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SHADE, v., umbram facere (general term) : umbrare (to make a shade when none ought to be) : umbram præbere (to furnish a shade) : to shade a picture, in pictura umbras dividere ab lumine.
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SHADING (in painting), umbræ : umbra et recessus : transitus colorum (†). Delicate or soft shading, tenues parvi discriminis umbræ (Ovidius, Mel., 6, 62).
SHADOWY or
SHADY, opacus : umbrosus (the distinction between which, perhaps, is like that of shadowy and shady, but which probably was hardly observed or noticed ; umbrifer, however = throwing a shade over, or affording shade, is poetical). This shady plane-tree, platanus, quæ ad opacandum hunc locum patulis est diffusa ramis. || Unsubstantial, vid. || Typical, vid.
SHAFT, || Something rising upward ; hence, e. g., the spire of a steeple, fastigium turris. || The shaft of an arrow, etc., hastile (opposed to spiculum ; i. e., the iron point) : of a gun, * lignum (literally, the wood) : of a tree, truncus ; sapinus or sappinus (of the fir-tree). || Of a column, scapus. || The handle of an instrument [vid. HANDLE. ] || The pole of a carriage, perhaps brachium, or, as we may say, temo bifurcus (the temo was properly a single pole). || A narrow perpendicular pit, (from the context) puteus or specus : fodina (a pit in general).
SHAG, villus : pannus villosus (shaggy cloth).
SHAGGY, villosus (full of shag) : hirtus, hirsutus (rough).
SHAKE, s., quassatio (e. g., capitis) : jactatio (e. g. cervicum) : usually by the verb. A shake of the voice, vox or souus vibrans (vid. Plinius, 10, 29, 43). SHAKE, v., Transitively, || Properly, quatere : quassare : concutere : agitare. To shake the head, caput concutere, quatere, quassare : to shake the head at anything (i. e., to show unwillingness or hesitation), renuere aliquid ; dubitare hæsitare ; nolle aliquid facere ; rem improbare : to shake hands with anybody, manus alicujus quassare (Cicero) : and perhaps prensare manus alicujus (Livius) : to shake out or down, excutere ; decutere : to shake one’s self, se concutere (of animals, Juvenalis). To shake one’s clothes, excutere vestem ; excutere pulverem e veste : to shake the voice, vibrissare (Titinn., ap. Fest., who explains it by vocem in cantando crispare). || Figuratively, quatere : quassare : concutere : conquassare : labefacere ; labefactare : convellere. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) labefactare convellereque ; percutere, percellere (to make a violent impression upon). To shake the kingdom, regnum concutere, labefactare : imperium percutere : to shake the credit of anybody., fidem alicujus moliri : credit was shaken, fides concidit. Intransitively, quati : concuti : quassari. To laugh till one’s sides shake, concuti cachinno : to shake with fear, cohorrescere, inhorrescere. Vid. TREMBLE. SHAKE OFF, decutere (properly) : excutere (properly and figuratively). To shake off dust from clothes, excutere vestem : to shake off the yoke, excutere jugum (properly and figuratively).
SHAKING, || Act of shaking, quassatio : jactatio. Vid. the verb. || Tremulous motion, tremor : motus.
SHALL, often only the sign of the future, sometimes of the imperative ; but it conveys also the idea of (a) duty, and may be rendered by debere. (b) Necessity, oportet : necesse est : (c) Compulsion, cogi ; or the participle future passive ; e. g., hodie ei abeundum est. (d) Command, jubere : præcipere. (e) Desire, entreaty, jubere velle (e. g., quid me facere vis, jubes? quid hic mihi faciendum est?). (f) Possibility, by the subjunctive ; e. g., si forte tibi occurrat ; si quispiam dixerit. vid. SHOULD.
SHALLOP, lembus (Curtius), celox (Livius) : scapha navi annexa (Cicero).
SHALLOW, s., vadum ; locus vadosus (Cæsar). Cf., Brevia vada, or simply brevia, are poetical.
SHALLOW, adjective, properly, tenuis : vadosus (full of shallows, Cæsar) :
Shallow water, aqua languida, tenuis. Figuratively, tenuis : aridus : jejunus : levis.
Shallow knowledge or learning, levis rerum cognitio ; parum subtilis doctrina : wit, ingenium jejunum, aridum, tenue.
SHALLOWNESS, Properly, vadosa tenuis alicujus loci natura, ratio. Figuratively, jejunitas : levitas : tenuitas.
SHAM, s., simulatio (the proper word, a pretending that a thing is, which really is not) : dissimulatio (is a pretending that a thing is, which really is not ; concealment of truth or fact) : fallacia (trickery) : præstigiæ (sleight of hand).
SHAM, adjective, falsus (general term) : simulatus : fucatus : fucosus : adulterinus : subditus, suppositus : fallax : alienus. [SYN. in FALSE] A sham fight, decursio : decursus : decursio campestris or campi : decursus ludicrus (the two former, general term ; the latter as an exercise or for amusement ; decursio always denoting the action, decursus the state) : simulacrum ludicrum ; simulacrum prœlii voluptarium ; certamen ludicrum ; imago pugnæ (as a contest between troops for exercise and amusement, after Livius, 26, 51, in. ; 40, 6, and 9 ; Gellius, 7, 3, p. 273, Bip. ) : meditatio campestris (as a preparation for a battle, Plinius, Paneg. 13, 1). A naval sham fight, simulacrum navalis pugnæ : to appoint a sham fight, militibus decursionem or certamen ludicrum indicere (vid. Suetonius, Ner., 7). To enter upon a sham fight, milites in decursionem or in certamen ludicrum educere (to march out troops to a sham fight, after Vegetius, Mil., 2, 22) : certamen ludicrum committere.
SHAM, v., simulare : fingere : mentiri. Vid. FEIGN.
SHAMBLES, laniena (= butcher’s stall) : macellum (market). Cf., Carnarium = a place where meat is kept, a safe, larder.
SHAME, s., pudor (sense of shame) : verecundia (respect for others) : pudicitia (modesty ; opposed to impudicitia, libido, cupiditas). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) pudor et verecundia ; pudor pudicitiaque ; pudicitia et pudor. To have lost all shame, pudorem dimisisse, projecisse ; pudor me non commovet (Terentianus) ; pudor mihi detractus est (Curtius). To be alive to a sense of shame, est pudor in aliquo ; pudore affectum esse, moveri : to do anything out of shame, verecundia adductum, impulsum facere aliquid (opposed to pudore refugere ab aliqua re ; pudore prohiberi ab aliqua re) : to feel shame on account of anything, pudet me alicujus rei : for shame! proh pudor! o indignum facinus! It is a shame to do so or so, turpe est, etc. || Part of the body which modesty conceals, pars pudenda, verenda. || Disgrace, dedecus : opprobrium, ignominia.
SHAME, v., ruborem alicui afferre ; pudori esse.
SHAMEFACED, pudens : pudicus : verecundus [SYN. in SHAME]. Cf., Pudibundus is foreign to the prose of the Golden Age.
SHAMEFUL, turpis : fœdus (stronger term, both in a moral and physical sense). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) turpis et fœdus : obscœnus (creating disgust when seen or heard) : spurcus (of a disgusting nature, disgustingly dirty, both with regard to the sight and the smell) : ignominiosus (bringing disgrace upon the person, ignominious ; e. g., flight) : inhonestus (dishonest, immoral, of persons and things). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) turpis et inhonestus : flagitiosus (full of or abounding in disgraceful actions, vile ; of persons and things) : scelere contaminatus (stained with crime ; of persons) : nefarius (acting contrary to divine and human law, detestable ; of persons and things).
Shameful things, res turpes : flagitia : nefaria (the last, a stronger term). To lead a shameful life, turpiter or fiagitiose vivere : it is hameful to say, turpe est dictu : shameful! o indignum facinus! in a hameful manner, turpiter : fœde : flagitiose : nefarie. SYN. above.
SHAMELESS, impŭdens (of one that has no shame, in general) : confidens (bold, in a bad sense) : impudicus (of one who has no natural shame, unchaste) : inverecundus (immodest). A shameless fellow, or without shame, homo quem libidinis infamiæque neque pudet neque tædet : he is a shameless fellow, vereri perdidit (he has lost all shame or proper feelings, Plautus, Bacch., 1, 2, 50). To turn quite shameless, pudorem ponere ; omnem verecundiam effundere (to strip one’s self of all feelings of decency).
SHAMELESSLY, impudenter : confidenter. SYN. in SHAMELESS.
SHAMROCK, trifolium (Plinius).
SHANK, crus : (of a column) scapus : (of a plant) scapus.
SHAPE, s., figura : forma : species. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) figura et forma ; forma figuraque ; figura et species ; forma atque species ; species atque figura or forma. SYN. and PHR. in FORM.
SHAPE, v., formare : conformare : figurare : fingere : confingere. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) fingere et formare : formam alicujus rei facere. [SYN. in FORM. ] To shape one’s course, cursum dirigere aliquo.
SHAPELESS, figura carens (properly, without form) : horridus : inconditus (unshapely, ill-formed).
SHAPELINESS, formositas : forma.
SHAPELY, formosus : forma præstans.
SHARD, testa.
SHARE, s., || Portion, part, pars (considered simply as a portion of a whole) : portio (a part of a whole, so far as anyone has
a right to it, a share, portion ; Cf., in classical Latin, only in the expression pro portione). Each according to his share, pro rata parte ; pro portione (Cicero, Verr., 5, 21, 55). To receive one’s share, pro rata (parte) accipere : to have a share in anything, participem esse alicujus rei (general term, to be partaker) : venire in partem alicujus rei, habere partem in re (a share considered as property) : socium or adjutorem esse alicujus rei, venire in societatem alicujus rei (to co-operate with) : to have no share, expertem esse alicujus rei : to take a share in anything, societatem habere cum re : to give a share, aliquem facere participem alicujus rei ; aliquid communicare, participare cum aliquo : to have had a share in a crime, sceleri affinem esse ; alicujus in scelere consortem esse. || Part of a plough, vomer or vomis, -ĕris, masculine.
Share-beams, dentalia.
SHARE, v., || Intransitively, To take a share ; Transitively, To give a share ; vid. the substantive. To share the command with anybody, æquato imperio uti (Livius). || Share with ; i. e., to give up a part to anyone, partem alicujus rei cedere alicui. Vid. also, PARTAKE.
SHARER, qui partitur, etc. (one who gives a share) : particeps (one who takes or has a share).
Sharers, socii.
SHARK, || A kind of fish, * squalus (Linnæus). || A cheat, rogue, homo ad fraudem acutus (after Nepos, Dion., 8, 1) ; homo ad fallendum paratus or instructus ; fraudator ; præstigiator. A thorough shark, homo qui totus ex fraude et fallaciis constat ; qui totus ex fraude et mendaciis factus est.
SHARP, || Properly, Of the senses, acutus : sagax (having a fine sense of hearing or smelling, sagacious). OBS., oculi acuti ; oculi acres et acuti : visus acer ; acer videndi sensus : nares aculæ ; nasus sagax : aures acutæ. || Of the mental faculties, acutus (quick) : acer (vigorous, penetrating) : subtilis (fine, discriminating accurately) : argutus (over-acute, making too fine distinctions) : perspicax (clear-sighted). A sharp understanding, ingenium acre or acutum ; mens acris : very sharp, peracutus, peracer : to be very sharp, acutissimo, acerrimo esse ingenio ; ingenii acumine valere. || Violent, severe, acerbus ; gravis.
Sharp want, summa egestas, mendicitas : sharp hatred, acerbum odium : sharp cold, frigus acerbum. || Biting, cutting, reproachful, acerbus : amarus : mordax : aculeatus.
Sharp words, voces contumeliosæ, contumeliarum aculei : a sharp letter, literæ aculeatæ : to use sharp language to anybody, aliquem gravissimis verborum acerbitatibus afficere. SHARPEN, præacuere (to make pointed at the end or in front) : acuere : exacuere (to make sharp or pointed in general) : acuminare : cuspidare (to put on a point at one end or in front, to fix a pointed head) : cuneare (in the shape of a wedge). To sharpen on a whetstone, cote acuere aliquid.
SHARPER, veterator : fraudator : præstigiator : homo ad fraudem acutus, or ad fallendum paratus or instructus : homo totus ex fraude factus.
SHARPLY, || Properly, acute. || Of the senses, acute (cernere, audire) : acriter (intueri aliquid). Of the mental powers, acute, acriter, subtiliter. [SYN. under SHARP. ] || Severely, severe : amare : acerbe : aspere : graviter. To accuse one sharply, acerbe or graviter accusare aliquem : to reproach one sharply, aspere vituperare aliquem.
SHARPNESS, properly, acies. The sharpness of an axe, acies securis. Figuratively, || As opposed to mildness, (a) Of taste, acritudo (as a lasting property) : acrimonia (as felt at any time ; e. g., of mustard, sinapis). (b) Of character, severitas : acerbitas. “To use sharpness, ” severitatem adhibere (against anybody, in aliquo) : with sharpness, severe. || As a penetrating power, (a) Of the senses, acies : sharpnessof sight, acies oculorum ; of smell, nasus sagax ; of hearing, aures acutæ. (b) Of mental powers, ingenii acumen or acies (the former implying more of depth ; of original and inventive ability) or acumen only : acies mentis : ingenium acre : judicium acre et certum : perspicacitas : prudentia perspicax (insight, taking in all at one glance) : subtilitas (fine discrimination) : sagacitas (the power of accurate investigation). OBS., acrimonia is “life, ” “energy, ” etc. : Cf., acrimonia judicii (Muret. ) incorrect.
SHARP-SIGHTED, || Properly, acute cernens : acri visu. To be sharp-sighted, acute cernere : to be very sharp-sighted, acerrimo esse visu. || Figuratively, perspicax (that sees things at a glance) : sagax (that has a thorough insight into things ; e. g., sagax ad suspicandum ; sagax ad pericula perspicienda).
SHARP-SIGHTEDNESS, || Properly, acies oculorum : visus acer. || Figuratively, perspicacitas : prudentia perspicax.
SHATTER, || To break in pieces, frangere, confringere : quassare . || To weaken, crush, debilitare : infirmum reddere : minuere : imminuere : comminuere : frangere : conficere : affligere. My strength is shattered, vires me deficiunt : debilitor et frangor : to shatter the enemy’s forces, hostium vim pervertere.
SHAVE, || (With a razor, etc. ), radere or abradere barbam alicujus (with a razor, ξυρεῖν) : tondere alicujus barbam (with scissors, κείρειν : vid. Suetonius, Oct., 79, modo tondere, modo radere barbam). To shave one’s self, barbam radere or tondere : to be shaved, tonderi ; tonsori operam dare (Suetonius, Oct., 79) : to be shaved for the first time, primam barbam ponere (for which Petronius, 74, extr., in the language of rustics, says, barbatoriam facere) : to be shaved every day, faciem quotidie rasitare (Suetonius, Och., 12) : figuratively, to shave one, i. e., to cheat, impose upon, aliquem attondere (Plautus, Bacch., 5, 1, 9). To shave closely, aliquem admutilare ad cutem (Plautus). || (With a plane, etc. ), radgre ; radere et levare : to shave off, abradere : deradere (also to make smooth) : subradere (from below) : circumradere (all round).
SHAVER, tonsor : A female shaver, tonstrix : of or belonging to a shaver, tonsorius. Vid. also, BARBER.
SHAVINGS, ramenta, -orum (e. g., abietis).
SHAWL, * amiculum muliebre.
SHE, feminine of pronouns in HE.
SHEAF, fascis (bound together in order to be carried ; e. g., stramentorum, Cæsar) : diminutively, fasciculus : manipulus (a bundle not too large to be carried by hand). To bind sheaves, fasces colligare, vincire.
SHEAR, tondere (the proper word) : recidere, præcidere (to cut short, or too short ; e. g., capillum).
SHEARS, forfex (Cf., forceps = tongs or pincers).
SHEATH, theca (general term ; e. g., of a razor) : vagina (for a long, sharp instrument ; also of plants) : involucrum (covering, wrapper ; e. g., of a shield, for papers, etc. ).
SHEATHE, in vaginam recondere : to sheathe again, put up again into a sheathe, vaginæ reddere.
SHED, v., effundere : profundere. To shed around, circumfundere : to shed tears, lacrimas offundere, profundere, or projicere ; lacrimare ; flere : to shed blood, sanguinem effundere, profundere (one’s own blood ; e. g., pro patria) : cædem or sanguinem facere (the blood of others) : to shed the blood of anybody, alicujus sanguinem haurire : to shed, teeth, primores dentes amittere, mutare. To have shed all one’s teeth, omnes dentes habere et renatos et immutabiles (Plinius, H. N. ) : to shed a coat, villos mutare (of a horse, etc. ) : to shed horns, cornua deponere.
SHED, s., tugurium : diminutively, tuguriolum : officina (as a workshop ; subgrundium = the eaves of a house).
SHEDDING, effusio : profusio.
Shedding of tears, fletus (weeping) ; lacrimæ (tears) : shedding of blood, cædes. Usually by circumlocution with the verb.
SHEEP, ovis (properly and figuratively) : diminutively, ovicula (Cf., laniger, bidens, poetically) : pecus, -udis, feminine (a single head of sheep ; plural, oves) ; pecus, -oris, neuter (oviarium, ovillum, or lanigerum). A flock of sheep, grex ovium : a sheep dog, canis oviarius, pecuarius, pastoralis : sheep-shearing, ovium tonsura (Columella).
SHEEP-COT,
SHEEP-FOLD, ovile, -is, neuter.
SHEEP-HOOK, pedum : baculum pastorale.
SHEEPISH, timidus : demissus : pavidus.
SHEEPISHLY, timide : pavide.
SHEEPISHNESS, timiditas : animus timidus, pavidus.
SHEEP-SHEARING, tonsura ovium. To have one’s sheep-shearing, tondere oves.
SHEEP-SKIN, pellis ovilla (Plinius) : corium ovillum (prepared).
Sheep-skin cloak, mastruca.
SHEEP-WALK, * pascuum oviarium.
SHEER, purus : merus. Vid. MERE.
SHEER OFF, (clam) se subducere : cedere loco : discedere de or ex aliquo loco : se amoliri (Terentianus, Plaut. ).
SHEET, || (Of a bed, etc. ), perhaps lodix : (toral is = counterpane ; linteum, a linen cloth ; general term). || A thin plate, lamina : bractea ; bracteola (diminutively) : sheet copper, sheet iron, lamina, lamella, ænea, ferrea. || A piece of paper, plagula.
SHEET-ANCHOR, ancora ultima ; also figuratively ; e. g. fessis (Silius, 7, 24).
SHEET LIGHTNING, fulgetrum (Plinius).
SHEKEL, siclus (ecclesiastical).
SHELF, || Board to lay things on, pluteus (when covered over, or when one shelf is above another in a set) : tabula (as a single board). Book-shelves,
(librorum) foruli, loculamenta ; pluteus. || Sand-bank, syrtis ; Latin pulvinus.
SHELL, s., cortex (e. g., of nuts) : crusta (a crust ; hard, thick coat) : corium (a leather-like covering e. g., of chestnuts) : cutis (a thin covering, skin) : putamen (of eggs, nuts, beans, testaceous animals) : testa (of animals, and eggs) : folliculus (of pulse and corn) : tunica (husk of corn).
SHELL, v., || Transitively, putamen alicui rei detrahere ; desquamare (to take off the scales). || Intransitively, cutem, corticem, etc., deponere, exuere, desquamari (in scales). To shell teeth, dentes cadunt, excidunt.
SHELTER, s., || That which covers or defends, tectum (roof) : perfugium (place of refuge, or offering a shelter) : deversorium (a place to put up at, on the road) : hospitium (if in the house, or under the roof of a friend) : asylum (an asylum). To afford a shelter, tectum præbere ; also, hospitio accipere : tecto, ad se or ad se domum, recipere (under one’s roof, in one’s house) ; tectis ac sedibus recipere ; mœnibus, tectis, recipere (of the inhabitants of a town, with regard to fugitives) ; asylum aperire (to give an asylum). To find a shelter, hospitium nancisci. At some places I cannot even find a shelter, multis locis ne tectum quidem accipio. || Protection, præsidium. || Protector, scutum (figuratively ; i. e., shield). || A protection against rain, etc., subgrunda : subgrundium. κυρικιμασαηικο SHELTER, v., || To give or to take shelter, [vid. SHELTER, substantive ; vid. also, the SYN. in To DEFEND, To GUARD]. To shelter against the heat of the sun, contra solem protegere (e. g., one’s head). To shelter against the cold and the heat, contra frigorem æstusque injuriam tueri. The harbor was sheltered from the south-west winds, portus ab Africa tegebatur. To be sheltered by one’s post as ambassador, legationis jure tectum esse : to be sheltered, tectum or tutum esse.
SHELVING, declivis : acclivis : proclivis (sloping ; declivis, if looked at from above, and acclivis, if from below : proclivis, if gradually) : fastigatus (in the way of a roof) : deruptus (rather steep ; e. g., derupta ripa, of the bank of a river).
SHEPHERD, opilio (Columella) : ovium custos (Cicero) : ovium pastor, or pastor (general term for one who feeds herds or flocks). A shepherd’s life, vita pastorum (the life of shepherds) : vita pastoricia (also, a life like that of a shepherd). A shepherd boy, * puer pastoris. A shepherd’s staff, pedum, pastorale baculum : shepherd’s pipe, fistula pastoricia or pastoralis. A shepherd’s dog, canis pastoralis or pastoricius ; canis pecuarius : of or belonging to a shepherd, pastoralis : pastorius : pastoricius : shepherd’s weather-glass (a plant), * anagallis arvensis (Linnæus) : shepherd’s purse (a plant), * thlaspi bursa pastoris (Linnæus) : shepherd’s needle (a plant), * scandix pecten (Linnæus).
SHEPHERDESS, * femina pastoris.
SHERBET, perhaps, sicera (late).
SHERIFF, The nearest word is perhaps prætor ; but the English term must often be retained for the sake of perspicuity.
SHERIFFALTY, perhaps prætura.
SHEW, Vid. SHOW.
SHIELD, || Properly, clipeus (a large shield, round or oval) : scutum (large, oblong) : parma (small, round) : pelta (small and light, of various shapes, usually with a semicircular indentation on one side, pelta lunata). || Figuratively, Defence, vid.
SHIFT, s., || Artifice, trick, dolus : ars (artificium, techna, comedy). || Expedient, ratio : modus : remedium. To put one to his shifts, multum negotii alicui facessere ; negotium facere alicui ; aliquem torquere. I am put to my last shifts for money, consilia rerum domesticarum sunt impedita (Cicero) : to make the best shift one can, mola, tantum salsa litant, qui non habent thura (proverbially, Plautus). || Chemise, indusium ; or, by circumlocution, imum corporis velamentum (after Curtius, 5, 1, 38).
SHIFT, v., || To change, vid. || To use expedients, consilium a præsenti necessitate repetere (Curtius, 6, 4, 10).
SHILLING, * schelinjus (in the Latin of the Middle Ages) : * schillinjus (technical term). To pay twenty shillings in the pound, solidum suum cuique solvere (i. e., the whole amount, Cicero) : to pay ten shillings in the pound, dimidium ex eo, quod debebat, aliquis solvit (Quintilianus, 5, 10, 105).
SHIN, tibia.
SHINE, s., claritas : splendor : nitor : candor : fulgor. SYN. in BRIGHTNESS.
SHINE, v., || Properly, splendere : fulgere : nitere [SYN. in SPLENDOR] : micare (to sparkle, twinkle ; of bodies well shoot forth beams suddenly at intervals) : Cf., rutilare (to shine with a gold color). radiare (to beam, cast beams) : coruscare (to dart forth ; of flames) and candere (to shine brightly) are only poetic : to shine with ivory and gold, ebore et auro fulgere. || Figuratively, splendere (to make a show) : fulgere (to shine forth, in anybody, in aliquo, of good qualities) : nitere (to be illustrious ; e. g., recenti gloria) : enitere or elucere (to be conspicuous ; e. g., in bello, in foro ; of persons and things, as virtues, etc. ) ; by anything, aliqua re. To endeavor to shine with anything, se ostentare (especially externally, and in speech) : honoris or gloriæ cupidum esse (to strive after honor and glory).
SHINE FORTH, elucere : enitere : effulgere (properly and figuratively) : fulgere : exsplendescere (figuratively). The sun shines forth between the clouds, sol inter nubes effulget : figuratively, even in youth his excellent disposition shone forth, fulgebat jam in adolescentulo indoles virtutis. The good and beautiful shines forth from the virtues I have named, honestum decorumque ex iis, quas commemoravi, virtutibus perlucet.
SHINE THROUGH, translucere : perlucere : interlucere. The moon shines through the windows, luna se fundit per fenestras (Vergilius, Æn., 3, 152).
SHINE UPON, luce collustrare. The moon shines upon the earth, luna mittit lucem in terram.
SHINGLE, scandula (not scindula). To be roofed with shingle, scandulis tectum esse ; scandula contectum esse.
SHINGLES, || Loose stones on a beach, perhaps lapilli litorales or (poetical) litorei. || A kind of disease, * zona morbus (technical term). SHINING. || Properly, lucidus (shining with a bright, pure light ; opposed to obscurus) : pellucidus (transparent, pellucid) : illustris (existing in light ; of a road, star, etc., Cicero, Verr., 3, 94, 219) : luminosus (having abundant light) : nitidus, nitens (shining beautifully, with pure brightness) : splendidus (shining with dazzling, splendid brightness) : fulgens (blazing with fiery brightness ; e. g., of a comet ; opposed to sol nitidus). || Figuratively, Illustrious, vid.
SHIP, s., navis (technical term) : navigium (a smaller ship ; in later Latin as general term for navis : carina, puppis, ratis in this sense are poetical). The several kinds of ships with the ancients were the following : navis oneraria (general term for any ship carrying heavy freight) : navis mercatoria (a merchantman) : navis frumentaria (for carrying corn) : corbita (a slow-sailing vessel laden with goods) : gaulus (γαῦλος, a Phœnician merchantman, of an oval form, * Gellius, 10, 25, and Festus) : cercurus (κέρκουρος, a light sailing vessel, with oars only in the fore part, peculiar to the Cyprianese) : hippagogus (ἱππαγωγός, a horse transport, * Livius, 44, 28, § 7) : actuaria : actuarium : actuariolum (a small light sailing vessel, provided with sails and oars) : navis longa or rostrata (a ship of war, long, armed with a strong head or beak ; if with two banks of oars, biremis ; with three, triremis ; with four, quadriremis ; with five, quinqueremis) : navis prædatoria or piratica (a pirate) : myoparo (μυοπαρών, a pirate, of smaller size) : celox (a light, fast-sailing vessel, with two or three oars) : lembus (λέμβος, a low, sharp-built vessel, adapted for veryfust sailing, skiff, yacht) : lenunculus (a little skiff, or fishing-boat) : pristis (πρίστις, a long small sailing-vessel, like the lembus) : phaselus (φάσηλος, a small fast-sailing vessel in the shape of a kidney-bean, such as was in use among the pirates of Phaselis, on the borders of Lycia and Pamphylia) : aphractus (ἄφρακτος, a long vessel without deck ; in use among the Rhodians) : dicrŏtum, dicrŏta (δίκροτος, ἡ, a kind of galley with two banks of oars). Of or belonging to ships, navalis : nauticus. To build a ship, navem construere, ædificare (Cicero), facere (Cæsar, Livius), fabricare (Curtius). To repair a ship, navem reficere, reparare. To fit out a ship, navem instruere, ornare, adornare (Livius), armare (Cæsar) : to dismantle or unrig a ship, navem exarmare (Seneca) : to go on board a ship, navem ascendere (Terentianus), conscendere (Cicero) ; in navem ascendere (Cicero). A ship lies at anchor, navis stat, consistit in ancoris. To sink a ship, navem deprimere (Cæsar), demergere (Livius). A ship is ready for sea, navis apta est instructaque omnibus rebus ad navigandum (Cæsar). A ship is driven out of its course, navis tempestate discedit suo cursu (Cæsar) :
Ship-timber, materia navalis ; arbores navales.
SHIP, v., in navem (naves) imponere. To ship goods for a place, aliquo merces devehendas dare.
SHIP-BUILDING, By by circumlocution with ædificare naves ; e. g., the art of ship-building, ars ædificandi naves, or * architectura navalis.
SHIPMATE,
socius or comes navigationis (Cicero).
SHIPMENT, by circumlocution with the verbs.
SHIPPING, naves : navigia (plural) : classis (a fleet).
SHIPWRECK, s., naufragium. To suffer shipwreck, naufragium facore (Cicero, Nepos) ; navem frangere (Terentianus) : [naufragium pati, Seneca, Trag. : Cf., not to be followed]. To perish by shipwreck, naufragio perire, interire (Cicero, Cæsar) ; naufragio intercipi (Tacitus). One who has suffered shipwreck, naufragus : qui naufragium fecit ; also, ejectus only. Also figuratively ; e. g., if these men remain at the helm of affairs, there is reason to fear a general shipwreck, qui nisi a gubernaculo recesserint, maximum ab universo naufragio periculum est (Cicero). In the shipwreck of the state, in naufragio reipublicæ.
SHIPWRECK, v., Vid. To WRECK.
SHIPWRIGHT, * architects navalis (naupegus, Pand. ).
SHIRE, provincia ; some say * comitatus.
SHIRT, tunica-interŭla : interŭla : subucula (with the ancients, the under tunic, made of linen or cotton ; the upper tunic was called indusium ; vid. Bekker’s Gallus, vol. ii, p. 89, sqq. ) : sindon (a fine shirt worn by young slaves in attendance, tucked up at the knees) : wearing a shirt, in a shirt, subuculatus ; linteo succinctus (with a sindon, Suetonius, Cal., 26). Pproverbially. Near is my shirt, but nearer is my skin, tunica pallio propior (Plautus, Trin., 5, 2, 30) ; proximus egomet sum mihi (Terentius, Andr., 4, 1, 12).
SHIVER, v., || Transitively, frangere : confringere. [Vid. BREAK. ] || Intransitively, horrere : horrescere (to shudder with cold, etc. ) : tremere, contremiscere (to tremble). To shiver all over, totum tremere horrereque ; omnibus artibus contremiscere.
SHIVER, s., || A broken piece, fragmentum : fragmen (poetical) : frustum (a little bit).
SHIVER, s., || A shuddering, horror : cold shivers, febrium frigus ; frigus et febris (after æstus et febris, Cicero, Cat : 1, 13, 31) ; from the context, frigus only ; e. g., to be attacked with cold shivers, corpus frigore tentatur (Horatius, Sat., 1, 1, 80). To have cold shivers, frigore et febri jactari (after Cicero, loc. cit. ).
SHIVERING, horror (opposed to febris, Cæsar, B. C., 3, 28).
SHOAL, || A multitude, copia : multitudo : vis. || A sand-bank, syrtis (Latin) ; pulvinus.
SHOCK, s., || Collision, concussion, vid. || Conflict (of enemies), vid. || Offence, offensio : injuria : contumelia. [SYN. in OFFENCE. ] || A pile of sheaves, * acervus. || A shagged dog, * canis aquaticus (Livius).
SHOCK, v., || To shake, vid. || To offend, vid.
SHOCKING, || Offensive, quod offensioni est ; quod offensionem habet or affert : quod offendit : quod non vacat offensione : quod displicet (that gives offence) : exemplo haud saluber : mali or pessimi exempli (that sets a bad example). || Atrocious, dirus (of things that excite horror) : atrox (exciting fear ; e. g., facinus) : fœdus (foul) : abominandus : detestandus : detestabilis (detestable) : nefandus : nefarius (the former of actions ; the latter of men, their thoughts and actions) : immanis (shocking ; of actions) : teter (hideous, shocking ; abominable in character and conduct) : odiosus (hateful, abominable). A shocking villain, homo omni parte detesrabilis : homo impurus : monstrum hominis.
SHOCKINGLY, atrociter : immaniter : fœde : tetre.
SHOE, s., calceamentum, or (post-Augustan) calceatus, -ûs (collectively, for all that covers the foot) : calceus (if of a small size) : calceolus (the shoe which covered the foot up to the ankle, made of black leather, and laced with a leather strap ; it was worn only together with the toga) : erepida [κρηπίς], or, pure Latin, solea (the sandal only protecting the foot-sole, worn by the Greek women ; by the Romans only in the house and on a journey. The crepida differed from the solea insomuch only as it might be worn on either foot ; compare Gellius, 13, 21, 5, sq. Cf., The gallicæ [sc. soleæ], introduced shortly before the time of Cicero, were also sandals of that description, made after the fashion of the Gauls) : sandalium (σανδάκιον, a high sandal, made of wood, cork, or leather, tied to the foot by means of a leather strap, worn at Rome, especially by the rich ladies, who had them enriched with all manner of ornaments ; with the Greeks they were worn also by the men) : caliga (the shoe of the common soldier, a sole simply, with iron nails, laced with leather thongs up to the middle of the leg) : sculponeæ (sc. soleæ, wooden shoes worn by slaves and rustics) : pero (a large shoe of untanned leather, generally with the hair of the animal on it, that covered the foot up to the ankle, and was fastened with leather thongs like the calceus. It was worn by the most ancient Romans, with exception of the senators ; in later times it was worn by slaves and peasants) : soccus (σίκχος, a low, thin, light shoe, worn by females and actors of Greek comedy) : cothurnus (κόθορνος, the shoe of the huntsman in Crete, introduced by Æschylus on the stage, with soles four inches thick. Females of a short stature used to wear it, for the sake of making themselves look taller) : wide shoes, calcei laxi : tight shoes, calcei pedibus minores (after Horatius, Ep., 1, 10, 43) : easy shoes, calcei habiles et apti ad pedem. One who has shoes on, calceatus ; soleatus. One who has taken off his shoes, without shoes, discalceatus : to wear shoes, calceis uti : to change one’s shoes, se or pedem calceare ; calceos sibi inducere ; calceos sumere. To put on other shoes, calceos mutare. To assist anybody in putting on his shoes, aliquem calceare ; calceos inducere alicui ; calceare aliquem soccis (vid. above). To ask anybody to put on one’s shoes, committere alicui pedes calceandos : to take off one’s own shoes, excalceare pedes : to take off anybody’s shoes, excalceare aliquem : to make anybody take off one’s shoes, or to have one’s shoes, taken off by anybody, præbere alicui pedes excalceandos : the right, left, shoe, dexter, sinister calceus (Suetonius, Augustinus, 92) : a horse-shoe, solea ferrea : to cast a shoe (of a horse) [vid. HORSE-SHOE] : to patch a shoe, laciniam assuere calceo. The shoe pinches, calceus urit (†). Proverbially, Every one knows best where the shoe pinches him, * sua quisque incommoda optime novit.
SHOE, v., aliquem calceare : calceos inducere alicui. To shoe a horse, equo induere soleas ferreas : equum calceare (both in the sense of the ancients, who employed shoes that could be put on and off at pleasure) : * equo ferreas soleas clavis suffigere (after our manner).
SHOE-BLACK, * calceos detergens.
SHOE-BRUSH, * peniculus quo calceamenta detergentur.
SHOE-HORN, * cornu quo calcei pedibus or in pedes inducuntur.
SHOEING-SMITH, * faber ferrarius, qui equis soleas ferreas suppingit.
SHOE-MAKER, sutor (general term) : sandaliarius (one that makes sandals ; vid. SYN. in SHOE) : crepidarius (one that made soles). A journeyman shoe-maker, * sutori operas præbens. A shoe-maker’s apprentice, tabernæ sutrinæ alumnus (Tacitus, Ann., 15, 34, 3).
SHOE-STRING, obstragulum crepidæ (* Plinius, 9, 35, 56) : habena : corrigia (if of leather ; vid. STRAP).
SHOOT, s., virga (twig, general term) : surculus : talea (such as will serve for settings, etc. ) : sarmentum (a useless shoot) : stolo (a hurtful sucker, Döderlein) : germen (shoot, eye, that would serve for grafting).
SHOOT, v., ||Transitively, To propel a weapon, etc., mittere : emittere : conjicere (of weapons hurled ; sagittas, etc. ) : permittere (so as to hit the mark). To shoot arrows, sagittas mittere : sagittas conjicere (e. g., into a castle, in castellum, Cæsar. ) ; also, poetical, sagittam arcu expellere (Ovidius) ; telum trajicere (from one point to another) : with a gun, * glandes e sclopeto mittere (if loaded with ball) : to be going to shoot (at anything), ictum intentare. To shoot at anybody or anything, telo petere aliquem or aliquid ; tela in aliquid conjicere ; telum in aliquem immittere (Cicero). To shoot at a mark, destinatum petere. He shot with so sure an aim, that he could hit birds flying, adeo certo ictu destinata feriebat, ut aves quoque exciperet (Curtius, 5, 41). [Vid. AIM. ] Proverbially, To shoot with a long bow, gloriose mentiri ; gloriosius de se prædicare (of one whose tales magnify his own deeds) : || To hit with a missile, aliquid ictu ferire. To shoot anybody dead, aliquem telo occidere (general term) : aliquem sagitta configere (with an arrow). To shoot game, etc., bestias venabulo (etc. ) transverberare (Cicero). To shoot one’s self, sua manu cadere : to shoot off anybody’s arm, leg, etc., ictu teli auferre alicui brachium, pedem, etc. : to shoot a bolt, obdere pessulum ostio is the nearest expression. || Intransitively, To move rapidly, ferri : rapide ferri. To shoot up into the air, sublime ferri : to shoot down, præcipitari : præcipitem ire (general term) : præcipitem devolvi (e. g., per saxa, of a river) : proripere se (Vergilius, to shoot or dart away) : emicare (of the heart, lightning, flame, water, blood). A vine shoots, vitis in jugum emicat (Columella). || To grow quickly, prosilire (of plants ; e. g., frutex, Columella) : adolescere (of corn) : avide se promittere (to grow large ; of trees) : hexbescere (of corn in the blade). || To prick, smart (of wounds), pungere (me, te, eum, etc. ). || To shoot
ahead, prævehi (præter aliquem or aliquid).
SHOOT FORTH, (i. e., to bud, etc. ) gemmare : gemmascere : progemmare (to put forth buds) : germinare : egerminare : progerminare (to get twigs or branches) : pullulare, pullulascere (afresh) : fruticare or fruticari (to form a stalk ; of some plants, as cabbage, etc. ; then of bushy trees, as the willow, etc. ). The trees shoot forth, gemmæ proveniunt, exsistunt.
SHOOT THROUGH, || Transitively, trajicere : transfigere (with an arrow or javelin) : transverberare (with a javelin or the like). || Intransitively, Figuratively, transcurrere : transmittere.
SHOOT UP, || To dart up (as water from a fountain, etc. ), emicare, with or without alte or in altum ; sublime ferri. || To grow rapidly, adolescere (of persons ; also of corn) : excrescere (of persons) : avide se promittere (of trees) : herbescere (to grow in the stalk, of corn).
SHOOTING-GROUND, jaculatorius campus (Ulpianus, Dig., 9, 2, 9).
SHOP, taberna (the proper word) ; diminutive, tabernacula : pergula (a building in which goods were exposed for sale, and works of art for inspection, etc., vid. Hard., Plin., 35, 10, 36, n. 12, § 84) : officina (a workshop). Bookseller’s shop, taberna libraria : to keep a shop, tabernam habere : to shut shop, tabernam claudere.
SHOP-BOY, tabernæ mercatoriæ minister (after Tacitus, Ann., 15, 34, 3).
SHOP-KEEPER, tabernarius : (facetè, of goods that do not find sale), merx invendibilis : merx quæ emptorem non reperit.
SHOP-PRICE, * pretium quo aliquid in tabernis venditur. κυρικιμασαηικο SHORE, s., litus (as the line of coast) : ora (as a more extended space, bordering on the sea). To lie at anchor off a shore, in salo navem tenere in ancoris : Cf., acta (= litus) should not be used except with reference to Greek history, etc. [according to Döderlein, “coast as presenting agreeable views, a pleasant residence, ” etc. ]. Towns on the shore, urbes maritimæ. To keep close in to shore, litus or oram legere : to sail along the shore, litus prætervehi ; as closely as possible, quam proxime poterant, litus tenere (Livius, 44, 12, 6) : to set anybody on shore, aliquem in terrain exponere : to bring a vessel to shore, navem ad terram appellere, applicare, ad litus appellere.
SHORE, v., Vid. properly, SUPPORT.
SHORELESS, || Properly, sine litore. || Figuratively, Boundless, interminatus : infinitus : immensus.
SHORT, || Of small extent in space, brevis (general term; opposed to longus, latus) : curtus (cut short ; too short) : contractus (narrowed, limited in extent) : astrictus (drawn tight ; short in breadth or width). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) contractus et astrictus : artus : angustus (tight, narrow) : minutus (made very small) : præcisus (broken off, abrupt ; e. g., conclusiones) : pressus (compact). Very short, perbrevis ; brevissimus : short of stature, statura, brevis ; brevis ; brevi corpore : a short way, via brevis or compendiaria ; viæ compendium (post-Augustan) : short hair, capilli breves (opposed to capilli longi) : capilli tonsi (cut. Juvenalis, 9, 149) : short sight, oculi non longe conspectum ferentes : to have short sight, oculis non satis prospicere : to be short (in speaking or writing), breviter, or paucis, or præcise dicere (opposed to copiose, plene et perfecte dicere) ; brevi præcidere ; paucis or breviter scribere or perscribere : to be short (in narrative or description), breviter exponere or paucis absolvere aliquid ; in pauca conferre aliquid ; breviter astringere aliquid (e. g., argumenta) : be short, in pauca confer ; verbo dicas ; præcide ; id, si potes, verbo expedi : I will be as short as I can, in verba conferam paucissima : in short to be short, ut in pauca conferam ; ne longum faciam ; ne longus sim ; ut ad pauca redeam ; ut paucis dicam ; ne (multis) te morer ; de quo ne multa disseram ; ne multa ; ne plura ; quid multa? quid plura? quid quæris ? ad summam ; denique (denique especially when a conclusion is added to a series of enumerations) ; uno verbo (in one word ; Cf., only when no more than one word follows ; vid. Cato, R. R., 157, 5 ; Cicero, Phil., 2, 22, 54). Also, que (affixed) is used to express “short” (in order to resume ; vid. commentators on Cæsar, B. G., 2, 3 ; ad Cicero, Catil., 3, 8, 28 ; ad Cicero, De Legg., 1, 18, 48, and 2, 7, 16).
Short and sweet, paucis quidem, sed bene. || Of brief extent in time, brevis exiguus (unimportant, inconsiderable) : contractus (contracted, shortened ; e. g., noctes). The shortest day, dies brumalis (opposed to dies solstitialis) ; bruma (the winter solstice ; opposed to solstitium) : the shortest night, nox solstitialis (opposed to nox brumalis, in Ovidius, Pont., 2, 4, 26) ; solstitium (the summer solstice ; opposed to bruma. Cf., The writers of the best age, and even Seneca, N. Qu., 7, 1, 3, use solstitium only in this sense ; and hence it is unclassical to say solstitium brumale or hibernum for bruma, or solstitium æstivum for solstitium alone ; vid. Ruhnken, Ter., Phorm., 4, 4, 28 ; Ochsn., Cicero, Ecl., p. 284). A short syllable, syllaba brevis : to mark a syllable as short, syllabam corripere (opposed to producere) : to pronounce short, breviter dicere syllabam : in inclitus the first letter [syllable] is short, inclitus dicimus [dicitur] brevi prima, litera) : a short memory, memoria hebes : in a short time, brevi tempore ; brevi spatio, or more commonly, brevi, celeriter (quickly) : in a very short time, perbrevi : a short time before, brevi ante, paullo ante, proxime ; modo (just now, not long since) ; nuper (lately, but of a point of time more or less remote ; vid. Cicero, Verr., 4, 3, 6, quid dico nuper? immo vero modo ac plane paullo ante. Cf., Recens for modo or nuper is not classical) : a short time after, brevi post or postea ; paullo post or post paullo (vid. commentators on Livius, 22, 60, 16) ; non ita multo post ; brevi spatio interjecto : a short time before (a person’s death, etc. ), haud multum ante (mortem alicujus) : a short time after (a person’s death, etc. ), haud multum post (mortem alicujus) : a short time before day, paullo ante lucem ; plane mane (early in the morning) : to cut short a conversation, sermonem incidere (Cf., sermonem abrumpere belongs to the Silver Age and the poets) : to cut short an acquaintance, friendship, etc., societatem, amicitiam dirumpere, discindere ; amicitiam repente præcidere (opposed to sensim dissuere) : to be short with anybody, aliquem severius adhibere (Cicero, Alt., 10, 12, 3).
SHORT-HAND, ars dicta or dictata velocissime excipiendi (after Suetonius, Tit., 3) : * tachygraphia (technical term) : scripturæ compendium. To write in short-hand, notare (opposed to perscribere) : to take down in short-hand, per compendia excipere aliquid (e. g., cursim loquentis voces, Cicero, Manil., 4, 198) ; notis excipere aliquid. (Prudentius uses punctis dicta præpetibus sequi, and notare verba fictis signis. Cf., Abbreviare is low Latin : per notas scribere has a different meaning. ) A short-hand writer, notarius (one who lakes down a speech, etc., by the use of certain contractions, notæ ; called poetically, by Manil., Astron., 4, 160, scriptor velox : Cf., Notarius velox it not Latin, cf. commentators on Plinius, Ep., 3, 5, 15 ; Gesner, Chrestom., Plin., p. 11, sq. ) : actuarius (one who takes notes of speeches delivered in a court ; vid. Suetonius, Cæsar, 55) : scriptor velox, cui litera verbum est (†).
SHORT-SIGHTED, || Properly, myops (μύωψ, Ulpianus, Dig., 21, 1, 10, § 3) : (in pure Latin) qui oculis non satis prospicit, or cujus oculi non longe conspectum ferunt : To be short-sighted, oculis non satis prospicere. || Figuratively, Unwise, silly, stultus (opposed to intelligens, sapiens). Cf., Imprudens, in this sense, is not classical.
SHORTEN, curtare : decurtare (with the idea of maiming or mangling) : detrahere aliquid (in respect of number) : contrahere (e. g., orationem) : in angustum cogere (to contract, abridge ; e. g., commentarios, Seneca, Ep., 39, 1) : amputare (general term, to cut shorter ; e. g., orationem) : imminuere (to abridge the number of syllables in pronouncing a word, as, audisse for audivisse, Cicero, Or., 47, in. ) : notare (to abbreviate in writing).
SHORTLY, || Briefly, not at length, breviter (general term) : arte : anguste (narrowly) : paucis (sc. verbis), breviter (with few words) : strictim : carptim (superficially ; opposed to copiose). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) breviter strictimque ; præcise (abruptly, with few words ; opposed to plane et perfecte ; then also, roundly, flatly ; e. g., negare) : presse or pressius (briefly, but thoroughly ; e. g., definire). || Soon, vid.
SHORTNESS, brevitas (general term, in space and time) : exiguitas (limited extent).
Shortness of stature, brevitas corporis : shortness of time, temporis brevitas (general term) ; temporis exiguitas or angustiæ (in respect of a business, etc. ) : shortness in speaking, brevitas dicendi (general term) : breviloquentia (as a property, Cicero, ap. Gell., 12, 2, med. ) ; celeritas dicendi (quickness). To study shortness, brevitati servire ; brevitatem adhibere ; (in anything) in aliqua re (e. g., in interpretando).
SHOT, s || The act of shooting, teli jactus orconjectus (of a weapon, as discharged) : ictus (of a weapon, as having hit
the mark) : * sclopeti or tormenti fragor (in as far as it caused a report). To fire a shot, * telum e sclopeto emittere (but by no means sclopetum displodere or explodere) ; * tormentum mittere or emittere. || That which is discharged, (in the sense of the ancients) telum (thrown either with the hand or by a machine) : sagitta (an arrow : Cf., spiculum is poetical only) : plural, tela missilia, and missilia simply (but emissicia, cf. Cicero, De Legg., 3, 9, 20, is a doubtful reading) : globus (any round mass ; e. g., of lead, thrown by a sling) : glans (a ball of clay or lead, which was made hot and thrown by a sling ; vid. commentators on Cæsar, B. G., 5, 43 ; hence a proper expression for our “musket-ball;” also, telum will suit for the latter three ; compare FIRE) : * telum tormento missum (after Cæsar, B. G., 3, 51, extr. ) : * globus tormento missus (after the preceding passage) : * grando plumbea (small shot) : * globus ferro secto et pulvere pyrio completus (grape shot). || Reach of missives, teli conjectus. To come within shot, ad teli conjectum venire : to fight within shot, eminus pugnare (opposed to cominus pugnare). SHOULD, (A) Implying duty, propriety, etc., (1) debeo : oportet (oportet denoting objectively the moral claim that is made upon anybody ; debeo, subjectively the moral obligation that he is under). Cf., The perfect infinitive after “should” is usually translated by the present infinitive, debuit facere = “he should have done it. ” Let the pupil also observe, that before the English perfect infinitive, a past tense of debeo, oportet should be used. (2) The gerundive or participle in dus. “Friendship should be desired for its own sake, ” amicitia propter se expetenda est. “Should” is translated in this way to denote general truths, etc. (B) Should (as the past tense of shall) is often a future (being the form which the English future assumes after a past tense). He said that he should sail, etc., dixit se navigaturum esse. (C) Should is often a conditional form, to be translated by the present or imperfect subjunctive (the imperfect especially, but not exclusively, when it is implied that the condition is not realized ; the present is by far the more common when this is not to be implied). It occurs both in the conditional and in the consequent clause : si Scipionis desiderio me moveri negem – mentiar (if I should deny, etc., I should tell a lie) : si forte quæreretur, etc., putarem (if it should be inquired, etc., I should think). (D) Sometimes “should” is used as a modest expression of what one does not really doubt ; as, I should think, etc., putem ; where, for the present subjunctive, the perfect is also, used, crediderim (I should imagine). Velim, nolim, malim, are very common forms : E) Sometimes “should, ” after “that, ” has no potential, future, or conditional meaning, and is translated by the present infinitive. It is strange that you should say so, mirum est te hæc dice re.
SHOULDER, s., humerus (of men) : armus (in old Latin and the poets denotes the upper arm with the shoulder, but in classical prose it is used only of animals).
Shoulder-blade, scapula (usually plural, scapulæ) : shoulder-bone, os humeri ; plural, scoptula, -orum, nominative plural, (Celsus, 8, 1 ; but ed. Almel. reads scutula).
Soulder of mutton, * armus vervecinus : broad over the shoulders, latus ab humeris : to carry on the shoulders, humeris portare or gestare (properly) ; humeris gestare (properly and figuratively ; e. g., universam rempublicam) : to carry burdens on the shoulders, onera humeris portare (general term) ; bajulare (as a porter) : to take anybody on one’s shoulders, aliquem in humeros suos efferre (in order to raise him up so as to show him to others) ; aliquem humeris sublevare(in order to carry him when weary) : to take anything upon one’s shoulders, tollere aliquid in humeros (properly) ; suscipere or recipere aliquid (to take anything upon one’s self ; recipere with the accessory notion of being responsible for it) : he was turned out neck and shoulders, foras deturbatus est (Plautus) ; turpiter ejectus est (Ovidius). These burdens are removed from the shoulders of the poor to those of the rich, hæc onera in dites a pauperibus inclinata sunt.
SHOULDER, v., aliquid in humeros tollere. To shoulder a gun, * sclopetum humero acclinare.
SHOULDER-BELT, balteus or balteum.
SHOUT, s., clamor (frequently in plural, if it means the shout of several persons) : convicium (of a turbulent assembly of persons). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) clamor conviciumque ; clamor atque convicium : voces (of a turbulent mass of people) : vociferatio : vociferatus (loud vehement cries from displeasure, pain, anger, etc. ) : strepitus (din) : fremitus (hollow murmuring of a multitude) : clamor inconditus ; clamor dissonus ; clamores dissŏni ; clamor dissŏnus in diversa vocantium (some shouting one thing, some another). A dreadful shout, clamor ingens ; arises fit, or oritur, or exoritur : to raise a shout, clamare ; vociferari (violently) : shout of joy, clamor et gaudium (Tacitus, Hist., 2, 70, 3) ; clamor lætus (Vergilius, Æn., 3, 524). To receive or greet anybody with a shout of applause, clamore et vocibus alicui astrepere ; with shouts of applause, cum plausibus clamoribusque : to receive uthg with shouts of applause, plausu or plausu et clamore prosequi aliquid : to receive with shouts (e. g., anybody’s arrival), clamoribus excipere aliquid or aliquem : with shouts, cum clamore ; cum vociferatu : to proclaim or call out anything with shouts, clamare aliquid.
SHOUT, v., clamare (general term, intransitively and transitively, of a loudly-raised voice in speaking, shouting ; also to proclaim clamorously, etc. ) : conclamare (intransitively and transitively, to shout together ; of a multitude of persons) : vociferari (intransitively and transitively, to shout violently, passionately, with exertion, from pain, anger, dissatisfaction, etc. ) : clamorem edere or tollere ; strepitum edere (to shout so that it resounds) : strepitum facere (with anything, aliqua re) : tumultum facere : tumultuari (shout turbulently ; the former also in a camp, at the approach of the enemy) : clamitare (loudly) : to shout against anybody, acclamare alicui (Cicero) ; clamore aliquem sectari ; alicui obstrepere, alicui reclamare, conviciis lacessere aliquem : to shout after anybody, clamare or inclamare aliquem ; clamore aliquem insequi ; clamoribus aliquem consectari.
SHOVE, Vid. PUSH.
SHOVEL, s., pala (general term) : batillum or batillus (especially a fire-shovel) : ventilabrum (for shoveling corn, etc. ).
Shovelfull, pala plena.
SHOVEL, v., batillo tollere (to shovel away coals, etc. ) : * pala tollere (to shovel away anything).
SHOW, s., || Appearance, vid. || Pretext, species : imago : simulacrum : sometimes color (Quintilianus). Under the show of, specie, in speciem (opposed to reapse) ; verbo : verbo et simulatione (opposed to revera, re ipsa) ; nomine (in order to palliate) ; per simulationem (Cf., sub prætextu, or sub obtentu, not to be recommended). || Spectacle, spectaculum. Vid. also, SIGHT.
SHOW, v., significare (to declare, make known) : indicare (to point out) : ostendere (to exhibit) : profiteri (to profess, declare publicly) : præ se ferre or gerere (to have the appearance of) : promere : depromere : expromere (to produce, bring forward). To show one’s sentiments, sententiam suam promere, expromere, depromere, prodere, aperire ; sententiam suam ostendere ; quid velim or sentiam dicere, ostendere, profiteri : to show one’s joy openly, lætitiam apertissime ferre : to show one’s hatred or hostile disposition, odium indicare, expromere ; (openly) profiteri et præ se ferre odium in aliquem : to show attention to anybody, observare aliquem ; colere et observare aliquem (Cicero) ; officium et cultum alicui tribuere ; (marked attention) aliquem præter ceteros or perofficiose observare ; diligenter observare et colere aliquem ; significare studium erga aliquem non mediocre ; (marked and affectionate attention) perofficiose et peramanter observare aliquem (Cicero) : to show good will to anybody, benevolentiam alicui declarare (to manifest) or præstare (to prove) : to show contempt for anybody, aliquem habere contemptui : to show pity to anybody, coram suum dolorem alicui declarare.
SHOWER, v., fundere : effundere : superfundere (properly and figuratively).
SHOWER, s., || Properly, imber (general term) : nimbus (a sudden shower) : pluvia (rain). A heavy shower fell, magnus imber ruebat cœlo (densi funduntur ab æthere nimbi, Ovidius) : a sudden and heavy shower, nimbus effusus (Livius). April shower, * pluvia cui sol interfulget. || Figuratively, imber : nimbus : copia : vis : velut procella (e. g., of missiles, Livius, 37, 41). There fell such a shower of stones, that, etc., tanta vis lapidum creberrimæ grandinis modo effusa est, ut, etc.
SHOWER-BATH, balneæ pensiles (Sprengel, Geschichte der Medizin, 2, 23). To take a shower-bath, aqua perfundi (vid. Auct. ad Heren., 4, 9 & 10). SHOWERY, pluvius (Cicero, etc. ) : pluvialis (poetical and post-Augustan) : nimbosus.
SHOWILY, splendide : magnifice : laute.
SHOWINESS, splendor : apparatus : magnificentia.
SHOWY, splendidus : magnificus : lautus. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) splendidus et magnificus : magnificus et lautus.
SHRED, s., segmentum : segmen : resegmen
(general term) : recisamentum (panni, of cloth, Plinius) : ramentum (from metal, by scraping, etc. ). SHRED, v., concidere in partes, or simply concidere : consecare : minutatim secare.
SHREW, mulier jurgiosa (Gellius, of Xanthippe) : mulier rixosa (rixosa, Columella, 8, 2, 5) : mulier litium et rixæ cupida (after Horatius).
SHREW-MOUSE, sorex, -ĭcis, masculine (Terentianus, Linnæus) : mus araneus (a kind of shrew-mouse, Plinius, 8, 58, 83).
SHREWD, prudens : prudentiæ plenus (well versed and experienced in practical life) : sapiens (skilled in the nature and value of things) : acutus ; peracutus (penetrating) : dexter (clever, possessing tact) : multarum rerum peritus in doctrina (practised) : callidus (clever from experience or practice).
SHREWDLY, prudenter : sapienter : callide.
SHREWDNESS, prudentia (skill and experience in practical life) : sapientia (insight into the nature and value of things) : dexteritas (cleverness and tact in one’s conduct toward others) : calliditas (practical talent).
SHRIEK, s., vociferatio : vociferatus : ejulatus (howling) : ululatus (of the war-cry of the Gauls, and the wild shrieks of the Bacchanalians).
SHRIEK, v., vociferari : clamare : clamorem edere or tollere.
SHRILL, canorus (clear, loud ; opposed to fuscus) : Cf., clarisŏnus is poetical : acutus (high ; opposed to gravis) : clarus (distinct, loud ; opposed to obtusus) : exilis (slender, squeaking, as a fault, of the voice ; whereas the former words imply rather commendation ; opposed to plenus, full, or gravis, deep).
SHRIMP, || Properly, * cancer pagurus (Linnæus). || A dwarf, vid.
SHRINE, || A sacred place, sacrarium (general term) : sacellum (a small chapel with an image in it) : ædicula (a small temple). || A reliquary, * sacrorum reliquorum capsa. || Altar, vid.
SHRINK, || To contract, se contrahere : contrahi : se astringere. || To withdraw, se retrahere or removere : retro cedere : recedere : regĕdi. To shrink from, vitare : declinare : fugere ; defugere. He exhorted them not to shrink from openly declaring, etc., hortabatur, ut sine retractatione libere dicere auderent, etc. (Cicero, Tusc., 5, 29, 83).
SHRIVE, Vid. CONFESS.
SHRIVEL, || Transitively, corrugare. || Intransitively, corrugari.
SHROUD, v., Vid. SHELTER, LOP, PRUNE.
SHROUD, s., vestimentum mortui : ferale amiculum.
SHROUDS, Vid. SAILS.
SHRUB, || A low tree, frutex. A little shrub, frutex pusillus. || A kind of liquor, by circumlocution with potus, -ûs(e. g., * potus saccharo et vino Indico conditus, or retain the word for sake of perspicuity).
SHRUBBERY, fruticetum (Suetonius) : frutectum or frutetum (Col) : locus fruticosus (Plinius).
SHRUBBY, fruticosus : frutectosus.
SHRUG, s., humerorum allevatio atque contractio (Quintilianus, 12, 3).
SHRUG, v., * humeros allevare (after supercilia allevare, Quintilianus, and humerorum allevatio).
SHUDDER, s., horror. A secret shudder, terror arcanus.
SHUDDER, v., horrescere : exhorrescere (at anything, aliquid ; the latter also followed by an infinitive). I shudder, horror me perfundit ; (very much) toto corpore perhorresco : I shudder at anything, me aliquid stupidum detinet (cf. Cicero, Parad., 5, 2, 37).
SHUFFLE, || To agitate tumultuously, so that one thing is thrown into the place of another [vid. To CONFUSE]. To shuffle cards, perhaps paginas miscere or permiscere. ||To evade fair questions, etc., deverticula or deverticula flexionesque quærere (but in Cicero this is proper) : tergiversari (to twist and turn one’s self ; not to face anything fairly ; to shirk anything). Without shuffling, directe or directo (in a straightforward manner) : he answered the question in a shuffling manner, alio responsionem suam derivavit. || To play mean tricks, fabricam fingere ad aliquem : tragulam in aliquem conjicere : technis aliquem fallere (all comedy) : fraude : aliquem tentare. There is some shuffling in the matter, aliquid doli subest : there is no shuffling in it, nihil doli subest.
SHUFFLER, fraudator : homo ad fallendum paratus or instructus : circumscriptor : præstigiator : veterator (a practised deceiver).
SHUFFLING, s., dolus : dolus malus : doli atque fallaciæ : ars : artes : machinæ : fraus. [SYN. in DECEIT. ] A shuffling disposition or character, multiplex ingenium et tortuosum (Cicero, Læl., 18, 65).
SHUN, fugere : defugere (to fly from, and so keep out of the way) : vitare : devitare (to go out of the way of) : declinare (to turn aside from). To shun a battle, prœlium defugere : a danger, periculum fugere, defugere (not to expose one’s self to it) ; vitare (being exposed to it, to get out of the way in good time) : to shun anybody’s society, defugere aliquem ; defugere alicujus aditum sermonemque : to shun hurtful things, ea, quæ nocitura videantur, declinare, SHUNNING, vitatio : devitatio : evitatio (Quintilianus) : fuga (alicujus rei) : declinatio (alicujus rei).
SHUT, || Transitively, claudere (general term, fores ; oculcs, of a dying person closing them forever) : occludere (shut against a person ; e. g., ostium, januam, tabernam, ædes) : obdere (by a bar or bolt ; e. g., fores) : operire (opposed to aperire, shut by a covering, or shut up by a door ; e. g., oculos, fores, ostium, domum) : obturare (block up ; e. g., foramina) : comprimere (press together, often an act of the will ; e. g., the mouth, the eyes). To shut the eyes, pupulas claudere : Cf., oculos claudere (properly, to shut the eyes forever ; i. e., to die) ; oculos operire (to shut the eyes on going to sleep). To shut one’s eyes against anything (i. e., to avoid the necessity of noticing it), connivere in aliqua re (Cicero) : to shut one’s ears to anything, aures claudere ad aliquid (e. g., ad doctissimas voces) : to keep anything shut, aliquid clausum tenere ; (with one’s hand) manum opponere ante aliquid (e. g., ante oculos, Ovidius) : to shut one’s hand ; i. e., to double one’s fist, manum comprimere pugnumque facere : to shut one’s hand from or against the poor, pauperes or egentes non sublevare or sublevare nolle, etc. || Shut in, includere (in aliqua re). To shut in with a wall, muro (muris) sepire ; mœnibus cingere : to shut in the enemy, hostem circumvenire : hostem locorum angustiis claudere (in defiles, etc. ) : to be shut in by anything, aliqua re cingi, circumdari, contineri : to shut a river in by banks, amnem coercere ripis. || Shut up, shut up in, claudere ; concludere ; (in anything) concludere, includere in re. To shut one’s self up at home, se includere domi ; anybody up in prison, aliquem in custodiam includere : the soul is shut up in the body, animus in corpore conclusus est ; animus in compagibus corporis inclusus est : to shut up between two walls, parietibus continere or cohibere. || Shut out, excludere (properly and figuratively) ; from the city, mœnibus excludere aliquem ; from an office, excludere aliquem honore magistrates : to be shut out from all honors, omnibus honoribus exemptum esse ; from the inheritance of a brother’s property, ab hereditate fraterna excludi.
SHUTTER, foricula (Varro, 1, 59, 1) : fenestrarum lumma valvata, plural, (Vitruvius, 6, 3, 10).
SHUTTLE, radius.
SHUTTLE-COCK, * pila pennata. To play at battle-door, etc., * pila pennata ludere or se exercere : to strike the shuttle-cock, pilam (pennatam) reticulo fundere (Ovidius, A. A., 3, 6).
SHY, adjective || Timorous, pavidus : pavens : timidus : timens. A shy horse, equus pavidus (by nature) ; equus terrore pavens ; equus consternatus (frightened) : to be shy, pavere : in pavore esse. || Bashful, pudens : verecundus.
SHY, v., saltum in contraria facere (Ovidius, Met., 2, 314, of a horse). SHYLY, pavide : timide (with fear) : pudenter : verecunde (bashfully).
SHYNESS, pavor : timor (fear) : pudor : verecundia (bashfulness).
SIBILANT, sibilans : sibilus.
SIBYL, sibylla, æ, feminine.
SIBYLLINE, sibyllinus.
SICK, æger (of body or mind ; opposed to sanus, valens) : ægrotus : morbidus (sick of a disease, and thereby unable to act ; the former of persons, animals, and things personified ; as also of the mind, disordered by passion ; e. g., Terentius, Andr., 1, 2, 22, and Heaut., 1, 1, 48 : morbidus only of animals) : affectus valetudine : invalidus : infirmus : imbecillus (unwell ; frequently euphoniously for æger or ægrotus). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) invalidus et æger : æger atque invalidus : infirmus atque æger. Dangerously sick, gravi et periculoso morbo æger : to fall sick, morbo or valetudine affici, tentari, or corripi ; morbum nancisci (to be attacked by a disease) ; in morbum cadere, incidere, or delabi ; in adversam valetudinem incidere ; implicari morbo ; in morbum conjici ; morbum or valetudinem contrahere (to contract a disease) : to be sick, ægrotare (opposed to valere) ; ægrotum esse ; in morbo esse ; morbo laborare, affectum esse ; valetudine affectum esse ; morbo vexari or conflictari : ægro corpore esse ; infirma atque ægra valetudine esse (to have a sickly body) ; (very sick) graviter or gravi morbo ægrum esse ; (dangerously sick) periculose ægrotare ; (mortally sick) ægrotare mortifere ; mortifero morbo affectum esse ; novissima valetudine conflictari ; (slightly
sick) leviter ægrotare or ægrum esse : to be on a sick-bed, in lecto jacere or esse, or, from the context, simply jacere or cubare ; lecto tenere or affixum esse : to be or lie sick of anything, ægrum esse aliqua re (e. g., vulneribus ; gravi et periculoso morbo) ; ægrotare ab or ex re (e. g., ab or ex amore ; ex cupiditate gloriæ) ; cubare ex re (e. g., ex duritie alvi) ; laborare aliqua re, ab or ex aliqua re (to suffer in any part ; e. g., ex pedibus, ex renibus) : to be vid. at heart, ab animo ægrum esse ; animus ægrotat ; miserum esse ex animo (Plautus, Trin., 2, 3, 6) : to pretend to be sick, ægrum simulare ; valetudinem simulare. Attendant on a sick person, cujus curæ custodiæque (ægrotus) aliquis mandatus est (Plinius, Ep., 7, 19) ; assidens (Plinius, Ep., 1, 22, 11).
SICK-BED, grabatus [vid. BED] : from the context, simply lectus. To lie upon a sick-bed, cubare ex morbo : to attend the sick-bed of anybody, to watch and attend on him, alicui assidere (vid. the proper word ; vid. Gierig., Plinius, Ep., 1, 22, 11) ; assidere alicujus valetudini (Tacitus, Agr., 45, 5). To rise from a sick-bed, assurgere ex morbo. A physician attending the sick-bed of a patient, medicus assidens. Vid. also, SICK.
SICK-CART, (in time of a pestilence, etc. ), arcera (Legg., XIl, Tab., Gellius, 20, 1, § 25).
SICK-CHAMBER,
SICK-ROOM, Vid. circumlocution in SICK-BED.
SICKEN, || Intransitively, in morbum incidere : morbo corripi : adversam valetudinem contrahere. || Transitively, Vid. DISGUST.
SICKLINESS, ad ægrotandum proclivitas (Cicero, Tusc. 4, 12, 48) : valetudo tenuis, incommoda, infirma, infirma atque ægra, mala : valetudinis imbecillitas ; or, from the context, simply valetudo (a weak state of health) : corporis imbecillitas or infirmitas (bodily infirmity) : Cf., not invaletudo, for which Orelli has restored valetudo from Codices in all passages of Cicero, where it occurred in old editions ; vid. his remarks on Cicero, Att., 7, 2, 1. Freund marks the word as doubtful.
SICKLY, morbosus : valetudinarius : ad ægrotandum proclivis (only of persons ; respecting the latter, cf. Cicero Tusc., 4, 12, 27, 28) : invalidus : infirmus : imbecillus (Cf., imbecillis is late) : affectus valetudine. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) invalidus et æger : æger et invalidus : infirmus atque æger (of persons, also of the body or the health). To have a sickly body, et valetudine et natura esse imbecillum : to be always sickly, semper infirma atque etiam ægra valetudine esse.
SICKNESS, morbus (disease of body or mind) : ægrotatio (a diseased condition or state, so far as it shows itself, of body or mind) : causa (technical term, as an obstacle to the due operations or functions of the body) : valetudo (state of health, mostly with adversa, infirma, ægra, or with sickness implied from the context). Cf., Ægritudo, in classical prose, is only = disorder of the mind ; it denotes bodily sickness only in later writers. A contagious sickness, contagio ; lues : an epidemic sickness, pestilentia (Cf., only poetical, pestis) : a light sickness, morbus levis : a heavy sickness, morbus gravis : a dangerous sickness, morbus periculosus : not dangerous, but tedious sickness, non periculosus, sed longus morbus : sickness attacks a person, morbus aliquem opprimit ; vis morbi aliquem invadit or incessit : to die of a sickness, morbo mori ; a morbo perire ; in morbum implicitum mori or decedere : to be snatched away by sickness, morbo absumi, or consumi, or confici : to cure a sickness, morbo mederi ; morbo curationem adhibere (to wait and attend upon it) : to remove a sickness, morbum depellere ; morbum evellere : to recover from sickness, ex morbo recreari ; vires recolligere ; ex morbo convalescere : to get through a sickness, morbo defungi ; ex morbo evadere : a sickness increases, morbus or valetudo gravescit, aggravescit, or ingravescit ; morbus crescit ; morbus or valetudo increscit ; morbus fit amplior : a sickness abates, morbus minuitur, senescit ; morbus levior esse cœpit : a sickness is unabated, morbus consistit, or subsistit, or quiescit : a sickness returns, morbus repetit.
SIDE, s., || Properly, In a wide signification, surface of a body (except the upper and under), part, pars (general term : Cf., not latus in this sense). On all sides, undique ; in omnes partes ; ab omnibus partibus : on both sides, utrimque ; ultro citroque : toward every side, quoquo versus : on this side, ab, ex hac parte : on that side, ab ista parte : on this side and on that, hinc illincque ; hinc atque illinc : to this side, to that, in hanc partem, huc ; in illam partem, illuc : to different sides, in diversas, contrarias, partes : side of a hill, latus collis. If = part which anybody takes, or ought to take [vid., PART]. || Part of the body, latus (of persons, animals, or things ; opposed to frons, tergum). A pain in the side, dolor lateris, -um : to be always at anybody’s side, numquam a latere alicujus discedere : to walk by the side of anybody, a latere alicujus incedere : the sides of a ship, stamina (plural) ; costæ (Cæsar). A side of bacon, pars lardi suilli : the lying on one’s side, cubitus (plural) in latera (Plinius). || Figuratively, Party, pars : partes (plural) : to be on anybody’s side, cum aliquo esse (Cicero) ; stare ab or cum aliquo (opposed to facere adversus aliquem, Livius, Cæs. ) ; stare et sentire cum aliquo (Livius, Nepos) ; facere cum aliquo ; studere rebus alicujus ; esse partium alicujus ; studiosum esse alicujus ; sentire cum or pro aliquo (Cicero) : to have anybody on one’s side, est, facit, sentit aliquis mecum ; suum habere aliquem : to draw over to one’s side, aliquem in suas partes ducere, trahere (Tacitus) ; trahere aliquem in suam sententiam (Livius, 5, 25) ; suum facere aliquem ; aliquem ad se perducere (magnis pollicitationibus, Cicero) : to go over to anybody’s side, in partes alicujus transire (Tacitus, Hist., 1, 70) or transgredi (ibid., 4, 39) ; ad causam alicujus se adjungere (Cicero) ; accedere ad aliquem (Cœlius, ap. Cic. ) : on the side of, a, ab. || Of consanguinity, latus : genus. κυρικιμασαηικοOn my side and yours, a meo tuoque latere (Plinius, Ep., 8, 10, 3) : the father’s, mother’s side, paternum, maternum genus : on the father’s side, a patre ; si spectas genus patris ; ratione habita paterni generis : on the mother’s side, materno genere (Sallustius, Jug., 11, 3).
SIDE, adjective, lateralis : laterarius (on the side lateral) : obliquus (oblique) : transversus (transverse).
Side-looks, oculi obliqui, oculi limi. To cast side-looks at anything, oculis limis, or obliquis aspicere, or intueri aliquid. || Side-room, cubiculum continens, or junctum et continens, conclavi : cella minor (general term, a smaller room, Vitruvius).
SIDE-BLOW,
SIDE-THRUST, plaga obliqua : ictus obliquus (properly, Horatius, Od., 3, 22, 7) : obliqua oratio : obliqua sententia (figuratively, a covert or incidental allusion). To give one a side-blow, * alicui oblique plagam injicere or infligere (properly, Cf., ensem obliquare in latus, Ovidius, Met., 12, 486, is poetical) : aliquem carpere obliquis orationibus : aliquem oblique perstringere : jaculare in aliquem obliquis sententiis (figuratively). To SIDE WITH, ab aliquo stare : partibus alicujus favere : alicui studere. Vid. also, “To be on anybody’s SIDE. ” SIDE-BOARD, abacus (for display) : * tabula lateraria (a board or table placed at the side of anything for convenience).
SIDELONG, obliquus : transversus (across). To cast a sidelong glance, limis oculis aspicere, intueri, etc. (figuratively) ; mentionem alicujus rei inchoare (figuratively, to mention cursorily).
SIDERAL, sideralis ; or by circumlocution with siderum.
SIDEWAYS,
SIDEWISE, || Properly, oblique : obliquum (obliquely) : transverse : per transversum (transversely). || Figuratively, tecte : furtim : clam : clanculum (comedy). Vid. SECRETLY.
SIDLE, perhaps procedere oblique (in latus). To sidle up to anybody, ad aliquem se applicare : * ad alicujus latus se applicare.
SIEGE, obsessio : obsidio : circumsessio : conclusio (a shutting in, blockade ; obsessio also figuratively. Cf., Obsidium is not found in classical prose) : oppugnatio (a storming ; Cf., not to be confounded with expugnatio ; i. e., a taking by storm). Of or belonging to a siege, obsidionalis ; oppugnatorius : a protracted siege, longinqua obsidio ; diuturna conclusio : to make preparation for a siege, administrare quæ ad obsidionem or oppugnationem pertinent : to commence a siege, obsidionem or oppugnationem loco infene ; oppugnationem incipere (Cf., obsidia urbium capessere, Tacitus, Ann., 12, 15, extr., is poetical) : to lay siege to, obsidere ; circum sedere ; obsidionem (urbi) inferre ; in obsidione habere or tenere ; obsidione claudere, premere ; operibus cingere ; operibus claudere omnique commeatu privare (all these, to shut in, blockade, περιπροσκαθῆσθαι ; the first two, also, figuratively) ; oppugnare ; oppugnationepremere ; opera (urbi) admovere (to storm, πολιορκεῖν, προσβάλλειν) ; circumsistere (figuratively, to lay siege to anybody) : to lay siege to on all sides, corona cingere, circumdare ; corona (mœnia) aggredi ; circumvallare (to surround with a line of circumvallation a town, etc. ; the latter also an enemy) : to maintain a siege, in obsidione urbis perseverare : to protract a siege, obsidionem in
longius trahere ; hærere circa muros urbis : to raise a siege, obsidionem (oppugnationem) omittere or relinquere ; obsidione (oppugnatione) desistere : ab oppugnatione discedere ; oppido abscedere : to deliver or relieve from a siege, obsidione liberare or solvere ; (ex) obsidione eximere : to endure or stand a siege, obsidionem tolerare, ferre, pati : to take a town by siege, urbem obsidione capere ; obsidione expugnare oppidum : after a long and fruitless siege they retired from the citadel, ab arce, quum diu nequidquam oppugnata esset, recessum est : the town was taken after a siege of seven months, urbs septimo mense, quam oppugnari cœpta est, capta est (Curtius, 4, 4, 19) : to turn a siege into a blockade, consilia ab oppugnanda urbe in obsidendam vertere.
SIESTA, meridiatio (the taking of a nap at noon, Cicero, Divin., 2, 68, extr. ) : somnus meridianus (sleep at noon, as Plinius, Ep 9, 40, 2). To take a siesta, meridiari (Cf., meridiare is late) ; meridie conquiescere (Cf., diffindere diem insiticio somno meridie is a conjectural reading, Varro, R. R., 1, 2, 5).
SIEVE, cribrum. Cf., Colum = colander, strainer. A fine sieve, cribrum tenue : a very fine sieve, cribrum angustissimum et tantum transmittens (Plinius).
SIFT, || Properly, cribrare (post-Augustan) : cernere cribro or per cribrum : cribro succernere, or succernere only : excernere cribro (to separate by sifting). || Figuratively, To investigate, rem excutere : scrutari : perscrutari. Vid. EXAMINE, INVESTIGATE.
SIFTINGS, || Things sifted out, excreta, plural (Columella, 8, 4, 1) : excrementum (Columella, 8, 5, 25).
SIGH, s., suspirium : suspiritus (sighing) : gemitus (groaning). With sighs and groans, cum crebro suspiritu et gemitu : to utter a suppressed sigh, occulte suspirare (Cicero) : to suppress sighs, gemitus compescere or coniprimere : to heave a sigh or sighs ; vid. the verb.
SIGH, v., suspirare (the proper word) : gemere ; gemitus edere (to utter a loud sigh to groan). To sigh deeply, ab imo pectore suspirare or suspiria ducere (Ovidius, Met., 2, 156 ; 10, 402) ; suspiria trahere (Ovidius, Met., 2, 753) ; suspirium alte petere (Plautus, Cist., 1, 1, 18) : to sigh over or on account of anything, gemere aliquid ; ingemere or ingemiscere alicui rei : on occasion of anything, ingemiscere in aliqua re or ad aliquid ; ingemere in aliqua re : to sigh under an oppressive burden, aliqua re oppressum esse.
SIGHT, || Power of seeing, visus : sensus videndi, cernendi : sensus oculorum. A short sight, oculi non longe conspectum ferentes : a good sight, oculi acres et acuti (which see clearly) ; acies incolumis : inoffensum oculorum lumen (as good as ever it was) : a bad sight, oculi hebetiores ; obtusior or hebes oculorum acies : to lose one’s sight, aspectum, or oculos, or oculorum lumina amittere ; oculos perdere ; oculis capi : to recover one’s sight, oculi alicui restituuntur : anybody’s sight is growing bad, visus or oculorum acies hebescit [Vid. EYE]. || As a sensation, conspectus (also, the sphere of our view). To get sight of anything, aliquid conspicere ; cadit or datur mihi aliquid in conspectum : to lose sight of land (of ships), e conspectu terræ auferri : to vanish out of anybody’s sight, abire ex oculis alicujus ; recedere e alicujus conspectu (by removal to a distance) : to shun or avoid the sight of anybody, alicujus oculos or aspectum vitare ; fugere alicujus conspectum ; alicujus aspectu se subtrahere († withdraw from, not choose to be near) : get out of my sight, age illuc, abscede procul e conspectu meo (comedy) : to fly from anybody’s sight, evolare e conspectu quasi fugientem (of a fast-sailing ship) : to come in sight, sub oculos cadere ; in oculos cadere, incurrere ; sub aspectum cadere or venire ; aspectu sentiri ; in aciem prodire : beautiful to the sight, pulcher or venustus ad aspectum (Cicero) : as fur as our sight reaches, quo longissime oculi conspectum ferunt (Livius) : to be in sight, in conspectu esse : to be within sight of the town, esse in oppidi conspectu (Cicero). || Act of seeing, or state of being seen, aspectus (actively, the act of seeing) : conspectus (passively, the state of being seen ; hence, also, appearance, and the sphere of our vision) : obtutus (in a neuter sense, “the look”). OBS. intuitus is late. To know anybody by sight, aliquem de facie nosse : not to know anybody by sight, ignorare aliquem (Nepos, Arist. 1, 4) : the frequent sight of anything, consuetudo oculorum : at first sight, primo aspectu ; prima specie : anything wins our affection at first sight, aliquid statim conspectum voluntatem conciliat amoremque adjungit (Muret. ) : to decide a question or form an opinion on any subject at first sight, uno adspectu et quasi præteriens judicare de re (Cicero) ; ex prima statim fronte judicare (Quintilianus) : at sight (in “payable at sight”), perhaps * die præsenti ; die oculata (Plautus, Pseud., 1, 3, 67 ; is “with pay-day definitely before one’s eyes, ” “for ready money ;” opposed to die cæca) ; cognitis his literis (on reading this instruction or mercantile advice) ; * cognita hac syngrapha. || A thing seen, species (appearance) : aspectus, -ûs (how anything looks) : spectaculum (an exhibition, also a theatrical spectacle) : objectus, -ûs (Nepos ; coming upon us suddenly). A pleasant sight, aspectus jucundus : spectaculum gratum : to present a melancholy sight, triste spectaculum præbere alicui : tristem esse aspectu : to bear the sight of pain, terror, etc., speciem doloris, terroris, ferre or sustinere : it was a pleasant sight to the populace, gratum id spectaculum multitudini fuit (Livius) : a very interesting sight, conspectus jucundissimus (Cicero) : a magnificent sight, spectaculum magnificum (Curtius) : a sad or piteous sight, miserabilis facies (Curtius) ; miserabilis (rei) aspectus (Cicero) : a sudden or unexpected sight, repentinus objectus (Nepos) : to present a hideous sight, deformem turpemque aspectum habere : to see a sad sight, luctuosum spectaculum videre (Cicero) : what sadder sight have we ever seen? quid miserius, quid acerbius vidimus? there is no sight more beautiful than that of a well-cultivated field, agro bene culto nihil potest esse specie ornatius (Cicero) : what a sight! quale spectaculum! quæ facies! o spectaculum magnificum! o speciem miseram tristemque! at this unexpected sight, quo repentino objectu viso (Nepos, Hann., 5, 2). || In a trigonometrical instrument, * dioptra (δίοπτρα).
SIGHTLY, formosus : pulcher : venustus : speciosus : specie venusta : forma pulchra : [SYN. in BEAUTIFUL].
SIGN, s || A mark, token, signum (general term) : insigne (a characteristic mark) : nota (mark made on anything to distinguish it) : indicium (indication) ; (The words are found in this connection and order. ) indicium atque insigne : vestigium (track) ; (The words are found in this connection and order. ) nota et vestigium ; of anything, alicujus rei : the proper sign of anything, alicujus rei insigne proprium et peculiare ; proprium alicujus rei : to mark with a sign, notam apponere alicui rei ; aliquid notare ; with anything, aliqua re (e. g., columnas creta) : are these the signs of a rich, or of a poor man? hæc utrum abundantis, an egentis signa sunt? the sign (criterion) of true and false, veri et falsi nota ; insigne veri : to bear the signs of anything on one’s self, vestigiis alicujus rei notatum esse ; aliquid præ se ferre (e. g., mærorem) : sign of the Cross [vid. CROSS]. || Presage, portent, signum : indicium (an indication) : ostentum : prodigium : portentum (ostentum, general term, any uncommon appearance interpreted as significant of the future : prodigium and portentum referring to the distant future ; prodigium, any extraordinary appearance of nature ; portentum, anything which portends, especially misfortune) : omen (anything heard or seen accidentally, from which one forebodes good or evil) : augurium (drawn from the flight of birds) : A good sign, omen bonum, dextrum, secundum, faustum : a bad sign, omen triste, fœdum, funestum : to accept a sign, be satisfied with it, omen accipere ; placet omen. || Anything hung out at a door, etc., perhaps titulus. The sign over your door is, * superpositus est cellæ tuæ titulus : || Constellation, vid. || Signature, vid. || Miracle, vid.
SIGN, v., || To signify, to be a sign or token, significare : declarare. || To mark with characters, with one’s name, aliquid subnotare (to mark at the foot of anything ; e. g., one’s name) : nomen suum notare alicui rei (to put one’s name to anything ; e. g., to a letter, epistolæ, Flor., 2, 12, 10) : subscribere (to sign, to confirm by one’s signature ; with accusative and dative ; with the latter if = to accede to anything). To sign one’s name, nomen subscribere, or subscribere simply : to sign a document ; vid. DOCUMENT.
SIGNAL, s., signum. To give a signal, signum dare (general term) : signum canere (with the trumpet) : to give the signal for an attack, classicum canere (if with the trumpet) : the signal for an attack is given, classicum canit : to give or make a signal by fire, ignibus significationem facere : a signal at night, insigne nocturnum (e. g., of three lights, trium luminum, Livius, 29, 25, § 11, on board the flag ship) : a signal of distress, * periculi signum : to give or fire a signal of distress. * tormento significationem periculi facere : to fire signal guns, * tormento significationem (periculi) facere (if in a case of distress) : signal-ship, navis speculatoria ; navigium speculatorium.
SIGNAL, adjective, [Vid. DISTINGUISHED. ]A signal defeat, calamitas : obitus (as euphemistic expressions used by the Romans ; vid. the remark in ROUT).
SIGNALIZE, Vid. To DISTINGUISH.
SIGNATURE, || A sign or a mark impressed, in general [vid. SIGN]. || A person’s name signed, nominis subscriptio (as act) : nomen subscriptum (the name that has been signed). To put one’s signature to anything, aliquid subscribere : a return, verified by a person’s signature, respecting the number of acres he possessed, subscriptio ac professio jugerum. || With printers (to distinguish the sheets), perhaps nota, since we say creta notare aliquid (to mark with chalk).
SIGNET, || A seal, annulus, quo signatorio utimur (Valerius Max., 8, 14, 4, or commonly, from the context, annulus only. This was also called by the Romans symbolum, from the Greek σύμβολον ; vid. Plinius, 33, 1, 4, § 10, inasmuch as it answered to a ticket to be admitted in certain assemblies) : forma, qua signatoria utimur (a seal used instead of signing one’s name ; after Valerius Max., 8, 14, 4). A counterfeited vid. signum adulterinum : a collection of signets, dactyliotheca(δακτυλιοθήκη, Plinius, 37, 1, 5).
SIGNIFICANCY, || Meaning ; Vid. || Weight, importance ; vid.
SIGNIFICANT, significans (of words, etc. ) : efficiens (of words ; vid. Quintilianus, 10, 1, 6) : argutus (expressive of a person’s air, mien, etc. ) ; or by circumlocution with words under SIGNIFY. Vid. also, EXPRESSIVE.
SIGNIFICANTLY, significanter.
SIGNIFICATION, || Act of signifying ; by the verbs. || Meaning, significatio : vis [vid. MEANING]. A word of wide signification, vox late patens : the original signification, ea verbi significatio, in qua natum est(Gellius, 13, 29, in. ) : naturalis et principalis significatio verbi (vid. Quintilianus, 9, 1, 4) : vera atque propria significatio verbi (Gellius, 12, 13) : this is the original signification of this word, huic verbo domicilium est proprium in hoc : to depart from the original signification, ab ea verbi significatione, in qua natum est, decedere.
SIGNIFY, || To betoken, mean, significare : declarare (shoio, declare) : sonare (to sound) : valere (to avail, contain this or that sense). What does this word signify? quid sonat hæc vox? quæ vis est hujus vocis? sub hae voce quæ subjicienda est vis? to signify one and the same thing, idem significare, declarare, or valere ; idem significare ac tantumdem valere : to signify nothing, omni vi carere. || To denote, point out, significare (to denote) : indicare (to point out) alicui aliquid ; docere alicui aliquid (with a view to teach : Cf., indigitare and innuere in this sense are not Latin ; vid. Ruhnken, Muret., 2, p. 117). To signify by words, voce significare : by circumlocution aliquid circuitu plurium verborum ostendere. || To portend, significare : portendere. That signifies no good to us, id nobis triste futurum est : in omen ea res vertitur : the dream signifies unlimited dominion, somno portenditur orbis terrarum arbitrium : that signifies something ominosus. || To be of moment, valere ; vim or auctoritatem habere ; aliquo esse numero (of persons) : grave esse ; alicujus momenti esse ; aliquid momenti or discriminis habere (of things). || To signify nothing, nullo esse numero ; nullum numerum obtinere ; nihil posse or valere (of persons) : leve esse ; nullius momenti esse (of things). SILENCE, s., silentium (stillness, when everything is still ; e. g., the stillness of the night, silentium noctis) : taciturnitas (silence, as natural disposition, or as the result of a determination to be silent ; taciturnity, forbearance of speech ; vid. Cicero, ad Quint. Fr., 2, 1, 1 : “Lupus ex præsenti silentio, quid senatus sentiret, se intelligere dixit. Tum Marcellinus, Noli, inquit, ex taciturnitate nostra, Lupe, quid aut probemus hoc tempore, aut improbemus, judicare”) : intermissio, cessatio (silence ; e. g., literarum, in answering a letter) : silence gives consent, * qui tacet, consentit : to keep silence, silere ; silentium tenere or obtinere : to keep a lasting silence, diuturno uti silentio : to observe silence respecting anything, tacere de aliqua re ; silere de aliqua re ; reticere de aliqua re or aliquid (the latter more in the sense of concealing) : to pass over in silence, silentio or tacitum præterire aliquid : to order, or to enjoin, or impose silence, silentium fieri jubere ; silentium imperare ; by nodding, or waving one’s hand, manu poscere silentium : they ordered the most profound silence to be kept respecting the circumstance, rem summa ope taceri jubent : in silence, silentio ; per silentium ; cum silentio : to look at anything in silence, aliquid silentio transmittere : to put to silence, alicujus linguam retundere (of a person who complains with a loud voice ; vid. Livius, 33, 31, extr. ) : comprimere (to quell, to make quiet ; anybody, aliquem ; Plautus, Rud., 4, 4, 81, etc. ) ; one’s conscience, conscientiam animi (Cicero, De Fin., 2, 17, in. ) ; confutare (to check, to stop, to suppress ; e. g., alicujus audaciam ; then, also, to confute, to beat by argument ; e. g., anybody’s proofs, alicujus argumenta) : refutare (to make altogether invalid, to refute, to cause to fall to the ground ; e. g., tribunos) : libels, maledicta ; opprimere (to oppress, to put down ; e. g., anybody’s complaints, alicujus querelas).
Silence! quin taces! tacemodo! silete et tacete! favete linguis! or simply, favete ! SILENCE, v., || To oblige to hold peace [vid. “to put to SILENCE, ” substantive]. || To still, sedare (properly, to cause anything to settle ; hence to quell, to subdue, etc ; discord, discordias ; anybody’s complaint, lamentationem) : tranquillare (to tranquillize, to quiet ; e. g., alicujus animum; opposed to alicujus animum perturbare) : comprimere (to still rather by force, to check ; e. g., seditionem; opposed to seditionem exstinguere) : compescere (not to allow to grow, or to get the better of anybody or anything ; e. g., pain, complaints, dolorem, querelas).
SILENT, adjective, silens (of things ; properly and figuratively) : tacitus (of persons and things ; properly and figuratively) : taciturnus (of persons habitually silent). To be silent, tacere (not to speak) : silere ; silentio uti ; silentium tenere or obtinere (nut to make a noise).
SILENTLY, silentio : cum silentio (without noise, quietly) : tacite (secretly) : sedate (calmly) : quiete (quietly).
SILK, sericum : bombyx (the silk worm ; also, silk, Plinius). Clothed in silk, sericatus : silk threads, fila bombycina : silks, serica ; bombycina, -orum, nominative plural : a silk garment, vestis serica, holoserica, or bombycina : a piece of silk, panniculus bombycinus : the silk trade, negotium sericarium (after Aurelius, Vict., Vir. Ill., 72) : a silk-weaver, textor sericarius (late) : a silk-mercer, negotiator sericarius (late) : a silk-dyer, * infector sericarum : a ball of silk, * glŏmus serici.
SILKEN, sericus : bombycinus.
SILK-WORM, bombyx (Plinius).
SILKY, * serico similis, bombycius (like silk).
SILL, limen inferum (Plautus, Merc., 5, 1, 1).
SILLILY, fatue : stulte : stolide : inepte : inficete : insulse : absurde : pueriliter. Rather sillily, subabsurde : very sillily, perabsurde. SYN. in SILLY.
SILLINESS, fatuitas : stultitia (foolishness) : insulsitas : absurditas (Claudius, Mamert., 8, 11),
SILLY, fatuus : desipiens (unwise) : vecors (senseless ; these three only of persons) : stultus (foolish) : stolidus (dull, stupid) : ineptus (awkward) : insulsus (without good taste) : absurdus (absurd) : subabsurdus (somewhat absurd) : perabsurdus (very absurd ; these seven of persons or things) : puerilis (trifling ; of things). To be silly, desipere ; ineptire (especially in one’s conduct).
SILVAN, silvestris : silvaticus (Varro) : silvicola (poetical).
SILVER, s., argentum : Good, real silver, argentum probum : wrought silver, silver plate, argentum ; argentum factum ; supellex argentea : silver money, argentum ; nummi argentei : how much silver do you want? quantum opus est tibi argenti (Terentianus) : to pay in silver, argento solvere : of silver, argenteus : set in or adorned with silver, argentatus : a silver mine, metallum argenti ; metallum argentarium ; argentaria (sc. fodina) : a silver sound, sonus argenti (properly) ; sonus purissimus, suavissimus (figuratively) : white as silver, argenteus ; colore argenteo, or colons argentei.
SILVER, adjective, argenteus (of or like silver) : argentatus (covered with silver).
Silver locks, crines argentei (poetical) : capillus canus (grey hair).
SILVER, v., argento inducere aliquid ; bracteas argenteas inducere alicui rei.
SILVER-SMITH, faber argentarius (Jabol., Dig., 34, 2, 39).
SILVERY, argenteus :
Silvery hair, crines argentei (poetical) : capillus canus (grey hair).
SIMILAR, similis. Vid. LIKE.
SIMILARITY, similitudo (similitude) : convenientia : consensus : consensio : concentus (agreement ; suitableness) : congruentia (so far as the similitude depends upon or rests in the symmetry of the component parts ; the latter, Plinius, Ep., 2, 5, 1 1) : congruentia morum (of manners, character, Suetonius, Oth., 2).
Similarity of name, nominis vicinitas : there is some similarity between persons,
est similitudo inter aliquos : to bear a similarity to anybody or anything, similitudinem habere cum aliquo or cum aliqua re ; similitudo mihi est cum aliquo : there are certain points of similarity between the body and the mind, sunt quædam animi similitudines cum corpore.
SIMILE,
SIMILITUDE, similitudo : simile (general term, any comparison nearer or more remote ; to be distinguished from exemplum ; i. e., an example, with which it is frequently found in conjunction ; e. g., Cicero, De Or., 3, 53, 204 ; Auct. ad Her., 2, 29, in. ) : parabŏle (παραβολή), or pure Latin, collatio (of things different from or opposed to each other ; vid. Quintilianus, 5, 11, 23). Τo use or employ a simile, similitudine or simili quodam uti : to make similes, similitudines comparare : to keep to the same simile, ut in eodem simili verser.
SIMMER, Vid. BOIL.
SIMONY, * simonia : * munerum ecclesiasticorum nundinatio. To practise or be guilty of simony, * munera ecclesiastica nundinari.
SIMPLE, || Properly, simplex (like ἁπλοῦς, in almost all the senses of the English word) : attenuatus : nudus (without ornament ; of a speech).
Simple food, cibus simplex (not artificially prepared) : simple dress, vestis non pretiosa : the soul is a simple substance (i. e., not compounded), natura animi simplex est ; nihil in animis est mixtum atque concretum. || Plain, vid. || Artless (as praise rather than not), simplex : sine affectatione (of persons) : apertus (open-hearted ; homo, animus, etc. ) : nullo cultu (without ornament or polish ; of things) : (as blame rather than not), non artificiosus : inconditus. || Wanting art, unskillful, artis non peritus : artis ignarus. || Silly, stupidus : hebetioris ingenii. I am not so simple as to think, etc., non is sum, qui credam etc. : Cf., not simplex in this sense.
SIMPLES, herbæ medicæ or medicinales : herbæ medicinis idoneæ. Vid. also, DRUGS.
SIMPLETON, homo stultus : stipes. Vid. also, FOOL.
SIMPLICITY, simplicitas (general term, properly and improperly) : ἀτεχνία, or pure Latin nulla ars (vid. Quintilianus, 2, 20, 2 ; artlessness) : natura (nature itself ; e. g., mentis ; vid. Quintilianus 10, 2, 5) : veritas (the truth, or the simple truth ; also simplicitas in this sense).
Simplicity of expression, pressa et tenuia (nominative plural) : simplicity in dress, vestis non pretiosa : rural simplicity, rusticitas (i. e., sincerity, straightforward conduct of the peasant). || In a bad sense = silliness, stupiditas (stupidity) : ingenium hebes (slowness, dulness). Vid. also, SILLINESS.
SIMPLIFY, * simplicius aliquid reddere.
SIMPLY, || Without art (as praise), sine arte : nullo cultu : simpliciter (without anything else). || Merely, solum : tantum : modo (Cf., avoid solum rnodo) : || Foolishly, vid.
SIMULATION, simulatio (i. e., a pretending what is not ; dissimulatio is dissimulation, i. e., a concealing what really is). Vid. also, PRETENCE. SIMULTANEOUS, ejusdem temporis : temporis ejus (of that time) : eorum or eorundem temporum (of those times) : qui (quæ, quod) uno or uno et eodem tempore est or fit (that happens at the same time) : æqualis alicui or alicujus (living at the same time).
SIMULTANEOUSLY, simul : uno et eodem tempore (at one and the same time) : eodem tempore (at about the same time ; e. g., to happen or occur simultaneously, eodem tempore, quo aliud, esse or fieri ; e. g., bellum Volscorum eodem fere tempore quo Persarum bellum fuit, broke out almost simultaneously or at the same time when, etc. ). The battle was fought simultaneously in all parts, pugnatur uno tempore omnibus locis.
SIN, s., peccatum (opposed to rectum, virtus) : delictum (opposed to recte factum) : Cf., Cicero uses peccatum and delictum as synonymous ; fatetur aliquis se peccasse, et ejus delicti veniam petit, Mur., 30, 62) : flagitium (a base deed) : nefas (an unnatural, impious, horrible offence). To commit a sin, peccare ; delinquere ; peccatum, delictum, nefas admittere ; delictum committere : to live in sin, impie or flagitiose vivere : sin is the fruitful source of misery, nihil est, quod tam miseros faciat, quam impietas et scelus (Cicero).
SIN, v., Vid. the substantive, ad fin.
SIN-OFFERING, sacrificium piaculare : piaculum (as a remedy against sin).
SINCE, prep. || Because, forasmuch as, quia : quoniam : quod : quum (subjunctive) : quando : quandoquidem ; also by qui, quippe qui [SYN. in BECAUSE].
Since these things are so, quæ cum ita sint. || From the lime that, e or ex (when an intimate connection is implied) : a or ab : post (from, denoting the point of commencement).
Since that time, ex eo tempore, or simply ex eo ; ex quo tempore, or ex quo (at the beginning of a sentence) : κυρικιμασαηικοsince the time when, ex quo (in Livius and later writers ; but cum is the more classical, and should be preferred in writing Latin ; e. g., not est annus ex quo, or duo sunt anni ex quibus, but est annus, etc. cum, Krebs).
SINCE, adverb, abhinc (with an accusative when uninterrupted duration is implied ; with an ablative, when there is reference merely to the time in or during which a thing is done ; the abhinc preceding) : sometimes ante with hic. Three years since, abhinc annos tres or tribus annis : six months since, ante hos sex menses : [Cf., sometimes the ablative only : paucis bis diebus (a few days ago) ; and ante is found for abhinc without hic ; e. g., qui centum millibus annorum ante occiderunt. ] Long since, pridem (opposed to nuper, marking a distant point of time) : dudum (opposed to modo, marking a space, but only of some minutes or hours ; all often used with jam) : he died long since, jam pridem mortuus est : you ought to have been executed long since, ad mortem te duci jam pridem oportebat [Cf., not diu, which goes with the perfect definitive : jam diu mortuus est, “he has been long dead”].
SINCERE, sincerus : simplex : candidus : A sincere man, homo apertæ voluntatis, simplicis ingenii : veritatis amicus. SYN. in SINCERITY.
SINCERELY, sincere : vere : candide : simpliciter : genuine : sine dolo : sine fraude. I will speak sincerely what I think, quid ipse sentiam vere, ingenue, ex animi sententia dicam : to speak sincerely, ut ingenue or aperte dicam.
SINCERITY, sinceritas (purity or probity of mind ; without admixture, falseness, or malice) : animi candor (spotless purity of mind ; openness, true-heartedness) : simplicitas (natural, straightforward frankness ; without any double dealing) : integritas : justus sine mendacio candor (Velleius) : tua simplicitas, tua veritas, tuus candor (Plinius, Paneg. ). “With sincerity ;” vid. SINCERELY.
SINECURE, * munus sine armis, or perhaps * munus cura et negotiis vacans : * munus ab opere vacans, or munus quod cura, etc., vacat.
SINEW, nervus (properly and figuratively). Money is the sinews of war, nervi belli pecunia (Cicero).
SINEWY, nervosus.
SINFUL, pravis cupiditatibus deditus (of persons) : impius (in deos ; of persons) : improbus : flagitiosus (of persons or things). To regard a thing as sinful, nefas esse ducere.
SINFULLY, sceleste : impie : nefarie.
SINFULNESS, nefas : scelus : impietas.
SING, canere : cantare (especially according to rules of art) : cantitare (to sing often). To sing a song, carmen canere, cantare : to sing well or in tune, præclare, modulate canere : to sing badly or out of tune, absurde canere : to sing to an instrument, ad chordarum sonum cantare : (of poets) canere, cantare ; also, versus scribere, canere ; carmina facere : to learn to sing, cantare discere : to learn to sing of a master, * cantare or cantum doceri a aliquo : a good voice for singing, vox ad cantandum egregia : singing-bird, avis canora : to sing at sight, ab oculo canere (after Petronius, 75, 4) : to sing often, cantitare : to sing again, recanere (Cicero) ; recinere (Horatius) ; recantare (Mart. ) : to sing well, canere suaviter et modulate : to sing in parts, or in concert, concinere ; concentum facere(Cicero) : to sing without accompaniment, assa voce canere (Varro) : to sing with an accompaniment, vocem sociare nervis (Ovidius) : || Transitively, To celebrate in song, aliquem carmine celebrare : alicujus laudes or de alicujus laudibus canere ; alicujus facta canere (of praising his achievements) ; anybody’s name in one’s writings, nomen alicujus celebrare scriptis ; memoriam alicujus scriptis prosequi (the latter if the person is dead).
SINGE, adurere : amburere (all round). To singe the beard with a hot coal, barbam adurere candente carbone : to singe a pig, suem, ex tenuibus lignis flammula facta, glabrare (Columella, 12, 45, 4).
SINGER, cantator (Mart. ) : feminine, cantatrix (Claudian) : qui, quæ canit, etc.
SINGING, cantus, -ûs (the act of singing) : ars canendi (the art of singing).
SINGLE, || Sole, alone, unus : solus (properly) : unicus : singularis (in genere) ; also, figuratively = distinguished, unique. Not a single one, nemo unus ; nemo fuit omnino militum quin vulneraretur (there was not a single soldier but, etc., Cæsar) : a single time, semel : not a single time, ne semel quidem : for this single reason, hac una de causa : single combat, certamen singulare. || Not double, simplex. In (a) single line (of ships : , etc. ), simplici directa
acie ; simplicibus ordinibus (cf. B. Alex., 37, 3 : B. Afr., 13, 2 ; 59, 2). || Unmarried, cœlebs (of a man) : innupta (of a woman).
SINGLE OUT, v., Vid. CHOOSE, SEPARATE.
SINGLY, singulatim or singillatim (Cicero) ; sometimes sigillatim (Suetonius). SINGULAR, || Of which there is but one, unus : solus (properly, alone, only one) : unicus : singularis (also improperly = distinguished). || Excellent ; vid. || Strange, surprising, mirus : mirabilis (that causes astonishment) : novus (new, that did not exist or was not seen heretofore) : singularis (strange in its kind). A singular mistake, novus error : many of them have singular ideas, quibusdam miserabilia quædam placuerunt : it seems or appears very singular to me, permirum mihi videtur : that saying seems rather a singular one, hoc dictu est difficilius (vid. Cicero, Ecl., p. 199) ; or hoc nescio quomodo dicatur (vid. Cicero, Tusc., 2, 20, 47) : it is singular how, etc., mirabile est, quam, with subjunctive :
Singular! mira narras or memoras! (you are telling us strange things) : in a singular manner, mire ; mirum in modum : a singular thing, * res mira or nova : he has many singular ways or habits, * in multis rebus ab aliorum more plane discedit : it would be a singular thing, if, etc., mirum (est) si or nisi, etc. : it is singular that, etc., mirum est, quod, etc. : is it not very singular indeed? nonne monstri simile est? a singular fellow, * mirum caput : a man of a singular character, * homo mirabiliter moratus.
SINGULARITY, * singularis ratio or natura. On account of the singularity of the case, quum res in suo genere sit singularis.
SINGULARLY, unice (with reference to one case, and no other) : mire, mirum in modum (in a singular or strange manner) : singulariter (in a singular mode, peculiarly).
SINISTER, (literally, “to the left, ” hence =) Unlucky [vid. CALAMITOUS]. || Bad, perverse [vid. CORRUPT]. || Deviating from honesty, unfair ; vid. DISHONEST.
SINK, s., latrina (for impurities). Vid., also, SEWERS.
SINK, v., || Intransitively, Properly, sidĕre (to go to the bottom) : considĕre (to see down together) : desidĕre (to go downward) : residĕre : subsidĕre (to go down gradually) : mergi : demergi (to go down in water ; to be sunk, as ships, etc. ). To be sunk in a deep sleep, somno mergi (Livius, 41, 3) ; artus somnus aliquem complectitur (Cicero, Somn., 2). || Figuratively, To fall, go to ruin, cadere : considere : corruere (quickly, violently) : labi : exstingui : demergi : inclinari : one’s courage sinks, animum demittere or submittere ; animo cadere or deficere : he is sunk deeply in depravity, est moribus admodum corrupts ; prorsus a virtute descivit : to sink below the level of the brutes, omnem humanitatem ita exuere, ut vix bestiæ æquiparandum sit aliquis : sinking Latinity, Latinitas labens (opposed to florens ; Ruhnken). || Transitively, demittere : submittere. To sink a well, puteum fodere (Plautus), effodere (Columella), imprimere (Pallad. ). To sink a ditch, fossam deprimere : to sink a ship, navem deprimere (the proper word, summergere †) : he sank a ship at the entrance of the harbor (i. e., to block up the entrance), faucibus portus navem (onerariam) summersam objecit (Cæsar, B. C., 3, 39, 2) : the cheeks sink in, genæ labuntur (Seneca, Hipp., 364) : sunk eyes, oculi concavi, conditi, abditi, or latentes.
SINLESS, insons : sceleris purus ; or by circumlocution.
SINNER, qui (quæ) peccavit or deliquit : homo impius, improbus, or flagitiosus : mulier impia, improba, or flagitiosa SIP, v., || Properly, sorbere : sorbillare (Terentianus, App. ) : summum poculum libare (after Vergilius, Georg., 4, 54). To sip a little wine (in order to taste it), degustare vinum. || Figuratively, primis or primoribus labris gustare or attingere aliquid (Cicero).
SIP, s., sorbitio ; or by the verb.
SIPHON, sipho, -onis, masculine : diminutive, siphunculus (vid. Gierig., Plin. Ep., 10, 35, 2). SIPPET, frustum (panis). SIR, || Common title of respect, domine (under the emperors ; vid. Ruhnken, ad Sen. Ep., 3, 1). || Title of a knight, eques : of a baronet, * baronettus.
SIRE, Vid. FATHER.
SIREN, siren, -enis, feminine. A siren song, sirenum cantus (properly) ; illecebræ (figuratively, allurement) : to be deceived by the siren song of pleasure, irretiri corruptelarum illecebris ; deleniri illecebris voluptatis.
SIRNAME, cognomen (perhaps not cognomentum in Cicero ; vid. Orelli, Cic., Fin., 2, 5, 15). To take a sirname, cognomen sumere or trahere (ex aliqua re) : to have a sirname, cognomen habere ; cognomine appellari ; est alicui cognomen (with the sirname following in nominative or dative, rarely in the genitive). Cf., In Roman names, cognomen was the family name, which was joined or added to the nomen, or name of the gens or clan ; e. g., M. (prænomen) Tullius (nomen), Cicero, (cognomen). The cognomen was sometimes followed by an agnomen, or additional title, as Scipio Africanus.
SIROCCO, atabulus (vid. Heindorf, Hor., Sat., 1, 5, 78) : auster (poetical, Horatius, Sat., 2, 2, 41).
SIRRAH! furcifer! scelus! SISTER, soror : diminutive, sororcula ; soror parva.
Sister-in-law, glos (Jurisconsulti) : a father’s sister, etc., ; vid. AUNT.
SISTERLY, sororius. A sisterly kiss, osculum sororium (†). SIT, || Properly, sedere. To sit long, persedere : to sit at or near anything, assidere alicui rei (Cicero) : to sit on a horse, in equo sedere (Cicero) ; insidere (Livius) ; hærere (C, to sit firmly) : to sit at table, accubare, accumbere in convivio (in the Roman sense) : to sit still, quietum sedere ; se non movere loco : to sit in the Senate, or on a bench (of magistrates), sedere : sedem or locum habere in senatu, in judicio. || Figuratively, sedere, hærere (to be at rest, or to remain long in a place) : to sit closely at or long over anything, occupatum esse aliqua re ; assidue, studiose tractare aliquid : to sit before a place (of besiegers), ad urbem sedere : to sit upon eggs, iucubare ovis or ova ; fovere ova : to sit apart, in different places, non una sedere (vid. Cicero, Mil., 20, 54. Cf., Dissidere is not found in this sense). To sit out a play, * fabulam ad finem usque spectare.
SIT DOWM, considere : residere : subsidere : assidere (to sit down by the side of others already seated). To sit down at table, recumbere (to recline, according to the ancient custom) : discumbere (to recline ; said of several) : to sit down by the side of anybody, propter aliquem considere : to bid anybody sit down by the side of anybody, aliquem propter aliquem assidere jubere.
SIT DOWN TO PLAY, ad talos (tesseras, etc. ) se conferre.
SIT UP, non ire cubitum (not to go to bed) : vigilare : pervigilare noctem (to pass the night awake). To sit-up to the last, postremus cubitum eo (opposed to primus cubitu surgo).
SITE, situs, -ûs (situation) : area (place to be occupied with building).
SITTING, || Act of sitting, sessio : consessus (of several). || Assembly for deliberation, etc., sessio (used by Ulpianus, of the sitting of the prætor) : consessus : concilium (of a deliberate assembly). A sitting of the Senate, senatus (Cf., not sessio senatus). A sitting of a learned society, etc., acroasis : to hold such a sitting, acroasin facere : sitting-up (for study), lucubratio.
SITUATE, || Having a certain position, positus : situs. To be situate, jacere (general term, of countries and places, of natural or artificial localities ; especially of those in low positions) : situm esse, positum esse (the former of both natural and artificial localities ; vid. Cicero, Verr., 4, 48, 106 ; the latter only of artificial localities, and especially the more elevated) : to be situate at or near a place, aliquem locum adjacere ; aliquem locum tangere, attingere, contingere (general terms) ; alicui loco applicatum, appositum esse (of artificial localities) : to be situate in a place, in aliquo loco jacere, situm esse, positum esse : to be situate over against a place, e regione or ex adverso alicujus loci jacere, situm esse : to be situate toward a place, jacere, situm esse ad aliquem locum versus (general term) ; prospicere aliquem locum ; prospectum dare ad aliquem locum (to have a prospect toward) : to be situate round about a place, circa aliquem locum in orbem situm esse ; aliquem locum ambire (both, e. g., of islands) : to be situate under a place, alicui loco subjacere ; jacere sub aliquo loco : to be situate above, etc., jacere supra, etc. : to be situate before or in front of a place, jacere, situm esse ante aliquem locum. || In certain circumstances, comparatus : affectus : or by circumlocution with res : Vid. CIRCUMSTANCE.
SITUATION : Vid. POSITION.
SIX, sex : seni, -æ, a (distributive, six at each time, six to each ; e. g., senos viros singuli currus vehebant ; especially with substantives used only in the plural ; e. g., senas literas uno tempore accepi, six letters ; æstus maris senis horis reciprŏci, every six hours). Consisting of six, senarius : at six o’clock, hora sexta : six or seven, sex septem ; sex aut septem : twice six, bis sex : six years old, sexennis : the number six, numerus senarius (Macrobius) : the six on dice, senio (Suetonius) : six times, sexies : six hundred, sexcenti ; (with substantive found only in plural) sexceni
; (distributive) sexceni : one of a body or committee of six, sevir : six years after the taking of Veii, sexennio post Veios captos : every six years, sexto quoque anno ; transactis senis annis : six twelfths, semis : to drive six horses, sejugibus vehi : he did not do it till he had been reminded six times, sexies admonitus fecit : six-fold, sexies tantum (vid. Cicero, Verr., 3, 43, 102 ; Cf., not sextuplus) : six-fingered, sex or senis digitis ; sedigitus ; cui in manibus digiti seni : a six-pounder, * tormentum globis senûm librarum mittendis aptum : six-oared, hexeris (Livius) ; sex remis instructus : a house six stories high, domus sex tabulationes habens (after Vitruvius 5, 5, 7) : consisting of six parts, sex partibus constans ; sextantarius (Plinius).
SIXTEEN, sedecim (Terentianus) : sexdecim : decem et sex ; (distributive) seni deni.
Sixteen times, sedecies : sixteen hundred, sedecies centum : sixteen years old, sexdecim or decem et sex annorum : boys of sixteen, pueri senum denum annorum.
SIXTEENTH, sextus decimus. A sixteenth part, pars sexta decima.
SIXTH, sextus. Every sixth, sextus quisque : one sixth, a sixth part of anything, sextans ; sexta pars : for the sixth time, sextum.
SIXTHLY, sexto.
SIXTIETH, sexagesimus.
SIXTY, sexaginta : (distributive) sexageni, -æ, -a.
Sixty years old, sexagenarius ; sexaginta annorum ; sexaginta annos natus : sixty times, sexagies : sixty thousand, sexagies mille ; sexaginta millia.
SIZAR, * sizator, quem vocamus or qui dicitur.
SIZE, s., || Bulk, amplitudo : magnitude : moles (mass) : sometimes forma. In a smaller size, minore charta (on smaller paper) ; minore tabella (on a smaller tablet ; of pictures ; vid. Plinius, 35, 10, 36, no. 5, § 72, pinxit et minoribus tabellis libidines) : of the size of a memorandum-book, ad paginas et formam memorialis libelli (Suetonius, Cæs., 56). || Glutinous substance, gluten : glutinum.
SIZE, v., || To make of due size, cause to fit, accommodare aliquid alicui rei or ad aliquid. || To besmear with size, glutinare (e. g., chartas, Plinius) : glutine tegere (Prudentius, glutino).
SIZEABLE, by circumlocution with justa magnitudo or amplitudo.
SKATE, v., in soleis ferreis currere (Wyttenback) : * soleis ferratis per glaciem transcurrere.
SKATER, * soleis ferratis per glaciem transcurrens.
SKATES, || A kind of shoes or pattens used for sliding on the ice, * soleæ ferratæ. || A fish, * squalus squatina (Linnæus).
SKATING, * soleis ferratis per glaciem decurrendi exercitatio, studium.
SKELETON, corpus nudis ossibus cohærens (in plural also nudis ossibus cohærentia ; vid. Seneca, Ep., 24, 17) : ossa, -ium, neuter (the bones ; e. g., belluæ, lacertarum et serpentium). Cf., Sceletus, δκελετός, is = a dried body, a mummy ; cf. Appuleius, Met., 315, 2 and 9, with 314, 34, sq. He is a mere skeleton, vix ossibus hæret (Vergilius, Ecl., 3, 102) ; ossa atque pellis totus est (Plautus, Aul., 3, 6, 28). Improperly, homo (e. g., senex) macie et squalore confectus.
SKELETON-KEY, clavis adulterina (general term for false key).
Some think clavis Laconica was a skeleton-key ; vid. Dic. Antiq., 238.
SKETCH, s., adumbratio (whether with pencil, etc., or in words) : forma alicujus rei adumbrata (Cicero). Kraft gives delineatio ; brevis descriptio. Ichnographia in Vitruvius, only. To give a mere sketch of anything, formam ac speciem alicujus rei adumbrare : to give a mere sketch of history, tantummodo summas attingere (opposed to res explicare ; vid. Brem., Nepos, Pelop., 1, 1).
SKETCH, v., formam alicujus rei lineis describere : speciem or imaginem alicujus rei lineis deformare : imaginem alicujus rei delineare (properly) : adumbrare aliquid (properly, of a sketch partly shaded ; vid. Freund, sub voc. ; also improperly, of graving tools or words) : partes alicujus rei disponere (to arrange the separate component parts) : delineare aliquid (to draw an outline of it) : brevirer paucis describere aliquid : to merely sketch anything [vid. “to give a mere sketch”] : to sketch figures, etc., in outline, extrema corporum facere or pingere et desinentis picturæ modum includere (of mere outlines, Plinius, 35, 10, 36) : to sketch out, delineare, designare (to draw in outline ; designare, also, figuratively, verbis) ; primis velut lineis designare (in a speech, Quintilianus, 4, 2, 120) ; describere (to describe in outline) ; adumbrare (to represent with a due mixture of light and shade ; figuratively, to represent in due manner, dicendo) : to sketch out a work, * rationem operis describere : to sketch out a speech, primas velut lineas orationis ducere ; orationis partes disponere : to sketch out a plan of anything, rationem alicujus rei describere or designare (e. g., belli).
SKETCHING, * ars delineandi or deformandi.
SKEWER, s., * acus (lignea).
SKEWER, v., * acu (lignea) transflgere.
SKIFF, s., scapha (especially a ship’s boat) : cymba (a small boat to navigate a lake, for fishing, etc. ) : alveus ; lembus (flat-bottomed) : linter (canoe) : navicula : navigiolum : actuariolum : lenunculus.
Sometimes navis : navigium.
SKIFF, v., * scaphâ or cymbâ navigare.
SKILL, habilitas (especially bodily dexterity) : habitus (when one is, as it were, at home in an art, etc. ; vid. Cicero, Invent., 1, 25, 86) : ars (skill in an art) : usus alicujus rei (practice and experience) : exercitatio (readiness, or knowledge acquired by exercise ; vid. Quintilianus, 10, 5, 19) : facultas (ability, power of doing anything) : ingenium ad aliquid aptum or habile (natural talent for anything. Cf., Ingenii dexteritas, or simply dexteritas, ad aliquid = dexterity, address, worldly wisdom ; vid. Livius, 28, 18 ; 37, 7, extr. Gellius, 13, 16 ; in the sense of “skill, ” general term, it is not Latin) : sollertia (cleverness, talent) : docilitas, ingenium docile (aptness to learn, docility) : peritia alicujus rei (insight into a thing) : scientia alicujus rei (acquaintance with a thing) : eruditio : doctrina (scientific education and knowledge). To have or possess skill in anything, habilem or aptum esse ad aliquid ; natum esse ad aliquid : with skill, scite ; scienter.
SKILLFUL, bonus (as one ought to be) : qui aliquid commode facit (that does anything well or properly) : qui aliquid scienter facit (that does anything with skill or knowledge of the art) : arte insignis (distinguished in the practice of an art ; e. g., medicus arte insignis) : peritus alicujus rei (that has knowledge of a thing ; Cf., always with a genitive of that in which a person is skilled) :
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exercitatus in aliqua re (practised, well versed ; Cf., always with in and an ablative of that in which one is skilful ; e. g., homines in rebus maritimis exercitati) : eruditus (learned, trained) : dexter (adroit, dexterous ; perhaps post-Augustan, in prose) : ingeniosus (inventive, fertile in expedients or new ideas) : sollers (possessing inventive power and practical genius). In a skilful manner ; vid. SKILLFULLY.