combination of words, as, hunc ego si potui tantum sperare (for timere, dolorem, Quintilianus, 1, 5, 6).

SOLELY, solum : tantum. Vid. ONLY.

SOLEMN, solemnis (festive, ceremonial) : gravis : severus (grave, serious). To take a solemn oath, persancte jurare or dejerare ; jurare per plures (or omnes) deos.

SOLEMNITY, || Gravity, seriousness, by circumlocution with the adjective. || A festive or formal celebration, solemne (Cf., solemnitas is late) : cærimonia (a solemn religious ceremony) : pompa (a solemn procession). To keep a festival with great solemnity, * diem festum magno cum apparatu celebrare (cf. Tacitus, Hist., 2, 95, 1).

SOLEMNIZE, || To celebrate, agere, agitare (the proper word, festivals, birthdays, holidays, etc. ) : celebrare (to assist by one’s presence in making a numerous assembly ; e. g., birthday, marriage-feast : less frequently of a festival). To solemnize a day as a festival, diem prosequi (Nepos, Att., 4, extr. ). To solemnize a festival for three days, diem festum agere triduum or per triduum ; public games,
ludos facere or committere. To solemnize divine service, sacra procurare ; sacris operari ; res divinas rite perpetrare : but, in the modern sense, better * rebus divinis interesse (of the officiating minister).

SOLEMNLY, solemniter (in a festive or ceremonial manner) : graviter : severe (gravely, severely).

SOLICIT, || To seek for, ask, petere : expetere (to petition for) : quærere (to seek with pains and exertion) : consectari (to pursue zealously) : captare, aucupari (to snatch eagerly at anything ; all these with an accusative). To solicit the favor of the people, auram popularem captare ; gratiam ad populum quærere : one who solicits (for an office), petitor ; candidatus [vid. CANDIDATE]. The act of soliciting, petitio : ambitio (canvassing) : prensatio (taking voters by the hand, in order to gain their favor) : ambitus (by unlawful means ; whereas ambitio, in the best age, was only by lawful means). || To attempt anybody’s mind, sollicitare aliquem or alicujus animum (e. g., pretio, pecunia) : pellicere aliquem.

SOLICITOR, || One who solicits, qui petit, etc. ; petitor ; and vid. the verb. || A legal assistant or adviser, causidicus (in a depreciating sense). vid. ATTORNEY.

SOLICITOR-GENERAL, advocatus fisci (legal assistant of the treasury in judicial proceedings ; Eutropius, 8, 18 [10], init. ).

SOLICITOUS, Vid. ANXIOUS.

SOLICITUDE, Vid. ANXIETY.

SOLID, densus : condensus (consisting of compressed parts ; opposed to rarus) : spissus (consisting of parts so compressed, that scarcely any interstices are visible ; almost impervious, impenetrable ; opposed to solutus) : solidus (consisting of a firm mass, massive ; opposed to cassus, pervius) : confertus (pressed together, crammed, as it were ; opposed to rarus) : artior or arctior (compressed into a small space) : pressus (of an orator’s style, concise, nervous) : brevis (also of style, etc. ).

Solid food, cibus plenus : solid learning, doctrina or eruditio accurata, subtilis, recondita, exquisita (Cf., not solida ; yet solida gloria, solida utilitas are correct). To make solid (according to the above distinctions), densare : condensare : spissare : conspissare : solidare : to become solid, densari, etc. (passive of the above verbs) ; spissescere : solidescere.

SOLIDLY, solide : dense : spisse. Vid. the adjective.

SOLILOQUY, * sermo secum ipso habitus (compare Cicero, sermo intimus cum ipse secum [aliquis loquitur], of a purely mental soliloquy). Cf., Soliloquium first in Augustin.

Sometimes meditatio (Quintilian) or sermo intimus may be used for a menial soliloquy. To hold a soliloquy, ipsum secum loqui ; intra se dicere (Quintilian) ; also, secum loqui ; solum secum colloqui : he held the following soliloquy, hæc secum collocutus est ; ipse secum hæc locutus est.

SOLITARY, || Single, vid. || Lonely, remote from others, solitarius : solivagus (living alone, of men and animals) : solus : desertus (without inhabitants, of places ; opposed to celeber, frequens). A solitary life, vita solitaria (general term) ; vita inculta et deserta ab amicis (friendless) : to lead a solitary life, vitam solitarius ago ; in solitudine vivere ; tempus solum in secreto vivere ; vitam agere segregem (Seneca, Benef., 4, 18, 2) ; hominum canventus fugere (to avoid society), solitaria natura esse (of animals which frequent solitary places, Varro, R. R., 3, 16, 4) : a solitary place, locus solus or desertus (opposed to locus frequens or celeber) ; locus ab arbitris remotus (where one has no witnesses).

SOLITUDE, solitudo (state and place) : orbitas (loss of children) : viduitas (widowhood) : solitudo liberorum, viduarum (the condition of orphans or widows) : locus solus or desertus (a solitary place ; opposed to locus celeber or frequens) ; locus ab arbitris remotus (private and retired) : to live in solitude [vid. “to lead a SOLITARY life”] : to retire into solitude, se conferre or se recipere in solitudinem ; vitam solitudini mandare (general term) ; a publicis negotiis se removere ; de foro decedere ; se ab omni parte reipublicæ subtrahere (to retire from political life) : to seek solitude, solitudines captare : to wander about in solitude, full of deep sorrow, in locis solis mæstum errare.

SOLO, unius cantus. To sing a solo, solus aliquis cantat. To play a solo, * solus aliquis fidibus canit ; on the flute, solus aliquis tibiis cantat.

SOLSTICE, solstitium (at the beginning of summer) : bruma (at the beginning of winter). Cf., It is unclassical to say solstitium æstivum, for solstitium, or solstitium brumale or hibernum for bruma : At the solstice, solstitiali die (in summer) : brumali die (in winter).

SOLSTITIAL, solstitialis.

SOLUBLE, qui (quæ, quod) solvi or dissolvi ; potest dissolubilis (Cicero) : solubilis (Ammianus).

SOLUTION, || The act of dissolving, etc., circumlocution by the verb. || Answer, solutio : dissolutio (both especially of a captious question) : explicatio : enodatio (of a perplexed or obscure matter). Vid. ANSWER.

SOLVE, solvere (a riddle, a question) : dissolvere (a question) : enodare (perplexed or captious questions ; for such we may, also say, [captiosa]. solvere ; [captiones] explicare, discutere). To solve a doubt, ambiguitatem solvere, resolvere ; dubitationem tollere ; dubitationem alicui eximere.

SOLVENCY, solvendi facultas ; or circumlocution by the adjective.

SOLVENT, || Able to pay, qui est solvendo (Cicero) : qui est ad solvendum (Vitruvius) : idoneus (e. g., debitor). To swear that one is not solvent, bonam copiam ejurare. || Able to dissolve, * qui corpus aliquid solvere, dissolvere, potest.

SOME, aliquis (any, indefinite) : ullus (opposed to nullus, especially after negations) : quispiam (nearly = aliquis, but always implies a number, out of which any indifferently may be supposed : mostly used substantively, but not always : si agricola quispiam, etc., Cicero ; vid. the word in SOMEBODY) : quidam (a certain one, without specification) : aliqui (indefinite) : nonnulli, or nonnemo, singular (in ipsa curia nonnemo hostis est, Cicero, several) : aliquot (more than one) : plerique, complures (some, and, indeed, several or many) : often aliquid with genitive ; e. g., some indulgence, aliquid veniæ. It is some consolation to remember, in aliqua re nonnihil me consolatur quum recordor, etc. : some progress has been made, nonnihil est profectum (Cicero).

Some. . . others, alii. . . alii ; quidam. . . alii : some. . . others. . . others, quidam (alii). . . alii. . . alii (and thus alii mag be used successively five times or more ; but Cicero also varies it by partim, etc. ; vid. Cicero, N. D., 2, 47, extr. ) : some in one direction, others in another, alii alio, etc. : some in one manner, others in another, alii aliter, etc. : some few, pauci : some twenty days, aliqui viginti dies : in some measure, aliquo modo ; aliqua ex parte (partly) ; aliquid (in some respect ; vid. Cæsar, B. G., 1, 40, Held. ). Cf., Avoid quadamtenus. κυρικιμασαηικο

SOMEBODY, aliquis : quispiam : aliquispiam : quisquam : ullus : (1) aliquis, aliqua, aliquid, substantive ; aliquis or aliqui, aliqua, aliquod, adjective : (2) aliquispiam, quispiam ([substantive and adjective ; but usually quispiam is found as a substantive, and aliquispiam as an adjective ; Zumpt, § 129], relate to a multitude, intimating that it is immaterial which individual of that number is thought of. Quispiam often in objections ; e. g., somebody will say, dixerit quispiam) : quidam (a certain one, whom it is not necessary to specify). Cf., Aliquis, indefinite and affirmative ; also, like our “somebody, ” used for “a person of consequence : ” si vis esse aliquis : ego quoque sum aliquid (Cicero) : quispiam (substantive) and ullus (adjective) are indefinite and negative ; therefore also in interrogative clauses, where a negative is implied.

SOMEHOW OR OTHER, nescio quo modo : nescio quo casu : nescio quo pacto.

SOMETHING, || Opposed to “nothing, ” aliquid (usually with a genitive of the substantive joined with it ; e. g., aliquid nummulorum ; after the particles si, ne, quo, ut, num, we find simply quid, unless there be a particular emphasis ; vid. Kühner, Cic., Tusc., 1, 20, 45 ; Hermann. Viger, p. 731) : paullum aliquid (some little thing, a trifie) : nonnihil (a pretty good deal, also followed by a genitive) : quidquam (in negative propositions) : quidam, quædam, quoddam (certain, which one cannot or may not mention ; e. g., singularis est quædam natura atque vis animi) : numquid : ecquid (in questions, anything). A something, nescio quid : to reckon one as something, aliquem magni facere : that is something, but far from being all, est istuc quidem aliquid, sed nequaquam in isto sunt omnia : to think something of one’s self, putare se esse aliquid : he seems to be something, aliquid esse videtur. || Opposed to “not, ” = somewhat, in some measure or degree, paullum (with comparatives, paullo) : nonnihil : aliquid (e. g., nonnihil me consolatur, quum recordor). Cf., Aliquantum, aliquanto, always mean “in a considerable degree. ”

Sometimes this is implied in a comparative adjective ; e. g., soror meliuscula est, “is something belter. ”

SOMETIMES, aliquando (general term) : interdum (now and then) : nonnumquam (rather frequently) : umquam (in interrogative clauses, where a negation or doubt is
implied) : quandoque (Celsus).

Sometimes, though not often, etiamsi raro, non tamen numquam (Quintilianus).

SOMEWHERE, alicubi : uspiam : usquam (with the same difference of meaning as between aliquis, quispiam, and ullus ; vid. SOMEBODY).

SOMNIFEROUS, Vid. SOPORIFIC.

SON (with reference to parents), filius (opposed to puella) : (with reference to sex) puer : sexus virilis (also of several sons, Nepos) : stirps virilis (also of all the sons of a family collectively, Livius) : so also suboles virilis (Tacitus). Cf., In the poets, and also in Quintilianus, we find natus or gnatus for filius, but it is never thus used as a substantive by the best prose writers ; so that we cannot say natus meus, tuus, etc., for filius meus, tuus, etc. ; or nati parentum for liberi parentum. In Cicero, Amic., 8, 27, and De Fin., 5, 25, 65, natus is used as a participle. A young son, little son, filiolus ; filius parvus : to have a son, another son, filio, filiolo augeri (Cicero) ; sexu, stirpe virili augeri (after Livius and Tacitus) : to be anybody’s son, aliquo natum, prognatum esse (Livius) ; aliquo ortum esse (Cicero) : to lose a son, filium amittere, perdere : to leave no son, sexum virilem non relinquere (Nepos).

SON-IN-LAW, gener.

SON OF MAN, (a title assumed by our blessed Savior), * mortali matre natus.

SONG, carmen (general term) : cantus (act of singing or the thing sung, as an effect of talent or art) : canticum (that which is or may be sung) : cantilena (a song adapted to a well-known air : Döderlein remarks, that cantica and cantilenæ are only songs adapted for singing, in which, as in popular ballads, the words and melodies are inseparable, and serve to excite mirth and pleasure, in opposition to speech and that which is spoken ; indeed canticum means a favorite piece, still in vogue ; cantilena, a piece which, being generally known, has lost the charm of novelty, and is classed with old songs) : cantio (a song sung, especially as a form of enchantment). It is the old song, cantilenam eandem canis (you are always singing the same thing, Terentius, Phorm., 3, 2, 10) ; nihil nisi idem quod sæpe scribis (you are always writing the same) ; semper ista eademque audio (I am always hearing the same thing) ; uno opere eandem incudem die nocteque tundit (he is continually doing the same thing, Cicero, De Or., 2, 39, init. ).

SONGSTER, cantor : vocis et cantus modulator (Columella, 1, præf. 3).

SONGSTRESS, cantrix.

SONNET, carmen (tetradecastichum).

SONOROUS, sonans (Cicero) : canorus (Cicero, sounding well) : sonorus (Tibullus, poetical and post-Augustan prose). A sonorous voice, vox canora.

SOON, || In a short time, brevi tempore, or simply brevi (denoting the short space of time in which anything happens) : mox (very soon afterward, immediately after, always supposes a comparison between circumstances or points of time, of which the one follows after the other) : jam, more strongly jamjamque (in a moment, represents the time of an action as present, which one indicates as impending) : propediem (as soon as possible, tomorrow, denotes a definite point of time up to which anything may happen). Very soon, perbrevi : soon afterward, or thereupon, paullo post or post paullo ; brevi postea ; non ita multo post ; brevi spatio interjecto : I will soon be here, jam hic adero. || Quickly, immediately, celeriter : cito [vid. IMMEDIATELY]. As soon as, statim ; post (e. g., Germani statim e somno lavantur, as soon as they get up) : as soon as Veii was taken, post Veios captos ; or by an ablative ; e. g., alicujus adventu, discessu, as soon as one had come, gone ; solis occasu, as soon as the sun had set. || At an early period, mature : mane (early in the morning). Too soon, ante tempus ; mature or maturius (vid. Bremi, Suet., Cæs., 26) : to do anything soon, maturare aliquid facere : as soon as, simul ac or (when a vowel follows) simul atque : as soon as possible, simul ; simul ut ; ut primum ; quum primum ; quum maturrime : as soon as I came to Rome after your departure, ut primum a tuo digresso Romam veni : as soon as the meeting was over, ambassadors were sent, ab illa concione legati missi sunt. || Easily, facile : facili negotio. It is soon said, proclive dictu est (Cicero, Off., 2, 60, 69).

SOONER, || Rather, potius : citius : prius.

Sooner than, potius quam ; citius quam ; prius quam ; also, non tam cito. . . quam (putting, of course, the epithet that is preferred after the quam ; e. g., quem tu non tam cito rhetorem dixisses, quam. . . : πολιτικόν, i. e., would sooner call a πολιτικός than a rhetorician) : I would sooner die than, etc., mori malo, quam, etc.

SOOT, fuligo.

SOOTHE, aliquem or alicujus animum placare (to pacify, calm) : mitigare (to moderate, alleviate) : lenire or delinire (to soften, make less painful or disagreeable). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) alicujus animum lenire et placare, placare et mitigare. To soothe one’s anger, alicujus iram lenire, mollire, permulcere, placare, sedare : to soothe pain, dolorem mitigare : to soothe grief, levare luctum. Vid. also, ALLEVIATE.

SOOTHSAYER, vates : divinans (an inspired prophet ; Cicero) : vaticinans (Ovidius ; very rare = vates) : fatidicus (one who foretells the destiny of man ; Cicero) : fatiloquus (poetical = fatidicus) : sortilegus (one who divines by lots ; Cicero) : haruspex (one who foretells events from the appearance of the entrails of victims) : augur (one who foretells from the flight of birds) : feminine, vates : mulier fatidica, fatiloqua : interpres divum (Livius) : saga (Cicero).

SOOTY, fuliginosus (full of soot, late) : fuligineus (looking like soot).

SOP, s., * frustum in aqua (embammate, lacte, etc. ) intinctum. A sop to Cerberus, * quasi Cerbero offam objicere (the proverb being taken from Vergilius, Æn, 6, 420).

SOP, v., intingere aliquid in aqua, lacte, etc. : macerare in aliquam rem (Cato, aliqua re).

SOPHISM, sophisma, -atis, neuter (or Latin, as rendered by Cicero, conclusiuncula fallax, cavillatio ; which did not, however, obtain currency) : captio dialectica or sophistica, or simply captio, when the context fixes the sense. To detect or expose a sophism, sophisma diluere ; captionem refellere or discutere.

SOPHIST, sophistes (Cicero) ; also, by circumlocution, qui ostentationis aut quæstus causa philosophatur (Cicero, Acad., 2, 23, 73).

SOPHISTICAL, sophisticus (Gellius) : captiosus (of things ; e. g., a question ; Cicero) : ad captiones repertus (Gellius) :

Sophistical conclusions, conclusiunculæ fallaces (Cicero ; vid. in SOPHISM) sophistical questions, interrogationes fallaces et captiosæ (Cicero).

SOPHISTICALLY, sophistarum modo, more (after Cicero) : sophistice (Appuleius).

SOPHISTRY, || A false argument [vid. SOPHISM]. || The art or practice of using sophisms, captiones : interrogationes captiosæ (Cf., sophistice = σοφιστική, very late ; Appuleius).

SOPORIFIC, somnifer (Plinius, Ovidius) : somnificus (Plinius) : * medicamentum somnum concitans : A soporific (medicine), sopor (Nepos, Seneca : Cf., medicamentum somnificum is not classical ; potio somnifica is altogether without authority) : to administer a soporific, alicui soporem dare : to take a soporific, soporem sumere (Seneca, Ep., 83, fin. ) or potare.

SORB, sorbus, -i, feminine (tree) : sorbum (fruit).

SORCERER, magus : veneficus : incantator (late).

SORCERESS, maga : venefica (Ovidius) : saga (Cicero) : strix (Ovidius).

SORCERY, ars magica (Livius) : magice (Plinius) : veneficia, plural (Cicero). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) veneficia et cantiones (sorceries and incantations) : magica (Appuleius) :

Sorceries, sacra magica (Vergilius) ; superstitiones magicæ (Tacitus, Ann., 12, 59).

SORDID, humilis (low-minded ; opposed to altus, excelsus) : abjectus (despicable) : illiberalis (ungentlemanly) : sordidus (base and mean) : turpis (disgraceful ; opposed to honestus) : impurus (vicious ; opposed to castus) : improbus (vile, bad) : fœdus (disgusting) : A sordid spirit, sordes.

SORDIDLY, humiliter : abjecte : illiberaliter : sordide : turpiter. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) turpiter et nequiter : sine dignitate. SYN. in SORDID.

SORDIDNESS, humilitas : illiberalitas : improbitas : animus abjectus or humilis : sordes : mens sordibus oppleta : indignitas. SYN. in SORDID.

SORE, s., ulcus, -eris, neuter Vid. ULCER.

SORE, adjective, || Properly, saucius : attritus (made sore by rubbing).

Sore places, attrita, nominative plural ; attritæ partes : to rub sore, atterere ; atterando sauciare. || Figuratively, Painful, distressing, gravis ; acerbus.

SORELY, graviter : ægre : moleste.

SORREL, s., || A plant, * rumex pratensis (Linnæus ; common sorrel) : * oxalis acetosella (Linnæus ; wood sorrel) : * andromeda arborea (Linnæus ; red sorrel, sorrel-tree).

SORREL, adjective, * (equus) albus subrŭbens.

SORRILY, Vid. POORLY.

SORROW, tristitia : mæstitia : mæror (great sorrow) : Feigned sorrow, tristitia simulata : to give way to sorrow, se tradere tristitiæ : to cause sorrow, tristitiam
alicui afferre or inferre.

SORROWFUL,

SORROWFULLY, Vid. SAD, SADLY.

SORRY, || Sorrowful ; vid. To be sorry for ; (1) To repent, regret, pœnitet me alicujus rei. I am not sorry that I held the same opinion as they did, me haud pœnitet eorum sententiæ fuisse : I am sorry that I was not there, dolet mihi non adfuisse. (2) To grieve over, dolere : ægre or moleste ferre : lugere (to mourn for). To be sorry for anyone’s lot, vicem alicujus dolere : one ought to be sorry that, etc., dolendum est quod. || Poor, mean, vid.

SORT, s., || Kind, genus [vid. KIND].

Sometimes “a sort of” may be expressed by quidam ; e. g., non perspicitis aleam quandam esse in hostiis deligendis? (Cicero) or by omnis ; e. g., omnes ægritudines, metus, perturbationes : omnia pericula : sometimes by nota (properly a mark put on anything) ; hence ; e. g., vinum bonæ, malæ notæ (of a good or bad sort) ; quæcunque vini nota (wine of every sort) ; vini nota optima (the best sort of wine ; Columella) ; cujuscunque notæ caseus (cheese of every sort, Columella) ; secundæ notæ mel (of the second sort, Columella). || Manner, vid.

SORT, v., in genera digerere (after Cicero, De Or., 1, 42, 190) : digerere : in ordinem digerere ; secernere, rejicere (to reject in sorting).

SORTIE, excursio : eruptio (a violent sortie). To make a sortie, erumpere ; facere excursionem or eruptionem : to make a sortie from a town, excursionem or eruptionem facere ex oppido ; eruptione ex urbe pugnare ; portis se foras erumpere : to make a sortie upon the enemy, egredi e portis et hosti signa inferre.

SOT, homo ebriosus : præter modum vino deditus (after Cicero) : homo in vinum effusus (Curtius, 5, 1, 37) : vinolentus potator (Plautus).

SOTTISH, ebriosus : temulentus.

SOTTISHNESS, ebriositas : vinolentia.

SOUL, || The spirit of man, anima (the principle of life ; also, the soul apart from the body, the spirit Cf., not = ” the intellect” in the best prose) : spiritus (the breath of life) : animus (the living power, the sensitive and appetitive nature, ὁ θυμός ; then the whole spiritual nature of man; opposed to corpus) : mens (the intellect ; ὁ νοῦς). Τo believe the immortality of the soul, censere animum semper permanere ; censere animum immortalem esse : from my soul, ex animo ; vere : with all my soul, toto animo. || A living being, a person, anima : caput, homo. Not a soul, nemo : there was not a soul in the house, nemo natus in ædibus fuit (comedy) ; hominum numerus capitum xxx. millium erat (30, 000 souls, Cæsar). || Figuratively, A principal actor, leading principle or power, auctor : princeps (leader) : fundamentum (ground-work) : He was the very soul of the undertaking, dux, auctor, actor rerum gerendarum fuit (after Cicero, Sext., 28, 61) ; princeps erat agendæ rei (Livius, 4, 48, § 8) : piety is the soul of virtue, pietas fundamentum est omnium virtutum.

SOUND, s., || A noise, sonus (the thing) : sonitus (a sounding, the giving of a sound) : vox (voice) : tinnitus (clang, tinkling, ringing) : clangor (clapping, flapping) : strepitus (rustling) : crepitus (clear, sharp, crashing, rattling) : tonus (a tone, in music ; Cf., modulatio is the melodious combination of sounds in music, not sound itself). To have a sound, sonare : to give or emit a sound, sonum or vocem, etc. edere : empty sound of words, inanis verborum sonitus ; tinnitus (Tacitus, Dial., 26, in. ). || A probe, vid. || A shallow sea, fretum. || A cuttle-fish, sepia.

SOUND, adjective, sanus : validus (healthy) : rectus, integer (right). I am safe and sound, salvus sum et incolumis : sound sleep, somnus artus, plenus : a sound constitution, firma corporis constitutio ; corpus bene constitutum : a sound mind in a healthy body, mens sana in corpore sano (Juvenalis., 10, 356) : to get a sound beating, vehementer vapulare : to give a sound beating, verberibus or flagris implere ; male mulcare ; verberibus subigere or irrigare ; verberibus mulcare (all comic) : to give a sound scolding to, graviter increpare aliquem ; acerbe et contumeliose in aliquem invehi.

SOUND, v., || Intransitively, To give a sound, sonare. : sonum edere or reddere (properly). That sounds well, hoc bene sonat (properly) : oratio honesta est (figuratively). || Transitively, To sound a signal, canere classicum : to sound a retreat, receptui canere ; signum receptui dare (Livius) ; milites tuba revocare : to sound (a trumpet, etc. ), inflare (buccinam, etc. ) : to sound the praises of anything, magnifice prædicare aliquid ; buccinatorem alicujus rei esse (Cicero, Fit. Fam., 16, 21). || Properly, To try the depth of water, * cataprorata uti ; * maris altitudinem cataprorata tentare (after Isidorus, Orig., 19, 4 ; vid. Freund, cataprorates) : || Figuratively, To try, voluntatem alicujus perscrutari (Cicero) ; animum alicujus scrutari (Cicero) or explorare ; degustare aliquem (used playfully, to see what is in him) ; pertentare alicujus animum ; sciscitari quid cogitet (to try and find out his sentiments).

SOUNDING, sonans : canorus (rich in tone ; Cf., sonorus is poetical). A sounding speech, oratio verbis sonans.

SOUNDING-LEAD, cataprorates, -æ, masculine (Isidorus).

SOUNDLY, probe : valde : vehementer : graviter. To beat soundly, scold soundly; vid. the adjective. To sleep soundly, arte [= arete] et graviter dormitare.

SOUNDNESS, sanitas (of body or mind ; opposed to morbus, ægritudo) : integritas (of body or mind ; also, completeness, unimpaired condition of anything).

SOUP, jus. Hot soup, jus fervens, fervidum : soup warmed up again, jus hesternum.

SOUR, adjective, || Not sweet, acerbus (opposed to mitis) : amarus (opposed to dulcis : according to Döderlein, acerbus of a biting, amarus of a nauseous, bitterness : acerbus is far more commonly used, figuratively, of sour in words, character, etc. ) : acidus (opposed to dulcis ; vid. to taste or smell) : acer (sharp). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) acer acidusque.

Somewhat sour, acidulus, subacidus. Very sour, acidissimus : peracerbus : acerbissimus : peracer : acerrimus (Cf., malum acidum an apple sour, though ripe ; malum acerbum, an apple sour, because unripe). To be sour, acere ; acidum or acerbum, or acrem esse ; gustatu acido or acri esse sapore. To be turning sour, acescere, coacescere : sour milk, lac acidum (Plinius) : very sour vinegar, acetum acidissimum (Plinius). A sour grape, uva acerba (Cf., not austera). || Cross, ill-tempered, difficilis : morosus : tristis : sour looks, vultus acerbi (Ovidius), severi (Mart. ). To put on a sour look, acerbos sumere vultus (Ovidius) ; severos ducere vultus (Mart. ) ; frontem contrahere (Cicero) ; frontem attrahere, adducere (Seneca). To make sour, acidum facere.

SOUR, v., || Transitively, Properly, acidum facere. || Figuratively, aliquem exacerbare. || Intransitively, acescere : coacescere.

SOURCE, || Properly, fons (the water which rises, and the spot from which it springs) : scaturigo (the springing water) : caput (the place where a spring rises). || Figuratively, fons (general term) : caput, principium (beginning). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) fons et caput ; principium et fons ; origo (origin) : causa (cause). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) causa atque fons. From a good source ; i. e., author, bono auctore : from an authentic source, certo, or haud incerto, auctore.

Source of profit [vid. PROFIT]. They were the sources, inde ducenda (repetenda) ; eo referenda ; inde originem trahunt.

SOURNESS, aciditas (late) : acidus sapor (acid taste). || Of temper, acerbitas : morositas : tristitia : severitas : asperitas.

SOUTH, s., meridies : plaga or regio australis. To look to the south. in meridiem spectare ; aspicere meridiem (the latter, Columella, 8, 8, 2).

SOUTH,

SOUTHERN, adjective, meridianus (Cf., meridionalis, or meridialis, only in late writers) ; in meridiem spectans ; australis. The south wind, auster : ventus meridianus.

SOUTHEAST, regio inter ortum brumalem et meridiem spectans. To the southeast, inter ortum brumalem et meridiem spectans : southeast wind, euronotus (south-southeast) : vulturnus (southeast by south) : Cf., Libonotus, or Latin austroafricus, southwest by south.

SOUTH-WEST, (regio) inter occasum brumalem et meridiem spectans.

Southwest wind, africus : southwest by west wind, subvesperus.

SOUTHERN-WOOD, abrotŏnum, -i, neuter ; or abrotonus, -i, feminine (Lucan) ; * artemisia abrotonum (Linnæus).

SOUTHWARD, in meridiem (e. g., spectare) : ad meridiem (e. g., vergere).

SOVEREIGN, adjective, supremus : summus (supreme, highest). A sovereign prince, rex sui juris. A sovereign people, natio dominatrix, or penes quam est summa rerum ; populus sui juris : sovereign power, summa potestas ; summum imperium (Cicero) ; summa rerum ; omnium rerum potestas (Nepos).

SOVEREIGN, s., dominus : rex : tyrannus (Cicero) : princeps (of the emperors) : ad quem unum omnis potentia collata est (after Tacitus, Hist., 1, 1) ; penes quem est omnium summa rerum (Cicero, De Rep., 1, 26) ; penes quem est summa potestas.

SOVEREIGNTY, dominatio : dominatus : principatus : summum imperium : summa imperii : omnium summa potestas : omnium rerum potestas.
SYN. in DOMINION.

SOW, s., porca (Cato), sus (Varro) : femina sus : scrofa (for breeding ; Varro) : or, by circumlocution, sus ad partus edendos idonea (Columella).

SOW, v., || Transitively, seminare (properly) : serere (properly and figuratively). To sow land, agrum seminare : to sow (seed), (semen) spargere (Cicero), jacere, serere (Plinius). To sow barley, wheat, seminare hordeum (Columella), serere triticum (Cicero). To sow with anything, serere, conserere aliqua re (properly) ; obserere aliqua re (properly and figuratively). To sow discord, civiles discordias serere. The sky sown with stars, totum cœlum astris distinctum et ornatum. || Intransitively, sementem facere ; semen spargere (Cicero), jacĕre, serĕre (Plinius) ; semen terræ mandare ; sulco deponere semina ; semen ingerere solo (Columella) ; semen jactare, demittere in terram (Varro). Proverbially. As a man sows, so shall he reap, ut sementem feceris, ita metes (Cicero, De Or., 2, 65, 261). To reap where one has not sown, ex aliorum laboribus laudem libare (Auctorad Her., 4, 3, 5). To sow to the flesh, pravas sequi cupiditates (opposed to virtuti, sanctitati studere, Bau. ).

SOW-BANE, * chenopodium rubrum (Linnæus).

SOW-BREAD, * cyclamen Europæum (Linnæus).

SOW-FENNEL, * peucedanum officinale (Linnæus).

SOW-THISTLE, * sonchus (Linnæus).

SOWER, sator (Columella) : seminator (Cicero) : qui semina spargit.

SPACE, intervallum : spatium interjectum (either of place or time) : tempus interjectum (of time ; Cf, . we seldom find distantia of local space as in Vitruvius 6, 1, 7) : To leave a space, spatium relinquere, or intermittere : after a brief space, interjecto haud magno spatio : A space of two years, biennium.

SPACIOUS, amplus ; laxus, spatiosus (roomy) : capax (able to hold much). A spacious mansion, ampla domus (Cicero).

SPACIOUSLY, ample : spatiose.

SPACIOUSNESS, amplitudo (e. g., of a city, urbis) : laxitas (e. g., of a house, Cicero) : capacitas (Cicero).

SPADE, pala (Plautus) : bipalium (with a cross-bar in the lower part of the handle, just above the broad part by means of which a person using the spade could dig more deeply into the earth ; Varro, Columella, Cato. Cf., Ligo = a hoe, mattock). Proverbially. To call a spade a spade, aliquid ita appellare ut appellant ii qui plane et Latine loquuntur (after Cicero) ; rem quamque suo nomine appellare.

SPALIERS, adminicula, -orum, neuter ; pali. To fasten vines to spaliers, vites jugare or adjugare. To furnish with spaliers, vites adminiculare ; palare et alligare arbores.

SPAN, s., palmus (Varro) ; spithama (Plinius) ; dodrans (id., three fourths of a foot). A span wide, palmaris (Varro) ; dodrantalis (Plinius) : figuratively, life a span long, exigua vitæ brevitas (Cicero, Tusc., 4, 17, 37).

SPAN, v., * palma metiri aliquid : * palma amplecti aliquid (to span round it).

SPANGLE, s., * bracteola : * bracteola micans.

SPANGLE, v., * bracteolis [micantibus] distinguere. The spangled sky, cœlum astris distinctum (Cicero).

SPANIEL, * canis avicularius (Linnæus). κυρικιμασαηικο

SPAR, s., || A kind of stone, lapis specularis (Plinius) ; argyrolithus (technical term).

SPAR, s., || A round piece of wood, canterius (Vitruvius). A little spar, capreolus (Cæsar).

SPAR, v., || Properly, se exercere or (passive in middle sense) exerceri (to practise, it being understood from the context that the persons are boxing ; athletæ se exercentes ; athletæ, quum exercentur) : * se exercere pugnis certando (after se exercere saliendo, Plautus, and pugnis certare, Cicero). || Figuratively, (de doctrina) digladiari inter se, cum aliquo ; certare.

SPARE, adjective || Lean, vid. || Superfluous, abundans [vid. SUPERFLUOUS].

Spare time ; vid. LEISURE.

SPARE, v., || To reserve, servare : reservare : condere : recondere, aliquid. Cf., Not parcere, comparcere, aliquid in this sense. || To use or apply carefully or parsimoniously, parcere alicui rei. To spare pains, expense, parcere labori, impensæ : to spare no pains about anything, graviter, strenue laborare, elaborare in aliqua re ; sedulo agere aliquid (after Cicero). To spare one’s praises, maligne laudare (opposed to non maligne, plena manu, laudare). To spare the butter, parce uti butyro : to spare one’s words, parcere verbis (Seneca, Ep., 29, 1). To spare no entreaties, omnibus precibus petere, contendere ; etiam atque etiam rogare (after Cicero). To have no time to spare, vacui temporis nihil habere. || To leave off, omit, supersedere aliqua re ; omittere aliquid. || To refrain from severity, parcere alicui (general term) : temperare (to be moderate or gentle) : indulgere (to be lenient), alicui.

SPARING, || (Of things), angustus : tenuis. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) tenuis et angustus : exiguus : parvus. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) tenuis et exiguus (Cf., parcus, in this use of it, only in the poets ; the best prose writers apply it exclusively to persons). || (Of persons), parcus (the proper word) : restrictus. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) parcus et restrictus : tenax. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) parcus et tenax : restrictus et tenax : frugi (comparative, frugalior, superlative, frugalissimus ; the positive frugalis was not in use) : malignus. To be sparing of anything, parce dare aliquid (e. g., civitatem Romanam parcissime dedit, Suetonius, Oct., 40).

So sparing was he of time, tanta alicui erat parsimonia temporis (Plinius, Ep., 3, 5, 12).

SPARINGLY, || (Of things), exigue (Cf., not tenuiter). || (Of persons), parce : maligne.

SPARK, || A particle of fire, scintilla (properly and figuratively ; the smallest part of anything which appears first or remains to the last ; vid. Cicero, De Rep., 2, 21 ; ad Fam., 10, 14, extr. ) : igniculi (beginnings, small appearance at first ; vid. Quintilianus, 6, Proœm., 7 ; cf. Cicero, Att., 15, 26, 2) : aliqua significatio alicujus rei (some sign or symptom of a thing ; as, Cicero, Off., 1, 15, 46, puto neminem omnino esse negligendum, in quo aliqua significatio virtutis appareat, in whom some sparks of virtue appear) : sparks of virtue, igniculi virtutum ; virtutum quasi scintillulæ (Cicero, Fin., 5, 15, extr. ). A spark of hope, spes exigua [vid. “GLIMPSE of hope”]. Every spark of hope has disappeared, omnes spes mihi erepta, præcisa est. If you have the least spark of feeling, of honor, * nisi omnem humanitatem, nisi omnem pudorem exuisti. If you have a spark of love for me, si quid in te residet amoris erga me. || A showy man, homo elegantior ; or perhaps, homunculus bellus (Varro, ap. Gell., 13, 11, 3) : trossulus (a dandy, Persius, 1, 82).

SPARKLE, scintillare (Plautus) ; radiare (Plinius) ; micare, fulgere, nitere [SYN. in GLITTER]. His eyes sparkle, oculi ardent (are, as it were, on fire, Cicero, Verr., 4, 66, 148) : vultus ejus ardore animi micant (with rage).

SPARKLING, ardens : scintillans : micans.

SPARRING, || Properly, pugilum exercitatio. || Improperly, What sparring there is among the learned, quanta pugna est doctorum hominum (Cicero). There is a constant sparring between the Stoics and Epicureans, pugna perpetua inter Stoicos et Epicuri sectam secutos (Cicero).

SPARROW, passer.

SPARROW-HAWK, * falco nisus (Linnæus).

SPASM, spasmus (Plinius) : distentio nervorum (as a translation of the Greek word, Celsus). To be seized with spasms, spasmo convelli, tentari, corripi. To suffer from spasms, spasmo vexari (Scribonius, Larg. ), jactari, laborare.

SPASMODIC, spasticus (Plinius, afflicted with spasms) : convulsus (convulsed, Suetonius) : spasmo similis (like spasms).

SPASMODICALLY, * quasi spasmo vexaretur.

SPATTER, aspergere aliqua re, or aspergere aliquid alicui.

SPATTERDASHES, * scortea, plural ; pænulæ scorteæ (Jan. ).

SPATULA, spathula (Celsus).

SPAVIN, * vitium suffraginum. A spavined horse, equus suffraginosus (Columella).

SPAWN, s., ova piscium.

SPAWN, v., ova parere, gignere (Cicero : fetificare, Solinus).

SPEAK, || To utter articulate sounds as expressions of thought, loqui (to express one’s thoughts ; opposed to tacere or reticere ; especially in familiar conversation) : dicere (to enunciate, utter in words ; more formally, as in a set speech) : fari (rare in prose : used by poets of solemn or set speech) : fabulari, and (of several) confabulari (almost exclusively comedy) : verba facere (of a set speech, by an orator). To learn to speak, loquendi facultatem consequi (Celsus). To speak together, or with one another, colloqui : sermocinari : sermonem conferre : to be always (often) speaking of anything, usurpare aliquid sermonibus ; in ore habere aliquid : to speak of anything, narrare aliquid : to speak good Latin, bene, or scienter, Latine loqui : to speak plainly, loqui plane, dilucide : to speak generally, loqui generatim, universe : to speak quickly, rapidly, linguæ celeritatem incitare ; volubili esse, lingua (Cicero) ; præcipitare sermonem (Livius). Not to speak of all of them, remotis his omnibus : not to speak of this, that, etc., ut taceam, ut sileam, followed
by an accusative and infinitive ; ut prætermittam, followed by quod or an accusative and infinitive ; præterquam or præter id, quod, etc. : to wish to speak with anybody, aliquem velle : to speak evil of anybody, secus de aliquo dicere (Cicero), loqui (Tacitus) : alicui male dicere, probra dicere : not to speak a word with one, non unum verbum commutare cum aliquo (Terentianus). To speak to a person, alloqui, appellare, compellare aliquem. To finish speaking, dicendi or loquendi finem facere (general term) : sermonem conficere (to end a conversation) : perorare (to come to a conclusion in a speech). Not to suffer anybody to finish speaking, aliquem or alicujus orationem interpellare (Cf., not occupare). Let me finish speaking, sine me pervenire quo volo ; sine omnia dicam ; sine dicam quod cœpi. || To deliver an oration, orationem habere, agere, or dicere : to speak before the people, orationem dicere ad populum ; verba facere apud populum : to speak in public (to an assembly regularly convened), concionari ; concionem habere (Cicero). || To be very expressive, to bear witness, etc., by circumlocution (e. g., hujus rei testis est pugna Marathonia, speaks for) : a speaking argument, example, manifestum, apertum, promtum argumentum, exemplum. A speaking image or picture, imago viva. The thing speaks for itself, res loquitur ipsa (Cicero) ; si res verba postularet, ac non pro se ipsa loqueretur (Cicero, Fam., 3, 2). || Speak to ; vid. ACCOST, ADDRESS.

SPEAKING, || The act of speaking, locutio (opposed to silentium, taciturnitas) : sermo (especially in conversation) : dictio (delivery of a speech). || That which one says, speech, sermo : oratio : verba, dicta (plural) much speaking, multa verba ; loquacitas ; verborum intemperantia (Bau. ). To avoid much speaking, ut rem paucis absolvam, dicam ; ne multa ; ne longus sim : mode of speaking, verba ; dicendi genus : modern writers say, loquendi genus (Muret. ) ; loquendi forma (Ruhnken., Ern. ), or formula (Wolf ; Cf., Avoid the Grecism phrasis ; also, loquendi ratio).

SPEAKING-TRUMPET, * tubus qui vocem longissime fert.

SPEAR, hasta (the proper word) : lancea (λογχή, the lance or comparatively slender spear of the Greeks ; used by the cavalry and also by huntsmen : Iphicrates added greatly to its dimensions : it was used also by the Spaniards, and in the time of the emperors was the ordinary weapon of the prætorian guards) : pilum (ὑσσός, the javelin, much thicker and stronger than the Grecian lance : its shaft, often of cornel, was partly square, and five and a half feet long ; the head, nine inches long, was of iron. It was used to thrust with ; was peculiar to the Romans, and gave the name of pilani to the division by which it was used) : hasta velitaris (the lighter spear of the light-armed) : verutum (the spear or spit of the Roman light infantry) : gæsum (properly a Celtic weapon, but adopted by the Romans : it was given as a reward to any soldier who wounded an enemy) : sparus (a rude missile, used when no better could be obtained) : jaculum : spiculum (general terms for dart, resembling the lance and javelin, but smaller ; used by the jaculatores, and in hunting) : sarissa (the long spear of the Macedonians) : romphea (the Thracian spear with a long sword-like blade) : sibina (an Illyrian spear, like a hunting-pole) : framen (a German spear with a short, narrow, but very sharp head) : falarica or phalarica (a large spear of the Saguntines, impelled by twisted ropes : it had a long iron head, and a ball of lead at the other end, and often carried flaming pitch or tow) : matara, tragula (spears used in Gaul and Spain : the tragula probably barbed. The Aclis and Cateia were much smaller missiles). [Chiefly from Dictionary of Antiquities : compare the account under MISSILE, which is from Ramshorn. ] To hurl a spear, pilum conjicere, also torquere ; missile (telum, etc. ) mittere. The shaft of a spear, hastile : the head of a spear, acies : cuspis : spiculum : to be wounded by a spear, hasta vulnerari : to transfix anybody with a spear, hasta transfigere ; one’s self, induere se hastæ : to brandish a spear, hastam vibrare. A little spear, hastula.

SPEARMAN, hastatus (Cicero once uses doryphŏrus, γορυφόρος : but only of a statue by Polycletus, known by this name) : sarissophŏrus (one who carries the sarissa [vid. under SPEAR]. Cf., lancearius is late and badly formed).

SPECIAL, singuli (e. g., singulæ lites ; opposed to generales causæ, Quintilianus) : singularum partium (relating to separate parts, not to the whole of anything ; e. g., index singularum partium alicujus rei) : singularis (peculiar) : proprius (only for a particular case or end) : intimus (intimate ; of friends and friendship) : Cf., specialis, opposed to generalis, is common in Quintilianus, Seneca, etc. Cicero uses by circumlocution ; thus to generale quoddam decorum he opposes aliud huic subjectum, quod pertinet ad singulas partes honestatis. Ulpian uses definitus : et generales quæstiones et definitæ.

SPECIALLY, singillatim : separatim (apart) : nominatim (by name ; expressly) : proprie (individually ; opposed to communiter ; Cf., not specialiter). || Especially, vid.

SPECIES, pars (opposed to genus ; Cicero, De Invent., 1, 28, 42, genus est, quod partes aliquas amplectitur, ut cupiditas ; pars est, quæ subest generi, ut amor) ; more rarely, species (in logic) : species (Cicero, Top., 7, 31 ; in natural history) : forma.

SPECIFIC, Vid. SPECIAL.

SPECIFICATION, * index singularum partium.

SPECIFY, singulatim enumerare.

SPECIMEN, (artis) specimen (exhibited in order that one may judge) : documentum (especially as an example or pattern, from which one may copy) : exemplum (an example, sample) : experimentum (by way of proofs or trial). To give a specimen, (artis) specimen dare, edere (after Cicero), ostendere (Livius).

SPECIOUS, speciosus (having a fair appearance) : simulatus : fictus : fucatus : fucosus (Cicero) : coloratus (Seneca, showy, but false).

Specious virtue, virtutis species (Cicero) ; virtus simulata, non vera (Cicero).

SPECIOUSLY, in or per speciem : specie : simulatione : simulate : ficte.

SPECK,

SPECKLE, parva macula : labecula (if it disfigures).

SPECKLE, v., maculare (Plautus).

Speckled, maculosus (Columella) ; maculis sparsus (Livius). To be speckled, maculari (Plautus) ; commaculari (Tacitus) ; maculis spargi (Livius) ; maculam trahere (after Plinius).

SPECTACLE, species : aspectus : spectaculum. SYN. and PHR. in SIGHT.

SPECTACLES, * perspicillum ; or by circumlocution ; e. g., spectacles were not yet invented, * nondum oculi arte adjuti erant.

SPECTATOR, spectator (Cicero). To be a spectator of anything, alicui rei se immiscere (Livius), or admiscere (Terentianus). To be an idle spectator of anything, otiosum spectatorem alicui rei se præbere (Cicero, Off., 2, 7, 26 ; opposed to non otiosum, non lento animo, spectare aliquid). A female spectator, spectatrix (Tacitus) ; quæ spectat : quæ spectatum venit.

SPECTRAL, larvalis (Seneca) ; * larvæ similis.

SPECTRE, species (any appearance ; e. g., mortui, Appuleius) : simulacrum vanum (Ovidius, deceitful appearance) : umbra, (shadow ; e. g., mortui, Suetonius) : larva (disembodied soul, as an evil spirit of the night). Cf., Spectrum is not Latin in this sense : εἴδωλον only in the sense of the Stoics : mostellum found only in the second (spurious) argument of Plautus, Mostellaria. Appuleius has also occursacula noctium : bustorum formidamina : sepulcrorum terriculamenta (terrific spectres haunting graves). To fear spectres, simulacra vana timere : to be disturbed by spectres, umbris inquietari : I see spectres, obviæ mihi fiunt species mortuorum.

SPECULATE, || To think, cogitare de aliqua re ; studium in contemplatione rerum collocare (philosophically) : de exitu rei divinare (to hazard a conjecture). || To make an adventure for gain, lucro, quæstui servire (to be an habitual speculator, after Cicero) : spe et cogitatione rapi a domo longius (Cicero, De Rep., 2, 4 ; to go abroad on a speculation).

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SPECULATION, || Thought, imagination, etc., cogitatio : speculations, studia cogitationis (Cicero, Off., 1, 6, 19) ; studia scientiæ cognitionisque. || A plan or adventure for gain, spes et cogitatio quæstus. To be fond of speculations, emendi aut vendendi quæstu et lucro duci. A turn for speculation, sollertia (from context) : mercandi studium or cupiditas : mercandi cupiditas et navigandi (vid. Cicero, Rep., 2, 4, 7 ; for mercantile speculation) : quæstus studium (desire of gain). To undertake or be connected with foreign mercantile speculations, aleam maris et negotiations subire (after Columella, 1, præf., 8). To lose all one’s money in mercantile speculations, pecuniam omnem in mercationibus perdere (Gellius, 3, 3) : from a love of speculation, mercandi cupiditate ; mercandi causa ; quæstus studio.