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PURPOSE, v., || To design, intend, spectare aliquid or ad aliquid, or with ut (to intend) : quærere aliquid (to try to reach anything, to aim at) : propositum habeo or est mihi aliquid (or with infinitive, I have proposed to myself) : cogitare aliquid (or with infinitive, to think of anything) : animo intendere (with accusative of a pronoun, or with ut, or with infinitive) : animum intendere ad or in aliquid (to direct one’s thoughts to) : tendere ad aliquid (to be striving after) : id agere, ut (to be actually at work to, etc. ). He could not accomplish what he purposed doing, quod intenderat, non efficere poterat. || To resolve ; vid., To DETERMINE.

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PURPOSELY, consulto ; data or dedita opera ; de industria ; ex industria (Livius) ; But instead of an adverb, we frequently find an adjective agreeing with the substantive of person who purposely does anything ; as, prudens, sciens ; prudens et sciens ; sciens prudensque (e. g., facere aliquid) ; or agreeing with the thing which is purposely done ; e. g., cogitatum ; consulto et cogitatum (e. g., fit aliquid) : not purposely, per imprudentiam.

PURSE, sacculus ; marsupium (sacculus, properly, any little sack or bag ; then = marsupium, money-bag, purse, which was only a small leathern bag, often closed by being drawn together at the mouth) : crumena (money-bag, usually worn round the neck, Plautus, As., 3, 3, 67 ; Truc., 3, 1, 7) : zona (the girdle to which a purse was fastened, or which was so folded as to serve the purpose of a purse : so, also, cingulum) : loculi : area : theca nummaria (money chest) : follis (any leathern bag). A full purse, marsupium bene nummatum : an empty purse, crumena deficiens (†) : to put money in a purse, nummos in crumenam demittere : to empty one’s purse, exinanire : to fill it, implere (both Varro, of fish-ponds, the produce of which fills or empties the purse, according to its abundance or deficiency) : to empty one’s whole purse, marsupium exenterare (comedy) : to open one’s purse (i. e., to draw money out of it), thecam nummariam retegere (Cicero) : out of one’s purse, e peculiaribus loculis suis (e. g., donare aliquid) : privato sumtu (at one’s own cost ; e. g., bellum gerere) ; impendio privato (to one’s own loss ; e. g., fidem publicam exsolvere) ; de suo (e. g., numerare pecuniam) ; suis opibus (from one’s own resources ; e. g., juvare aliquem). To consider anybody’s purse one’s own, alicujus area non secus ac mea utor : his purse is open to everybody, nulli deest res ejus familiaris : to make a purse for himself, perhaps * suo privato compendio servire ; * suis rebus or rationibus consulere : they have a common purse, pecuniæ conjunctim ratio habetur : a cut-purse, sector zonarius (Plautus).

PURSE-PROUD, pecuniæ confidens : pecunia superbus (Horatius Ep., 4, 5).

PURSUANCE, by circumlocution with the verbs. In pursuance of, secundum ; ex ; pro ; ad. Vid. ACCORDING TO.

PURSUE, persequi ; prosequi ; consectari ; insequi ; insectari ; insistere or instare alicui : I will pursue the subject, pergam atque insequar longius (Cicero). Vid. also, CHASE.

PURSUER, By the verb, (insecutor, late).

PURSUIT, || Act of pursuing, insectatio ; consectatio. || That which one follows, an occupation, employment ; studium.

PURSY, * obesus atque anhelus.

PURTENANCE, exta, -orum, nominative plural.

PURULENT, purulentus (Celsus).

PURVEY, obsonari. Vid. also, PROVIDE.

PURVEYOR, obsonator (Plautus, Seneca, Mart. ).

PUS (medical term), pus, puris, neuter.

Pus forms, pus oritur : to turn to pus, in pus verti, converti, or vergere : to ripen pus, pus maturare, citare : to promote or assist the formation of pus, pus movere : full of pus, purulentus.

PUSH, v., pellere ; trudere : to push forward, propellere ; protrudere : to push out, expellere ; pellere ex : to push on ; vid. IMPEL, EXCITE.

PUSH, s., pulsus ; petitio (thrust) : when it comes to the push, ubi ad rem, ad discrimen pervenerit ; ubi res in discrimen deducta fuerit (Bau. ) : to make a push, conari, audere.

PUSHING, importunus ; immodestus ; molestus.

PUSILLANIMITY, animi demissio or (stronger) infractio ; animi contractio, imbecillitas ; animus parvus, demissus, fractus, imbecillus (Cicero) ; also, simply contractio (Cicero).

PUSILLANIMOUS, qui est animi parvi ; qui est animo debilitatus et abjectus ; fractus ; demissus.

PUSILLANIMOUSLY, animo abjecto, demisso, fracto ; demisse ; abjecte ; timide ; humiliter (Cicero).

PUSTULE, pusula (Plinius) ; pustula (Celsus).

PUSTULOUS, pustulosus (Celsus) ; pusulosus (Columella).

PUT, ponere ; collocare. [Vid. also, PLACE, SET. ]You will put yourself out of court, ipse te impedies ; ipse tu defensione implicabere (Cicero).

PUT AWAY, ponere ; deponere (to lay down) ; abjicere (to cast away) ; exuere (to put off). To put away childish things, nuces relinquere (proverb, Pers., 1, 10).

PUT BY, [Vid. LAY BY. ] || Divorce, vid.,

PUT IN, ponere in loco (properly) ; in locum (figuratively ; e. g., in historiam (Cicero) ; imponere in aliquid or in aliquo loco (the ablative very rare ; in navem, in plaustrum, etc. ; in equuleo, Valerius Max. Vid. Haase ad Reisig., note 573) ; deponere apud aliquem (to deposit for safety) ; ponere, pangere, depangere, plantare, deplantare (to set, plant) ; infigere (to fix or drive in claws, teeth). To put windows or doors in a house, fenestras, ostia, in ædes imponere (Julianus, Dig., 6, 1, 9).

PUT OFF, || (properly) ponere, deponere (to lay down) ; exuere (e. g., vestem) ; abjicere (to cast away). To put off a garment, vestem ponere, or deponere, or abjicere (of a garment thrown or wrapped round one) ; vestem exuere (of a garment drawn on). || To sell, extrudere (merces). || To defer, procrastinate, differre, proferre, conferre (with this difference, that with differre the term may be definite or indefinite ; with proferre and conferre, for which we rarely find transferre, the term is always definite) ; procrastinare, (The words are found in this connection and order. ) differre et procrastinare (to put off to the next day, especially in a dilatory way) : producere, prolatare (to delay, procrastinate) : rejicere, reservare (to reserve for another time what ought to be done now). To put off from one day to another, diem ex die ducere or prolatare : to put off for some days, aliquot dies proferre or promovere ; prodere (nuptias) aliquot dies. ç

PUT ON, imponere, alicui or alicui rei (e. g., alicui coronam) superponere alicui rei (e. g., capiti decus) ; apponere aliqua re (e. g., lumen mensa) ; aptare, accommodare alicui rei or ad aliquid (e. g., sibi coronam ad caput) : to put on a hat, causiam capiti aptare ; caput operire or adoperire (general term, to cover the head) : to put on his cap again, pileum capiti reponere : to put on a helmet, galeam inducere (Cf., induere is bad ; vid. Herzog, Cæs., B. G., 2, 21) : to put on a hood, calanticam capiti accommodare : to put food on the table, cibos apponere ; mensam epulis exstruere : to put on the dessert, mensam secundam apponere : to put on colors (on a picture), (picturæ) inducere colores : to put on clolhes (on another person), induere alicui vestem or aliquem veste (opposed to exuere alicui vestem) ; on one’s self, calceos et vestimenta sumere ; induere sibi vestem ; se amicire (only of clothes wrapped about one, as the toga, never of those drawn on) : he puts on his shoes and his clothes, et calceabat ipse sese et amiciebat (Suetonius, Vesp., 21).

PUT OUT, || To expel, movere ; removere ; submovere : to put out of office, loco suo aliquem movere (in general) ; removere, amovere, or submovere aliquem a munere (especially from offices of state) : to put a magistrate out of office, abrogare or abolere alicui magistratum (both in the Roman sense ; abolere with the notion of putting out finally) : to put one out of power, a republica aliquem removere : to put a governor out of office, aliquem provincia demovere ; aliquem expellere potestate : to be put out of office, successorem accipere (to receive a successor) : || To extinguish (fire), exstinguere (general term, nocturnum lumen ; incendium, etc. ) ; restinguere ; compescere (incendium). || To dislocate (vid. ), extorquere (with or without suo loco) ; ossa suis sedibus movere ; luxare. || To place at interest, fenerari fenore occupare or collocare (to lend out money) : to put out money to anyone at interest, pecuniam alicui fenori dare ; pecuniam apud aliquem occupare (with or without fenore ; vid. Mœb., Cic., Man., 2, 4) : to put out one’s money safely, certis or rectis nominibus pecuniam collocare or expendere nummos (cf., Horatius, Ep., 2, 1, 105) : to put out money at two, four, five per cent, interest, fenerari pecuniam binis, quaternis, quinis centesimis (vid. Cicero, Verr., 3, 70, 165) ; at high interest, grandi fenore pecuniam occupare ; at higher, graviori fenore pecuniam occupare. || To publish, edere [vid.

RUBLISH]. || To disconcert, perturbare ; confundere.

PUT OVER, transmitter ; trajicere : to be put over, transmitti, etc. (Cæsar).

PUT TO, jungere ; adjungere : to put to the horses, equos curru jungere or carpento subjungere : to put to the oxen, juvencos plaustro jungere. Vid. also, LAY BY, REFER.

PUT TO DEATH, Vid. KILL.

PUT TO SEA, solvere navem, or simply solvere (poetically, vela ventis dare) : with a fleet, classe proficisci ; classe navigare (but the latter only when the place to which one sails is named ; e. g., in Macedoniam) : a terra solvere (Put off from land) : e portu proficisci (of the person or ship) : e portu exire, prodire (also without e portu, of the ship) : naves e portu educere, classem deducere (of the admiral).

PUT UNDER, supponere (to lay under) ; subjicere (to throw under) ; subdere (to place under) ; substernere (to spread under) ; alicui rei or sub aliquid.

PUT UP, || To start (an animal), feram excutere
cubili (Plinius, Pan. ) ; excire e cubili (Livius) ; bestiam excitare (Cicero) ; (leporem) exagitare (Ovidius) ; (cervum nemorosis latibulis) excitare (Phædrus). || To expose publicly for sale, aliquid venale proponere, or simply proponere. || To offer one’s self as a candidate, munus, magistratum, petete ; munus rogare, ambire : to put up for, ambire, petere, expetere ; exposcere, orare, aliquid. || To build, erect, vid.

PUT UP AT, devertere, deverti, deversari ; with anyone, ad or apud aliquem ; anywhere, ad or in locum. Cf., Divertere can be used only of several persons, who separate and go one to one place, one to another. Vid. Goerenz., Cic., Fin., 5, 2, 5, p. 534.

PUT UP TO, || To give a hint of (in vulgar language), indicare alicui aliquid ; docere alicui aliquid. (Cf., Not indigitare or innuere. ) || To excite, vid.

PUT UP WITH, æquo animo recipere (e. g., injuriam) ; tacitus habet injuriam (he puts up with it) : devorare (to swallow it, hominum ineptias stultitias ; paucorum dierum molestiam, etc. ) : hardly to be able to put up with, ægre ferre.

PUT UPON [vid.

RUT ON, IMPOSE], to put honor upon, honore aliquem afficere ; alicui honorem habere, tribuere : to put all honor upon, omni honore afficere, ornare aliquem ; summa observantia colere aliquem.

PUTREFACTION, putor (Cato) ; putredo (Appuleius) : to cause putrefaction, putrefacere.

PUTREFY, putrescere ; putescere (Columella) ; putrefieri (Lucretius) ; vitiari (Plinius).

PUTRID, putridus, putidus (Cicero) ; puter (Celsus).  PUTTY, * gluten or glutinum vitreariorum.

PUZZLE, v., impedire : turbare : conturbare : obturbare : anything puzzles us sadly, aliquid nos acriter torquet (Cœlius, ap. Cic. ) : to be puzzled with anything, impediri, implicari aliqua re : to be puzzled to know what to do, incertum esse, quid faciam : to be puzzled how to do anything, aliquis magna difficultate afficitur, qua ratione aliquid faciat.

PUZZLE, s., || State of confusion, dubitatio (doubt) : angustiæ : difficultas. To be in a puzzle, incertus or dubius sum, quid faciam, etc. ; in angustiis esse : we have got into a sad puzzle, incidimus in difficilem nodum (Cœlius, ap. Cic., Fam., 8, 11). || Something proposed to try ingenuity, lusoria quæstio (Plinius, as problem proposed) : * lusus ad acuenda puerorum ingenia accommodatus (as general term) ; or * nodus quidam in lusum oblatus or offerendus (aliquid in lusum offerre, Quintilianus). Dissecting puzzles, perhaps * figuræ sectiles pueris in lusum offerendæ.

PUZZLING, obscurus ; perplexus ; ambiguus.

PUZZLINGLY, obscure ; perplexe ; per ambages.

PYGMÆAN,

PYGMY, pygmæus (Ovidius, Juv. ).  PYRAMID, pyramis, -idis, feminine ; meta (= a cone, conical figure).  PYRAMIDAL, * pyramidis formam habens ; * in pyramid is formam redactus, erectus ; in pyramidis modum ercrtus (Curtius : pyramidatus, once in Cicero, omitted in ed. Ern. ) ; (collis) in modum metæ in acutum cacumen fastigatus (Livius).  PYRE, rogus (Cicero) ; pyra (Vergilius). Vid. Funeral PILE.

PYRITES, pyrites, -æ, masculine (Plinius).

PYROTECHNIC, * pyrotechnicus (technical term).  PYROTECHNY, * ars ignium artificiorum fingendorum ; * ars pyrotechnia (technical term).

PYRRHONISM, dubitandi or omnia in dubium revocandi studium ; * omnia in dubium incertumque vocandi or revocandi libido.

PYX, pyxis, -idis, feminine.  Q.  QUAB (a kind of fish), gadus loba (Linnæus).  QUACK, v., || To cry as a duck, tetrinnire (Auct. Carm. ad Phil. ). || To brag, se jactare ; insolenter gloriari ; gloriosius de se prædicare. [Vid. also, BRAG. ] || To practice medicine as a quack, * pharmacopolarum more medicinam exercere ; * pharmacopolæ negotium exercere. || To take quack medicine, * pharmacopolam morbo adhibere ; * malis medicamentis uti.  QUACK, s., || Irregular medical practitioner, pharmacopola circumforaneus ; empiricus(sc. medicus, deriving his knowledge from practice only) ; medicus artis suæ parum peritus. || An empty boaster, jactator ; ostentator ; homo vaniloquus ; homo vanus or gloriosus. Vid. BRAGGART.  QUACKERY, || Art of irregular medical practitioner, * circulatoriæ medicamentorum venditiones. || Empty boasting, circulatoria jactatio : of literary men, etc., circulatoria literatorum vanitas ; ostentatio artis et portentosa scientiæ venditatio.  QUADRAGESIMA, * Dominica Quadragesima : Invocavit (ecclesiastical).  QUADRAGESIMAL, quadragesimalis (ecclesiastical).  QUADRANGLE, quadratum (Cicero) ; quadrangulum (Gloss. ).  QUADRANGULAR, quadrangulus : quadratus (square).  QUADRANT, || The fourth part, quadrans ; quarta pars. || An instrument for taking altitudes, * quadrans (technical term).  QUADRATE, s., quadratum ; figura quadrata.  QUADRATE, v., quadrare ad or in rem, or absolutely, (Cicero) ; congruere cum re or alicui rei ; convenire ad rem ; convenientem, aptum consentaneumque esse alicui rei.  QUADRATURE, quadratura (e. g., circuli, Appuleius).  QUADRIENNIAL, quadriennis (Aurelius, Vict. : Cf., quadriennalis only in a probably corrupt translated of a Greek passage in Modestin., Dig., 50, 12, 10).  QUADRILATERAL, quadrilaterus (Frontin. ) ; quatuor habens latera.  QUADRIPARTITE, quadripartitus (Cicero).  QUADRUPED, quadrupes (Cicero).  QUADRUPLE, quadruplex (Livius) ; quadruplus (Suetonius) ; quadripartitus (Cicero).  QUADRUPLICATE, quadruplicare (Plautus).  QUAFF, haurire (pocula, Plinius ; spumantem paterem, Vergilius ; and improperly, sanguinem, Cicero) : potare (as translation, it is præ-classial and post-Augustan) : potitare (to quaff often, a Plautinian word). OBS. perpotare is absolutely in Cicero, especially with totos dies or some other reference to a space of time : perpotare laticem (Lucretius).  QUAFFER, potor (Horatius, Plinius) ; potator (Plautus).  QUAFFING, potatio ; perpotatio ; compotatio (of several).  QUAGGY, paludosus (Ovidius) ; paluster (Cæsar) ; uliginosus (Columella).  QUAGMIRE, locus paluster ; palus (Cæsar) ; locus uliginosus (Varro).  QUAIL, s., coturnix : quail pipe, * fistula coturnicibus alliciendis, decipiendis.  QUAIL, v., pavere ; demisso, abjecto, fracto esse animo ; animum abjecisse, despondisse (Cicero) ; trepidare (when fear is manifested by trembling, etc. ).  QUAINT, captatus (hunted after ; opposed to oblatus, Quintilianus) ; insolitus : to say quaint things, captata dicere non oblata tantum (after Quintilianus, non captata sed tantum oblata vox).  QUAINTLY, miro, insolito modo (Ovidius).  QUAKE, tremere ; contremiscere ; intremere ; horrescere. Vid. TREMBLE.  QUALIFICATION, By circumlocution with the verb.  QUALIFIED, aptus ; idoneus ; opportunus [vid. FIT] : to be qualified to kill game, jus venationis habere ; * jus minores feras venandi habere.  QUALIFY, aptare : instituere : aptum or opportunum reddere, facere aliquem ad aliquid : to be qualified for anything, aptum, idoneum, opportunum esse ad aliquid : he is qualified for this post, par, aptus est huic muneri sustinendo, administrando (= he is fit for it) : * nulla lex excipit eum, ne, etc. (e. g., ne ei ea potestas curatione mandetur, after Cicero, Agr., 2, 8, 21, he is not disqualified by any law).  QUALITY, || Nature, kind, qualitas (ποιότης, only as philosophical technical term) : natura ; ratio (Cicero) ; indoles : ingenium (natural, peculiar, essential quality) : constitutio (quality as derived from its formation).

Peculiar quality, proprietas ; (of wine) nota (Cicero, Horatius, Columella) ; e. g., vini nota optima, acetum primæ notæ, diversæ notæ esse (Columella). || High rank, claritas generis (Quintilianus) ; claritudo familiæ (Tacitus) : persons of quality, homines illustri loco nati : he is a man of quality, est vir nobiliore, illustriore loco natus ; genere et dignitate conspicuus.  QUALM, animæ defectio, or defectio only [vid. FAINTING]. A qualm of conscience, conscientia mala ; mens mala sibi conscia. Vid. CONSCIENCE.  QUANTITY, quantitas (Plinius) ; copia : numerus (Cicero) : a great quantity, magnus numerus ; multum : a considerable quantity, aliquot (of number) : aliquantum (of quantity, with genitive, e. g., auri) : in quantity, copiosus ; adverb, copiose : (in prosody) * mensura, * quantitas (grammatical).  QUARANTINE, * tempus valetudini spectandæ præstitutum : to perform quarantine, * quadraginta dies extra aliquem locum propter suspectam valetudinem morari ; * valetudinis spectandæ causa in statione retineri.  QUARREL, s., jurgium : altercatio : contentio (passionate and violent, but confined to words) : controversia (between two persons in array on opposite sides) : rixa (a fray, broil, that threatens to come to blows) : pugna (a fight) [vid. also, DISPUTE]. To begin or seek a quarrel, causam jurgii inferre ; controversiam intendere or struere ; jurgium excitare ; rixam movere : the quarrel is ended, rixa sedata est.  QUARREL, v., jurgare : rixari [SYN. in QUARREL, s. ] : to quarrel with anybody : jurgio contendere cum aliquo ; jurgiis certare cum aliquo ; rixari cum aliquo ; rixa mihi est cum aliquo : to quarrel among themselves, inter se altercari ; jurgiis certare inter se ; rixari inter se.  QUARRELSOME, jurgiosus ; rixosus ; rixæ cupidus (SYN. in QUARREL, s. ) ; litigiosus ; litium cupidus ; altercandi or rixandi studiosus : to be very quarrelsome, mira esse ad litigandum, or ad rixandum, alacritate a quarrelsome fellow, homo jurgiosus (Gellius) ; homo rixosus or rixæ cupidus (Cf., rixator occurs
first in Quintilianus, 11, 1, 19) : a quarrelsome temper, rixandi, altercandi, studium, cupiditas.  QUARRY, || A stone mine, lapicidinæ (Cf., not lapidicinæ : Cf.,   lautumia or latomia, Plautus ; but afterward only as the name of the famous Syracusan prison, or of other similar prisons ; Varro, L. L., 5, 32, 42 ; Livius, 37, 3, etc. ) : overseer or inspector of a quarry, lapicidinarius (inscriptions, Orell., 3246) : quarry stone, cæmentum ; saxum cæmenticium (unhewn ; opposed to quadratum). || Prey, vid.  QUARRYMAN, lapicida (Livius, Varro) ; lapidum exemtor (Plinius) : Cf., not lapidarius, in this sense, which is late.  QUART, quadrans.  QUARTAN, quartus : a quartan fever, (febris) quartana ; febris quadrini circuitus (Plinius) ; quartis diebus recurrens. κυρικιμασαηικο QUARTER, || A fourth part, quarta pars ; quadrans (e. g., horæ) : quarter of a year, spatium trimestre : a year and a quarter, annus ac tres menses : every quarter, tertio quoque mense. || Region of the skies, pars : nor could the wind blow from any quarter that, etc., neque ullus flare ventus poterat, quin, etc. (Cæsar, Herz., B. C., 3, 47). || Particular region of a town or county, pars ; vicus. || Plual. Quarters, habitation, abode, habitatio (general term) : tectum (house) : hospitium (especially in the house of a friend) : deversorium (at an inn) : statio (baiting-house on the road, etc. ) ; mansio (place of a night’s lodging). To take up one’s quarters with anybody, devertere ad aliquem tin hospitium) : to have one’s quarters with, deversari apud aliquem ; habitare apud aliquem ; tecto receptum esse ab aliquo ; uti alicujus hospitio : to pay for one’s quarters, pretium mansionis persolvere alicui (for the night’s lodging). (Of troops) summer, winter quarters, æstiva, hiberna, plural : to station troops in winter-quarters, copias in hibernis collocare : to be in quarters, per hospitia dispositos esse ; in oppido (oppidis) collocatos esse : troops in quarters, milites per hospitium dispositi (in respect of the soldiers) : milites tecto (tectis) recepti (in respect of the host) : to change soldiers’ quarters, * militum hospitia mutare ; * milites in alia hospitia deducere (when they leave a town) : to change anybody’s quarters, * in aliud hospitium traducere aliquem : to change one’s own quarters, in aliam domum immigrare. || The grant of his life to a conquered enemy, missio : quarter! (as exclamation) parce or parcite vitæ meæ : to grant no quarter, nullius vitæ parcere : quarter was neither asked nor qranted, sine missione pugnatum est (Flor. ; sine missione also, Livius, 41, 20, of gladiators) : to cry for quarters, rogare ut aliquis mihi parcat : to give quarter, vitæ alicujus parcere ; victo dare vitam. || Close quarters, plural : to come to close quarters, manum conserere ; ad manum accedere : cominus pugnare (gladiis) ; cominus gladiis uti ; manu decertare (all these = to fight close together, or to come to close quarters with the sword, after the commencement of the fight with javelins, arrows, etc. ) : inter se (collatis signis) concurrere ; prœlium committere (only of two hostile armies) : (armis) congredi cum aliquo ; manu confligere cum aliquo ; ferrum et manus conferre cum aliquo ; signa conferre cum aliquo (all ; e. g., cum hostibus). || Quarterdeck, perhaps * constratum navis posterius. Vid. DECK.  QUARTER, v., || To divide into four parts, quadrifariam dividere or dispertiri : to quarter the body of a criminal, in quatuor partes distrahere (after Seneca, De Irâ, 3, 17, in. ) ; corpus in diversa distrahere (Livius). || To station, put into quarters, collocare in loco or apud aliquem : to quarter soldiers, milites per hospitia disponere or in hospitia deducere (with the citizens) : milites per oppida dispertire (to station in the different towns) : to have soldiers quartered upon me, * milites meo hospitio utuntur : to have quartered one’s army in a town, exercitum in tectis habere : to quarter one’s self upon anybody (as a guest), devertere or deverti ad aliquem ; alicujus hospitio uti.  QUARTERING (of soldiers), deductio (e. g., in oppida militum deductio, Cicero, Phil., 2, 25, 62, which some, however, suppose to be settling them there as colonists, with grants of land, etc. ) ; or by circumlocution with verb.  QUARTERLY, adjective, trimestris : a quarterly account or settlement of money, ratio, computatio trimestris ; ratio tertio quoque mense confecta : a quarterly payment, * quarta pars annuæ mercedis (a quarter’s pay) : * pecunia tertio quoque mense solvenda (sum to be paid quarterly).  QUARTERLY, adverb, tertio quoque mense.  QUARTERN, * modii quarta pars or quadrans.  QUARTETTO, * cantus quatemarius.  QUARTO, * forma quaternaria ; * quarti ordinis forma (Ruhnken. ) : large, small quarto, * forma quaternaria major, minor : in quarto, quaternis : a quarto volume, * liber forma quaternaria : a quarto leaf, * folium, scheda, formæ quaternariæ.  QUARTZ, * quartzum (Linnæus).  QUASH, exstinguere : restinguere : sedare (e. g., seditionem, tumultum). Vid. also, QUENCH.  QUATRAIN, tetrastichon or tetrastichum (Mart. ).  QUAVER, s., vox or sonus vibrans (Plinius, 10, 29, 43).  QUAVER, v., vibrissare (Titinn., ap. Fest. ) : vocem in cantando crispare (Festus, p. 159, Lindem. ).  QUAY, crepidines (bank protected with masonry) : lapideus fluvii margo (Varro).  QUEEN, regina (properly and figuratively) ; (Cf., regnatrix is an adjective, “royal, ” Tacitus) : the queen bee [vid. BEE]. || Queen at chess, compar (i. e., mate ; of two lovers, etc., as queen at chess, Ovidius, A. A., 3, 359).  QUEER, Vid. COMICAL.  QUEERLY, Vid. COMICALLY.  QUELL, comprimere : sedare. Vid. also, QUASH, QUENCH.  QUENCH, restinguere : exstinguere (generalterm, as well of fire as of lime and thirst) : compescere (to put out, of fire) : opprimere (to put out or down ; e. g., fire, flame, etc. ). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) exstinguere et opprimere ; explere : sedare : reprimere : depellere (to still ; e. g., one’s thirst) [vid. also, To EXTINGUISH, To ALLAY] : to quench one’s thirst, sitim explere, etc. [vid. SYN. above] : to quench one’s thirst by a drink of cold water, sitim haustu gelidæ aquæ sedare : he is only permitted to quench his thirst with water, potione aquæ tantum a siti vindicari debet. || To destroy, vid.  QUENCHLESS, Vid. UNQUENCHABLE.  QUERIST, by circumlocution with verbs in ASK, INQUIRE.  QUERN, mola versatilis or trusatilis.  QUERULOUS, querulus, queribundus : to be querulous, conqueri : queri.  QUERY : Vid. QUESTION.  QUEST, || Search : by circumlocution with the following verbs, e. g., to be in quest of anything, aliquid quærere ; aquam quærere (to be in quest of water) : perquirere aliquem (by making many inquiries) : inquirere (by following anybody’s traces) : anquirere (to take great pains in finding out) : conquirere (of several objects that one is in quest of, also with the accessory notion of taking much trouble about it) : one that is in quest of anything, conquisitor ; inquisitor (the latter of one who follows the traces of any suspicious person). || Request, rogatio : petitio ; libellus supplex (if couched in writing, Mart., 8, 31, 3). || Inquest or jury sworn to inquire, quæstio ; inquisitio (the examination of any matter in order to come to the truth, veri). Vid. also, EXAMINATION, INQUEST.  QUESTION, s., interrogatio (properly an asking, in order to gain an answer or to learn the opinion of another ; then, general term, any interrogative) : quæstio (implies close and continued inquiry or examination ; hence used especially of scientific and judicial investigation) : percunctatio (close or accurate inquiry into the particulars of a fact) : disceptatio (discussion, debate) : a slight or trifling question, interrogatiuncula ; rogatiuncula ; quæstiuncula ; disceptatiuncula : a captious question, captio ; interrogatio captiosa ; captiosum interrogationis genus : to put a captious question, captioso interrogationis genere uti ; captiose interrogare : to answer a question, ad rogatum respondere ; interroganti alicui respondere [vid. also, ANSWER] ; to put a question = to ask [vid. ASK] : to propose a subject for debate, quæstionem ponere, proponere, afferre ; de quo disceptetur ponere ; or, from the context ponere only : the question arises, quæritur ; oritur disputatio ; exsistit quæstio : but here a somewhat different question arises, whether, etc., exsistit autem hoc loco quæstio subdifficilis, num, etc. : the question now is, nunc id agitur : here, perhaps, the question may arise, hic fortasse quærendum sit : that is not the question, hoc non dubium est ; de hac re non dubitatur, dubitatio non oritur : it is a question, res in quæstionem venit or vocatur ; res in disceptationem vocari potest : question by torture, quæstio ac tormenta ; quæstio tormentis habita : a boundary question, controversia finalis ; jurgium finale (Leg., Agr., p. 341, 342, Goes. ) : to debate a boundary question, de finibus ambigere : there is a boundary question, de finibus controversia est : to discuss, move, agitate a question, agere rem or de re (general term, to treat it, discuss it) : disputare : disserere de aliqua re (of the discussions of learned men, the latter especially of a continued discourse) : sermo est de re (of a conversational discussion, whether of two persons or more) : aliquid in controversiam vocare, deducere, adducere (to make it a subject of dispute) : OBS., agitara quæstionem is, to think it over, weigh it in the mind. To be made a question, in controversia esse or
versari ; in controversiam deductum esse ; in contentione esse or versari ; in disceptatione versari : to become a question, in contentionem venire ; in controversiam vocari, adduci, deduci.  QUESTION, v., || To ask, interrogate, interrogare, rogare, aliquem aliquid or (more rarely) de re. [Vid. ASK. ] || To doubt about, throw doubt upon, dubitare, addubitare aliquid or de re (with the accusative usually only when it is a simple neuter pronoun, or passive with a nominative, as, dubitatus parens ; otherwise with de ; vid. Ochs., Cic., Ecl., p. 25) : ponere in dubio (to bring in question) : in dubitationem vocare (to call in question).  QUESTIONABLE, incertus ; ambiguus ; anceps ; de quo dubitari potest.  QUESTIONLESS, haud dubie (indubitate, doubtful ; indubitanter, late) : certo, certe. Vid. also, CERTAINLY.  QUIBBLE, v., cavillari.  QUIBBLE, s., cavillatio.  QUIBBLER, cavillator.  QUICK, adjective, || Swift, nimble, celer (swift, fleet ; of persons and things ; opposed to tardus) : præceps (hasty ; of persons and things) : citus (swift, often with the notion of great rapidity, usually of things, rarely of persons or animals) : properus, properans (hastening in pursuit of an object) : festinans (poetically, festinus, anxiously in haste) : citatus, incitatus, concitatus (set in rapid motion ; of things with or without life) : velox (that flies along or away, fleet, fleeting ; of things with or without life) : pernix (swift of foot) : alacer (energetic, lively, brisk ; opposed to languidus) : agilis (nimble ; both of living creatures) : promtus (ready, prompt, never at a loss or unprepared) : præsens (speedy in operation or effect : Cf., præsentaneus is late) : subitus : repentinus (sudden). A quick pace, incessus citus (opposed to incessus tardus) : with quick step, citato gradu ; cito : a quick pronunciation, citata pronunciatio : a quick reply, promptum responsum : quick-footed, pedibus celer ; pernix (celeripes is poetical) : a quick sailer, celox : this vessel was a very quick sailer, hæc navis erat incredibili celeritate velis. || Alive, vivus. || Ready, active, versatile, etc., agilis (nimble, alert ; of body or mind) : facilis (that moves with ease) : versatilis (accommodating ; versatile, of the mind) : callidus (clever, expert, from practice : Cf., [not versutus, which = sly, cunning]) : sellers (skilful) : quick in anything, exercitatus in re (practised) : peritus alicujus rei (experienced).  QUICK, s., viva caro : to cut to the quick, ad vivum resecare (Columella ; e. g., extrema ipsius unguis pars ad vivum resecetur) : to cut or touch one to the quick, to sting anybody to the quick, quam acerbissimum dolorem inurere alicui ; (by one’s words) aliquem gravissimis verborum acerbitatibus afficere ; alicujus animum graviter offendere : anything touches me to the quick, valde doleo aliquid ; gravissime fero aliquid ; mordeor, quod, etc. : that has touched me to the quick, meum ille pectus pungit aculeus (Plautus).  QUICKEN, || To accelerate, accelerare aliquid ; maturare aliquid, or with infinitive ; præcipitare aliquid. [SYN. in ACCELERATE. ]. || To make alive, animare (poetically, also figuratively) : vivificare (late, Tertullianus). || To excite, excitare, incitare ; aliquem alacriorem ad aliquid efficere (e. g., ad pugnandum) ; alicujus animum incitare : to be quickened, accedit mihi animus ; alacriorem fieri ; magna alacritas studiumque alicujus rei magnum alicui injectum est : Cf., not animi, except as = ferociorem reddi (Tacitus, Germ., 29, 3).  QUICKENING, s., acceleratio, maturatio (both in Auct. ad Herenn. ).  QUICKENING, adjective, by circumlocution by the verb : vivificans, late.  QUICKLY, || Speedily, celeriter ; cito ; festinanter ; velociter. || Soon, confestim ; illico ; extemplo ; statim ; continuo.  QUICKNESS, || Speed, swiftness, velocitas ; celeritas ; pernicitas ; agilitas. [SYN. in QUICK. ] || Readiness, briskness, sollertia (dexterity or cleverness in an art ; vid. Herzog, Cæs., B. G., 7, 22) : exercitatio (practice) : calliditas (skill, adroitness).  QUICKSAND, arenæ pedum vestigio cedentes ; (also simply) sabulum (Plinius) : the quicksands, syrtis.  QUICKSET HEDGE, sepes viva.  QUICK-SIGHTED, Vid. ACUTE.  QUICK-SIGHTEDNESS, perspicacitas ; ingenii acumen or acies. Vid. also, ACUTENESS.  QUICKSILVER, argentum vivum (Plinius, Vitr., in its natural state) : hydrargyrus (Plinius), mercurius (prepared).  QUID (of tobacco), * globus tabaci manducandus or manducatus.  QUIDDITY, Vid., ESSENCE.  QUIESCENCE, Vid.

REST.  QUIESCENT, [vid. QUIET] : to be quiet, quiescere.  QUIET, adjective, || Denoting a state when one is without motion and without physical exertion, quietus (general term, being at rest, taking repose, in as far as it implies a notion contrary to that of exertion) : tranquillus (still, without strong motion, especially of the sea, that is not disturbed by any external cause). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) tranquillus et quietus : pacatus (at peace, tranquillized, especially of countries in which a war, insurrection, etc., has been waging) : sedatus (without stormy motion, sedate ; e. g., step, gradus ; time, tempus) : placidus (placid, soft, without disturbance or any violent motion, e. g. river, amnis ; flumen [opposed to rapidus amnis] ; weather, cœlum ; day, dies ; sleep, somnus) : otiosus (at rest, not engaged in any business, idle) : a quiet life, vita quieta, or tranquilla, or tranquilla et quieta ; vita placida ; vita otiosa : to lead a quiet life, vitam tranquillam, or placidam, or otiosam degere ; quiete vivere ; otiose vivere : a quiet province, provincia quieta (general term) ; provincia pacata (in which a war has been carried on before) : quiet sea, mare tranquillum or placidum : to be quiet, quietum, etc., esse : to remain quiet, quiescere (also = to remain neuter) ; silentium tenere (to observe silence †) : to remain quiet at anything, otiosum spectatorem esse alicujus rei (to be a quiet spectator ; e. g., pugnæ) : se non admiscere or se non immiscere alicui rei (not to mix one’s self up with anything) : be quiet ! favete linguis! silentium teneatis : to make quiet [vid., To CALM]. || Relating to a state without mental agitation, and to whatever manifests such tranquillity, quietus (not taking a share or an interest in anything, not moved by anything) : tranquillus (quiet disposition of mind or temper, not excited by anything external) : placidus (placid, peaceable, in contradistinction to tempestuous or hasty temper) : placatus (become quiet again after violent irritation) : sedatus (pacified, sedate ; all these speaking of the “animus;” i. e., the mind). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) placidus quietusque ; placatus et tranquillus ; sedatus et quietus ; sedatus placidusque : a quiet or calm speech, oratio placida or sedata (e. g., mariner of delivery, or elocution) ; temperatum orationis genus ; quietum disputandi genus (in conversation) : to do anything with a quiet mind or in a quiet temper, placatiore animo facere aliquid : to write in a quiet disposition of mind, sedatiore animo scribere : to be quiet, animo esse quieto, or tranquillo, or placato ; animo non moveri : one can never be quiet, numqtiam quieta mente consistere licet : be quiet! bono sis animo or benum habe auimum (be of good cheer) : to be quiet by anything, placide or sedate ferre aliquid (to bear anything quietly) : not to be quiet at or under anything, aliquid ægre ferre (not to bear it with indifference) : sollicitum esse de aliqua re (to be annoyed at or alarmed about anything).  QUIET, s., Vid. QUIETNESS.  QUIET, v., tranquillare (properly mare, figuratively animos) : pacare (to establish peace ; e. g., in a province) : sedare, placare (to still, appease) : permulcere (to soothe) : lenire (to cause to abate, mitigate, allay).  QUIETNESS, || The state of being free from mental agitation or physical exertion, tranquillitas (properly, the state of the sea, wken not agitated by storm ; different from malacia, μαλακία, i. e., calm then also, of a calm, unruffled life) : quies (the state of being at rest; opposed to action ; hence also = neutrality, state of peace, settled state of things ; opposed to tumultus) : requies (of taking some relaxation after work ; opposed to labor, i. e., trouble) : otium (a being exempt from ordinary occupations ; hence also = tranquillity of a state, peace) : otiosa vita (a life without occupation) : pax (peace ; then, lasting repose and security) : silentium (when nothing is said or spoken, or no noise made, etc. ) : to live in peace and quitness, in otio et pace vivere (general term) : mira concordia vivere (of man and wife, Tacitus, Agr., 6, 1) : to live in peace and quitness with anybody, concorditer vivere cum aliquo.  QUIETUDE : Vid. QUIETNESS.  QUILL, || The feather of a goose, penna anserina. || The dart of a porcupine, spina. || The reed of weavers, * fistula textoria. || The instrument with which some stringed instruments are struck, plectrum (for the lyra) : pecten, -inis (for the cithara, Freund). To strike with the quill, pectine pulsare (†).  QUILT, s., * stragulum textile ; * stragula vestis ; * stratum : Cf., peristroma = a curtain large enough to hang round the sides of a couch or bed.  QUILT, v., refercire aliqua re (to stuff with anything) : * (vesti) xylinum insuere (if with wadding).  QUINCE, malum cydonium (* pyrus cydonia, after Linnæus) : a quince-tree, cydonia (* pirus cydonia, Linnæus) : quince-colored, melinus (μήλινος ; e. g., vestimentum) : the kernel
of a quince, * granum mali cydonii : the juice of quinces, succi (malorum) cydoniorum (Pallad., 11, 20, 2) : melomeli (Columella, 12, 47, 3) : oil made of quinces ; wine made of quinces, etc., vinum ex malis cydoniis factum Cf., cydonites (Pallad., 11, 20) does not stand for wine made of quinces, but for the juice of quinces mixed with honey, κυδωνόμελι [vid. Schneider, on that passage].  QUINCE-TREE, Vid. QUINCE.  QUINQUAGESIMA, Dominica quinquagesima ; quinquagesima pœnitentiæ (ecclesiastical).  QUINQUENNIAL, quinquennalis.  QUINQUENNIALLY, quinto quoque anno.  QUINSY, angina.  QUINTAL, pondus centenarium (Plinius) ; centum (et duodecim) pondo, libræ.  QUINTESSENCE, succus subtilissimus (properly) ; also by flos, robur, medulla (figuratively).  QUINTETTO, * cantus a quinque symphoniacis editus.  QUINTUPLE, adjective, quincuplex (Mart. ) ; quinquepartitus (Cicero).  QUINTUPLE, v., quinquiplicare (Tacitus, Ann., 2, 36).  QUIRE, || A choir, Vid. || A bundle of paper, scapus (Plinius, 13, 12, 23 ; containing twenty-four sheets) : in quires, (liber) non compactus.  QUIRK, cavillatio (quibble) : aculeus, dicterium (sharp, witty saying).  QUIT, discedere, etc. Vid. DEPART, LEAVE.  QUITCH GRASS, * triticum repens (Linnæus).  QUITE, ex toto (entirely ; e. g., tutum esse, to be quite safe) : ex integro (afresh ; e. g., aliquid efficere novum) : ex omni parte (in every respect ; e. g., to be happy, beatum esse) : omni numero : omnibus numeris : omnibus numeris et partibus (in all its parts and details ; e. g., quite complete or perfect, omnibus numeris absolutus ; perfectus expletusque omnibus numeris et partibus : to be quite perfect or complete, omnes numeros habere or continere) : omni ratione (in every kind of way ; e. g., aliquem exinanire) : longe : multo (by a great deal, with alius or diversus, different) : prorsus, plane, penitus [SYN., in ALTOGETHER] : funditus (from the foundation) : in or per omnes partes ; per omnia (in every respect) : totus (e. g., he is quite altered, totus commutatus est) : Numantia was quite destroyed, Numantia funditus deleta est. Sometimes expressed by a compound word, or by some other turn of expression ; e. g., to empty the bottle quite, lagenam exsiccare ; a jug, potare fæce tenus cadum. To leap quite over anything, transilire aliquid or trans aliquid. I am quite miserable, prorsus nihil abest, quin sim miserrimus : he is quite unlearned, omnino omnis eruditionis expers est : he is not quite unlearned, nec tamen scit nihil : to be of quite a different opinion, longe aliter sentire ; tota sententia dissidere : to be quite otherwise, longe secus esse ; longe aliter se habere. Quite right (in answers), ita est.  QUITS, interjection, nihil reliqui est.  QUITTANCE, || Act of quitting, by the verb. || Discharge, apocha : to give one a quittance, apocham dare ; acceptum referre alicui aliquid (Cicero) ; acceptum aliquid testari.  QUIVER, s., pharetra.  QUIVER, v., tremere ; contremere ; intremere. Vid. also SHAKE, TREMBLE.  QUOIF, Vid. BONNET, CAP.  QUOIT, discus : to play at quoits, disco ludere.  QUOTA, rata pars or portio.  QUOTATION, || Passage quoted, locus allatus or (if with approbation) laudatus (citatus, allegatus, productus, not good). || Act of quoting (passages, examples, etc. ), prolatio (e. g., exemplorum) : commemoratio (the mentioning of them) : relatio (Quintilianus).  QUOTE, proferre : afferre [Cf., not producere ; and it is better to avoid adducere, for which Seneca, De Ira, 2, 16, 2, is the only passage cited, ea animalia in exemplum hominis adducit, quibus, etc. Krebs allows citare with or without testes or auctores. Livy has magistratuum libros Macer Licinius citat identidem auctores] : laudare (to quote with approbation) : notare (with censure) : memorare : commemorare : ponere : proponere (of examples). To quote as authority, auctorem laudare or memorare (Cicero) or citare (Livius) : a passage, locum afferre ; dictum scriptoris commemorare ; referre (often, habitually) ; usurpare : I like better to quote examples from Grecian history than from our own, malo Græcorum quam nostra proferre : I will quote this one example, ponam illud unum exemplum : to quote the words of an author without naming him, auctorem ad verbum transcribere, neque nominare (Plinius, H. N. ).  QUOTH, ait ; inquit.  QUOTIDIAN, quotidianus (daily ; Cf., diurnus = throughout the day, a day long).  R.

RABBET, s., coagmentum ; compactura (Vitruvius) ; conclusura (Vitruvius, 6, 11) ; compages. Vid. also, JOINT.

RABBET, v., conjungere ; committere ; coagmentare.

RABBI, * Rabbinus ; * magister, doctor, Judaicus.

RABBINICAL, * Rabbinicus.

RABBINICALLY, * Rabbinice ; * Rabbinorum more, modo.

RABBIT, cuniculus : rabbit-hole, lustrum, cubile cuniculorum.

RABBLE, vulgus : multitudo de plebe : multitudo obscura et humilis : sentina reipublicæ or urbis : fæx populi : one of the rabble, unus de multis, or e multis.

RABID, furens, furiosus (furious, raving) : insanus (mad) : rabidus (in the best age only in poetry ; but rabies, and even rabide, occur in classical prose, so that rabidus is not to be regarded as unclassical in prose, Krebs). Vid. also, FURIOUS.

RACE, s., || Family, stock, etc., genus (general term) : gens (all who belong to one stock ; then, all who bear the same family names (nomina) ; opposed to familia, which denotes the subdivisions of a gens, distinguished by cognomina (family names) : stirps (the stock of a family as sprung from a gens) : homines qui ætate aliqua vivunt (men living at one time, contemporaries ; e. g., hujus ætatis homines ; qui nunc vivunt homines) : an ancient race, genus antiquum ; gens antiqua : to be of an ancient race, generis antiquitate florere : one of a very ancient race, homo veteris prosapiæ et multarum imaginum ; ex familia vetere natus. Stirps, genus, and gens, denote the race usually in an ascending line, as abstract and collective terms for majores ; whereas prosapia, progenies, propago ; proles, suboles, in a descending line, as abstract and collective terms for posteri (Döderlein). || Course, cursus, -ûs ; curriculum ; cursus certamen (foot-race) : cursus or curriculum equorum ; cursus equester (a horse-race).

RACE, v., cursu certare : certire pedibus : pedibus contendere (on foot) : cursu equestri certare (with homes).

RACE-HORSE, equus curulis (in the Circensian games) : equus pernix or velox (general terms).

RACER, cursor (Cicero, Div., 2, 70, 144) : stadiodromus (Plinius) : certans (Cicero, on foot or with horses) : agitator (in a chariot-race). || Race-horse, vid.

RACINESS, (of style), succus or succus et sanguis (Cicero, Brut., 9, 36, etc. ) : sapor vernaculus (idiomatic raciness, Cicero, Brut., 46, 1 72). A certain peculiar raciness of its own, color quidam et succus suus (Cicero, De Or., 3, 25, 96) : nescio qui sapor vernaculus (a certain peculiar idiomatic raciness, Cicero, ut supr. ).   RACK, || An instrument of torture, equuleus : catasta (the scaffold itself, later only) : to put to the rack, in equuleum imponere, injicere, conjicere aliquem ; equuleo torquere aliquem : to be brought or put to the rack, in equuleum ire, imponi, injici (Cf., fidiculæ are the ropes used in torture, but not the rack) : to die on the rack, extortum mori : to abide by the truth even on the rack, vi tormentorum adductum in veritate manere : to undergo or go through the torments of the rack, vim tormentorum perferre ; [vid., also, TORTURE (respecting the abstract sense) : to put one’s brains to the rack, * cogitationem in aliquid maxime intendere. If = TORTURE, vid. || A wooden grate in which hay is placed for cattle, cratis : jacea (a common name ; which Freund does not mention : cratis, quæ jacea vocatur a vulgo ; Vegetius, 1, 56).

RACK, v., || To stretch, vid. || To torture, [vid. “to put to the RACK”]. || To clarify, capulare (e. g., oleum, Plinius). Vid. also, CLARIFY.

RACKET, || The bat used at tennis, * perhaps reticulum (i. e., a small net). || A clattering noise ; vid. CLATTER.

RACY, habens succum aliquem (Cicero), or nescio quem saporem vernaculum (after Cicero, Brut., 46, 172) : to be racy, habere succum aliquem (Cicero, Brut., 23, 76) ; * habere (nescio quem) saporem vernaculum.

RADIANCE, claritas : fulgor : candor. SYN. in BRIGHTNESS.

RADIANT, clarus : lucidus : illustris : splendidus : fulgens : nitidus, nitens. SYN. in BRIGHT.

RADIATE, radiare (to cast rays : in the sense of “glitter” it does not belong to classical prose) : radios spargere ; relucere ; refulgere.

RADIATED, radiatus. κυρικιμασαηικο RADIATION, radiatio (Plinius) ; or by the verb.

RADICAL, || Primitive, native, primitivus ; nativus ; insitus ; innatus ; ingenitus ; primigenius (Varro) : a radical word, verbum nativum ; vocabulum primitivum (grammatical) : the radical syllable, * syllaba primitiva : the radical meaning, naturalis et principalis significatio (Quintilianus, 9, 1, 4) ; ea verbi significatio, in qua natum est (Gellius, 13, 29, in. ). || Fundamental, circumlocution by radix or fundamentum ; e. g., pietas est fundamentum omnium virtutum, is the radical virtue ; or by the adverbs, penitus, etc. Let us dare to attempt a radical cure of our miseries, audeamus non solum ramos amputare miseriarum, sed omnes radicum fibras evellere (Cicero Tusc., 3, 6, 13) : radical
reformer [vid., REFORMER]. A radical difference, quanta maxima esse potest distantia.

RADICALLY, penitus : radicitus.

RADICATE, radices agere (Col), exigere (Celsus), capere (Columella) ; radicari (Plinius). Vid. To ROOT.

RADISH, raphanus (Plinius) ; radix Syriaca (Columella) ; also simply radix (Columella) ; radicula (a kind of small radish, Columella) ; * raphanus hortensis (Linnæus).

RADIUS, radius (Cicero).

RAFFLE, s., alea. To be the winner in a raffle, * sors alicujus cum lucro exiit.

RAFFLE FOR, v., * de re aliqua aleæ jactu contendere : to put up to be raffled for, * rem proponere de qua aleæ jactu contendatur ; * talorum jactu rem acquirendam proponere.

RAFT, ratis.

Raft-merchant, lignarius (sc. negotiator) : ligni negotiator.

RAFTER, canterius (Vitruvius). (trabs, tignum = a beam).

RAG, pannus ; plural, panni (also = an old garment) : cento (a garment of old rags) : Covered with rags, pannis obsitus ; pannosus : to deal in rags, negotium panniculalium exercere (after Aurelius, Vict., De Vir. ill., 72), * panniculos or pannos venditare : a dealer in rags, qui panniculos venditat : rag man, * qui panniculos ostiatim colligit.

RAGAMUFFIN, pannosus : mendicus (as beggar). Every ragamuffin, levissimus quisque (e. g., Gallorum) : ragamuffins, homines perditi ; fæx populi.

RAGE, s., || Vehemence, fury, rabies ; sævitia ; furor (only in poetry, and post-Augustan prose). [SYN. in FURY. ] || Anger excited to fury, ira (anger) : indignatio ; iracundia (great rage, violent anger) [vid. ANGER] : to fall into a rage, indignatione exardescere ; ira incendi ; into a great rage, iracundia ac stomacho exardescere ; iracundia efferri or infiammari : to put anybody in a rage, stomachum alicui movere or facere ; iram alicujus concire. || Eager desire, studium (immodicum ; e g., a rage for building, * immodicum, or insanum, ædificandi studium) : aviditas (insatiable passionate desire ; e. g., gloriæ, imperandi, etc. ) : temeritas aliquid faciendi (a rash, thoughtless fondness for doing it : e. g., a rage for play, temeritas lucrandi perdendive, Tacitus, Germ., 24, 3). To have a rage for anything, omni impetu ferri ad aliquid.

RAGE, v., || To be furious, furere (of persons ; of things personified, only in the poets) : sævire (to be savagely violent ; of persons, and also of things ; mare ventis, Sallustius ; ventus, Cæs., B. G., 3, 13, fin. ; and poetically of lust, love, etc. ). || To be violently angry, indignari : ira incendi, exacerbari, or excandescere : iracundia exardescere, infiammari, efferri.

RAGGED, pannosus : pannis obsitus (of persons covered with rags) : lacer, detritus (of clothes, etc., in rags, torn).

RAGING, adjective, rabidus (of animals and men ; vid.

RABID) : rabiosus (of animals, of men, and of things) : furens : furiosus : furibundus (raving with passion) : sævus (transported with rage : improperly, of things, mare, Sallustius ; ventus, Cicero).

RAGING, s., rabies : furor : sævitia [SYN. in FURY] : violentia (e. g., maris, venti : then, improperly, of the violence of men) : sæva vis alicujus rei (the fearful strength of anything ; e. g., morbi) : impetus (the violent attack : e. g., the raging of a fever, impetus febris). The raging of the sea, violentia or (Velleius) sævitia maris.

RAGOUT, perhaps minutal.

RAIL, s., tignum transversum (nailed across between two upright posts) : rails, railings, septa (plural, general term for fence ; with boards, laths, etc. ) : cancelli (plural ; clathri, trellis-work).

RAIL, v., To enclose with rails, cancellos circumdare alicui rei : or sepire (general term, with or without stipitibus, etc. ).

RAIL,

RAIL AT, v., To use opprobrious language, convicium alicui facere ; aliquem conviciis consectari, incessere ; aliquem maledictis insectari ; maledicta in aliquem dicere, conferre, conjicere : railing language, maledictum ; convicium ; probrum. Vid. more in ABUSE, CHIDE.

RAILER, in aliquem maledicus ; consectator.

RAILLERY, jocatio, or plural, jocationes (Cicero) ; cavillatio (ironical, teasing raillery). Vid. JOKING, s.

RAIL-ROAD,

RAIL-WAY, * via ferrea or ferreis orbitis strata : a rail-road train, * ordo vehiculorum viam ferream percurrentium.

RAIMENT, vestis : vestitus : cultus : ornatus. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) vestis atque ornatus [vid. also, CLOTHES, DRESS] : to put on raiment ; vid. CLOTHE.

RAIN, s., pluvia (as a beneficial natural phenomenon) : imber (a shower) : nimbus (of rain attended with cloudy weather ; aquæ cœlestes is poetical). A drizzling rain, pluvia tenuissima : a sudden shower of rain, pluvia repentina ; imber repente effusus ; imber subitus : heavy rains, aquæ magnæ (Livius) : heavy and continued rains, imbres magni et assidui : we shall have rain, imbres immĭnent : nubilatur or nubilare cœpit : we shall have rain today, hodie pluet : the rains have swelled the river, aqua pluendo crescit : the rain beats against my face, imber in os fertur : the rain does not cease, imber non remittit (vid. Livius, 40, 33) : the rain comes through the roof, ex imbribus aqua perpluit ; tectum imbres transmittit (vid.

Rlinius, 18, 11, 29) : much rain fell that year, aquas magnæ et ingentes eo anno fuerunt : during the rain, in imbri per imbrem ; dum pluit.

RAIN, v., pluere (for the most part only in the third person, personally and impersonally, pluit, “it rains, ” etc., properly and figuratively) ; imber or nimbus effunditur : it rains such a thing, such a thing comes down in rain (stones, blood, etc. ), res, re, or rem pluit ; e. g., sanguine, lacte, lapidibus, etc., pluit, terra pluit, terram pluit, also, imber lapidum, sanguinis, etc., defluit ; and de cœlo lapidat ; imbri lapidat : it rained all night, imber continens per totam noctem tenuit : it never rained more heavily in those parts, numquam illis locis majores aquæ fuerunt (Cæsar).

PROV., it never rains but it pours, malum malo additur (after Livius, 1, 3) : it is constantly raining, or rains without any cessation, continuos or assiduos (less strong) habemus imbres.

RAINBOW, arcus pluvius (Horatius) : commonly, cœlestis arcus, or, from context arcus only.

RAIN-DEER, Vid.

REIN-DEER.

RAIN-WATER, aqua pluvia, aquæ pluviæ, imbrium aqua or aquæ (in respect of its source) : aqua pluvialis or pluviatilis (in respect of its quality).

RAINY, pluvius (bringing rain with it ; of winds, seasons, etc., or, where it usually rains, of a country) : pluviosus (where or when it rains much ; e. g., of winter) : rainy weather, tempestas pluvia ; pluvius cœli status ; cœlum pluvium. The rainy season, mensis, quo (or menses, quibus) imbres continui deferuntur (when it regularly rains with little or no cessation ; after Seneca, N. Q., 4, 4, extr. ).

RAISE, || To lift up, tollere : elevare (the latter only of things really lifted up : hence elevare manus, but not oculos : and not in the figuratively sense ; e. g., laudibus aliquem elevare : Cf., verbis qui elevare is to depreciate a man ; to run him down, the opposed to of extolling) : subducere (to lead or draw from below) : moliri (to raise up heavy weights, by pulleys, etc. ). To raise the curtain, aulæum tollere (with the ancients, at the end of the piece, to draw up the curtain before the stage ; opposed to aulæum premere or mittere, at the beginning of a piece, to let the curtain drop, so that the actors were seen ; vid. Schmid., Hor. Ep., 2, 1, 189) : to raise one’s hands to heaven, tendere manus (supplices) ad cœlum (in prayer). || To erect, educere : excitare (pyramids, towers) : exstruere : ædificare (to build) : to raise fortifications, munimenta excitare : to raise a dam, aggerem jacere, exstruere ; a wall, murum ædificare. [Vid. To ERECT. || To excite, arouse, erigere ; excitare : firmare : confirmare (to confirm, strengthen) : relevare, recreare (to refresh) : to raise the spirits of a dejected person, afflictum alicujus animum recreare (Cf., Cicero, Att., 1, 16, 8, ego recreavi afflictos animos bonorum, unumquemque confirmans, excitans) ; animum alicujus jacentem or aliquem abjectum et jacentem excitare ; sublevare stratum et abjectum ; ad animi æquitatem extollere aliquem. || To give forth, occasion, tollere. To raise a shout, clamorem tollere : on the arrival of anybody, clamoribus aliquem excipere : to raise a laugh, cachinnum tollere ; in cachinnos effundi. Such phrases are frequently expressed in Latin by single words ; e. g., to raise a laugh, cachinnari : to raise a charge, accusare aliquem. || To bring forward, proferre : producere : in medium proferre : to raise an objection, opponere, contra dicere aliquid : obloqui : occurrere. || To cause to rise (from the dead), aliquem excitare ab inferis ; aliquem a morte ad vitam revocare (to recall to life) : aliquem ab Orco reducem in lucem facere (to cause to return to the world. Cf., Vivificare is bad Latin). || To levy, prepare, parare, comparare ; conferre, conquirere, conficere, cogere (to collect, bring together) : to raise troops, copias parare or comparare ; exercitum conficere : to raise money, cogere pecuniam, from anybody, ab aliquo ; pecunias expedire. || To augment, increase,
efferre (to bring forth) : augere (to increase) : majus reddere (to render greater, enlarge) : exaggerare (to make higher or larger). To raise the price of a commodity, pretium alicujus rei efferre (to make the price higher) : carius vendere aliquid (to sell at more) : to attempt to raise the price of corn, annonam flagellare (of a corn-factor who keeps back his corn, that prices may rise ; Plinius) ; annonam incendere, excandefacere (Varro, R.

R., 3, 2, 16) ; annonæ caritatem inferre.

Prices have been raised, merces cariores sunt or pluris veneunt : the price of anything has been raised [Vid. “prices etc., have risen” in RISE. ]To raise the pay, stipendium augere : to raise courage, majorem reddere animum ; addere animum. || To promote, advance (to honor), augere, ornare (general term) ; producere ad dignitatem or ad honores, evehere ad honores : to raise to great honor, amplis honoribus ornare or decorare : to raise from the dust, ex humili loco ad dignitatem producere ; e tenebris in lucem evocare ; e tenebris et silentio proferre : to the highest honors, ad amplissimos honores or ad summam dignitatem perducere : to raise anybody to the throne, regnum et diadema alicui deferre (Horatius, Od., 2, 2, 22). || To raise a siege, vid., SIEGE.

RAISE UP, || To lift or set up, erigere (as a person fallen). To raise a person, manu allevare aliquem : sublevare ante pedes stratum : figuratively, to raise up a sick person, ægrum levare (to set him on his legs again) : ægro dare salutem or salutem et sanitatem, ægro sanitatem restituere (to restore to health) ; ægrum levare ex præcipiti (from a very dangerous disease, Horatius, Sat., 2, 3, 293). || To arouse, vid. || To cause to appear or come forward, afferre, parere, movere (to cause) : præbere, dare (to afford) : efficere, perficere (to bring about).  RAISIN, acinus passus (Cf., not uva passa = a dried bunch of grapes) : poetically, racemus passus (Vergilius, Georg., 2, 269) : raison-wine, passum (sc. vinum) : stone of a raison, nucleus acini passi.

RAKE, s., || An agricultural implement, pecten (Cf., not rastrum or rastellus ; i. e., a hoe) : irpex (made of iron, to break the clods, not to hoe the weeds ; vid. Schneider, Caton., L. L., 10, 2, p. 45). || A dissolute fellow, homo dissolutus, profligatus, perditus.

RAKE, v., || To clear with a rake, pectine verrere (Ovidius, Rem., 192). To rake up (a crop, etc. ), pectinibus legere aliquid (Columella, 2, 21). || To scour, stringere, destringere. || To rake up = to collect, vid.

RAKISH, profligatus, perditus ; (The words are found in this connection and order. ) perditus profligatusque (of persons) ; corruptus, depravatus. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) corruptus depravatusque (of manners, etc. ).

RALLY, Transitively, (of troops), ordines restituere (general term), recolligere (to collect again) : reducere : retrahere (if by force ; e. g., fugitives). || Intransitively, (of troops) : e. g., milites in eo loco denuo consederunt. (Mentally), se or animum colligere ; ad se redire ; se recipere. Vid., also, To COLLECT.

RALLY, || To banter (vid. ) : anybody on anything, per ludibrium exprobrare alicui aliquid.

RAM, s., || A male sheep, aries. Of a ram, arietinus. || The vernal sign, * Aries. || A battering-ram, machina, qua muros quatiunt or percutiunt (general term) ; aries (with the ancients) : to apply the battering-ram to the wall, arietem muro (muris) admovere : to shake the wall with the ram, ariete or arietis pulsu murum quatere : the ram made a breach in the wall, aries percussit murum.

RAM, v., fistuca adigere (Cæsar) : fistucare : fistucatione solidare (Vitruvius).

RAMBLE,

Properly, vagari (the proper word) : circumcursare (to run to and fro) : palari (to straggle, of several).   Figuratively, evagari : vagari : excurrere : a proposito digredi (Cicero) ; exspatiari (Quintilianus).

RAMBLER,

RAMBLING, vagus ; vagans ; errans. || Rambling (of style), vagus (Cicero, with blame : opposed to solutus, of an easy step) : dissipatus : fluctuans et dissolutus (unconnected, loosely put together).

RAMIFY, etc. Vid. BRANCH, etc.

RAMMER, fistuca : pavicula (used for paving or for levelling the ground).

RAMMISH, olidus : hircosus (properly goatish).

RAMP, v., || To jump about, circumsilire, also with the addition of modo huc, modo illuc (Catullus, 3, 9) ; insultare alicui loco or aliquo loco ; aliqua re or in aliqua re persultare (to be ramping about ; e. g., in a field, to mischievously tread down the fruit) : to be ramping about before a place, ante locum persultare. || To climb, vid. || To creep up (as a plant), se circumvolvere alicui rei ; claviculis adminicula tamquam manibus apprehendere atque ita se erigere (of vines, Cicero, N. D., 2, 47, 120 ; cf., Cato, Maj., 15, 52) : peierrate aliquid(of plants round the trunk and branches of a tree, truncum et ramos ; e. g., of ivy).

RAMP, s., || Leap, vid. || A spotted plant, * arum maculatum (Linnæus).

RAMPANCY, by circumlocution with verbs, invalescere : convalescere : ingravescere (to grow in power in general) : increbrescere, percrebrescere (to become very frequent) : rampancy of vices, vitia prævalida (Tacitus, Ann., 3, 53, 2) : the rampancy of luxury was then first noticed, luxuria pullulare incipiebat (Nepos, Cat., 2, 3).

RAMPANT, || Exuberant, lascivus : petulans : by circumlocution with present participle of verbs in To RAMP : rampant vices, vitia prævalida (Tacitus, Ann., 3, 53, 2). || Rearing (of animals, in heraldry), perhaps by circumlocution with exsultare (as Nepos, Eum., 5, 5), or se arrectum tollere (as Vergilius, Æn., 10, 392), or erigere pedes priores ; e. g., erectis pedibus prioribus.

RAMPART, || Properly, vallum (the whole of that part of fortification, with its palisades, fascines, etc. ) : agger (a mound either of stone, rubbish, or earth). To erect or to make a rampart, aggerem jacere, or facere, or exstruere : vallum ducere : to surround the camp with a rampart and ditch, castra munire vallo fossaque : to surround a town with a rampart and ditch, urbem vallo et fossâ cingere. || Figuratively, Anything serving as a defence ; vid. DEFENCE, BULWARK.

RAMPION (a creeping plant ; vid. CREEPING), * phyteuma (the common rampion growing in fields, Linnæus) : * campanula rapunculus (Linnæus, the rampion with eatable roots).

RAMROD, * virga pyrobolaria.

RANCID, rancidus.

RANCIDNESS, * rancidus sapor.

RANCOR, odium : ira : simultas : odium et offensio [SYN. and PHR., in HATRED] (Cf., rancor Hieronymus).

RANCOROUS, malignus : malitiosus : infestus : infensus : inimicus SYN. in INIMICAL]. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) inimicus atque infestus ; infestus atque inimicus ; infensus atque inimicus ; inimicus infensusque : rancorous feeling, animus infestus or inimicus ; infensus animus atque inimicus. To entertain a rancorous feeling, infenso animo esse in aliquem : odium occultum gerere adversus aliquem (after Plinius 8, 18, 26).

RAND, Vid. BRIM.   RANDOM, quod sine consilio fit or accidit (without any plan) : in casu positus (depending on chance) : fortuitus (brought to pass by accident). Vid. also, CHANCE.

RANDOM (AT), per imprudentiam : imprudenter ; inconsuite ; temere ; also, (The words are found in this connection and order. ) inconsulte ac temere : temere ac fortuito ; casu. [SYN. in CHANCE. ]To talk at random, aliena loqui : voces inanes fundere (stronger term) : delirare (to talk like a fool) : to fight at random, temere in acie versari : to act at random, temere ac fortuito agere. Vid. also, “without CONSIDERATION. ”  RANGE, s., || Row, ordo (a row of things that stand in a relative proportion to one another with regard to space or room) : series (the successive or consecutive following of several objects, a series). [Vid., also, ROW. ] || Class, vid. || Course, vid. || A step of a ladder, gradus scalarum (cf. Celsus, 8, 15, med., where we find the unusual gradus scalæ ; also, scala simply [cf. Mart., 7, 19, 20]). || A kitchen grate [vid., GRATE]. || A sieve, vid. || A chain (of mountains) [vid., CHAIN]. || Reach (of cannon-shot), * tormenti jactus or conjectus : to be within range of cannon-shot, ictibus tormentorum interiorem esse (after Livius, 24, 74) : to be beyond range of cannon-shot, extra tormenti jactum or conjectum esse (after Curtius, 3, 10).

RANGE, v., || To place in proper order [vid. To ARRANGE]. || Intransitively, To rove over, pervagari : peragrare : tota urbe discurrere (through the whole town) : the mercury ranges (in the barometer), * mercurius (in tubo Torricelliano) ascendit or descendit.

RANGER, || One that roves about, by circumlocution with verbs in To RANGE. || In a bad sense, viarum obsessor (according to Festus) ; latro (a robber). || An officer who tends the game in a forest, * rei saltuariæ præfectus or magister ; * a conciliis rei saltuariæ. || A dog that beats the ground, canis vestigator.

RANK, adjective, || Strong-scented, graveolens, male olens ; fœtidus : to be rank, male olere. || Gross, coarse, vid. || Also in composition ; e. g., rank rogue, trifurcifer (comedy) ; caput scelerum (Plautus, Pseud., 4, 5, 3) ; princeps
flagitiorum (Cicero, Verr., 5, 1, 4) : rank fool, homo stultior stultissimo (Plautus, Amph., 3, 2, 25) ; stultus bis terque (after Cicero, Qu. Fr., 3, 8, extr. ).  RANK, s., || Row, ordo. [Vid.

ROW]. || Line of soldiers, ordo : the first, second, third rank, acies prima, media, extrema : in close ranks, munito agmine (e. g., incedere, Sallustius, Jug., 46, 3) : to quit the ranks, ordine egredi (of one or several) ; ordines deserere or relinquere (of several) : to break through the ranks. ordines perrumpere : to break the ranks (i. e., to throw the troops into confusion), ordines turbare, conturbare : to march in rank and file, compositos et instructos procedure : to reduce to the ranks [vid., To DEGRADE]. || Class, classis. || Grade, dignity, ordo (station) : locus (by birth or distinction, often = auctoritas, dignitas, gratia ; vid. Herzog, ad Cæs., B. G., 5, 44) : gradus (degree, often with honoris, dignitatis) : honos (post of honor) : fastigium, amplitudo, summus locus (high rank). A man of rank, vir honoratus : a man of respectability and rank, vir ampius et honoratus ; vir persona et dignitate clarus or præstans (after Cicero) : the first rank, primæ, priores (sc. partes) ; principatus : secondary rank, secundus locus (Nepos) ; sors secunda (Livius) ; secundæ (sc. partes, Cicero) : the lowest rank, infimus locus : to be of the first rank in the state, principem esse in civitate, or principis personam in civitate tueri (Cicero) : philosophers of the first rank, philosophi longe principes (Cicero) : scholars of the first rank, literati primum classium (Wyttenback) ; * viri docti, qui primas in literis tenent, or qui priucipatum in doctrina et eruditione obtinent : to be of inferior rank, loco, ordine, dignitate esse inferiorem : to be of higher rank, honoris gradu esse superiorem : gradation of rank, dignitatis gradus.

RANK, v., || Transitively, (primas, priores, etc. ) alicui deferre ; (priucipatum, chief rank) deferre, dare ; loco aliquo ponere, disponere (of several). || Intransitively, locum (primum, secundum, infimum) tenere, obtinere.

RANKLE, suppurare (to fester, properly) ; inflammari, incendi (to be inflamed, properly or figuratively).

RANKNESS, || Strong scent, * rancidus sapor (Cf., rancor, Pallad. ). || Exuberance. Vid. EXCESS, EXUBERANCE.

RANSACK, || To plunder, vid. || To search thoroughly, perscrutari (Cicero) ; rimari aliquid (Quintilianus). || To violate, throw into confusion, fodiendo disjicere aliquid.

RANSOM, s., pecuniæ, quibus aliquis redimitur (Suetonius, Cæs., 4) ; pactum pro capite pretium (when one purchases his life with it ; Cicero, Off., 3, 29, 107) : from the context, often simply pretium ; pecuniæ : to restore, receive without ransom, sine pretio dimittere, recipere.

RANSOM, v., aliquem pretio or pecunia, redimere (e servitute) ; aliquem redimere.   RANT, v., (quasi) furere et bacchari (to be mad, as it were, like a Bacchanalian ; Cicero, Brut., 80, 276, of those quibus oratio altior, actioque esset ardentior) : inanibus locis bacchari (to rant in empty commonplaces, Quintilianus, 12, 10, 73 ; of the speech) : * fanaticum quoddam carmen bacchari (after Juvenal, grande carmen bacchari) : * fanatica quadam verborum magnificentia declamare (of fanatical ranting ; cf., Quintilianus, 3, 8, 61) ; emugire, multo discursu, anhelitu, jactatione, gestu, motu capitis furentem (Quintilianus, 2, 12, 9) : tumultuari, or omissa ratione, qua tulit impetus, passim tumultuari (especially with reference to a disjointed, wild style, etc., Quintilianus, 2, 12, 11).

RANT, s., oratio, quæ inanibus locis bacchatur, or oratio furiosæ vociferationi simillima (both after Quintilianus ; vid.

RANTING), or furiosa vociferatio only ; sententiarum vanissimus strepitus (Petronius) : fanatical rant, * fanatica cantilena.

RANTER, clamator, or clamator odiosus et molestus (bawler; opposed to orator, Cicero) : clamator tantum et facundia rabida (Gellius, 19, 9, 7) ; or by circumlocution with verbs under To RANT.

RANTING, s., dicendi genus, quod inanibus locis bacchatur (which runs riot on empty commonplaces, Quintilianus 12, 10, 73) : dicendi genus furiosæ vociferationi simillimum.

RANUNCULUS, * ranunculus (Linnæus).

RAP, s., ictus (general term for blow) : rap with the knuckles, talitrum (Suetonius). You will get a rap on the knuckles, verbera tibi parata erunt ; vapulabis : you deserve a rap on the knuckles, dignus es qui vapules : a rap at the door, pulsatio ostii.

RAP, v., plagam alicui inferre, infligere ; aliquem pulsare, verberare : with the knuckles, * talitrum alicui infringere : with a stick, aliquem baculo percutere : to rap at the door, pultare fores, ostium (Terentianus), januam (Plautus) ; pulsare fores, ostium (Plautus) ; pellere fores (Terentius) ; pultare ædes (Plautus) : to rap (at the door) gently, placide pultare fores (Plautus). Cf., Pultare is præ-classical, according to Quintilianus, 1, 1, 4.

RAPACIOUS, rapax : cupidus : avidus.

RAPACITY, rapacitas (Cicero) ; cupiditas : aviditas.

RAPE, || Violence, raptus, -ûs ; raptio (abduction) ; oblatum per vim stuprum or vitium ; vis illata pudicitiæ. || Something snatched away, raptum ; præda. || A plant, rapum ; * brassica napus (Linnæus) wild rape, * sinapis arvensis (Linnæus).

RAPID, rapidus : citus : celer : velox : citatus. SYN. in QUICK.

RAPIDITY, rapiditas : velocitas : celeritas : festinatio (too great rapidity). SYN. in SWIFTNESS.

RAPIDLY, rapide : celeriter : velociter : propere : cito.

RAPIER, Vid. SWORD.

RAPINE, Vid.

RLUNDER.

RAPTURE, summa voluptas ; suavissimus voluptatis sensus ; secessus mentis et animi a corpore ; animus abstractus a corpore ; mens sevocata a corpore (these three = ecstasy : ecstasis late) : furor (of a poet, prophet, etc. ) : to be in a rapture of delight, summa voluptate affici : in a rapture of delight, quasi quodam gaudio elatus.

RAPTUROUS, suavissimus : to be in a state of rapturous delight, lætum esse omnibus lætitiis ; totum in lætitiam effusum esse.

RARE, || Of unfrequent occurrence, rarus : (unusual, uncommon), insolitus ; insolens : (strange), mirus ; novus. || Excellent, select, etc., conquisitus : conquisitus et electus : exquisitus : eximius : egregius : præstans : rarest, conquisitissimus (Cf., rarus, in this sense, is poetical) : rare wines, veterrima vina.

RAREFACTION, by circumlocution by the verb.

RAREFY, rarefacere : to be rarefied, rarescere (of clouds, moisture, etc. ) : extenuari : rarefied air, aer extenuatus.

RARITY, || Rareness, raritas. || A rare thing, res rara ; res rara visu or inventu.

RASCAL, nequam ; furcifer. Vid. VILLAIN.

RASCALITY, Vid. VILLANITY.

RASCALLY, Vid. VILLAINOUS.

RASE, || To overthrow [vid. DESTROY]. || To erase, expunge, Vid. ERASE.

RASH, adjective, temerarius (both of persons and things ; e. g., consilia) : inconsideratus ; inconsultus [SYN. of their opposites in CIRCUMSPECT] : in consiliis præceps (of persons) : calidus (hot, as it were ; struck on the spur of the moment ; opposed to cogitatus, what receives cool deliberation : of things, consilia, Cæsar). Hazardous and rash, temerarius et periculosus (of things, Cicero) ; periculosus et calidus (e. g., plans, consilia ; opposed to quietus et cugitatus, Cæsar). Appearing rash at first sight, prima specie temerarius.

RASH, s., formicatio (with itching, Plinius) : * varus ; * ionthus (technical term, on the face) : boa (a disease in which red pimples rise on the skin, Plinius).

RASHER, (lardi) offula or segmentum.

RASHLY, temere : inconsiderate : inconsulte : temeritate quadam sine judicio vel modo (Cicero).

RASHNESS, temeritas ; inconsiderantia (Cicero). SYN. in RASH.

RASP, v., * scobina polire or persequi. To rasp off, descobinare.

RASP, s., scobina (Cf., not radula).

RASPBERRY, * morum Idæum : raspberry tree or bush, rubus Idæus (Plinius, 16, 37, 71 ; and Linnæus).

Raspberry wine, * vinum ex moris Idæis factum (after Pallad., 3, 25, 19).

Raspberry vinegar, * acetum ex moris Idæis paratum.

RASURE, litura (smearing over a wax tablet).

RAT, * mus rattus (Linnæus ; included by the ancients under the general term mus). To smell a rat, subolet alicui aliquid (Plautus) ; aliquid mali suspicari (Cicero).

RATABLE, * quod æstimari potest. κυρικιμασαηικο

RATE, s., || Price, value, pretium. A fixing of a rate, indicatio (Plautus). || Valuation of property for the purpose of taxation, census : money paid as a tax, etc., census ; vectigal [vid. TAX] : rate-payer, homo vectigalis. || Manner, modus ; ratio : at this rate, in hunc modum.

RATE, v., || To estimate, vid. || To tax property, etc., censere [Vid. TAX]. || To chide ; vid. CHIDE.

RATH, adjective, Vid. EARLY.

RATHER, potius (by way of preference) : multo magis (of degree) : quin etiam, quin potius, quin imo (intensive, with reference to something foregoing) : imo (denotes either correction or complete opposition = nay rather ; hence it is also conjoined with other words, as imo potius, imo vero, imo enimvero,
imo etiam) ; and not rather, ac non potius, or simply ac non : so far from this, that rather, tantum abest, ut. . . ut (Cf., but not ut potius, for which there is no good authority). Cf., With adjectives, rather is usually expressed by the comparative, with or without paullo (Cf., not aliquanto) ; e. g. rather timid, paullo timidior ; rather longer, paullo longior (in measure) ; paullo diutius (in time). It is also frequently expressed by the compound sub, modifying the word ; e. g., rather angry, subiratus ; rather ugly, subturpis : rather obscure, subobscurus ; to be rather irritated, subirasci ; to be rather afraid, subtimere (Cf., but not subtimidus). || I had rather, malo (after which accusative of personal pronoun is sometimes inserted). I would rather, malo or malim (mallem, if it alludes to the past, the wish being one that can not now be realized). Cf., The subjunctive after malle, instead of accusative and infinitive, is poetical : mallem divitias mihi dedisses, Catullus). I had far rather, multo malo ; haud paullo malim (Cicero).

RATIFICATION, by circumlocution with verbs under RATIFY (approbatio, comprobatio = approbation. )  RATIFY, sancire (lo make irrevocable, declare inviolable ; e. g., augurem ; pactum ; legem) : alicujus rei auctorem fieri (to approve of and accept) : ratum facere or efficere, ratum esse jubere (to confirm).

RATIO, Vid.

RROPORTION.

RATIOCINATION, ratio ; ratiocinandi vis ; ratiocinatio. Vid.

REASON, REASONING.

RATION, demensum ; cibus or victus diurnus : rations, cibaria (plural).

RATIONAL (of persons), ratione præditus or utens ; rationis particeps (Cf.,   “rationalis” first occurs in Seneca, Ep., 113, 114). (of things), rationi consentaneus, rationi or cum ratione congruus ; or simply by ratio ; e. g. ratio non est (it is not rational).

RATIONALISM, * eorum opinio qui soli rationi omnia tribuenda esse statuunt : * rationalismus (technical term).

RATIONALIST, * qui statuit, omnia rationi tribuenda esse : to be a stout rationalist, * pro rationis humanæ dignitate et jure propugnare.

RATIONALLY, ratione (ablative) : prudenter (prudently) : sapienter (wisely).

RATTLE, s., crepitus (rattle of a single sound repeated ; tapping, stamping, etc. ) : strepitus (loud, noisy sound ; of bawling, shrieking, etc. ; but also of chains, vinculorum) : sonitus (ringing, clinking sound ; catenarum : also of wheels, rotarum) : fragor (crash ; e. g., of thunder). || An instrument to make a rattling noise, crepitaculum (general term ; hence, also, of watchmen’s rattles). A child’s rattle, crepundia, -orum, plural, (Cicero) ; puerile crepitaculum (Quintilianus, 9, 4, 64) ; or, from context, crepitaculum only.

RATTLE, v., crepare : crepitum dare (to make a clattering noise) : strepere ; strepitum dare (to make a loud, sharp rattling noise) : sonare (to resound, general term). To rattle with their arms, armis concrepare : his throat rattles, faucibus ejus illiditur spiritus (e. g., in febre) : interclusus spiritus arte meat (he breathes hard).

RATTLE-SNAKE, * crotalus (Linnæus).

RAVAGE, v., Vid. DEVASTATE, DEPOPULATE.

RAVAGE, s., [vid. DEVASTATION].

Ravages of time, insects, etc., perhaps quæ de aliquo (anni, etc. ) prædati sunt (after Horatius, Ep., 2, 2, 55) : to repair the ravages of time, etc., * detrimenta alicui rei per annos euntes importata reconcinnare.

RAVAGER, vastator : populator : eversor. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) populator eversorque. Vid. the verb.

RAVE, tumultuari ; tumultum facere (to make a noise or disturbance ; of persons) : strepere (to make a loud noise ; of persons or things) : bacchari (to rage enthusiastically ; of persons) : debacchari (to rave at anybody till one is tired, to rave one’s fill, Terentianus ; of persons ; in the poets, also, of things) : sævire (to storm, be angry, of persons figuratively, also, of things) furere, insanire (to be mad ; of persons).

RAVEL, implicare (properly and figuratively) : to ravel out (intransitively), * solvi or se solvere.

RAVELIN, (in fortification), * munimentum exterius.

RAVEN, s., corvus.

RAVEN, v., Vid. DEVOUR, PLUNDER.

RAVENOUS, edax ; vorax ; cibi avidus.

RAVENOUSLY, by the adjective, (voraciter, Macrobius).

RAVINE, fauces, plural ; prærupta, plural.

RAVING, furiosus : insanus (properly or figuratively) : rabidus [vid.

RABID]. Vid. also, MAD.

RAVISH, || To carry off by force, rapere ; vi abducere or abstrahere. || To assault criminally, alicui stuprum inferre or offerre : alicui vitium offerre : alicui vim afferre : aliquem per vim stuprare : aliquem vitiare : pudicitiam alicui expugnare or eripere : decus muliebre or pudicitiam alicui expugnare. || To charm, attract admiration, capere : oblectare : voluptate perfundere : suavissime afficere (to delight in a high degree) : animum a corpore abstrahere : mentem a corpore sevocare : vim animi a corporis sensibus sejungere (to throw into ecstasies) : retinere : detinere : attrahere : allicere (a person, or the mind) : One who ravishes hearts, alicujus forma rapit (Propertius) : a picture ravishes the eyes, tabula oculos tenet.   RAVISHER, stuprator (Quintilianus) ; or by circumlocution with the verb.

RAVISHING, suavissimus.

RAVISHMENT, || Criminal assault, stuprum mulieri illatum ; vitium or stuprum mulieri oblatum. || Intense delight, summa voluptas : suavissimus voluptatis sensus (agreeable sensation in the highest degree) : secessus mentis et animi a corpore : animus abstractus a corpore : mens sevocata a corpore (ecstasy ; Cf., ecstasis is late).

RAW, || Unripe, immaturus (the proper word) : crudus (opposed to maturus et coctus). || Not dressed, uncooked, crudus ; incoctus : half raw, subcrudus. || Unwrought, rudis (in a natural state) : impolitus (unpolished) : incultus (not cultivated or adorned) : raw metal, (aurum, argentum) infectum (opposed to aurum factum, wrought) : || Rude, unpolished, unmannerly, rudis (inexperienced, unpracticed) : incultus : agrestis (clownish) : ferus agrestisque (coarse and unpolite : of persons or manners) : asper (of persons, rough in manners) : rusticus (boorish ; of persons or manners) : || Deprived of skin, attritus : saucius.

Raw places, partes attritæ ; attrita, -orum, plural : to make raw, atterere (e. g., femora equitatu or eundo atterere, Plinius). || (Of the weather), asper.

RAW-BONED, macer : strigosus : strigosi corporis.

RAWNESS, By circumlocution with adjectives under RAW.

RAY, || A beam of light, radius luminis : lumen : lux [SYN. in LIGHT] : a ray of hope beamed forth, lux quædam videbatur oblata (Cicero) ; lux venisse quædam et spes videbatur (ib. ) ; lux quædam affulsisse (civitati) visa est (Livius). || A kind of fish, raia (Plinius).  RAZOR, novacula (the proper word) : culter tonsorius. To shave anybody with a razor, radere or abradere barbam alicujus (novacula) : to use sometimes scissors, sometimes a razor, modo tondere, modo radere barbam (Suetonius, Oct., 79) : to teach anybody how to use a razor, aliquem tonstrinum docere ; aliquem tondere docere.

REACH, v., || Intransitively, (A) properly, (1) To extend, stretch, pertinere : porrigi : attingere : patere (Cicero) : excurrere ; procurrere [SYN. in EXTEND]. (2) To attain by the hand or the body, attingere : contingere : To be able to reach with one’s hand, manu attingere, contingere, posse aliquid : I cannot reach so far, istum locum attingere, contingere nequeo ; eo usque manus porrigere non possum. (B) Figuratively, (1) To overtake, assequi, consequi ; adipisci (to arrive with exertion at a point ; to reach at last ; locum or aliquem). (2) To equal, consequi, assequi (to equal a person in any property or quality ; assequi usually to attain to the quality or property itself) : adæquare : exæquare (to attain to a property or quality). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) exæquare et assequi ; æquare (to equal a person in a property ; rarely = attain a property). The heaps of arms reached the top of the walls, muri altitudinem acervi armorum adæquabant : to reach the number of anything, multitudinem alicujus rei assequi et exæquare : to endeavor to reach a person or thing, aliquem or aliquid imitari : not to be able to reach anybody (by imitating), aliquem imitando consequi non posse : to reach with words, or a description, oratione assequi ; verbis æquare ; dicendo æquare (to make a representation equal to the greatness of a subject, Plinius, Ep., 8, 4, 3). (3) To come to a place, pervenire ad or in with an accusative (general term) : attingere locum (to touch, approach) : capere locum (to gain a place, especially from the sea to land ; vid. Herzog, Cæs., B. G., 4, 26, extr. ). To reach a harbor, portum capere ; in portum pervenire, pervehi : to reach a very great age, ad summam senectutem pervenire : to reach the ears of anybody, ad alicujus aures pervenire ; ab aliquo audiri. || Transitively, porrigere ; præbere : suppeditare : suggerere alicui aliquid. To reach a hand, manum alicui porrigere, præbere.

REACH, s., || Power of attainment, by circumlocution with quod manu prehendi, quod contingi, potest (within grasp, properly) : * quod adipisci queas ; * quod obtineri potest (figuratively) : captus
(capacity). || Extent, space, vid. || Part of a river between two windings, spatium : tractus. || A thrust, vid.

REACT, * mutuo vim exercere in aliquid. To act and react, * mutuam inter se vim exercere.

REACTION, * vis mutua.

READ, legere (general term) : recitare (to read aloud, recite) : præire, with or without voce (to read beforehand what another is to repeat : Cf., prælegere, in this sense, is not Latin). To be able to read, legere posse ; literas or literarum elementa didicisse : to teach anybody to read, aliquem instituere ad lectionem (Quintilianus, 1, 7, 17) : elementa literarum alicui tradere (elementary knowledge). To learn to read, primas literas, prima elementa discere : to read well, commode legere (with good emphasis, etc. ; e. g., a speech, sermon, etc. ; opposed to male legere) ; librum ab oculo legere (Petronius, 75, 4 ; to read it off without spelling, etc) : to read anything (opposed to repeating from memory), de scripto dicere ; orationem or sermonem ex libello habere (cf. Suetonius, Oct., 84). Hence = to become acquainted with the contents of anything by reading ; to amuse one’s self by reading, etc., legere ; cognoscere (ἀναγιγνώσκειν, especially with attention = to study ; vid. Nepos, Lys., 4, 3 ; Dat., 5, 5, sq. ; Suetonius, Gramm., 24, init ; Cicero, Or., 33, 105) : to read anything frequently, lectitare (vid.

Rlinius, Ep., 2, 17, 8, libri non legendi, sed lectitandi) : very frequently, legendo conterere (= to wear out by reading) : to read (a writing, book) carefully, diligenter evolvere ; diligenter repetere : to read anything repeatedly, over and over again, repetere (general term) ; crebro regustare (e. g., epistolam, Cicero, Att., 13, 13, extr. ) ; recognoscere, retractare (to go over again, in order to make corrections, etc. ) : to be read much (of books which have a large circulation), frequenter lectitari ; in manibus esse (vid.

Rlinius, Ep., 1, 2, 6) : you have read, Demosthenes through ; you still read his, and yet also read our writings, Demosthenem totum cognovisti, neque eum dimittis e manibus, et tamen nostra lectitas : to read a book, legere librum : to read anything in a book, legere aliquid in libro. Hence, figuratively, to read in or from anything = to discover signs from, etc. ; e. g., to read futurity in the stars, e siderum positu et spatiis conjecturam facere de rebus futuris (Cf., Tacitus, Ann., 6, 21, 3) : to read anybody’s mind (i. e., to know his most secret thoughts, etc. ), consiliorum omnium participem esse : to read anything in the looks of a person, aliquid ex alicujus oculis et vultu cognoscere, pernoscere, perspicere : one could read in his countenance the nobleness of his soul, quos spiritus gereret, vultu præ se ferebat (vid. Tacitus, Hist., 4, 85, 1). To read a lecture, legere, prælegere aliquid (to lecture upon and explain ; especially a poet, of the Silver Age) : scholas habere de re (to give lectures on any subject) : scholis præcipere aliquid or de re (to give instructions or lessons on anything, in single lectures) : to read on the Stoic philosophy, scholam Stoicam explicare. Well read, qui multa legit et pervolutavit ; multa lectione exercitus : well read in the writings of the ancients, in scriptis vetenbus multum volutatus : a tolerably well-read man, homo satis literatus.

READER, lector (general term) : recitator (one who reads over or recites) : anagnostes (one who reads to persons at table) : prælector (one who reads and explains the works of an author. In the Silver Age lector was used in this sense ; for which, in the Golden Age the Greek technical term anagnostes appears to have been employed ; vid. Nepos, Att., 13 and 14). Also by circumlocution with legere ; e. g., a reader of the writings of Archimedes, qui Archimedis libros legit : I believed that it would not be unacceptable to my readers, * judicavi non ingratum fore iis qui hæc legant.

READILY, || Promptly, with facility, facile : commode : parate (e. g., dicere). To speak a language readily, commode uti aliqua lingua (after Nepos, Them., 10, 1) : he speaks Greek as readily as an Athenian, sic Græce loquitur, ut Athenis natus videatur : to speak Persian more readily than a native, in Persarum lingua commodius verba facere, or Persarum lingua commodius uti, quam hi possunt, qui in Perside sunt nati (vid. Nepos, loc. cit. ). || Cheerfully, willingly, promte : promto or parato animo : libenter.

READINESS, || State of being ready, habitus (acquired readiness in an art, etc., when one is, as it were, at home in it ; vid. Cicero, Invent., 1, 25, 36) : facultas (general term, power or ability to do anything) : usus (practice and experience in a thing : Cf., not facilitas ; i. e., talent for anything ; vid. Cicero, Tusc., 4, 12, 28 ; nor dexteritas ; i. e., cleverness, adroitness).

Readiness in writing, usus scribendi : readiness in a language, scientia alicujus linguæ (thorough knowledge of it, Cæsar, B. G., 1, 47) : readiness in speaking Latin, * promta atque expedita Latine loquendi facultas : to attain a certain readiness in anything, quandam facultatem in aliqua re consequi : to possess readiness in speaking, expeditum esse ad dicendum (by practice) : promtum esse lingua (with natural eloquence) : commode verba facere (by knowledge of a language, Nepos, Them., 10, 1) : to stand in readiness, paratum, promtum, promtum paratumque, expeditum esse (of persons ; SYN. in READY) ; sub manibus esse (of servants, etc. ) ; ad manum esse (to be at hand ; of persons and things) : in promtu esse, paratum or provisum esse, præ manu esse (to be close at hand ; of things) : to have or keep in readiness, habere paratum, in expedito, in procinctu. || Willingness, animus promtus or paratus : facilitas (complaisance) : officium (readiness to serve) : studium (zeal, good-will) : with all readiness, animo promtissimo ; libentissime.

READING, || The act or subjects of reading, lectio librorum ; lectio : legendi usus (practice of reading) : libri quos lego ; libri legendi : lectæ literæ (books which one reads). To take pleasure in reading, literis delectari : librorum lectione delectari mirifice : to give one’s time to the reading of the poets, tempus in poetis evolvendis consumere : to spend one’s mornings in reading, matutina tempora lectiunculis consumere : to amuse one’s self with light reading, remissius et dulcius aliquid legere : to be a man of extensive reading, multa legisse et pervolutasse (to have read much) : multa lectione mentem formasse, multis literis doctum esse (to have formed one’s mind by much reading). || A lecture, prælectio. [Vid. LECTURE. ] || Words of a passage, * lectio : * scriptura (the former the more perspicuous word, since scriptura may also = “manner of writing”) : a different reading, * lectio varia ; * lectionis varietas ; * scripturæ discrepantia (Cf., but not lectio diversa, lectionis diversitas) : the common reading, * lectio vulgata : to depart from the common reading, * a lectione vulgata recedere : various readings (of a passage) in a manuscript, * librorum varietas : the true or genuine reading is, * vera Ciceronis (Horatii, etc. ) manus hæc est : a corrupt reading, “lectio vana ; * scriptura librarii manu depravata ; * scriptura mendosa ; * corruptela ; * mendum : to adopt a reading, * lectionem recipere, reddere (Cf., but not adoptare) : to reject a reading, * lectionem rejicere. Also, sometimes, by circumlocution with legere ; as, the reading of most codices is, * in codicibus plerisque legitur.

READING-DESK, perhaps pulpitum.

READY, || Preferred, paratus (having will and power to, etc., ad aliquid, or the infinitive) : promtus (close at hand ; quick and willing to, etc., ad aliquid, in aliquid, or in aliqua re : Cf., with the dative, past-Augustan). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) promtus et paratus ; expeditus (not hindered, active).

Ready to do anything, paratus facere aliquid or ad aliquid faciendum : to be ready, ad manum esse ; præsto adesse, for anything, ad aliquid : to have ready, aliquid expedire (e. g., arma) : to make ready, parare, instruere aliquid [vid.

RREPARE] : to keep one’s self ready, paratum promptumque esse. || Well furnished or equipped, able to act promptly, instructus : paratus : expeditus (freed from hindrances).

Ready for sea, ad navigandum paratus : paratus ad navigandum atque ab omnibus rebus instructus : paratus instructusque remigio. To get a vessel ready for sea, navem aptare ad enrsum, or aptare velis (†), or parare instruereque remigio ; navigium instruere armamentis ministrisque. || A ready speaker, orator semper ad dicendum expeditus : to make omself ready for anything, se parare, se expedire ad aliquid ; parare, comparare, instruere aliquid : to get ready for a tourney, parare iter ; parare proficisci ; se comparare ad iter, for the next day, in diem posterum : Hence (a) Able to accomplish anything easily and quickly, paratus ; promtus : ready with the fist, manu promtus ; manu fortis.

Ready disputants, promti ad disputandum homines (Cicero) : that has a ready tongue, promtus lingua ; facundus [vid. ELOQUENT] : in a ready manner, parate (e. g., dicere). (b) Willing, libens (the proper word) : alacer ad aliquid (active) : promtus ad aliquid (at hand). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) alacer et promtus ad aliquid : proclivis ad aliquid (inclined). To be ready to do anything,
promto ad aliquid faciendum esse animo. (c) (of things) Completed, finished, perfectus : absolutus. To make anything ready, perficere ; conficere ; absolvere ; (The words are found in this connection and order. ) conficere et absolvere. It is ready, rem absolvi (I have completed it). || Immediate (of money) : ready money, pecunia præsens or numerata ; nummi præsentes or numerati ; also simply nummus (especially if in opposition ; e. g., prædia locare non nummo, sed partibus) : payment in ready money, repræsentatio, with or without pecuniæ (Cf. Cicero, Att., 12, 29 and 31 ; ad Div. 15, 24, 3) : to have ready money, nummos numeratos habere in suis nummis versari : to pay ready money, præsenti pecunia or numerato solvere ; pecuniam repræsentare (vid. Herzog, Cæs., B. G., 1, 40) ; to anybody, in pecunia alicui satisfacere ; for anything, præsentibus nummis emere aliquid : to sell for ready money, præsenti pecunia vendere ; die oculata vendere (Prov. ap.

Rlautus, Pseud., 1, 3, 67) : he pays ready money for everything, semper Græca fide mercatur (Plautus, Asin., 1, 3, 47). To have a good deal of ready money about him, secum aliquantum nummorum ferre (Cicero, Invent., 2, 4, 14). || Ready sale, * facilis et expedita venditio mercium : to find a ready sale, facile vendi : that finds a ready sale, vendibilis.

REAL, verus (true) : germanus (one’s own, genuine ; e. g., germanus frater ; germanus Stoicus, a realStoic) : solidus (substantial) : certus (certain) : ipse (the thing itself) : qui (quæ, quod) est (opposed to quod videtur esse ; e. g., induxit eam, quæ videretur esse, non quæ esset, repugnantiam, an apparent, not a real, contrariety, Cicero).  REALITY, quod est seu quod esse potest (in the concrete, that which is or may exist) : res : res veræ : verum (in the concrete, things really existing ; opposed to res fictæ) : veritas (in the abstract) : natura (nature, in the abstract). In reality, in vero : in veritate. To become a reality, fieri : effici : ad effectum adduci.

REALIZE, || To effect, facere : afficere : perficere aliquid (Cicero) : ad effectum adducere aliquid (Livius). To realize one’s plans, consiliorum suorum exsecutorem esse. Not to be able to realize anything, non parem esse alicui rei exsequendæ. || To place a notion before the mind as if it were a real thing, repræsentare aliquid (e. g., memoriam consulatus mei, Cicero, Sest., 11, 26 ; imagines animo, Quintilianus, 6, 2, 29) : aliquem or aliquid oculis, or ante oculos proponere : or only aliquem or aliquid sibi proponere (to place it, as it were, before one’s eyes, that one may dwell upon the thoughts of it) : imaginem rei absentis ita repræsentare animo, ut eam cernere oculis et præsentem habere videamus (Quintilianus, 6, 2, 29). || To make money, pecunias facere or capere ; by anything, ex aliqua re.   REALLY, re : re vera : reapse : re et veritate (really, not in words only) : sane : profecto (assuredly, words of asseveration). Sometimes “really” is omitted (e. g., multis, ut erat, atrox videbatur ejus sententia) : so after “if” followed by “any, ” sensus moriendi, si aliquis esse potest (if there really can be any) ; and after quam following a comparative, procerior quam erat (than he really was). || Ironically, in a reply, itane vero? (implying that the thing is absurd) : ain tu? (an expression of surprise at an assertion).  REALM, regnum. Vid. KINGDUM.

REANIMATE, || Properly, vitam alicujus restituere : vitam alicui reddere : aliquem a morte revocare (Vergilius). || Improperly, To reanimate anybody, ad novam spem aliquem erigere or excitare : novam spem alicui ostendere. Vid.

REVIVE.

REAP, metere (to mow) : demetere (to mow down) : desecare (to cut) : colligere (to gather ; properly and figuratively) : percipere (properly, to gather). || Improperly, fructum capere or percipere ex re : consequi (figuratively, to acquire, attain) : to be reaping the fruits of anything, fructum alicujus rei ferre : to reap the fruits of one’s labors, fructum ex laboribus percipere : to reap praise, laudem et admirationem consequi ; laudem ferre. As you have sowed, so you must reap, ut sementem feceris, ita et metes (Cicero) : tute hoc intristi ; tibi omne est exedendum (Terentianus, Phorm., 2, 2, 4).  REAPER, messor : qui messem facit.

REAPING-HOOK, falx.

REAR, v., || Transitively, To bring up, educare [vid. in EDUCATE]. || Intransitively, exsultare (the proper word ; vid. Nepos, Eum 5, 5) ; erigere pedes priores (to raise the fore feet, Livius, 8, 7) : tollere se arrectum (Vergilius, Æn., 10, 392).  REAR, s., agmen extremum or novissimum (Cæsar) ;extrema agminis (Livius) : from the context also, novissimi (opposed to primum agmen). To bring up the rear, agmen claudere or cogere. Cf., The foregoing when the army is considered as on a march ; of an army in order of battle, we must say acies, not agmen, and then “the rear ” is novissima acies ; e. g., ab novissima acie ante signa procedere (Livius).  REASON, s., ratio (faculty which calculates or deliberates) : mens (understanding) : sanitas (soundness of the mind, which displays itself in thinking and acting according to truth and right) : prudentia : consilium (prudence, insight). Sound reason, ratio sana or recta, or integra : mens sana : sensus communis : naturalis or vulgaris prudentia (common sense). To follow sound reason, rectæ rationi parere. Endowed with reason, ratione præditus or utens : rationis particeps (Cf., rationalis is first used by Seneca, Ep., 113, 14). Without reason, ratione carens : rationis expers. To lose one’s reason, mentem amittere. To recover one’s reason, ad sanitatem reverti or redire : resipiscere : ad se redire : ad bonam frugem se recipere. To bring anybody to reason, ad bonam frugem corrigere or compellere : ad sanitatem adducere or perducere, or revocare. || Ground, cause, (efficient or final), causa : ratio [vid., CAUSE]. To state a reason, causam or rationem afferre. To be principally led by such or such a reason, aliquid or nonnihil sequi ; (in anything), in aliqua re (Cicero, Offic., 1, 11, 35, Beier., p. 81, sq. ; Rosc., Am., 3, 8, Matthiæ). I have good reasons for, etc., non sine gravi causa facio aliquid : graves causæ me impellunt, ut faciam aliquid (i. e., I am guided by very strong reasons). I will admit your reasons, causam accipio. For no other reason whatever than that, nihil sane, nisi, ut (as answer to a question why he had done so and so ; Cicero, Leg., 1, 1). Not without reason, non sine causa : cum causa : For or from good reasons, justis de causis. Without any reason, nulla ratione ; de nihilo (not Cicero ; without any cause ; e. g., hospites corripi ; fiducia, quæ non de nihilo profecto concepta est, Livius, 39, 29). Without the slightest reason, temere. There is no reason for it, or I have no reason, followed by “to” and infinitive, or by “why, ” or “for” with the participial substantive ; non est, nihil est, quod or cur ; non habeo, nihil habeo, quod or cur (e. g., you have no reason to put yourself out, nihil est quod te moveat. I have reason to, etc., est quod (e. g., I have reason to be ashamed of myself, est quod me pudeat) : what reason is there for, (to, or why), quid est, quod, quamobrem or cur (e. g., festines) : what possible reason is there for, etc., quid tandem est, cur, etc. Cf., causa, and generally causæ, after nihil, quid, are also found : non fuit causa, cur metueres ; quid erat causæ, cur metueret? Cf., also, sometimes est ut is used for est cur : ille erat ut odisset (= he had reason to hate) defensorem salutis meæ (Cicero, De Div., 1, 56) : so non est igitur ut mirandum sit (Cicero, Zumpt, § 562). My reason for doing anything was, that, etc., quod aliquid feci, eo pertinuit, quod, or, if a purpose is involved, ut : my reason for naming several, was, that, quod plures a nobis nominati sunt, eo peitinuit quod, etc. (Cicero). I have greater reason to congratulate than to entreat you, magis est, quod tibi gratuler, quam quod te rogem (comp. Krüger, § 615, A., 6, p. 838 ; Zumpt, § 562). I can give a reason for my belief, cur credam, afferre possum (Cicero). To find out some reason for anything, quærere causam alicujus rei : causas confingere. To state anything to be the reason of, etc., prætexere aliquid. To state a reason for it, prætexere causam ad aliquid. For that reason, ea de causa : ob or propter eam causam. For more than one reason, aliquot de causis. For what reason? quam ob rem? qua de causa? Which (e. g., circumstance) is the reason that, etc., quod facit, ut, etc. (i. e., whence it happens that, etc. ). For this reason. . ., that, idcirco. . . quod, or quoniam (idcirco. . . quia rare) ; ideo. . . quod or quia (not quoniam in the older writers. Cf., The clause with quod, etc., sometimes precedes when more emphasis is to be laid on the cause). If the “that” denotes a purpose, ideo or idcirco. . . ut or quo (ne or ut ne) are used. Was it for this reason. . ., that, etc., ? idcircone. . . ? (in indignant questions). And for this reason, ideoque ; et ideo ; atque ideo (neque ideo = neque eo magis) : Cf., not et igitur. (On all these particles, vid.

Rr. Introd., ii., 682 – 689. ) || Argument, vid. || Ratiocination, syllogismus (συλλογισμός, used as technical term of the modern logicians ; but pure Latin is ratiocinatio or rationis conclusio). || Right, equity ; e. g., with reason, jure : with full reason, justissime : with the best or according
to all reason, optimo jure ; merito atque optimo jure ; jure meritoque ; jure ac merito : merito ac jure : for what reason? quo jure? according to reason, ex æquo ; sicut æquum est : it stands to reason, æquum, verum (vid., Livius, 3, 49, fin. ), par, jus, fas est with infinitive, or accusative and infinitive (vid. Grotef., § 236, 5, 6 ; Zumpt, § 600 and 623). By reason of ; vid. “on ACCOUNT of. ”  REASON, v., || To employ the faculty of reason in order to come to a conclusion, ratiocinari. || To discourse by way of reasoning, agere rem and de aliqua re (general term, to treat on any subject ; vid. Ochsn., Cic., Ecl., p. 230) : disputare : disserere de aliqua re (to hold a dissertation on a subject, especially by way of discussion ; vid. Cicero, Ecl., p. 12, and 354) : sermonem habere de aliqua re (to have or to hold a conversation ; of two or several persons) ; also, sermo est de aliqua re (vid. Ochsn., Cic., Ecl., p. 401). [Vid. also, To DISCOURSE. ] || To debate, consider, ponderare (to weigh anything over in one’s mind) : reputare (to reckon over, as it were, in one’s mind the probable result of anything, generally with secum, or animo, or cum animo) : scrutari : perscrutari (to dive into any subject, to find, by way of reasoning, the truth of it). Vid. To CONSIDER.

REASONABLE, || Endowed with reason, ratione præditus or utens ; rationis particeps : Cf., rationalis is not found before Seneca, Ep., 113, 14. || That manifests reason, sanus (betraying good sense; opposed to insanus, insaniens) : prudens (prudent, showing natural good sense) : modestus (that does not transgress the limits of what is proper and becoming). || Agreeable to reason, * rationi conveniens, consentaneus. || Not immoderate, æquus (according to principles of equity) : justus (according to natural law ; both of things and persons) : modicus (moderate, not too little and not too much ; e. g., price, etc. ) : meritus (that which is owing or due to our deserts ; e. g., praise) : it is reasonable, æquum, verum (vid. Livius, 3, 49, fin. ), par, jus, fas est, with infinitive, or accusative and infinitive (vid. Grotef., § 236, 5, 6 ; Zumpt, 600 and 623) : I consider it reasonable, æquum esse censeo : more than reasonable, plus æquo (†) : as is reasonable, ex æquo ; sicut æquum est ; ut par est : against or contrary to what is reasonable, contra quam fas est ; contra fas : against what is reasonable and right, contra jus fasque : to make reasonable demands, æqua postulare : in a reasonable manner ; vid.

REASONABLY.

REASONABLENESS, || Faculty of reason, [vid.

REASON]. || Agreeableness to reason, or relating to the proper use of it, usus rationis : sanitas (soundness of mind which displays itself in the mode of acting of rational beings) : prudentia : consilium (prudence, insight). || Compliance with reason, * consensus cum ratione. || Equity, moderateness, æquitas : justitia [SYN. in REASONABLE] : moderatio : liberalitas (reasonableness in thinking or asking, demanding, etc. ) : to see the reasonableness of anything, æquitatem alicujus rei perspicere.

REASONABLY, merito : jure : non injuria [SYN. in REASONABLE] : quite reasonably, jure optima ; jure meritoque : to buy reasonably, or at a reasonable price, bene emere. κυρικιμασαηικο REASONING, ratio (reasoning used in argument ; e. g., eos. . . qui ratione nulla vincerentur, were convinced by no reasoning, Cicero, Tusc., 2, 21 ; argumentatio = explicatio argumenti, Cicero, Partit., 13 ; rhetorical technical term : ratiocinatio (Cicero). To establish anything not merely by plausible reasoning, but by strict demonstration, non modo probabili argumentation, sed etiam necessaria mathematicorum ratione concludes (Cicero, Fin., 5, 4, 9).

REASSEMBLE, recolligere. The troops reassembled in the same place, milites in eo loco iterum consederunt. For the intransitive meaning, iterum with the verbs in ASSEMBLE, INTRANS.

REASSERT, iterum affirmare, asseverare, etc. To reassert anything again and again, etiam atque etiam confirmare aliquid (Cicero).

REASSUME, resumere : recipere.

REASSURE, confirmare et excitare (afflictum) alicujus animum ; confirmare aliquem diffidentem rebus suis (Cicero) or aliquem timentem (Cæsar) ; ad novam spem aliquem excitare or erigere ; novam spem alicui ostendere. To be reassured, confirmare se, or erigere se et confirmare ; animum recipere : se or animum colligere, erigere : a pavore, ex timore se recipere.

REBAPTIZE, * anabaptizare (ἀναβαπτίζειν) : * iterum baptizare.

REBATE, || To blunt, hebetare aliquid or aciem alicujus rei (properly and figuratively ; e. g., hastas ; aciem oculorum) : obtundere aliquid or aciem alicujus rei (properly and figuratively ; e. g., gladios or aciem gladiorum ; aciem oculorum). || To deduct from the price, on the part of the seller, * remittere de pretio indicato : to rebate ten per cent, * remissionem centesimarum denarum facere. Vid. also, BATE.

REBEL, v., seditionem movere (to get up a conspiracy) : imperium auspiciumque abnuere (to refuse obedience, of soldiers) : rebellere : rebellionem facere (to renew the war, to rise or take up arms again, of a nation recently conquered). To rebel against anybody, resistere alicui (to resist) : imperium alicujus detrahere (to refuse obedience) : deficere ab aliquo or ab alicujus imperio : desciscere ab aliquo (to make a defection, to fall off) : Cf., rebellare not in Cicero or Cæsar, but in Hirtius and Livy, yet always in the sense of renewing a war ; Krebs.

REBEL, s., turbæ ac tumultus concitator : stimulator et concitator seditionis : novorum consiliorum auctor ; seditionis fax et tuba (the leader of a rebellion, in general) : concitator multitudinis : turbator plebis or vulgi (one that inveigles the people to insurrection) : evocator servorum et civium perditorum (one that calls on the slaves and the mob to take up arms, * Cicero, Cat., 1, 11, 27) : concionator (the inveigling speaker; opposed to animus vere popularis, Cicero, Cat., 4, 5, 9) : homo seditiosus (he that takes an active part in a rebellion).

REBELLION, || Insurrection against a lawful authority, seditio : motus (disturbance in a state) : concitatio (rebellious commotion ; e. g., of the people against the Senate, plebis contra patres) : tumultus (by this appellation was denoted any insurrection of the allies, the slaves, or the peasants against the Roman citizens) : vis repentina (a sudden commotion or revolt) : rebellio : rebellium : rebellatio (of a nation subdued against their conquerors ; Cf., rebellium, Livy, not Cicero) : A rebellion among the citizens, seditio domestica : to get up a rebellion, etc., seditionem, tumultum facere, concitare ; seditionem commovere, concire : to increase the flames of rebellion, ignem et materiam seditioni subdere : to induce, to prompt to rebellion, sollicitare, concitare aliquem : to quell a rebellion, seditionem sedare, lenire ; tranquillum facere, comprimere, exstinguere : a rebellion is breaking out, seditio oritur, concitatur, exardescit : a rebellion breaks out again, seditio recrudescit. : * denuo exardescit or (if it had been quite suppressed) de integro exoritur : the rebellion decreases, seditio languescit, conticescit.

REBELLIOUS, seditiosus (being in the act of rebelling, or about to rebel) : rerum evertendarum or rerum novarum cupidus ; rerum mutationis cupidus (inclined for the overthrow of the existing order) : rebellans (rising against the conquerors ; of a nation not long since subdued) : turbulentus (revolutionary). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) seditiosus ac turbulentus (e. g., civis) : to be rebellious, novas res quærere ; novis rebus studere. To make rebellious speeches, seditiosa per cœtus disserere (Tacitus, Ann., 3, 40, 3) : the Gauls are a rebellious people, Galli novis rebus student et ad bellum mobiliter celeriterque excitantur (Cæsar, B. G., 3, 10) : to make the people rebellious, seditionibus agitare plebem. In a rebellious manner, s., REBELLIOUSLY.

REBELLIOUSLY, seditiose : turbulente, or turbulenter, or turbide. SYN. in REBELLIOUS.

REBOUND, v., repercuti : recellere (quickly or smartly) : resultare (of the voice, and of solid bodies) : resilire : repelli (of solid bodies ; resilire also of persons).

REBOUND, s., repercussio (as act) : repercussus (as state).  REBUFF, Vid.

REFUSAL.

REBUILD, ædificare aliquid totum denuo (to build ; e. g., a house, again entirely, or from the foundations : Cf., reædificare is found only in ecclesiastical Latin : in Cicero, Att., 6, 8, extr., and Livius, 5, 53, 7, all good editions read ædificare) : de integro condere (to build afresh ; e. g., a town that had been destroyed) : restituere, reficere : renovare (to restore, repair ; Cf., reparare is not found in good prose in this sense). to rebuild towns and villages, oppida vicosque restituere : the city was rebuilt in the next age after it had been destroyed, urbs ea ætate, quæ excidium sequuta est, resurrexit.

REBUKE, v., vituperare (aliquem de aliqua re) : reprehendere (aliquem de or in aliqua re) : objurgare (aliquem de or in aliqua re, or aliqua re). SYN. in BLAME.

REBUKE, s., vituperatio : reprehensio : objurgatio : a gentle rebuke, lenis objurgatio. SYN. in BLAME.

REBUS, * ænigma, quod vocant Rebus.

REBUT, repellere. Vid.

REPEL.

RECALL, || To call back, revocare (by word or writing ; properly, or figuratively) : aliquem clamitare, ut revertatur (to call out to anybody to return) : aliquem reverti jubere (to command to return). To recall troops, signa receptui dare : to recall to life, aliquem in vitam revocare : anything to people’s memory, memoriam alicujus rei renovare or redintegrare : anything to anybody’s mind, alicui aliquid in memoriam redigere or reducere ; aliquem in memoriam alicujus rei renovare or reducere ; aliquem ad memoriam alicujus rei excitare : (to one’s own memory), memoriam alicujus rei repetere or renovare : to recall from banishment, revocare de or ab exsilio : reducere de exsilio ; in patriam revocare : in patriam restituere (to restore to all one’s honors, property, etc. ). To recall anybody from a post, revocare aliquem e munere ; an ambassador, revocare aliquem e legatione ; * legatum reverti jubere : to recall (a governor, viceroy, etc. ), revocare ex provincia (Suetonius). In Livius, 5, 15, quæ cecinerit, ea se nec, ut indicta sint, revocare posse, it is, to recall his prophecy, so that it might be actually unsaid ; but revocare probablythe best single word. || To recant, retract, revoke, vid.

RECALL, revocatio ; or by the verb : past recall, irrevocabilis : in perpetuum ratus (fixed forever) : immutabilis (unchangeable). Anything is past recall, aliquid dixi or feci, ut indictum or infectum sit, revocare non possum or revocari non potest (after Livius, 5, 15).  RECANT, revocare (post-Augustan, in this sense, Freund) : dicta retractare (Virgil) ; recantare (Horace, of withdrawing poetical abuse ; of wishing it, not unsaid, but unsung) : Cf., palinodiam canere, very late, Macrobius ; * quod dixi, indictum esse velle, fateri or profiteri (readily) : sententiam mutasse (declare that one has changed one’s opinion).  RECANTATION, palinodia : Cf., not retractatio in this sense. Or by the verbs, (very late, Macrobius, Sat., 7, 9; Cicero, in his Epistles, uses παλινωδία in Greek characters).  RECAPITULATE, v., res disperse ac dissipate dictas unum in locum cogere et reminiscendi causa unum sub aspectum subjicere (Cicero, De Invent., 1, 52, 98) : colligere et commonere quibus de rebus verba fecerimus breviter (Auct., ad Her., 2, 30, 47) : enumerationem subjicere (Quintilianus, 6, 1, 3) : * rerum capita summatim repetere ; * decurrere or repetere per capita ; summa rerum capita, or potiora, repetere (Krebs).  RECAPITULATION, s., enumeratio : rerum repetitio et congregatio (vid. Cicero, De Invent., 1, 52, 98 ; Auct. ad Her., 2, 30, 47 ; Quintilianus, 6, 1) ; also, by the verbs.

RECAST, || Properly, recoquere : con flare (to melt it down). ||Improperly, totum denuo fingere ; fingere, or formare, in aliud : rescribere et corrigere : crebris locis inculcare et reficere (to introduce many changes, etc., in a writing, book, etc. ) : commutare : immutare : novare : to recast a work, retractare (Cf.,   not denuo elaborare). I send you the work recast, idem (opus, etc. ) mitto ad te retractatius (Cicero, Att., 6, 16, 3). You will perceive that this has been entirely recast, hæc quasi nova rursus et rescripta cognosces.

RECEDE, recedere : decedere (general term) : declinare (a little) : rieflectere, degredi (with the will ; properly and figuratively) : aberrare (without knowledge or will ; properly and figuratively) : discedere ab aliqua re (general term, to depart from, leave, abandon) : not to dare to recede a finger’s breadth from anything (proverbially), ab aliqua re, non licet transversum, ut aiunt, digitum discedere ; ab aliqua re transversum unguem non oportet discedere.

RECEIPT, || Act of receiving, acceptio (opposed to deditio, donatio) ; or by circumlocution with accipere : after the receipt of the money pecunia accepta : after receipt of your letter, literis tuis acceptis or allatis : to certify the receipt of anything, testor me accepisse aliquid : to enter the receipt of anything in a book, acceptum referre aliquid. || Money received, acceptum (opposed to datum or expensum) :

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receipts and expenses are equal, ratio par est acceptorum et datorum. || Acknowledgement of payment, apocha (ἀποχή, general term for receipt), or accepti latio : * apocha manu sigilloque firmata : * literæ rei acceptse or traditæ testes. || Prescription (in cookery), * præceptum.