Warning ; Any kind of reproduction of this page will be very severely accused by tokyomaths. com
PRIVILEGED (in bad, or at least incorrect or inelegant, English = having or possessing a privilege), qui privilegium aliquid faciendi habet ; alicui privilegium, beneficium, alicujus rei datum est.
Warning ; Any kind of reproduction of this page will be very severely accused by tokyomaths. com
PRIVITY, by the adjective ; e. g., without my privity, me insciente ; me inscio ; me nesciente.
PRIVY, adjective || Private, privatus. || Secret, secretus ; arcanus ; reconditus. || Conscious, partaking of knowledge, haud ignarus ; conscius : to be privy to a crime, facinoris cum aliquo societatem habere.
PRIVY, s., sella familiarica ; or simply sella. A public privy, forica : to go to a privy, alvum exoneratum ire.
PRIVY-COUNCIL, consilia interiora or domestica.
PRIVY-COUNCILLOR, qui principi est a consiliis interioribus (after Nepos, Hann., 2, 2) : comes consistorianus (in the time of emperors) ; or, by circumlocution, amicus regis quocum secreta consilia agitare solet (Livius, 35, 15) ; amicus regis omnium consiliorum particeps : amicus regis, qui in consilio semper adest et omnium rerum habetur particeps (after Nepos, Eum., 1, 5, 6).
PRIVY PURSE, ærarium privatum : fiscus (the Roman emperor’s privy purse ; opposed to ærarium publicum).
PRIVY-SEAL, signum principis (after Suetonius, Oct., 94).
PRIZE, præmium certaminis (in the games ; Suetonius, Cal., 20, in : Cf., not brabeum, which is late). To offer a prize, præmium proponere : to fix or appoint a prize, præmium ponere : to gain a prize, præmium accipere, auferre (properly) ; palmam accipere or ferre (properly, of the palm, wreath, then improperly = to get the victory or advantage) : præmio augeri, ornari (after Cicero) : to gain the first, second prize, * præmio primario, secundario ornari (Eichst. ) : to award a prize, præmium alicui tribuere, dare, deferre ; palmam deferre, dare, alicui (Cicero) : to award the first prize, alicui primum præmium tribuere (properly) ; primas deferre, concedere, dare, priores deferre alicui (properly and improperly) ; the second, secundas dare (Cicero) : subject for a prize, * quæstio concertationi instituendæ proposita (Eichst. ), or * ad disceptationis certamen posita (Wyttenbach). The prize of female merit was adjudged to Lucretia, muliebris certaminis laus penes Lucretiam fuit.
PRIZE-ESSAY, * scriptum de præmio proposito certans (proposed for the prize) : * dignum, quod præmio ornetur, scriptum (deserving the prize) : * scriptum præmio ornatum, * libellus præmio ornatus ; * liber qui præmio condecoratus est (to which the prize has been awarded).
PRIZE FIGHT, * de præmio proposita certatio, or certamen ; (in the ancient sense) certamen gladiatorium.
PRIZE FIGHTER, pugil (boxer) : (in the ancient sense) gladiator.
PRO AND CON, in utramque partem [vid. “for and against” under AGAINST]. To state the pros and cons, causarum contentionem facere (Cicero, Off., 2, 2, 8) : to argue pro and con, et pro re et contra rem disputare (after Cicero, et pro omnibus et contra omnia disputare).
PROBABILITY, verisimilitudo : probabilitas. In all probability., haud dubie : But mostly by circumlocution with verisimilis or videri. In all probability he will not come, verisimillimum est, eum non venturum ; or, non venturus videtur ; or, vereor, ut venturus sit. In all probability a war is at hand, bellum imminere or exarsurum esse videtur.
PROBABLE, adjective, veri similis (Cf., rarely vero similis) : probabilis (satisfactory, from which one cannot withhold assent ; e. g., probabilis causa, conjectura ; but a probable story, verisimilis narratio). To be probable, verisimile or probabile esse ; a vero non abhorrere ; accedere ad veritatem. To be highly probable, proxime ad verum accedere ; vero proximum esse : it is probable that, veri simile est (with an accusative and infinitive ; sometimes, but seldom, with ut and subjunctive) : to be more probable, vero propius esse or abesse : it now seems to me more probable, nunc facilius adducor (Cf., not inducor) ut credam : it seems to me more probable that this was the cause of his wrath than, etc., eam magis adducor ut credam causam iræ fuisse, quam quod, etc. : to render, or cause to seem, probable, probabilitatem conciliare, or fidem facere alicui rei.
PROBABLY, || With proof, probabiliter (i. e., satisfactorily ; Cf., in the sense of “perhaps” this is not Latin). || Perhaps : Cf., verisimiliter is late ; we must employ a circumlocution with videri, non dubito an, nescio an, haud scio an, vereor ne or ut. It is probably a lie, vereor ne mendacium sit : Milo probably slew Clodius, Milo Clodium interfecisse videtur. Vid. (in all PROBABILITY. ” PROBATION, spectatio : exploratio : probatio : examen (Cicero ; inspection, examination) : tentatio (Livius, trial). The period of probation, * vita in qua exercemur ad virtutem, ad felicitatem futuram : a time of probation, * tempus ad alicujus facultates experiendum constitutum ; * tempus tirocinii.
PROBATIONARY, by the substantives.
Probationary year, * annus ad alicujus facultates experiendum constitutus ; * annus tirocinii ; * annus rudimentorum ; * annuum rudimentum, tirocinium : to go through the probationary year, * tolerare annum tirocinii : a probationary sermon, * oratio qua, dicendi periculum fit : to preach a probationary sermon, * de sacro suggestu dicendi periculum facere : a probationary composition, liber quo aliquis documentum sui dat (after Livius, 32, 7, 10) : a probationary fellow, * novicius socius.
PROBATIONER, tiro.
PROBE, s., specillum (Cicero ; Celsus).
PROBE, v., || Properly, * specillo vulnus explorare. || Figuratively, explorare : exquirere : scrutari, perscrutari aliquid. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) investigare et scrutari : indagare et pervestigare : investigare.
PROBING, exploratio : investigatio : inquisitio.
PROBITY, probitas : integritas : fides : fidelitas : innocentia, continentia (especially in discharge of a public office) : a man of probity, vir probus, etc.
PROBLEM, quæstio (a question proposed, which is to be answered) : quæstio difficilior, non facilis ad explicandum or expediendum : problema, -atis, neuter (especially a mathematical problem ; Cf., of the Silver Age) : ænigma, -atis, neuter (a riddle ; Cf., of later authority). To propose a problem, quærendum, expediendum alicui aliquid proponere : solve that problem for me, mihi, quod rogavi, dilue (Plautus) : it is a problem, quæstio est ; magna est quæstio. Anything is a difficult problem, res magna est : to solve a difficult problem, id quod est difficillimum efficere (i. e., practically).
PROBLEMATICAL, de quo quæritur, quæstio est, disceptator : incertus, dubius (doubtful) : It is problematical, quæritur, quæstio est.
PROBOSCIS, manus (Cicero) ; proboscis, -idis (Plinius).
PROCEDURE, || Mode of proceeding, agendi ratio, or simply ratio. || Action, res gesta (a thing done) : actio (course of action).
PROCEED, || To advance, go forward, procedere : progredi : prodire. || To make progress, procedere : progredi (The words are found in this connection and order. ) procedere et progredi : proficere (in re).
PROCEED AGAINST (in law), Vid. “To BRING AN ACTION. ”
PROCEED FROM, proficisci a (ab) aliqua re : oriri ab aliquo (to arise on the part of anybody) : manare ex or ab aliqua re (vid. “FLOW from”). Love proceeds from this beginning, ab istis initiis amor proficiscitur : every treatise ought to proceed from a definition, omnis institutio a definitione proficisci debet : fear proceeded first from the military tribunes, timor primum a tribunis militum ortus est.
PROCEEDING, || Procedure, agendi ratio : ratio. || Action, res gesta : actio [SYN. in PROCEDURE]. || In law, lis : legal prceedings ; vid. ACTION.
PROCESS, || Progress, progressio : progressus, -ûs : processus, -ûs :
Process of time, temporis decursus, -ûs, in course of time, ævo. || Course of law, lawsuit [vid. ACTION]. || Methodical management, agendi ratio.
PROCESSION, || Proceeding, processio ; or by theverb. || Train marching solemnly, pompa ; pompa sollemnis (a solemn procession). To make a procession, pompam ducere.
PROCESSIONAL, ad pompam pertinens ; or, by genitive, pompæ.
PROCLAIM, promulgare (to make publicly known) : pronunciare (to proclaim publicly) : denunciare (to make a threatening announcement) : edicere (to make publicly known by a written or oral proclamation) : proponere (to make known by a public notice) : præconium facere (of a herald) : prædicare (also of the herald ; to proclaim anybody the conqueror ; an auction) : indicere (a war or festival) : salutare : consalutare (to hail as king, dictator, etc. ; the latter, of several) : declarare (e. g., anybody consul). To proclaim anybody the conqueror, aliquem victorem prædicare or citare (the latter, if he is called up) ; the names of the conquerors, nomina victorum pronunciare ; an auction, auctionem prædicare ; auctionem fore conclamare : to have anything proclaimed by the herald or crier, aliquid per præconem pronunciare ; aliquid præconi, or sub præcone, or præconis voci subjicere ; aliquid per præconem vendere (to make him proclaim that something is going to be sold) : Cf., Pronunciare and renunciare are used, the latter especially, of proclaiming the persons chosen by the comitia as magistrates ; renunciare by those who collected the votes of each centuria ; pronunciare by the herald : When “proclaim” is = declare, announce, it may be rendered sometimes by dicere, profiteri, præ se ferre.
PROCLAMATION, || Act of proclaiming,
promulgatio : pronunciatio (the proclaiming anything by public authority) : præconium (by a herald) : evocatio (a proclamation to call anybody to serve as a soldier in a time of sudden danger) : libellus (as a writing). To distribute proclamations, libellos dispergere (after Tacitus, Dial., 9, 3). [Vid. PROCLAIM]. || That which has been proclaimed, edictum.
PROCLIVITY, proclivitas (properly, Auct., B. Afr. ; figuratively, Cicero). Vid. PRONENESS.
PROCONSUL, by circumlocution with pro consule (e. g., to go as proconsul into Cilicia, pro consule in Ciliciam proficisci, Cicero), or, as one word, proconsul (this form is found in Cicero ; e. g., Divin., 2, 36, 76) ; proconsularis vir (Tacitus, Agr., 42).
PROCONSULAR, proconsularis (Livius, ; not Cicero or Cæsar), or by circumlocution with pro consule or consulibus ; e. g., to go or to send anybody with proconsular authority, proficisci, aliquem mittere, etc., pro consule.
PROCONSULSHIP, proconsulatus, -ûs (Tacitus, Plinius).
PROCRASTINATE, Transitively, differre (to put off to a more convenient time, to defer) : aliquid procrastinare (to put off from day to day) : aliquid differre in crastinum, aliquid in posterum diem conferre (to put off until the following day) : in aliud tempus differre, proferre, or rejicere (to put off until some other time). Intransitively, diem ex die ducere, or prolatare. Vid. also, DELAY, v.
PROCRASTINATION, dilatio, prolatio (from time to time) : procrastinatio (from one day to another). Vid., also, DELAY, s.
PROCREATE, procreare. Vid. BEGET.
PROCREATION, procreatio ; or by circumlocution with the verbs.
PROCREATOR, procreator (Cicero). Vid. PARENT.
PROCTOR, procurator (in a court of justice [vid. ATTORNEY ; explained by alieni juris vicarius, Cicero, Cæcin. 20) ; plural, delecti, allegati (deputies ; e. g., from the clergy) : * procurator (in a university, technical term).
PROCUMBENT, inclinatus (leaning forward) : cernuus (leaning or falling forward ; very rare, and only poetical) : qui procubuit (that has fallen forward) : humi jacens (lying on the ground) : * humum spectans (toward the ground).
PROCURACY, procuratio (the proper word).
PROCURATION, procuratio (the proper word) : Cf., delegatio in Cicero = “an assignment : ” in Seneca, it has the meaning of “delegation ;” delegationem ista res non recipit.
PROCURE, parare ; comparare. Vid. ACQUIRE, OBTAIN.
PROCUREMENT, comparatio : adeptio. SYN. in ACQUISITION.
PROCURER, leno : libidinis minister : cupiditatum alicujus minister (Cicero) : perductor (Cicero, Verr., 2, 1, 12).
PROCURESS, lena : libidinis ministra ; (sequestra stupri ; Appuleius).
PRODIGAL, prodigus (of persons) : profusus, effusus (of persons or things), in aliqua re. A prodigal, homo prodigus, profusus, or effusus ; heluo ; gurges. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) gurges atque heluo ; nepos (heluo and nepos with reference to the whole character) : to be prodigal of anything, effundere, profundere, conficere, consumere (to consume or destroy by lavishing, to waste) : dissipare, abligurire, lacerare (e. g., patria bona, rem familiarem) : perdere (to throw away) : heluari (to consume by luxury : Cf., prodigere is an old word, revived after the best period of the language, and therefore to be avoided) : to be prodigal of time, or words, tempus, verba, perdere : to be prodigal in the bestowal of honors, in decernendis honoribus nimium esse et tamquam prodigum (Cicero).
PRODIGALITY, effusio : profusio (as act) : sumtus effusi or profusi (extravagant expense) : profusa luxuria (luxurious and expensive habits).
PRODIGALLY, prodige ; effuse.
PRODIGIOUS, monstrosus ; portentosus ; prodigiosus (Quintilianus, Ovidius, properly) : admirabilis : stupendus : immanis (improperly) : a prodigious sum of money, immanes pecuniæ.
PRODIGIOUSLY, monstrose ; prodigialiter (†) : prodigiose (properly) : stupendum in modum (in an astonishing manner) : valde : vehementer (all improperly).
PRODIGY,
Properly, , monstrum ; portentum ; prodigium ; ostentum. Improperly, A prodigy of anything, perhaps miraculum alicujus rei (after miraculum magnitudinis, Livius, 25, 9) ; in quo plus est alicujus rei, quam videtur humana natura ferre posse ; quasi unicum exemplum alicujus rei (e. g., antiquæ probitatis et fidei ; or by some other turn) : a prodigy of learning, mire or doctissime eruditus ; exquisita doctrina pereruditus : anybody is a prodigy of genius, plus in aliquo est in genii quam videtur humana natura ferre posse. vid. MIRACLE, MONSTER.
PRODUCE, v., || To bring forward, producere (lead forward a person) : afferre, proferre (bring forward) : memorare, commemorare (make mention of) : laudare (especially, to praise ; not = to quote a passage) : citare (to call forth ; e. g., aliquem auctorem, as one’s authority ; but rare in this sense). To produce witnesses, testes proferre, laudare, proferre, citare, excitare : testimony, afferre testimonium : a passage, locum afferre [vid. CITE] : a reason, rationem, causam afferre ; afferre cur with subjunctive (e. g., cur credam, afferre possum, Cicero) : Cf., not producere, adducere, locum, rationem. || To yield (of trees, fields, etc. ), ferre, efferre, proferre, fundere : effundere (of nature, the earth, a field, etc. ; fund, and effundere = produce abundantly) : to produce crops, ferre fruges, or ferre only ; fructum afferre ; efferre (especially of a field). [Vid. BEAR. ] || To cause, afferre (to bring) : facere : efficere (to cause) : esse (with dative) : parere (to beget ; sorrow, weariness, sleep, etc. ) : creare (make, cause ; danger, mistakes, pleasure, etc. ) : præstare (supply) : to produce profit or pleasure, utilitatem or voluptatem afferre ; usui or voluptati esse. For other phrases, vid. the substantives.
PRODUCE,
PRODUCT,
PRODUCTION, fructus, -ûs ; reditus, -ûs ; opus (work) : The productions of art, opera et artificia. Whether this is a natural or artificial production, sive est naturæ hoc, sive artis (†) : production of the earth, terræ fruges ; id quod agri afferunt ; quæ terra gignit or parit ; quæ gignuntur in or e terra : the products of manual labor, manu quæsita (Cicero, N. D., 2, 60, 151). || Product (in arithmetic), summa, quæ ex multiplicatione effecta est (Columella, 5, 2, 1).
PRODUCTION, (Act of producing), usually by the verb : procreatio (procreation).
PRODUCTIVE, ferax (the proper word of the soil, etc. ) : fertilis (εὔφορος, ; that bears well, or produces much ; opposed to infecundus, barren ; alicujus rei) : opimus (rich, in respect of corn and produce, of a country, etc. ; both are opposed to sterilis). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) opimus et fertilis ; fecundus, alicujus rei (that bears well, εὔτοκος, usually of living animals ; of things only when personified) : uber (abounding in productive power) : frugifer, fructuosus (bearing much fruit) : largus (copious, abundant ; e. g., messis) : a province productive of corn, fecunda annonæ provincia : to be very productive of anything, copiam alicujus rei effundere : this year was very productive of poets, magnum proventum poetarum annus hic attulit (Plinius, Ep., 1, 13, 1) : this age was very productive of orators, hæc ætas effudit copiam oratorum (Cicero, Brut., 9, 36). vid. also FERTILE.
PROEM, proœmium : præfatio. Vid. OBS. on PREFACE.
PROFANATION, violatio (templi, Livius : religionum, Seneca ; profanatio, Tertullianus). To order an investigation on the subject of the profanation of the holy rites, quæstionem de pollutis sacris decernere.
PROFANE, v., profanare, profanum dicere (in the best age only = to confound divine things with human, sacred with common ; opposed to sacrum esse velle : in later writers = general term to violate) : exaugurare (to recal a thing from sacred to common use ; opposed to inaugurare ; vid. Livius, 1, 55) : polluere : maculare (to dishonor what is sacred or pure) : violare (general term for any breach of what is due to anything, templa).
PROFANE, adjective, profanus. A profane person, homo profanus (general term) : homo impius (godless) : profane history, * historia rerum a populis gestarum ; but perhaps profana historia necessary as technical term ; opposed to sacra historia.
PROFANELY, impie : profane (Lactantius).
PROFANENESS, impietas ; profanum (Plinius).
PROFESS, profiteri : to profess an art, artem colere ; in arte se exercere : to profess philosophy, philosophiam profiteri : to profess one’s self a consulting barrister, se jure consultant esse profiteri : to profess medicine, or to be a physician, medicinam profiteri. Vid., also, DECLARE, PROCLAIM.
PROFESSEDLY, ex professo ; aperte ; or by circumlocution with libere profiteri, ingenue confiteri.
PROFESSION, || Avowal, professio (e. g., bonæ voluntatis). || An employment, learned avocation, ars ; disciplina : the profession of arms, disciplina militaris : the profession of medicine, medicina : to follow the profession of medicine, medicinam profiteri : the liberal professions, artes ingenuæ, liberates, honestæ or elegantes ; studia liberalia : to study a profession, arti alicui studere : to follow a profession, artem colere, factitare
; in arte versari, se exercere (exercere artem, doubtful, Krebs) : to relinquish a profession, artem desinere.
PROFESSIONAL, By the genitive, artis, muneris, etc. : a professional income, muneris commoda (plural, Cicero).
PROFESSOR, professor (Plinius ; e. g., eloquentiæ, civilis juris). To be a professor, profiteri (post-Augustin ; e. g., translatus est in Siciliam, ubi nunc profitetur, Plinius, Ep., 4, 11) : to blame any branch of study for the faults of its professors, studium quodpiam vituperare propter eorum vitia, qui in eo studio sunt(Auct. ad Her., 2, 27, 44). To be professor of history, * historiam publica auctoritate tradere.
PROFESSORSHIP, * professoris munus or partes. PROFFER, rem alicui offerre. Vid. OFFER.
PROFICIENCY, by circumlocution with adjective, in PROFICIENT.
PROFICIENT, eruditus : doctus : doctrina instructus or eruditus : a great proficient, vir perfecta eruditione ; vir perfecte planeque eruditus.
PROFILE, faciei latus alterum ; imago obliqua; opposed to imago recta (vid. Handrianus,
Plinius, 35, 8, 34) : profiles may also be expressed by the technical term, catagrapha, -orum, neuter (plural) : to draw in profile, imaginem alicujus obliquam facere (Plinius, 35, 10, 36) ; imaginem latere tantum altero ostendere (Quintilianus, 2, 13, 12).
PROFIT, s., lucrum : emolumentum : quæstus : compendium : fructus : utilitas : commodum [SYN. in ADVANTAGE : lucrum, emolumentum are general terms ; quæstus and compendium are mercantile terms]. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) quæstus et lucrum : quæstus et compendium : source of profit, quæstus ; res ex qua aliquid acquiritur (Cicero, Off., 1, 42, 151) : great profit, quæstus magnus : lucrum magnum, amplum : small profit, lucellum : lucrum non magnum : quæstus turpis, mediocris, etc. : to derive profit from anything, utilitatem capere or percipere ex re ; fructum capere or percipere ex re [Cf., fructum alicujus rei is more common than ex re when the thing from which the person derives profit is possessed by himself ; e. g., capio magnum laboris mei fructum] : to make great profits, multum lucri auferre : to be making no profits, nullum facere quæstum ; nihil proficere : to have an eye to one’s own profit, aliquid ad fructum suum referre : privato suo commodo servire (of the habit) : the profit of a farm, etc., fructus quem prædia reddunt ; prædiorum mercedulæ (both of rent) ; prædiorum proventus (of the whole produce) : the landlord receives a great profit, puri atque reliqui aliquid ad dominum pervenit : to make profit one’s first object, or the first consideration, omnia quæstu metiri ; omnia ad emolumentum revocare : what profit have I in deceiving you? quid mihi lucri est te fallere? (Terentianus) : to bring in (so much) profit, fructum ferre (Cicero) ; lucrum apportare (Plautus) ; lucro esse alicui : to make profits, lucrum or quæstum facere : I calculate my profits, enumero quod ad me rediturum puto. Vid. ADVANTAGE, GAIN. κυρικιμασαηικο PROFIT, v., || Transitively, utilem esse : usui esse : ex usu esse : utilitatem or usum præbere : prodesse : conducere. To profit anybody much, magnæ utilitati esse ; magnam utilitatem afferre ; plurimum or valde prodesse : not to profit anybody much, non multum prodesse : to profit anybody, esse ex usu alicujus ; esse ex re or in rem alicujus (of a thing) : alicui prodesse (of persons or things) : aliquem juvare (by assistance), alicui adesse (by advice or support ; both of men). || Intransitively, To profit by anything, utilitatem, or fructum capere, or percipere ex re (but also, alicujus rei, especially if the person himself possesses the thing ; e. g., capio magnum laboris mei fructum) : commodum facere ex re (both of gaining advantage from) : proficere : progredi : progressus facere : procedere (all in re ; to make progress). Vid. To GAIN.
PROFITABLE, quæstuosus : lucrosus : utilis : commodus : fructuosus. [SYN. in ADVANTAGEOUS. ] To be profitable, fructum edere ex se ; uberrimus est reditus vinearum (the vineyards are profitable).
PROFITABLY, utiliter : bene : commode.
PROFITLESS, inutilis : cassus : inanis : vanus : irritus. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) vanus et irritus : frivolus et inanis. SYN. in USELESS.
PROFLIGACY, animus perditus (depraved disposition) : perdita nequitia (extreme vice or wickedness).
PROFLIGATE, perditus (lost to all sense of virtue, hopelessly corrupt) : profligatus (abandoned) ; (The words are found in this connection and order. ) profligatus et perditus : sceleratus, scelerosus (vicious, wicked). The most profligate of men, profligatissimus omnium mortalium et perditissimus : to lead a profligate life, voluptatibus se dedere or se tradere, servire, deditum esse.
PROFOUND, Vid. DEEP.
PROFOUNDLY, subtiliter : abscondite (e. g., disserere).
PROFUNDITY, Vid. DEPTH.
PROFUSE, || Abundant, abundans ; affluens. || Lavish, prodigus (of persons ; careless of property, etc) : profusus : effusus (of persons and things ; e. g., sumtus, that spends freely or consumes).
Profuse in anything, prodigus or effusus in aliqua re.
PROFUSELY, abunde : satis superque (more than enough, denote a quality) : abundanter (in an abundant manner) : prolixe : effuse (in superabundance). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) prolixe effuseque ; large effuseque : Cf., not profuse in this sense (profuse tendere in castra, Livius).
PROFUSENESS,
PROFUSION, || Abundance, abundantia, affluentia ; ubertas [SYN. and PHR. in ABUNDANCE. ] || Lavish expenditure, effusio, profusio (the action) : sumtus effusi or profusi (money lavishly expended) : profusa luxuria, (the habit of spending lavishly) : also, plural, effusiones (Cicero).
PROGENITOR, Vid. ANCESTOR.
PROGENY, progenies (Cf., proles is poetical ; prosapia obsolate) : liberi, nati, plural, (children) : posteri, plural ; posteritas (posterity).
PROGNOSTIC, signum : nota futuræ alicujus rei (Celsus ; both especially = “symptom, ” in medicine) ; prænuncius (either as substantive, or as adjective agreeing with a substantive before mentioned, to which it refers) : prognostics, prædicta, -orum (as published beforehand) : Cf., prognostica in Cicero only as title of his translation of Aratus, προγνωστικά. To be a prognostic of anything, alicujus rei esse prænuncium ; aliquid prænunciare. vid. FORERUNNER.
PROGNOSTICATE, Vid. FOREBODE, PROPHECY.
PROGNOSTICATION, || Act of prognosticating ; [vid. PROPHECY]. || Prognostic, vid.
PROGNOSTICATOR, Vid. PROPHET.
PROGRAMME, some say prologus or prolusio ; but perhaps programma (although not classical) is sometimes necessary as technical term : Georges gives libellus, with reference to Cicero, Quint. 15, 50, and 19, 61 : Cicero, Phil., 2, 38 ; Tacitus, Dial., 9, 3.
PROGRESS, s., progressus, progressio (properly and figuratively) : processus (figuratively). To make progress in anything, procedere, progredi. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) procedere et progredi, proficere in re ; progressus (Cf., in the best age never profectum) facere in re : to make but little progress in a thing, parum proficere in re : to make great progress in a thing, multum proficere in re : he made such extraordinary progress, that, etc., tantos processus efficiebat, ut, etc. (vid. Cicero, Brut., 78, 272) : I am satisfied with my progress, me, quantum profecerim, non pœnitet.
PROGRESS, v., (not good English). Vid. ADVANCE.
PROGRESSION, progressio (also as arithmetical term).
PROGRESSIVE, qui (quæ, quod) progreditur, proceditur = gradual, vid.
PROGRESSIVELY, gradatim, gradibus (step by step) : pedetentim (by slow advances, gradually).
PROHIBIT, interdicere : vetare : prohibere. [SYN. and CONSTRUCT in FORBID. ]
Prohibited goods, * merces vetitæ. Vid. also, CONTRABAND.
PROHIBITION, interdictum. To issue a prohibition, interdicere alicui aliqua re (Cf., not alicui aliquid, in the best age), or with ne ; alicui prædicere, with ne or ut ne ; vetare (to forbid).
PROHIBITORY, qui (quæ, quod) vetat, etc.
PROJECT, s., consilium : machina, machinatio, conatus (a secret, bad design). To form a project, consilium capere, inire ; against anybody, concerning anything, contra aliquem , de aliqua re ; also, consilium aliquid faciendi capere or agitare : to form secret projects, clandestinis consiliis operam dare ; consilia clam inire : to form a project for anybody, consilii auctorem esse alicui : to adopt a project, consilium sequi : to kinder or defeat a project, consilium perimere or confringere ; conatum infringere.
PROJECT, v., || Intransitively, To jut out, prominere (to hang over in front ; figuratively = to stretch out, extend ; to, etc., in. . . usque) : eminere (to jut out) : exstare (to stand out ; properly) : projici, projectum esse (to be built out ; e. g., in the sea ; of a town, etc. ) : prosilire (to spring forth) : procedere (to go forth or out) : procurrere, excurrere, from anything, ab aliqua re, or into anything, in aliquid (to run forth, run out ; e. g., into the sea, of a peninsula, etc). || Transitively, To form a project ; vid. PROJECT, s.
PROJECTILE, missile (telum or ferrum).
PROJECTION,
PROJECTURE (In architecture), projectura, ecphora (Vitruvius).
PROLEGOMENA, Vid. PREFACE.
PROLEPTICAL, by circumlocution with anticipare or anticipatio.
PROLIFIC, || Properly, (of land, etc. ) fertilis ; fecundus ; uber ; ferax (usually with a genitive, rarely with ablative ; Cicero uses it almost always figuratively) : fructuosus ; frugifer : (of animals) fecundus ; multos partus, fetus, edens. || Figuratively, ferax ; copiosus ; fecundus ; uber. SYN. and PHR. in FERTILE, FRUITFUL].
PROLIX, latus (wide, set forth in all its parts; opposed to contractus ; of persons and things) : copiosus (copious) : verbosus (using many words, where the matter might be more simply expressed, verbose : Cf., prolixus in this sense is not classical). A prolix disputation, quæstio, disputatio lata : a prolix speech, oratio longa, or lata, or copiosa, or verbosa : a prolix letter, episto la longior or verbosa : a prolix work, opus diffusum : to be prolix, longum esse ; in anything, multum esse in aliqua re : to be too prolix in anything, nimium esse in aliqua re : I should be too prolix, longum est (longum esset is not Latin ; vid. Krüger, § 463 ; Zumpt, §520) : in order not to be too prolix, ne multus sim ; ne plura dicam ; ne longior sim ; to become prolix, provebi : to become too prolix, longius provehi.
PROLIXITY, verbositas (verbosity, a making use of a great many words, as quality ; late) : anfractus : ambages (a roundabout narrative ; e. g., ambages narrare, Terentius, Heaut., 2, 3, 77).
PROLIXLY, late (widely) : longe (long) : fuse, diffuse (diffusely, extending widely) : (The words are found in this connection and order. ) latius et diffusius (Cf., but prolixe is quite unclassical in this sense) : copiose : verbose. [SYN. in PROLIX. ] To speak prolixly, copiose et abundanter dicere ; fuse et late dicere ; on any subject, uberius et fusius de aliqua re disputare (opposed to brevius et angustius) ; also, dilatare aliquid (opposed to premere aliquid) : to speak too prolixly, longius, latius, et diffusius dicere : more prolixly than necessary, verbosius, quam necesse erat : to write prolixly on a subject, late or verbose aliquid perscribere.
PROLOCUTOR, orator (general term ; e. g., in an embassy or any mission) : cognitor (agent of a party present in a court of justice ; vid. Heindorf, Hor., Sat., 2, 5, 38) : prolocutor (one who speaks on behalf or in defence of another ; Auct., Quint, decl. ).
PROLOGUE, prolŏgus (πρόλογος).
PROLONG, prorogare (e. g., the time of an office, the term in which a payment ought to be made, etc. ; e. g., diem ad solvendum : the chief command, imperium : Cf., prolongare is spurious Latin) : propagare (literally, to remove, as it were, the limits of anything, to allow to continue, e. g., the chief command for one year, imperium in annum ; hence to carry on ; e. g., the war, bellum) : producere (to carry on for some time longer ; e. g., an entertainment, feast, etc., convivium vario sermone) : extendere (to extend beyond a certain time, to go on with anything ; e. g., until midnight, ad mediam noctem) : continuare (to cause to continue or to exist, with reference to time ; e. g., militiam ; alicui consulatum, magistratum) : trahere (to make anything last longer than necessary from want of energy, proper measures, etc. ; e. g., bellum : different from ducere bellum, i. e., to protract the war purposely, in order to tire the enemy out, by not engaging in a general battle) : proferre (to defer, to postpone ; e. g., diem) : prolatare (to defer to another period ; comitia). To prolong anybody’s life, alicui vitam producere (e. g., by giving alms to anybody that would otherwise starve ; Plautus, Trin., 2, 2, 59) : alicui vitæ spatium prorogare (of anybody that is to die ; e. g., a criminal, Tacitus, Ann., 3, 51, extr. ) : alicui spiritum prorogare (of a patient, on the part of the physician, Plinius, Ep., 2, 20, 7) : to prolong one’s life by anything, * vitam sibi producere aliqua re ; vitam prorogare aliqua re.
PROLONGATION, prorogatio : propagatio [SYN. in To PROLONG] : prolatio diei (of a term of payment).
PROLUSION, præcentio (beating the proper time in music, leading) : proœmium (introduction made with a musical instrument ; e. g., citharœdi ; Cicero, De Or., 2, 80, 325) : prologus (prologue ; of a play) : prolusio or prælusio (the commencement of a fight, skirmish which precedes the general combat ; hence, figuratively = opening of anything ; vid. Gierig, Plin., Ep., 6, 13, extr. ) : to be the prolusion of anything, (figuratively) alicui rei antecedere.
PROMENADE, s., ambulatio : spatium : ambulacrum : xystus (alley ; open at top, but with trees, etc., on each side). Vid. WALK.
PROMENADE, v., ambulare, inambulare, in aliquo loco (to walk) : deambulare in aliquo loco (to walk as long as one likes) : spatiari in aliquo loco (to walk leisurely) : ire (to walk up and down, Horatius, Sat., 9, 1, 1).
PROMINENCE, eminentia (eminence, vid. ) ; or by circumlocution with verbs : Cf., prominentia, late. PROMINENT (TO BE), prominere (also improperly = to extend itself, as far as, etc., in. . . usque, but never in the sense of To DISTINGUISH one’s self) : eminere (to rise high, to tower ; also, figuratively = to distinguish one’s self among the rest, inter omnes) : exstare (to be above the level ; e. g., capite solo ex aqua) : projici : projectum esse (to be built in such a manner as to project ; e. g., in altum, of a town with regard to the sea). Improperly, excellere (to excel, vid. ). If = DISTINGUISHED, vid. To make anything a prominent part in a speech, premere aliquid (to dwell on it particularly) : imprimis prædicare aliquid ; e. g., alicujus merita in rempublicam (to make peculiar mention of) : prominent eyes, oculi eminentes, prominentes, or exstantes : a prominent tooth, dens exsertus ; dens brochus (in animals).
PROMINENTLY, Vid. “in a DISTINGUISHED manner. ” PROMISCUOUS, mixtus : permixtus (mixed) : promiscuus (composed of various parts, or of parts of various nature) : Cf., miscellus and miscellaneus are not found in standard prose.
Promiscuous writings, opera varii et diversi generis, or varia et diversa genera operum (after Cicero, Manil., 10, 28). If = COMMON, vid.
Promiscuous love, amor venereus or libidinosus : to be given or to indulge in it, rebus venereis deditum esse, or amare simply (ἐρᾶν ; vid. Sallustius, Cat., 11, 6).
PROMISCUOUSLY, sine delectu (without choice) : temere (without discrimination). Quite promiscuously, sine ullo delectu. PROMISE, s., promissio ; pollicitatio (vid. the verb) : fides (one’s word given or pledged to a certain effect) : promissum (that which one has promised, a thing promised). To give a promise, alicui promittere or polliceri (Cf., not alicui promissum facere) ; with an accusative and infinitive., de aliqua re : he makes firm promises (ironically), satis scite tibi promittit (in comedy) : to make many promises, multa alicui polliceri : to keep or fulfil one’s promise, promissum facere, efficere, præstare, servare, solvere, exsolvere, persolvere ; promisso stare or satisfacere ; quod promisi or pollicitus sum, or quod promissum est, servare, observare, or efficere ; quod promissum est tenere ; fidem servare, præstare, solvere, or exsolvere : promises are not kept, promissa ad irritum cadunt : to be bound by a promise, promisso teneri.
PROMISE, v., || To make a promise, promittere (usually, in answer to a request, to engage one’s self to a performance of the thing required at some future time ; alicui aliquid, or de aliqua re) : polliceri (for the most part, spontaneously or of one’s own accord ; also = not to refuse ; alicui aliquid, or de aliqua re : Cf., neque minus ei prolixe de tua voluntate promisi, quam eram solitus de mea polliceri, Cicero, ad Div., 7, 5, 1 ; promittere here denoting to give the actual expectation of a thing in prospect, polliceri merely to manifest a willingness to do it if possible) : pollicitari (with repeated assurances) : appromittere (to take upon one’s self a promise already made by another in one’s name) : in se recipere, or simply recipere (to undertake, to become responsible for) : recipere et ultro polliceri ; spondere, despondere (formally, so as to come under a legal obligation to fulfil one’s engagement) : proponere (to propose or hold out as a reward ; e. g., servis libertatem) : pronunciare (publicly). “To promise that or to, ” is expressed in Latin by an accusative and infinitive (usually a future infinitive, rarely the present) after the verb of promising ; e. g., I promise to do so or so, promitto, or polliceor, me hoc facturum esse : to promise in marriage, despondere (Cf., not desponsare) . || To give hope, promittere ; spem facere or dare alicujus rei. He promises well, aliquis alios bene de se sperare jubet ; alii de aliquo bene sperare possunt.
PROMISING, qui promittit, spem facit or dat. Vid. the verb.
PROMISSORY NOTE, chirographum ; chirographi cautio. To borrow money upon a promissory note, * per chirographum pecuniam mutuam sumere : to lend money upon a promissory note, * chirographo exhibito pecuniam alicui credere : to give a promissory note, chirographum exhibere (after Gellius, 14, 2, § 7) : chirographo cavere de aliqua re (Suetonius, Cal., 12).
PROMONTORY, promontorium ; lingua (= promontorii genus non excellentis,
sed molliter in planum devexi, Festus, Livius, Ovidius). To turn or double a promontory, flectere promontorium (Cicero, de Div., 2, 45).
PROMOTE, || To aid, assist, vid. || To forward anybody’s interests, servire alicujus commodis ; rebus or rationibus alicujus consulere or prospicere ; the interests or welfare of a state, saluti reipublicæ consulere ; rempublicam juvare, tueri ; reipublicæ salutem suscipere ; a study, studiis favere, studia concelebrare (by pursuing it eagerly ; of several persons, Cicero, Invent., 1, 3, 4). || To advance to honor, aliquem augere, tollere, attollere (to raise a man to posts of honor in a state) : fovere (to show favor to by one’s acts) : ornare, exornare (to distinguish) : gratia et auctoritate sua sustentare (support by one’s influence). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) augere atque ornare ; augere et adjuvare ; fovere ac tollere ; sustinere ac fovere : to anything, producere ad dignitatem (to raise to a post of honor) : promovere ad, or in munus, or ad locum (to promote to an office ; not promovere alone) : to promote anybody to a higher rank or office, aliquem promovere ad (in) ampliorem gradum, ad ampliora officia (Cf., promovere, etc., in this sense is always post-Augustan ; the best writers use the word only in the strict physical sense, to move or push forward ; Krebs) : to be promoted, ascendere (ad) altiorem gradum ; promoveri ad altiorem gradum (general term) ; in ampliorem ordinem evehi (of military men ; after Cæsar, B, C, 1, 77) : to be promoted through all the grades to the highest command, efferri per honorum gradus ad summum imperium : to be promoted by anyone, auctum adjutumque ab aliquo ascendere altiorem gradum ; in altiorem locum ascendere per aliquem ; alicujus beneficio altiorem dignitatis gradum consequi : to be promoted from a lower post to a higher, promoveri ab humili ordine ad altiorem gradum ; to the highest posts, ad summos honores provehi.
PROMOTER, adjutor alicujus rei (a helper, supporter) : auctor alicujus rei (one through whose influence, persuasion, etc., anything takes place) : minister alicujus rei (an aider or abettor in a bad action) : fautor alicujus or alicujus rei (a favorer of a person or thing by advice or action).
PROMOTION, || Act of promoting, circumlocution by verbs under PROMOTE. || Advancement to honor, dignitatis accessio : officium amplius : promotio (post- Augustan). To hinder anybody’s promotion, aditum ad honores alicui intercludere : to receive or obtain promotion, honore augeri ; muneri præfici (to some particular office) : to receive further promotion, [vid. phrases in PROMOTE] : in hope of (military) promotion, spe ordinis or (of several) ordinum (vid. Cæsar, B, C, 1, 77).
PROMPT, adjective, celer (quick, expeditious) : promtus, expeditus (ready).
PROMPT, v., || To help by secret instruction, suggerere alicui aliquid : suggerere, si aliquem memoria deficit : subjicere alicui verba (the latter, of the theatrical “prompter, ” or of one who acts like him). || To incite, instigate, insusurrare (to whisper in anybody’s ears, alicui or ad aurem [confidentially] or in aures [clandestinely], Cicero).
PROMPTER, qui verba subjicit alicui.
PROMPTITUDE,
PROMPTNESS, celeritas (quickness) : velocitas : pernicitas : agilitas [SYN. in FAST] : præsentia animi or animi præsentia (presence of mind ; promptness in using means at hand, etc. ). Vid. also, DEXTERITY. PROMPTLY, prompte (Tacitus) : celeriter, cito (quickly).
PROMULGATE, palam facere (to make known) : aperire : patefacere (to bring to anybody’s knowledge). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) aperire et in lucem proferre : denunciare (to denounce, to declare publicly ; e. g., war) : prodere : memoriæ prodere (to deliver to posterity) : promulgare (to give public notice of anything ; e. g., a law, etc. ) : proponere (to post up ; e. g., edictum, edict ; fastos populo, etc. ) : prædicare (as by a herald, κηρύττειν, ἀνακηρύττειν) : pronunciare (to announce to the public ; e. g., an order with regard to military matters, παραγγέλλειν) : edere : foras dare (to issue, to give out ; e. g., a writing, etc. ). Vid. also, To DIVULGE.
PROMULGATION, prædicatio : pronunciatio : promulgatio [SYN. in To PROMULGATE] : Or by circumlocution with the verbs.
PROMULGATOR, by circumlocution with the verbs in To PROMULGATE.
PRONE, || Tending downward, devexus ; declivis or declivus ; inclinatus. || Inclined, pronus (general term) : proclivis (commonly to something good) : propensus (commonly to something bad). Vid. “INCLINED TO. ” PRONENESS, (voluntatis) inclinatio ; animi propensio ; proclivitas. Cf., pronitas is an uncertain reading in Seneca, and therefore to be carefully avoided. Klotz. Vid. INCLINATION, PROPENSITY.
PRONG, dens ; ramus.
PRONOMINAL, by genitive, pronominis ; pronominalis (Priscian).
PRONOUNCE, || To articulate by the organs of speech, appellare (Cicero, Brut., 35, 133) : enunciare, efferre (to denote by sound : Cf., pronunciare is rather = to deliver ; first in Gellius, to pronounce) : dicere (to utter). To pronounce words too broadly, voces distrahere ; letters, literas valde dilatare ; (affectedly), putidius exprimere literas : to pronounce distinctly, plane loqui ; alicui est os planum or explanatum : to pronounce words properly and with the right tone of voice, exprimere verba et suis quasque literas sonis enunciare : to pronounce indistinctly, verba, literas (negligentius) obscurare : to pronounce incorrectly, aliquid perperam enunciare : to pronounce a syllable short, syllabam corripere or breviare ; long, syllabam producere : not to be able to ppronounce the letter R, literam R dicere non posse. || To speak, utter, pronunciare (to deliver with distinct and audible voice) : eloqui, verbis exprimere (to express well in words) : enunciare, also with verbis (to speak out) : proloqui (to say out, say aloud) : effari (to speak out, religious-archaic, and poetic word ; but cf. Cicero, De Or., 3, 38, 153) : explicare, explanare verbis (to explain in words) : edicere (to give to understand, to make known ; vid. Cicero, Ecl., p. 225). || To declare solemnly : to pronounce sentence, sententiam dicere (of a judge) : sententiam pronunciare (to publish the judgement after and according to the decision of a judge) : judicium facere (Cf., not judicium ferre, though sententiam or suffragium ferre are correct) : to pronounce an opinion, dicere quid sibi videatur ; sententiam suam dicere ; aperire sententiam suam : to pronounce guiltless, absolvere (properly and improperly) ; of anything, aliqua re or de aliqua re (e. g., regni suspicione, de prævaricatione) : exsolvere aliqua re (e. g., suspicione) : liberare aliqua re (set free ; general term).
PRONUNCIATION, || Act or mode of utterance (of syllables or single words), appellatio (Cf., not pronunciatio, which is always = actio, the whole delivery) : prolatio (the uttering a word ; Livius, 22, 13, Punicum os abhorret ab Latinorum nominum prolatione ; i. e., the Latin names are very difficult to the Carthaginians) : locutio (a speaking). An agreeable pronunciation, suavis appellatio literarum ; literarum appellandarum suavitas : a gentle pronunciation, lenis appellatio literarum : a correct pronunciation, emendata locutio : a pleasant and distinct pronunciation, emendata cum suavitate vocum explanatio (Quintilianus, 1, 5, 33) : by a broad pronunciation, valde dilatandis literis : the sharp or acute pronunciation of a syllable, correptio (opposed to productio). || Delivery of language ; accent ; os (language uttered) : vox (voice) ; (The words are found in this connection and order. ) os ac vox (full-toned) : vocis sonus, or, from the context, simply sonus (tone of voice). A correct pronunciation, vocis sonus rectus (opposed to oris pravitas) : a clear pronunciation, os explanatum or planum (opposed to os confusum) : agreeable pronunciation, suavitas vocis or oris ac vocis ; os jucundum : a refined or elegant pronunciation, os urbanum : an easy or smooth pronunciation, os facile (opposed to asperitas soni) : a rude pronunciation, oris rusticitas ; sonus subrusticus : a foreign pronunciation, sonus peregrinus ; oris peregrinitas ; os barbarum ; os in peregrinum sonum corruptum (broken). I don’t like an affected pronunciation, nolo exprimi literas putidius (Cicero) : we must write according to the pronunciation, perinde scribendum est ac loquamur ; sic scribendum quidque judico, quomodo sonat : not to write words according to the pronunciation, verba aliter scribere ac enunciantur. To have (such) a pronunciation ; vid. the corresponding phrase in To PRONOUNCE.
PROOF, || The act or mode of proving, probatio (in the Digests, also of proving before a court of justice) : demonstratio (a showing by strong proof ; in Vitruvius, 9, præf., 4, also of mathematical proof) : argumentatio (by argument). To bring proof of anything [vid. To PROVE] : it is difficult of proof, difficile est probatu. || Convincing argument, argumentum : ratio. To bring or allege proofs, argumenta or rationes afferre : to derive proofs from, argumenta ex re ducere, sumere, eruere (Cf., a proof of anything, not argumentum pro aliqua re, but argumentum quo aliquid esse demonstratur, etc. ) : to bring many proofs for the existence of a God, multis argumentis Deum esse docere : that is no proof, nullum verum id argumentum est to produce or allege many proofs for that opinion, multa in eam partem probabiliter
argumentari (Livius). Cf., Argumentum is often left out when an adjective is used ; e. g., “the strongest proof for this is, “, etc., firmissimum hoc afferri videtur, quod, etc. (Cicero) || Sign, token, signum : indicium : specimen (a visible sign ; Cf., not in the plural) : documentum sui (sign of one’s ability) : rudimentum, tirocinium (first sign of one’s proficiency in an art, etc. ). To give or furnish a proof, rudimentum or tirocinium ponere ; documentum sui dare (of one’s ability) : specimen alicujus rei dare ; significationem alicujus rei facere (e. g., probitatis) : to serve as a proof, signo, indicio, documento esse. || Attempt to ascertain the quality of a person or thing, tentatio : tentamen : experimentum (an attempt, in order to gain experience) : periculum (an attempt, attended with some risk). To make proof of a thing, experimentum alicujus rei capere ; periculum alicujus rei or in aliqua re facere ; aliquid tentare, experiri, or periditari ; fidem alicujus explorare (to put to the proof). || (In printing) trial sheet, * periculum typographicum (Ruhnken) ; * plagula exempli causa typis exscripta.
PROOF, adjective, fidelis ; (of armor, etc. ) ad omnes ictus tutus (Livius) ; impervius ferro : the mind is proof against misfortunes, animus malis sufficit (Ovidius) : virtue is proof against all force, nulla vi potest labefactari virtus (Cicero). PROP, s., || Properly, statumen : pedamen : pedamentum ; adminiculum (for a vine). || Figuratively, Support, colŭmen (especially of persons on whom others depend) : firmamentum (that gives stability to anything) : præsidium (safeguard) : subsidium (aid, assistance) : munimentum (defence) : (tamquam) adminiculum.
PROP, v., || Properly, fulcire : adminiculari : statuminare (by building, etc., underneath) : pedare (of trees). To be propped up by anything, niti, inniti aliqua re. || Figuratively, fulcire ; præsidio esse. To prop one’s self up on anything, inniti aliqua re ; confidere alicui re or aliqua re.
PROPAGATE, propagare (properly and improperly, of propagating a race) : disseminare (e. g., a report, rumorem ; an evil, malum). The disease propagates itself by contagion, contactu morbus in alios vulgatur (Livius, 4, 30). κυρικιμασαηικοTo propagate a report, rumorem or famam differre ; rumorem spargere, dispergere, divulgare, etc. : to be propagated, se diffundere, diffundi (to spread itself ; properly and figuratively, of rumors, errors, etc. ) ; late serpere (of rumors, etc. ).
PROPAGATION, propagatio ; or by the verb. Society for the propagation of the Gospel, * ad fines Christianæ religionis propagandas consociatio.
PROPAGATOR, by circumlocution with the verbs : Cf., not propagator in this sense.
PROPEL, propellere (the proper word) : protrudere (more rare).
PROPENSITY, proclivitas ; animus proclivis or propensus ad aliquid ; libido alicujus rei.
Propensity to satire, acerbitas (as a trait of character ; Quintilianus, 10, 1, 117). Cf., The Latins also frequently denote it in compound words by the termination -entia, and the person possessing the propensity by -entus ; e. g., propensity to drinking wine, vinolentia ; one who has such propensity, vinolentus : propensity to extravagance, prodigentia (Tacitus, Ann., 6, 14, 1) ; one that has such propensity, prodigus : to have a propensity to anything, non alienum esse a re (in a good sense) : pronum esse ad aliquid or in aliquid (in classical Latin only in a bad sense ; not as Suetonius, Ner., 52, pronum esse ad poeticam). Vid. INCLINATION.
PROPER, || Right, fit, true, verus (real ; opposed to falsus) : germanus (genuine). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) verus et germanus : justus (right, legitimate). A proper (opposed to a figurative, etc. ) word, verbum proprium (opposed to verbum translatum). To denote anything by the proper term or expression, aliquid verbo proprio declarare : Vid. also, FIT. || Peculiar, vid.
PROPERLY, || Strictly, proprie. To use a word properly (i. e., in its proper sense), verbum proprie dicere. || Fitly, suitably, apte : idonee : recte : commode : bene : SYN. in COMMODIOUSLY.
PROPERTY, || Peculiar quality, proprietas, proprium (the proper word) : natura (nature or quality) : ratio, vis (efficacy) : qualitas (ποιότης, peculiar nature or quality ; a new philosophical term coined by Cicero ; vid. Acad., 1, 6 and 7 ; N. D., 2, 37, 94). The Latins frequently use, in connection with esse, the simple genitive of the pronoun to which the property belongs, omitting proprium (with this difference, that proprium gives more prominence to the quality as characteristic ; cf. Grotef., §188, obs. 3 ; Herzog, Cæs., B. G., 6, 23, in. ) : it is the property of a good orator, est boni oratoris, etc. : it is the property of a wise man to do nothing of which he may have to repent, sapientis est proprium (i. e., it is peculiar to him, it is a mark of his character) nihil, quod pœnitere possit, facere : or we may put, instead of the noun in the genitive, the neuter of an adjective, answering to it ; e. g., it is the property of mankind, humanum est : it is the property of a Roman, Romanum est (as Livius, 2, 12, Romanum est, et agere et pati fortia). So, also, “of what property” is expressed by qualis, and “of such property” by talis or by sic comparatus. Good properties, virtutes ; animi bona, -orum, neuter ; bona indoles : one possesses many distinguished properties, multa in aliquo eminent et elucent (Plinius, Ep., 1, 10, 5) : a bad property, malum ; vitium. || That which is one’s own, goods possessed, possessiones ; bona, -orum, neuter (landed estates) : fortunæ (goods, effects) ; also by res (plural) ; as, moveable property, res moventes ; res, quæ moveri possunt : or by proprius, -a, -um ; also, from the context, by the possessive pronoun, proprius meus (tuus, etc. ), and very often by the possessive pronoun alone ; e. g., this is my property, hoc meum or meum proprium est : to consider anything as his own property, suum aliquid ducere : to give anybody anything as his property, aliquid proprium alicui tradere : to have some property, to be a person of property, opes habere ; bona possidere ; in bonis esse ; in possessione bonorum esse : to have much property, to be a person of large property, magnas facultates habere ; locupletem et pecuniosum esse ; copiis rei familiaris abundare : to have no property, facultatibus carere ; pauperem esse : to acquire property, bona sibi parare or sibi colligere : to be or become the property of anybody, alicujus esse ; alicujus fieri : to disturb anybody in his property, to endeavor to deprive anybody of his property, vexare alicujus bona fortunasque : they take their property and go to Rome, sublatis rebus commigrant Romam : take your property and look for another place, res tuas tolle et alium locum quære : right of property, dominium ; auctoritas or jus auctoritatis (the right to a thing lawfully acquired) : mancipium or jus mancipii (right of property by formal purchase).
PROPERTY-TAX, tributum ex censu collatum (vid., Cicero, Verr., 2, 53, 131).
PROPHECY, || Act of prophesying, vaticinatio ; divinatio ; prædictio (e. g., rerum futurarum) [SYN. in PROPHESY]. || A prediction, prædictum ; vaticinium ; augurium. His prophecy was fulfilled, non falsus vates fuit.
PROPHESY, Transitively, vaticinari (general term) : canere (to prophesy in verse or rhythm) : augurari (to foretell by the flight of birds, etc. ; then generally). To prophesy (= anticipate) anything, aliquid augurari ; aliquid opinione, or conjectura (Cicero), or mente (Curtius) augurari : to prophesy anybody’s fate, prædicere, quid alicui eventurum sit ; his death, alicui mortem augurari. || Intransitively, futura prædicere : prænunciare : vaticinari (to prophesy ; be a vates).
PROPHET, vates ; fatidicus, fatiloquus (Livius, ; propheta, Appul., Lact. ) : a false prophet, pseudopropheta (Tertullianus). He was a true prophet, non falsus vates fuit ; ab eo prædictum est, fore eos eventus rerum, qui acciderunt.
PROPHETICAL, vaticinus (of or relating to prophecy) : cœlesti quodam mentis instinctu prolatus (inspired) : fatidicus, fatiloquus (faticanus, Ovidius) : a prophetical spirit, præsagientis animi divinatio.
PROPHETICALLY, divinitus ; cœlesti quodam instinctu mentis ; instinctu divino affiatuque.
PROPINQUITY, Vid. NEARNESS, AFFINITY.
PROPITIATE, placare aliquem or alicujus animum offensum ; mitigare, lenire aliquem or alicujus animum (Ovidius) ; propitiare (Plautus , Tacitus).
PROPITIATION, || Act of propitiating, placatio ; reconciliatio ; reconciliatio gratiæ or concordiæ. || An atonement, expiatio.
PROPITIATOR, gratiæ reconciliator (after Livius, 35, 45) ; gratiæ reconciliandæ or reconciliatæ auctor (after Cicero). PROPITIATORY, s., gratiæ reconciliatæ testimonium, indicium, signum. A propitiatory sacrifice, piaculum : hostia piacularis : piaculare, with or without sacrificium : to offer a propitiatory sacrifice, piaculum, hostiam cædere.
PROPITIATORY, adjective, ad reconciliandam gratiam.
PROPITIOUS (of persons), propitius ; æquus favens, amicus, alicui ; benevolus alicui or in aliquem : (of things), secundus ; faustus ; prosper ; commodus ; opportunus ; bonus.
PROPITIOUSLY, || Favorably, benevole ; amice. || Fortunately, prospere ; fauste.
PROPORTION, || Comparative relation, proportio
(explained by Vitruvius, 3, 1, 1, est ratæ partis membrorum in omni opere totiusque commodulatio) : commensus (the proper quantity determined by measurement : also, with genitive, proportionis ; vid. Vitruvius 3, 1, 2) : symmetria (the whole whose parts are in proportion, Vitruvius 1, 2, 4, ex ipsius operis membris conveniens consensus ex partibusque separatis ad universæ figuræ speciem ratæ partis responsus ; and 8, 1, 3, expressed by circumlocution ; ad universam totius magnitudinis ex partibus singulis convenientissimus commensuum responsus. Pliny says the Latin language has no corresponding word, 34, 8, 19, no. 6, §65) : congruentia æqualitasque (correspondence and equality of parts, with reference to the whole ; vid. Plinius, Ep., 2, 5, 11). The proportion (symmetry) of anybody’s figure, limbs, convenientia partium ; apta membrorum compositio ; membrorum omnium competentia (Gellius) ; membrorum æquitas et commoditas (Suetonius, Oct., 79, of the body) : his other limbs were without exception, in the exactest proportion (i. e., to the breadth of his shoulders), ceteris quoque membris usque ad imos pedes fuit æqualis et congruens (Suetonius, Tiberius, 68, init. ) : in proportion, proportione ; æqualiter ; congruenter : built in proportion, proportione constructus (of a body) : in perfect proportion, omnibus membris usque ad imos pedes æqualis et congruens (of a person ; Suetonius, Tiberius, 68, init. ) : to be (to be made, etc. ) in proportion, inter se cum quodam lepore consentire ; suos habere commensus proportionis ; proportionibus ad summam figurationem corporis respondere (of the members of the body ; vid. Cicero, Off., 1, 28, 98 ; Vit., 3, 1, 2 and 4) : in proportion to, ad (with accusative of thing) : pro : pro rata parte. Sometimes by ut est, etc. In proportion to the times, ut tum erant tempora. || Fixed part, rata pars. || Analogy, analogia : proportio (Varro and Cicero) : similitudo (likeness).
PROPORTION, v., * justa ratione describere : pro rata parte ratione distinguere (Cicero, Rep., 6, 18) : well proportioned, proportione constructus (of bodies) : perfectly well proportioned, omnibus membris usque ad imos pedes æqualis et congruens (after Suetonius, Tib., 68, init ; of a man) : to be well proportioned [vid. “to be made in PROPORTION”]. To be beautifully proportioned in all its details, ad universam totius magnitudinis summam ex partibus singulis convenientissimum habere commensuum responsum (of the details, etc., of a temple, Vitruvius 3, 1, 3).
PROPORTIONAL, s., * numerus, magnitudo, etc., proportionalis (mathematical technical term). An instrument for ascertaining mean proportionals, mesolabium (μεσολάβιον, Vitruvius 9, præf., 19).
PROPORTIONAL, adjective, pro rata parte ratione distinctus (e. g., proportional intervals, intervalla, Cicero, Rep., 6, 18) ; or by other circumlocution with proportione, pro rata parte (general terms) : pro cujusque opibus et facultatibus (in proportion to the wealth, etc., of each) : Cf., proportionalis very late, Jul., Firm.
PROPORTIONALLY, Vid. PROPORTIONATELY.
PROPORTIONATE, æqualis et congruens ; æquabilis. Vid. also, PROPORTION and PROPORTIONAL.
PROPORTIONATELY, pro portione ; æqualiter ; congruenter.
PROPOSAL, conditio : a proposal of marriage, conditio, with and without uxoria : to make a proposal of marriage to anybody, conditionem alicui deferre : to make a proposal, conditionem alicui ferre : to make an advantageous proposal to anybody, luculentam conditionem alicui facere : to accept a proposal, conditionem accipere ; ad conditionem accedere, or (after long consideration) descendere (opposed to conditionem repudiare, respuere, aspernari).
PROPOSE, proponere alicui aliquid ; conditionem alicujus rei proponere ; offerre alicui aliquid (when one can give or do the thing which he proposes) : commendare, suadere aliquid (to advise) : to propose a law, legem proponere, rogare ; legem ferre (to bring before the Senate or people) : to propose a question (for discussion), ponere, proponere, afferre quæstionem ; also simply, ponere, quærere. || Purpose, intend, vid.
PROPOSITION, || Proposal, conditio (general term) : rogatio (to the people) : relatio (to the Senate). To make a proposition to the people, rogationem ferre ad populum ; also simply rogare : to make a proposition to the Senate, referre ad senatum : to reject a proposition, rogationem antiquare ; relationem rejicere : to carry a proposition, rogationem perferre. [Vid. also, PROPOSAL. ] || (In logic), propositio (Quintilianus, major, minor).
PROPOUND, Vid. PROPOSE.
PROPRIETARY, proprius, peculiaris, with genitive or dative. A proprietary school, * schola quam quidam peculiarem habent.
PROPRIETOR, possessor (a possessor) : dominus (master, lord). A lawful proprietor, dominus justus : to be the proprietor of anything, possidere aliquid ; of a house, ædes peculiares habere (Pomponius, Dig., 15, 1, 22).
PROPRIETY, || Peculiarity of possession, [vid. “Right of PROPERTY”]. || Suitableness, fitness, convenientia (fitness) : congruentia (especially in outward conduct) : decorum (in all one’s behavior and demeanor) : honestas (in a moral sense) : venustas or dignitas ac venustas (e. g., to act cum dignitate ac venustate).
PROROGATION, prorogatio : dilatio : prolatio [SYN. in DEFER] ; or circumlocution by the verbs.
Prorogation of Parliament, * comitia regni prolata.
PROROGUE, protrudere : proferre : conferre : in aliud tempus differre (e. g., comitia protrudere in Januarium, Cicero ; with us, to prorogue Parliament) : omnia in mensem Martium sunt collata (Cicero). To proroge an assembly, consilio diem eximere.
PROSAIC, || Properly, solutus ; or by the genitive, prosæ orationis. || Figuratively, Dry, uninteresting, siccus.
PROSCRIBE, proscribere aliquem ; in proscriptorum numerum referre aliquem (together with others) : alicujus vitam præmiis proponere et addicere (to outlaw). To cause anyone to be proscribed, proscriptionem facere de capite alicujus : to move (in the Senate) that anyone be proscribed, de capite civis bonisque proscriptionem ferre.
PROSCRIPTION, proscriptio ; or by the verb.
PROSE, prosa oratio (post-Augustan) : oratio soluta (opposed to oratio astricta, devincta). Cf., Cicero usually says simply oratio (e. g., sæpissime et in poematis et in oratione peccatur) ; but it is generally expedient to use the more definite phrase, prosa oratio. Cf., Oratio pedestris is not = “prose, ” but = “a low style;” and moreover, it is a Grecism ; vid. Quintilianus, 10, 1, 81, ed. Frotscher.
PROSECUTE, || To continue, pursue steadily, facere aliquid pergo ; exsequi, especially persequi aliquid (to carry out to the end) : alicui rei instare (to pursue earnestly and zealously ; e. g., operi) : perseverare in re, or followed by an infinitive (with perseverance ; e. g., perseverare in bello or perseverare bellare ; perseverare in obsidione) : continuare or non intermittere aliquid (to carry on without interruption). To prosecute a thing further, aliquid longius prosequi : to prosecute a journey, iter persequi ; iter conficere pergere ; iter continuare, non intermittere : to prosecute one’s studies, studiis insistere ; studia sua urgere (vigorously) : to prosecute a victory, a victoria nihil cessare (Livius) ; recentibus prœlii vestigiis ingredi (Hirtius) ; to prosecute one’s right, jus suum exsequi or persequi. || (At law), judicio persequi aliquem : judicio experiri cum aliquo. vid. ACTION.
PROSECUTION, || Act of prosecuting ; by the verbs. || Action at law, actio ; lis. * Vid. ACTION.
PROSECUTOR, actor (general term) : accusator (in a public action) : petitor (in a civil or private action).
PROSELYTE, s., proselytus (ecclesiastical) ; * qui a patriis sacris ad alia transit.
PROSELYTE, v., * studere or conari alios a patriis sacris ad sua abducere.
PROSELYTISM, * alios a patriis sacris ad sua abducendi studium. The spirit of proselytism, * studium propagandæ suæ doctrinæ calidius.
PROSODIAL, prosodiacus (Mart., Cap. ).
PROSODY, versuum lex et modificatio (Seneca, Ep. 8, 3) : * prosodia (technical term) : * doctrina, ars prosodica.
PROSOPOPŒIA, ficta alienarum personarum oratio (after Quintilianus, 6, 1, 25) : fictio personarum (Quintilianus, 9, 2, 29) : personarum confictio (Aquil., Rom., p. 145, ed. Ruhnken) ; usually prosopopœia (Greek, id. ) : conformatio (Auct., ad Her., 4, 53, 68).
PROSPECT, || Properly, prospectus (to a distance in front) : despectus (looking down) : conspectus (a view). To have a prospect of anything, prospicere, prospectare, despicere aliquem locum : to afford a prospect to any place, præbere prospectum ad aliquem locum : there is a prospect to the Capitol, conspectus est in Capitolium : there is a clear prospect even to a great distance, liber prospectus oculorum etiam quæ procul recessere, permittitur (Curtius, 5, 9, 10) : this room commands a prospect of the sea, hoc cubiculum prospicit mare, or præbet prospectum ad mare : the fish-pond of which there is a prospect from the windows, piscina quæ fenestris servit ac subjacet : to have a distant prospect, longe or multum prospicere : to hinder the prospect, prospectum impedire or prohibere : to take away the prospect, prospectum adimere ; prospectum oculorum auferre (e. g., as a cloud of dust) : to
take away one’s prospect of anything, conspectum alicujus rei intersepire alicui : to deprive of a prospect, prospectum oculis eripere (Vergilius, Æn., 8, 254 ; for which Livius, 10, 32, in more prosaic style, says, usum lucis eripere, of a cloud) : to intercept or to take away the prospect, cœlo, or luminibus, or auspiciis officere (the latter from persons about to take the auspices : Cf., officere alicui in this sense it not classical : it is not supported by Cicero, Tusc., 5, 32, 92, and De N. D., 2, 19, 50). || Figuratively, That to which the mind is directed, spes (of anything pleasing) : exspectatio (of anything, whether pleasing or not) : prospect of punishment, exspectatio pœnarum : some prospect, specula : distant prospects, sera spes : charming prospects, spes uberior : to have good prospects, bene sperare : to deprive one of all prospect of anything, omnem spem alicujus rei alicui eripere : merit now has some prospects, locus virtutibus patefactus est : in peace I have no prospects, mihi compositis rebus nulla spes (Tacitus, Hist., 1, 21, 1) : to have a very distant prospect of the consulship, longe a spe consulatus abesse : the prospects of the country are gloomy [vid. GLOOMY], tenebræ cæcæque nubes et procellæ reipublicæ impendent (after Auct., pro Dom., 10, 24) : still more gloomy prospects, spes multo asperior.
PROSPECTIVE, Vid. FUTURE.
PROSPER, || Intransitively, uti prospera fortuna (to be prosperous) : bene or prospere succedere ; successum, prosperos successus habere (to succeed well). || Transitively, fortunare aliquem or aliquid (to give good fortune to) : prosperare aliquid (to cause to succeed : Cf., secundare is poetic) : prosperare alicui aliquid (to cause one to succeed in anything) : augere aliquem aliqua re (to furnish copiously or abundantly with anything).
PROSPERITY, prosperitas ; res secundæ, plural.
PROSPEROUS, || Thriving, prosper or prosperus ; fortunatus [vid. FORTUNATE]. || Favorable, secundus : faustus : prosper.
PROSTITUTE, s., meretrix ; scortum ; meritorium scortum (one who prostitutes herself for pay ; scortum, a lower, more dissolute meretrix ; but both these are above prostibula and lupæ) : prostibulum : mulier omnibus proposita : scortum vulgare : meretrix vulgatissima (common prostitute) : mulier quæ domum omnium libidinibus patefecit ; also, quæstuaria (sc. mulier, Seneca, who lives by the wages of prostitution). The son of a common prostitute, ex vulgato corpore genitus : to turn a common prostitute, plane se in vita meretricia collocate : to be or lead the life of a (common) prostitute, corpus vulgo publicare (Plautus) : vita institutoque esse meretricio : meretricio more vivere : se omnibus pervulgare : pudicitiam in propatulo habere (Sallustius).
PROSTITUTE, v., || Properly, publicare (e. g., corpus, pudicitiam). || Figuratively, dehonestare ; dedecorare ; also by habere se venalem, or habere venalia ; e. g., omnia habet venalia, fidem, jusjurandum, veritatem, officium (Cicero Verr., 3, 62, 144).
PROSTITUTION, vita meretricia.
PEOSTRATE, adjective, prostratus.
Prostrate at anybody’s feet, ad pedes alicujus prostratus : projectus (Cicero), provolutus (Livius) ; genibus alicujus advolutus (Curtius). To be prostrate at anybody’s feet, ad pedes alicujus jacere, stratum esse, stratum jacere.
PROSTRATE, v., || Intransitively, ad pedes alicujus se abjicere, projicere, prosternere, provolvere ; ad pedes alicui or ad genua alicujus procumbere ; ad pedes alicujus procidere ; ad pedes alicujus or genua alicui accidere ; genibus alicujus advolvi ; prosternere se et supplicare alicui (as supplicant). Transitively, Vid. THROW DOWN.
PROSTRATION, || Act of prostrating, by circumlocution with verbs in To PROSTRATE. || Depression, vid.
PROTECT, Vid. DEFEND, GUARD.
PROTECTION, || Defence, tutela ; præsidium : defensio. To ask for protection, præsidium ab aliquo petere. || Patronage, fides ; patrocinium. || Refuge, arx ; portus : perfugium.
PROTECTIVE, by the verbs, qui protegit, etc.
PROTECTOR, defensor : propugnator : tutor : qui (quæ) defendit et protegit.
PROTEST, s., interpellatio (properly, an interrupting of a person speaking) : intercessio (especially before a higher power ; e. g., by the tribunes). To enter a protest, intercedere ; intercessionem facere ; interpellere or interpellatione impedire aliquid ; intercedere alicui rei. || Of a bill of exchange, * syngraphæ rejectio.
PROTEST, v., || To make a protest, intercedere ; intercessionem facere (to enter a protest) ; against anything, alicui rei intercedere ; vetare, with an accusative and infinitive ; aliquid deprecari, or recusare (to refuse vehemently). || To affirm strongly, declare solemnly, asseverare (the proper word) : testari (as witness, to testify) : affirmare, confirmare (to declare strongly) : adjurare (upon oath) : to protest on oath, polliceri et jurejurando confirmare (Cæsar). To protest by the gods, testari, obtestari deos ; per omnes deos adjurare : to protest most strongly, firmissime asseverare ; omni asseveratione affirmare. || Of a bill of exchange, * syngrapham non expensam ferre ; * synprapham non recipere.
PROTESTANT, * a lege pontificis Romani plane abhorrens.
PROTESTANTISM, * protestantismus (technical term).
PROTESTATION, pollicitatio (a promise). Usually by the verbs in PROTEST : to make protestations, profiteri atque polliceri.
PROTOCOL, tabulæ ; commentarii (Cicero) : Cf., protocollum is a word of the Middle Ages.
PROTONOTARY, * scriba primus, Cf., not primarius.
PROTOTYPE, * exemplum primum (original, instead of which Cicero, Att., 16, 3, makes use of the Greek ἀρχέτυπον, which we find afterward as a Latin word in Plinius, Ep., 5, 10, 1) : exemplum (model, or any object to guide us, in general) : species (ideal, used by Cicero for the Platonic ἰδέα ; vid. Schutz. Lex. C. in v. ).
PROTRACT, trahere (general term to allow to last longer than necessary) : extrahere (to draw out, to defer) : ducere : producere (to put off continually, to prevent the decision of anything) : to be protracted, trahi : extrahi : protrahi : duci : produci, until, usque ad (e. g., of war, etc. ; vid. above, the difference between trahere and ducere ; vid. also, the SYN. in To PROLONG, To DEFER) : to protect the matter as long as possible, tempus quam longissime ducere.
PROTRACTION, productio : prorogatio. [SYN. in To PROTRACT. ] Vid. also, DELAY.
PROTRUDE, prominere : eminere : projici : exstare. SYN. in PROJECT.
PROTUBERANCE, * ecphyma, sarcoma, -ătis, neuter (ἔκφυμα, σάρκωμα, τὸ, any excrescence of the animal body) : gibber (hump ; but gibba, in Suetonius, Dom., 23, and gibbus, in Juvenalis., 6, 109 ; 10, 294 and 303, are not usual) : tumor (tumor, swelling) : tuber (ulcer) : panus (a swelling of the glands of the neck, under the armpit, etc. ). Vid. also, TUMOR.
PROTUBERANT, by circumlocution with verbs in To PROJECT, SWELL. Vid. also, PROMINENT.
PROUD, || Haughty, superbus ; fastosus ; arrogans [SYN. in ARROGANT] : contumax (stiff-necked ; unwilling to bend to the will of a superior) : tumens inani superbia : fastidiosus (contemptuous) : magnificus : splendidus (of things : in this sense superbus is only poetical) : to be proud, sublati esse animi : magnos gerere spiritus : inani superbia tumere ; of anything, superbire aliqua re : aliqua re inflatum esse, tumere, elatum esse (to be puffed up by anything) : to grow or become proud, magnos spiritus or magnam arrogantiam sibi sumere : to be intolerably proud, haud tolerandam sibi sumere arrogantiam : to make anybody proud, aliquem superbum facere : alicui spiritus afferre (both of things) : to make anybody intolerably proud, inflare alicujus animum ad intolerabilem superbiam (Livius, 45, 31). || (In surgery), proud flesh, caro fungosa (Plinius) ; caro supercrescens (Celsus, 5, 22).
PROUDLY, superbe ; insolenter ; arroganter ; magnifice. To behave proudly, elatius se gerere ; insolentius se efferre ; magnifice se jactare : to behave proudly in prosperity, præbere se superbum in fortuna : to act proudly, superbire : fastidire.
PROVE, || Transitively, (1) To show, manifest, evince, significare ; ostendere (to show) : declarare (to declare, publish ; both stronger than the first, cf., Cicero, Verr., 2, 60, 148 ; ad Div., 5, 13, 4) : probare, comprobare (so as to convince others of the truth or excellence of a thing) : præstare (to fulfil an obligation) : to prove one’s obliging disposition to anybody, probare alicui officium suum : to prove anything by act and deed, aliquid præstare re ; aliquid comprobare re : to prove one’s self, i. e., to show, etc., se præstare, se præbere, as anybody, aliquem ; exhibere aliquem (Cf., not se exhibere aliquem) ; e. g., to prove one’s self the friend of the people, exhibere virum civilem. (2) To show by arguments, docere, especially with argumentis : demonstrare (to give full proof) : firmare, confirmare, especially with argumentis (to confirm by arguments) : probare alicui aliquid (to prove the possibility of a thing ; vid. Herzog, Cæs., B. G., 1, 3) : efficere (to make out by strict logical proof) : vincere, evincere (to prove irrefutably ; vid. Cort., Cic., Ep., 11, 28, 4) : to prove to anybody by examples, cum aliquo auctoritatibus agere (Plinius, Ep.,
1, 20, 4) : this will prove that, etc., ejus rei testimonium est, etc. : that is difficult to prove, hoc difficile est probatu : that proves nothing at all, nullum verum id argumentum est : the event proved it, exitus approbavit. (3) To try, put to the proof [vid. TRY]. || Intransitively, fieri : esse ; se ostendere ; ostendi.
PROVENDER, pabulum.
PROVERB, proverbium (the proper word) : verbum : Cf., adagio, adagium never occur in classical prose. To pass into a proverb, in proverbium or in proverbii consuetudinem venire ; in proverbium cedere ; proverbiis eludi (to be the subject of a jesting proverb ; Scytharum solitudines Græcis proverbiis eluduntur, Curtius). To be a common proverb, proverbio increbuit, with accusative and infinitive (e. g., rem ad triarios rediisse – proverbio increbuit, Livius) : proverbii locum obtinere ; aliquid in communibus proverbiis versatur. This has passed into a proverb among the Greeks, hoc Græcis hominibus in proverbio est : as the proverb says (or has it), ut in proverbio est ; quod proverbii loco dici solet ; also, quod ajunt ; ut ajunt ; ut dicitur (as people say) : there is an old proverb, which, etc., est vetus proverbium ; est vetus verbum ; vetus verbum hoc quidem est : according to the old proverb, veteri proverbio.
PROVERBIAL, proverbii loco celebratus (e. g., versus) : quod proverbii locum obtinet : quod in proverbium or proverbii consuetudinem venit. Anything is proverbial, aliquid proverbii loco dici solet [vid. also, “to be a common PROVERB”]. Cf., Proverbialis (only proverbial versus in Gellius) late : to be proverbial, in ore vulgi atque in communibus proverbiis versari.
PROVERBIALLY, proverbii loco : ut est in proverbio : ut proverbii loco dici solet. Cf., Proverbialiter very late.
PROVIDE, parare, comparare (for money or otherwise) : præparare, providere (to take care that a thing be ready) : to provide the necessaries of life, res ad vitam degendam necessarias præparare : to provide provisions for the winter, in hiemem providere frumentum : to provide a very great store of corn, frumenti vim maximam comparare : that is easily provided, parabilis.
PROVIDED, i. e., furnished, supplied, instructus, ornatus, exornatus, armatus, præditus, aliqua re : well provided, omnibus rebus instructus, or simply instructus : to be well or richly provided with anything, aliqua re instructissimum or apparatissimum esse ; aliqua re abundare ; aliquid mihi largissime suppetit (I am well provided with).
PROVIDED THAT, dum, modo, dummŏdo, with subjunctive : provided that not, dum ne ; dummodo ne ; modo ne, with subjunctive ; also, by eâ lege, eâ conditione ut or ne.
PROVIDENCE, providentia (foresight) : cautio, diligentia, cura (care, circumspection) : DIVENE PROVIDENCE, providentia divina ; mens divina ; or simply Providentia (Cicero).
PROVIDENT, cautus : providus : circumspectus : consideratus. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) cautus providusque ; cautus ac diligens. To be provident in anything, curam adhibere de or in aliqua re ; curiosum or diligentem esse in aliqua re ; diligentiam adhibere ad aliquid or in aliqua re ; curam conferre ad aliquid. κυρικιμασαηικο PROVIDENTIAL, quod divinitus accidit : * quod divinum numen instituit.
PROVIDENTIALLY, divinitus (from God) : ducente Deo (under Divine guidance) : Deo juvante, Deo bene juvante (with Divine assistance, by God’s help) : Deo annuente (by Divine favor).
PROVIDENTLY, diligenter ; provide ; caute : to act providently, circumspectius facere aliquid, cautionem adhibere in aliqua re : omne cautionis genus adhibere in aliqua re : diligeutiam habere ad aliquid or in aliqua re.
PROVINCE, || Region, tract, regio (general term, a tract of country) : provincia (a tract of country subdued, and annexed to, or incorporated with the conquering state ; Cf., never to be used in any other sense) : to divide a country into four providences, terram in quatuor regiones describere or dividere : to reduce a country to the form of a providence, terram in provinciæ formam reducere ; terram provinciam conficere (Livius, 27, 5). || Office, munus omcium ; partes ; also by the pronoun meus, etc. ; e. g., non est meum, it is not my providence.
PROVINCIAL, * regionis interioris : provincialis. A provincial, * incola regionis interioris (a dweller in the interior of a country) : provinciæ incola ; provincialis (inhabitant of a provincia, properly so called).
PROVINCIALISM, * verbum regionibus quibusdam magis familiare. To be a provincialism, * regionibus quibusdam magis familiarem esse.
PROVISION, copia ; apparatus : to make provision = to PROVIDE : it is a provision of nature that, est autem a uatura comparatum, ut, etc.
PROVISIONAL, quod ad tempus constitutum, edictum, est : provisional command, imperium fiduciarium (Curtius ; thus also, legatus qui fiduciariam operam obtinet, Cæsar, B, C, 2, 17) : I have a provisional charge, * ad tempus delatum, demandatum, est mihi munus.
PROVISIONALLY, ad tempus (Livius, ; e. g., ad tempus deligere, qui jus dicat) : temporis gratia (for the present time or crisis ; e. g., aliquem regem statuere, Curtius, 5, 9, 8). PROVISIONS, cibus ; cibaria, -orum, neuter ; alimenta, -orum, neuter (general term) : victus (food, necessaries for support : Cf., victualia is barbarous) : penus, copiæ (a store of provisions) : frumentum, res frumentaria (corn ; forage for the army) : commeatus (provisions supplied, supply). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) frumentum et commeatus (when commeatus is = all other supplies except corn) : annona (a store consisting of the yearly produce of the earth) : provisions for a year, alimenta annua ; copia annua : for ten days, alimenta decem dierum : provisions begin to fail, alimenta deficiunt : cibus deficit : to furnish one’s self with provisions, res ad victum necessarias parare (general term) ; rem frumentariam providere, comparare ; frumentum parare, comparare, conferre ; commeatum præparare (for an army) : for the winter, alimenta in hiemem providere, commeatum in hiemem parare (for an army) : to cut off provisions from anybody, aliquem commeatu (or commeatibus) intercludere ; aliquem re frumentaria excludere. PROVOCATION, By the verbs. (provocatio in classical Latin = appeal).
PROVOKE, movere : commovere (general term) : concitare (stronger term) : stimulare (literally, to spur, to stimulate) : stomachum alicui facere or movere : indignationem alicui movere (to make angry) : bilem alicui movere or commovere, or irritare aliquem or alicujus iram (stronger terms) : pungere (to sting, to mortify anybody ; of things, to cause vexation) : offendere (to give offence, of persons and things) : aliquem provocare (to challenge anybody ; e. g., to fight) ; also aliquem ad certamen irritare : concitare ad or in aliquid (to provoke anybody to anything ; e. g., ad arma ; to violence, ad vim afferendam ; anybody’s anger, in iram) : irritare ad aliquid (to excite to anything ; e. g., ad certamen ; to anger, ad iram) : stimulare ad aliquid (to urge men’s minds, animos ; e. g., to commotion, ad perturbandam rempublicam) : acuere ad aliquid (literally, to sharpen ; hence to excite ; e. g., aliquem ad crudelitatem) : provocare ad aliquid (to challenge ; e. g., ad pugnam) : adhortari ad aliquid or with ut (e. g., ad bellum faciendum, to go to war) : tentare ad aliquid (to be always at anybody, to tempt him to do anything ; e. g., animos ad res novas, to insurrection) : aliquem illicere ad or in aliquid (to entice anybody ; e. g., to go to war, ad bellum : to commit adultery, in stuprum) : anything provokes me, aliquid mihi stomacho est ; aliquid ægre fero (aliquid mihi or meo animo ægre est, comic) ; aliquid mihi molestum est ; aliquid me pungit ; aliquid male me habet : that has provoked me more than even Quintus himself, hæc mihi majori stomacho, quam ipsi Quinto fuerunt : to be provoked, indignari ; stomachari ; commoveri dolore ; irasci [SYN. above] : to be much provoked, dolore or ira exardescere ; dolore or ira incensum esse : he is provoked that, etc., or it provokes him that, asgre ille fert, quod, etc. : to provoke the people stilt more, per se accensos animos incitare : to become provoked, (ira) exacerbatum or iratum esse : to be much provoked, iracundia ardere : to be rather provoked, subirasci alicui : to be dreadfully provoked, sævire. || To provoke hunger, thirst, famem, sitim facere or gignere or afferre. Vid. also, To EXCITE.
PROVOKING, plenus stomachi (deserving or causing indignation) : gravis : molestus (troublesome, annoying) : quod aliquem pungit (that stings anybody) : a provoking matter, molestia : incommodum : to be provoking to anybody ; vid. To PROVOKE.
PROVOKINGLY, moleste : ægre.
PROVOST, magister (general term) : præses (a president) : princeps, caput (chief, head) : antistes : præpositus : the provost’s house, sedes, domicilium præpositi, antistitis.
PROVOSTSHIP, * præsidis, præpositi, antistitis munus (office) : dignitas (rank).
PROW, prora (πρῶρα) : or, pure Latin, pars prior navis.
PROWESS, fortitudo, fortis animus, virtus (virt. shows itself in energetic action, and acts on the offensive ; fortitudo in energetic resistance and unshrinking endurance, like constantia) : acrimonia (fiery courage). To be distinguished by personal prowess, manu fortem or promtum esse.
PROWL, || To rove
about, vagari aliquo loco, præter or circa aliquem locum (general term) : ire per aliquem locum (e. g., per urbem) : discurrere aliquo loco (to run about all over a place ; e. g., tota urbe) : peragrare (to wander about ; e. g., venando peragrare circa saltus, to go hunting about in the woods). || To rove about for plunder, vagari latrociniaque facere (Hirtius, B. G., 8, 32, 1) : populabundum in aliquo loco vagari (Livius, 3, 5, 13 ; both of persons) : pervagari (aliquem locum ; e. g., prædonum naviculæ, Cicero, and therefore a good word for prædones themselves) : oberrare (poetical and post-Augustan prose ; to wander about, mustela in domibus nostris, Plinius).
PROXIMATE, || Near, Vid. || Proximate causes, causæ adjuvantes et proximæ (Cicero, Fat., 18 ; opposed to causæ perfectæ et principales, or primæ causæ or ipsæ causæ, Cicero) : adjuvantia (plural participle) causarum (i. e., the circumstances and conditions that enable the true causes to produce their effects, Cicero).
PROXIMATELY, perhaps * proxime ; or by circumlocution with proximus : anything was proximately the cause of, * aliquid proxima fuit causa alicujus rei or cur, etc.
PROXIMITY, Vid. NEARNESS.
PROXY, || Procuracy, procuratio (general term) : cognitura (in a matter of law, and especially in state affairs ; post-Augustan) : advocatio : patrocinium [SYN. in ADVOCATE] : to vote by proxy, * per procurationem alterius sententiam ferre. || One who acts for another, procurator (general term) : cui rerum agendarum licentia data or permissa est (Cf., Cicero, Verr., 3, 94, 220 ; Sallustius, Jug., 103, 2) : qui mandata habet ab aliquo (who has full power of transacting anybody’s affairs) : * publica auctoritate missus ; or legatus simply, if on slate business : (Cf., mandatarius is a doubtful reading in Ulpianus, Dig., 17, 1, 10 ; Cf. Heinecc. ad Brisson. de verbb. signif., p. 782. ) : vicarius (who officiates for another person) : to act by proxy, aliena fungi vice : procurare (to officiate in anybody’s place as well in private as public business, to act in anybody’s absence) : alicujus vice or officio fungi (to act in anybody’s stead) : alicujus negotia or rationes procurare, or simply alicui procurare (to take care of anybody’s affairs, to mind his interest).
PRUDE, sæva (the proper word) ; fastidiosa.
PRUDENCE, prudentia : providentia (foresight, guarding against a foreseen danger, Livius, 30, 5, 5) : circumspectio (Cicero) : circumspectum judicium (well-weighed judgement ; for which Gellius has circumspicientia). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) circumspectio et accurata consideratio (Cicero) : cautio : diligentia : gravitas (habit of acting carefully after deliberation). The thing demands much prudence, res multas cautiones habet ; res est multæ diligentiæ : to act with much prudence in any matter, cautionem or diligentiam adhibere in aliqua re ; omne cautionis genus adhibere in re with prudence ; Vid. PRUDENTLY.
PRUDENT, circumspectus (post-classical ; in Quintilianus, Celsus, Suetonius, etc., of persons and things ; e. g., circumspectum judicium) : consideratus (both passive, “well-weighed, ” of things [e. g., considerata judicia, Cicero] ; and active, “one who weighs things well” [e. g., homo, Cicero]) : providus : prudens ; cautus. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) prudens et cautus ; prudens et providus ; cautus et providus : diligens (careful ; also of things) : gravis (one who acts from sound principles after due deliberation).
PRUDENTIAL, by circumlocution with substantive under PRUDENCE.
PRUDENTLY, omnia circumspiciens (pericula, Cicero) : considerate : cogitate (not cogitato ; Sturenburg ad Cic., Arch., 8, 18) ; caute : circumspecte (Gellius) : diligenter : attente : circumspecto judicio.
PRUDERY, animus sævus ; sævitia.
PRUNE, s., prunum.
PRUNE, v., || Properly, (arbores) putare, interputare (Columella) ; interpurgare (Plinius) ; collucare, interlucare ; amputare ; compescere (vitem, Columella ; ramos, Vergilius) : to prune a vine, vineam pampinare ; supervacuos pampinos detrahere (Columella) ; vitem purgare a foliis (Cato) ; vitem amputare, deputare, rescindere (Columella). || Figuratively, amputare ; resecare ; circumscribere ; coercere.
PRUNER, arboreus putator (Varro) ; frondator (Vergilius).
PRUNING, || Properly, amputatio ; putatio (Cicero) ; recisio, interlucatio (Plinius). || Figuratively, by the verbs.
PRUNING-HOOK, falx arborea or arboraria ; falx putatoria (late).
PRURIENCE, prurigo, -inis ; pruritus, -ûs.
PRURIENT, pruriens : to be prurient, prurire.
PRY INTO, speculari ; explorare ; indagare ; rem or in rem inspicere.
PSALM, * psalmus (ecclesiastical) ; hymnus ; canticum or carmen sacrum.
PSALMIST, * psalmista, psalmographus (ecclesiastical) ; * psalmorum scriptor, auctor.
PSALMODY, * psalmorum cantus.
PSALTER, psalterium (ecclesiastical). PSALTERY, * psalterium.
PSEUDO, pseud-(o) ; e. g., pseudo-Cato (a would-be Cato, Cicero) ; pseudo-Damasippus (Cicero) ; pseudanchusa (Plinius) ; or falsus ; fictus ; simulatus.
PSHAW! apage! phui! turpe dictu (expressing detestation).
PSYCHOLOGICAL, * psychologicus.
PSYCHOLOGIST, * humani animi investigator.
PSYCHOLOGY, * psychologia (technical term).
PTARMIGAN, * tetrao Lagopus (Linnæus). PTISAN, ptisana (Plinius) ; ptisanarium (Horatius).
PUBERTY, pubertas : of the aye of puberty, pubes ; pubens : to arrive at puberty, pubescere.
PUBLIC, publicus (opposed to privatus, domesticus) : apertus, communis (for the use of every one) : celeber (frequented by all) : vulgaris (belonyiny or accessible to all) : to come before the public, in publicum, in solem or in solem et pulverern prodire (of a statesman) : in medium procedere, surgere or aggredi ad dicendum (of an orator) : prodire in scenam, produci (of an actor) : se efferre, exsistere (general term, to raise one’s self to eminence) public life, vita forensis (opposed to umbratilis) ; also by circumlocution with rempublicam gerere : to enter upon public life, ad rempublicam accedere ; rempublicam capessere : his first entrance into public life was, primus gradus fuit capessendæ reipublicæ (Nepos, Them., 2) : the public, populus ; vulgus (Cf., not publicum). In a public character or capacity, publice (opposed to privatim, Cicero).
PUBLIC HOUSE, popina (a cooking and eating shop, in the neighborhood of a bath) : caupona (properly a wine-house ; tavern on the road) : taberna (a drinking-booth, where a person might likewise find meals and lodging) ; also, taberna diversoria or deversoria, and diversorium or deversorium (vid. Dictionary of Antiquities, 226). Vid. INN.
PUBLICAN, || Farmer of the revenue, publicanus. || An inn-keeper, caupo.
PUBLICATION, promulgatio ; or by circumlocution with verbs under PUBLISH : Cf., publicatio means “confiscation. ” PUBLICITY, aperta, manifesta, ratio alicujus rei : to obtain publicity, in vulgus emanare, or simply emanare (Cicero) : to avoid publicity, lucem, oculos, aspectum aliorum fugere ; odisse celebritatem ; fugere homines : to court publicity, versari in celebritate (Nepos) ; vivere in maxima celebritate (Cicero).
PUBLICLY, || Openly, manifeste ; aperte ; palam propalam. || Before all, in publico (Cf., not publice, which means “by the authority, or at the expense of the state”) ; palam (Cicero) ; palam populo (Livius) ; ante oculos populi ; omnibus inspectantibus (Cicero) : luce ac palam (Cicero).
PUBLISH, || To make known, aperire (to disclose) : patefacere (to discover) : in medium proferre, also proferre only (to make anything generally known, in a good sense). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) proferre et patefacere : enunciare : evulgare, divulgare (to bring to the knowledye of the multitude what ought not to be told at all, or, at least, only to confidential persons) : cum hominibus communicare (to reveal to men, from God, ecclesiastical revelare). || To put forth a book, (in lucem) edere ; emittere foras dare : to publish a work on any subject, librum emittere de aliqua re (of the author) : * libri exemplaria dividere, divendere (of the act of publishing), or * librum impensis, sumtibus, suis eclere ; * librum typis exscribendum cutare : * Iibri edendi sumtus facere (with regard to the risk, of the publisher).
PUBLISHER, || One who proclaims, prædicator (one who proclaims anybody’s piaise aloud and publicly) : præco (a herald) : buccinator (the trumpeter, as a contemptuous expression ; e. g., alicujus existimationis). || One who publishes a book, * redemptor libri (Ern. ) ; * qui sumtibus, impensis, suis librum typis exscribendum curat.
PUCK, larva, -æ, feminine.
PUCKER, rugas or in rugas cogere.
PUDDING, globulus (farinæ ; Varro, Cato) : * globus ex farina Britannorum more factus. The proof of the pudding is in the eating, exitus acta probat.
PUDDLE, aqua feculenta (fœtutinæ, Appuleius).
PUERILE, puerilis : ineptus (stronger term) : puerile conduct, puerilitas ; mores pueriles : to take a puerile delight in, etc., pueriliter exsultare : it is puerile, puerile est : in a puerile manner, pueriliter.
Puerile play, lusus infantium or puerorum : puerile fooleries, ineptiæ, nugæ.
PUERILITY, puerilitas : mores pueriles. A puerility, * puerile factum or puerile actum (Cf. Theb., 5, 503, where we find acta puerilia) : to commit puerilities (all manner of puerilities), pueriliter multa et petulanter agere ; pueriliter se agere or facere (the latter in Cicero, Acad., 2, 11, 33) ; pueriliter ineptire.
PUFF,
PUFF UP, || Transitively, inflare (properly and figuratively) : to puff up anybody with pride, inflare alicujus animum ad intolerabilem superbiam (of fortune, Livius, 43, 31). || Intransitively, se sufflare or inflare ; intumescere (with and without superbia).
PUFF OFF (goods), venditare ; jactare.
PUFFIN (a sea-bird), mergus.
PUFFING, venditatio (Cicero) ; jactatio circulatoria (Quintilianus 2, 4, 15).
PUFFY, turgidus ; tumidus ; inflatus.
PUG, || A dog, * canis fricator (Linnæus). || An ape, simia.
PUG-NOSE, nares resimæ (Columella) : a man with a pug-nose, homo sima nare (Mart. ) ; simus (Plinius, Mart. ).
PUGILIST, qui pugnis certat ; pugil.
PUGILISTIC (contest), pugilatus (Plinius) ; pugilatio (Cicero).
PUGNACIOUS, alacer ad pugnandum ; from the context, also, alacer only ; cupidus pugnandi or pugnæ, cupidus bellandi (rarely) : certaminis avidus (fond of, or eayer for, battle).
PUGNACITY, alacritas pugnandi ; studium pugnandi or pugnæ, or ad pugnandum alacritas studiumque pugnandi ; pugnandi cupiditas ; alacritas ad litigandum (readiness to quarrel).
PUISNE, natu minor (younger) : minor (general term). A puisne judge, perhaps judex minor (after Livius, 22, 57, 3 ; Cf., Gellius 13, 15, 1 sqq. ).
PUKE, Vid. VOMIT.
PULE, Vid. CRY, WHINE.
PULL, v., trahere : attrahere (to pull toward one’s self). To pull back, retrahere : to pull down, (ædificium) destruere (opposed to construere), demoliri (with violence) : evertere (e. g., a statue) : disjicere (e. g., walls, fortifications, statues) : discutere (to shatter to pieces ; a column, part of a wall, etc. ). || To PULL OFF, detrahere alicui aliquid, de aliqua re ; abscindere (Cf., not abscidere) ; avellere (to pluck off, pull off) : abrumpere (to break off) : to pull off fruit from trees, poma ex arboribus avellere (Cicero, Cat., Maj., 19, 71, Orelli) : to pull off bars from doors, claustra portarum avellere : to pull off clothes, exuere (opposed to induere ; to be distinguished from deponere, to put off; opposed to amicire) : to pull off anyone’s clothes, exuere aliquem veste ; exuere or detrahere alicui vestem ; one’s own clothes, se exuere vestibus ; vestes sibi detrahere : to pull off anyone’s shoes, aliquem excalceare ; one’s own shoes, excalceari, excalceare pedes : to make another pull off one’s shoes, pedes excalceandos præbere alicui. || To PULL OUT, PULL UP, vellere, evellere ; revellere (to tear away) : intervellere (to pull out here and there, to pull out in part) : eruere (properly, to dig out ; eyes and teeth) : extrahere (to draw out). To pull up by the roots, radicitus vellere, evellere, extrahere ; exstirpare : to pull out a tooth, dentem evellere (alicui) ; dentem eximere (alicui) : to pull out one’s eyes, oculos alicui eripere or eruere.
PULL, s., tractus, -ûs ; or rather by the verbs.
PULLET, pullus gallinaceus.
PULLEY, trochlea : the first pulley (in a system of pulleys), trochlea superior (called by some rechamus, Vitruvius 10, 2, 1) : the third pulley, trochlea tertia : artĕmon (ἀρτέμων, according to Vitruvius, 10, 2, 9, the right expression) : a system of pulleys, to be translated by so many orbiculi ; a system of three pulleys, tres orbiculi ; orbiculus (round which the rope runs).
PULMONARY, ad pulmones pertinens ; pulmonarius ; or by the genitive, pulmonum. A pulmonary disease, peripneumonia (late ; Celsus, has the word in Greek ; but Plinius, has the adjective peripneumonicus) : * phthisis pulmonalis (technical term) : that has a pulmonary disease, peripneumonicus (of persons ; Plinius, 20, 17, 68, etc. ) : pulmonarius (diseased in the lungs ; of animals).
PULP, caro (Plinius) ; pulpa (Scribonius, Larg. ).
PULPIT, * suggestus sacer ; * suggestum sacrum ; in connection, also, suggestus only.
Pulpet eloquence, * ars de sacro suggestu bene dicendi.
PULPY, mollis ; carnosus.
PULSE, || Motion of an artery or vein, arteriarum or venarum pulsus (the beating of the pulse in the arteries or veins) : arteriæ or venæ (arteries or veins themselves) : Our pulses beat incessantly, venæ micare non desinunt : the pulse is weak, arteriarum (venarum) exigui imbecillique pulsus sunt ; beats irregularly or flutters, venæ non æquis intervallis moventur ; is quick, pulsus arteriæ est citatus : it is a natural pulse, venæ naturaliter sunt ordinatæ (Celsus) : to trust the pulse, which is very deceitful, venis maxime credere, fallacissimæ rei : to make the pulse beat quicker, venas concitare, or resolvere, or movere, or turbare (all Celsus, 3, 6) : a slower, quicker pulse, venæ leniores, celeriores (venæ leniores celerioresve sunt et ætate et sexu et corporum natura ; Celsus) : to feel anybody’s pulse : (α) properly, pulsum venarum attingere (Tacitus) ; aliquem or alicujus manum tangere (Plinius) ; alicujus venas tentare (Suetonius) ; apprehendere manu brachium (Celsus). (β) improperly = to sound a man, aliquem tentare. || A leguminous plant, legumen. κυρικιμασαηικο PULVERIZE, in pulverem aliquid redigere (Celsus) or conterere (Plinius).
PUMICE-STONE, pumex. To smooth with pumice-stone, pumice aliquid levigare (Plinius) : of pumice-stone, pumiceus (Statius) : full of pumice-stone, pumicosus (Plinius) : like pumice-stone, pumiceus or pumicosus.
PUMP, s., || A machine for drawing water, antlia (Vitruvius). A ship’s pump, sentinaculum (Paullus Nol. ). || A single-soled shoe, calceolus (Cicero) ; socculus (Seneca).
PUMP, v., antlia exhaurire. To pump out bilge-water, exhaurire sentinam (sentinare, Paullus Nol. ) : figuratively, to pump anything out of anybody, aliquid ex aliquo exquirere, percunctari, percunctando atque interrogando elicere ; aliquid ex aliquo sciscitari or sciscitando elicere ; aliquid a or ex aliquo expiscari : to pump anybody, (i. e., to try to learn his opinion), animum alicujus explorare voluntatem alicujus perscrutari ; degustare aliquem (facete) ; pertentare alicujus animum ; sciscitari quid cogitet.
PUN, logi (plural) : logi ridiculi : Bad puns, * logi frigidi (after in jocis frigidum, Quintilianus). To make puns ; vid., PUNNING.
PUNCH, s., || An instrument for piercing, * ferrum, in context with pertundere, etc. || A kind of drink, * calda citrea saccharo et vino Indico condita.
Punch-bowl, * catinus capacior caldæ citræ : punch-ladle, * trulla caldæ citreæ hauriendæ. || A kind of buffoon, mimus.
PUNCH, v., pungere ; pertundere ; perforare ; fodere, figere (to pierce, transfix).
PUNCTILIO, to stand upon punctilios, * minutius et scrupulosius (Quintilianus) agere or res tractare : don’t let us stand on punctilios with these matters, cum his non magnopere pugnemus ; in his rebus non desideratur ejusmodi scrupulositas (Columella).
PUNCTILIOUS, scrupulosus (post-Augustan) ; argutus ; captiosus ; subtilis.
PUNCTILIOUSNESS, scrupulositas (Columella, in the sense of anxious exactness) : tenuis et scrupulosa diligentia (Quintilianus).
PUNCTUAL, diligens ; in rebus suis administrandis diligentissimus (after Cicero) : * qui omnia ad tempus diligentissime agit or administrat (in the punctual performance of duties, business, etc. ). To be punctual (as to time), ad tempus advenire.
PUNCTUALITY, diligentia (carefulness) ; or by circumlocution with the adjective PUNCTUALLY, diligenter ; (as to time), ad tempus.
PUNCTUATE, punctis notare, distinguere ; interpungere.
PUNCTURE, punctio (the act) : punctum (a point). Cf., Punctura, Jul., Firm. ; punctus, Appuleius =a point, Plinius.
PUNGENCY, acerbitas ; aculeus ; morsus. Vid. the adjective. PUNGENT, acerbus (bitter) : malignus (malicious) : aculeatus, mordax (pointed, biting) : criminosus (reproachful ; of a speech, etc. ) : acutus (sharp) : salsus (properly, seasoned with salt ; then, also, improperly, having a witty piquancy ; of men, speeches, etc. ). To be pungent, mordere ; aculeum habere (of speeches, writings) : acerbum esse in vituperando (in blaming), in conviciis (in scolding ; both of persons).
PUNISH, punire (general term) : pœna afficere (to inflict punishment) : pœnam alicui irrogare (to settle or fix a punishment) : pœnas ab aliquo or in aliquo (Cf., not in aliquem) petere, expetere, or de aliquo capere (to bring to punishment) : pœnas ab aliquo repetere (to seek satisfaction from) : in aliquem animadvertere or vindicare (to resent or punish a crime ; animadvertere, also, by blows, verberibus) : exemplum in aliquem edere or facere (to make an example of ; vid. Ruhnken, Ter., Eun., 5, 4, 24) : multare (to punish with sensible or painful loss, especially with the loss of money or life, when pecunia and morte are added) : castigare (to chastise, with a view to improvement ; verbis or verberibus) : mulcare (with corporal severity) : plectere (usually in the passive, plecti ; and especially of punishment by a magistrate). To punish anything, aliquid vindicare (to resent), castigare (to punish) ; aliquid ulcisci, persequi.
(The words are found in this connection and order. ) ulcisci et persequi, aliquid exsequi (to resent or avenge by punishment ; Cf., exsequi not before the time of Augustus) : to punish a person severely, gravissimum supplicium de aliquo sumere ; very severely, quam acerbissimum supplicium sumere de aliquo ; most cruelly, in aliquem omnia exempla cruciatusque edere : to punish a thing most severely, acerrime vindicare aliquid : to punish one with exile or imprisonment, exsilio or vinculis multare : to punish one with death, morte punire or multare ; morte or summo supplicio mactare : to be punished, puniri ; plecti pœnas dare, solvere, pendere, expendere ; by anyone, alicui ; on account of anything, alicujus rei : to be punished with death, pœnas capite luere.
PUNISHABLE, pœna or supplicio dignus (of persons or actions ; the latter of the higher degrees of punishment, death, etc. ) : sons (guilty ; of persons only) : animadvertendus (only of actions ; e. g., facinus). Anything is punishable by law, alicujus rei pœna est constituta (e. g., reticentiæ, Cicero).
PUNISHMENT, || The act of punishing, punitio (Valerius Max., 8, 1, 1) : castigatio (a chastising) : multatio (especially by a fine, or loss of life) : or by the verbs. || That which is imposed or inflicted as a penalty, pœna (as that which is to atone for a crime) : noxa (as suffering incurred in consequence of a crime), mulcta or (more commonly) multa, multatio (punishment considered as a loss, especially in money ; a fine) : damnum (reparation, in money) : lis : lis æstimata (legal damages) : supplicium (severe corporal punishment ; scourging, death) : animadversio (as a means of manifesting the displeasure of him who punishes) : castigatio (chastisement, designed for the benefit of the sufferer). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) animadversio et castigatio. Capital punishment, pœna vitæ or capitis ; supplicium capitis ; ultimum or extremum supplicium : dread of punishment, metus pœnæ or animadversionis : to inflict punishment, punire aliquem ; pœna afficere aliquem ; pœna aliquem multare ; pœnam capere de aliquo ; pœnam petere or repetere de aliquo ; pœnas expetere ab aliquo or in aliquem ; pœnam statuere or constituere in aliquem ; pœnam alicui irrogare ; supplicio afficere or punire aliquem ; supplicium sumere de aliquo : to suffer punishment, pœnam pendere, dependere, expendere, solvere, persolvere, dare, subire, perferre, luere, or ferre ; supplicium dare, solvere, pendere, luere, or subire (generally of the crime for which). To suffer punishment from anybody, or at anybody’s hands, pœnas alicui dare, pendere, or dependere ; supplicium alicui dare : to suffer merited punishment, meritam pœnam or meritas pœnas accipere ; pœnas merito luere ; jure plecti ; also, pœnam dignam suo scelere suscipere (Cicero) : to be suffering merited punishment, meritam pœnam or meritas pœnas habere (of a continued state). Cf., To punish anybody in behalf of anybody, is pro aliquo pœnas capere in Sallustius ; but the usual form is alicujus pœnas capere, persequi, etc. (Krebs). To bring anybody to punishment, in pœnam aliquem detrudere : to incur or render one’s self liable to punishment, pœnam sibi contrahere ; pœnam or multam committere : to fix a punishment, pœnam constituere, dicere (irrogare, post-Augustan ; in earlier times it meant, to propose a punishment to be inflicted by the people).
PUNNING, annominatio (general term for play on words : one species [called by Cornificius, traductio] was the using the same words, or the same words with a different quantity, in different meanings ; e. g., avium dulcedo ad avium ducit ; so amari jucundum est, si curetur ne quid insit amari, Quintilianus, 9, 3). To be guilty of, or have the habit of punning, logos dicere (after logos, qui ludis dicti sunt, etc., Cicero, fragm. ap. Non., 63, 18).
PUNSTER, qui logos dicit (after Cicero, fragm. ap. Non., 63, 18).
PUNT (a kind of boat), lembus ; aiveus.
PUNY, pusillus : exiguus : perparvus : perparvulus : minimus : minutus. Cf., The best writers do not say homo parvus or pusillus, but homo brevi corpore, or statura brevis, or statura humili (short). A puny little fellow, homulus, homuncio, or homunculus.
PUPIL, || A scholar, discipulus ; alumnus. || A ward, pupillus. || Apple of the eye, pupula, pupilla ; acies (sharp sight ; vid. Cicero, N. D., 2, 57, 142 ; acies ipsa, qua cernimus, quæ pupula vocatur).
PUPILAGE, || Minority, ætas pupillaris. || State of a learner, tirocinium ; discipulatus (Tertullianus).
PUPPET, νευρόσπαστον (ap. Gellius, 14, 1, § 23, Greek) : simulacrum ligneum, quod nervis movetur et agitatur (Schol., Cruq. ad Hor., Sat., 2, 7, 82) : ligneola hominis figura, in qua gestus nervis moventur, or alicujus membra fills agitantur (vid. Appuleius de Mundo, 70, 19, sqq., for a further description). A puppet-show, * theatrum τῶν νευροσπαστῶν : * pegma, quo simulacra lignea nervis moventur et agitantur (Schol., Cruq, ad Hor., Sat., 2, 7, 82) : You are a mere puppet, duceris ut nervis alienis mobile lignum (Horatius).
PUPPY, || young dog, catellus ; catulus (Cicero) . || A silly fellow ; Vid. DANDY.
PUPPYISM, by homo insulsus or ineptus ; e. g., this is a piece of puppyism, est hominis insulsi.
PURBLIND, Vid. SHORT-SIGHTED.
PURCHASEABLE, quod emi potest : venalis (that is to be sold). PURCHASE, v., emere, redimere (properly and figuratively ; also = to bribe) : mercari, emercari (to obtain by purchase ; often in a contemptuous sense ; properly and figuratively) : corrumpere (figuratively, to bribe). To purchase one thing with another, compensare aliquid cum re (vid. Cicero, Fin., 5, 18, 48 ; but poetically, emere aliquid aliqua re, Horatius, Ep., 1, 2, 55) : to purchase peace, pacem redimere (aliqua re ; e. g., obsidibus, auro) : pacem mercari aliqua re (e. g., ingenti pecunia ; and this word expresses more forcibly the disgraceful nature of the act) : to purchase peace from anyone, pacta mercede ab aliquo pacem redimere : to purchase victory with great loss of troops, victoriam damno amissi militis pensare.
PURCHASE, s., || Act of purchasing, emtio. || Thing purchased, mercimonium.
PURCHASER, emtor, emens (general term) : manceps (one who thus acquires property in a thing). The purchaser of a thing, emens aliquid, qui emit aliquid (one who buys) : emturus aliquid or qui aliquid emere vult (that desires to purchase ; e. g., equum) : to find a purchaser, vendi (to be sold). Not to find a purchaser, * repudiari : good wares find purchasers enough, proba merx facile emtorem reperit.
PURE, || Free from stains, mixture, etc., purus (without any spot or blemish) : mundus (only of solid surfaces, which are free from dirt or stains). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) mundus purusque.
Pure air, aer purus : pure joy, sincerum gaudium : pure mathematics, * mathesis pura : pure doctrine, formula doctrinæ incorrupta : a pure virgin, virgo casta : figuratively, to have pure hands (= not to have stolen anything), manus abstinere alieno ; ab alieno abstinere cupiditatem aut manus : pure water, aqua limpida. Cf., Aqua pura is not clear, but unmixed water. || Free from moral impurity, purus, integer. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) purus et integer : castus. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) purus et castus : castus purusque (both of body and mind) : impollutus : incontaminatus. To lead a pure life, sancte vivere. || Of language, purus : emendatus. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) purus et emendatus.
Pure Latinity, Latinitas pura et emendata : a pure style, pura oratio : pura et incorrupta dicendi consuetudo (Cicero) ; purus et emendatus sermo (opposed to inquinatus sermo) ; purum dicendi genus. || Of metals.
Pure gold, aurum purum : aurum purum putum : aurum cui obrussa adhibita est : pure silver, aurum purum putum : aurum pustulatum (purified from any admixture of other metals, from all dross).
PURELY, Vid. CLEAN, adverb ; CLEARLY ; MERELY.
PURENESS, munditia (Cf., not puritas).
Pureness of morals, castitas ; castimonia ; sanctitas : pureness of language or style, sermo purus or emendatus. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) purus et emendatus. Vid. more in PURITY.
PURGATION,
PURIFICATION, purgatio ; purificatio (Plinius, Mart., in a religious sense) : lustratio (by sacrifice).
PURGATIVE, medicamentum catharticum : medicina alvum solvens or movens. To administer purgatives, cathartica dare : a purgative must be administered, or one must take a purgative, dejectio a medicamento petenda est : to try to give relief by purgatives, to administer a purgative, dejectionem alvi ductione moliri ; purgatione alvum sollicitare : to take a purgative, alvum dejicere (of the effect) ; * alvum medicamento cathartico movere, solvere.
PURGATORY, purgatorium (ecclesiastical) ; * locus purgandis post mortem animis destinatus (Muret. ) ; * ignis maculas in animis corpore solutis residuas exurens (Mosheim). From context, * purgans ignis. PURGE, purgare, repurgare, expurgare, purum facere (general term : Cf., avoid purificare) : mundum facere, mundare, emundare (to cleanse from dirt ; the two latter words are post-Augustan) : lustrare (by a purifying sacrifice). To purge the body, purgatione alvum sollicitare.
(1) Of the medicine, alvum movere, ciere, solvere, ducere, subducere ; (2) of the physician [vid. “administer a PURGATIVE”]. To be purged, alvum dejicere, or dejicere only (Celsus, 2, 12, 2, seems to show that ducere is by an injection).
PURGING, purgatio (general term) : (of the body), purgatio ; dejectio ; detractio.
PURIFICATION, purgatio : lustratio ; expiatio. A means of purification, februum (for an offering) : purgamen alicujus rei (for expiation) : purificatio (Plinius, Mart., Ep. lib. 8, præf. ).
PURIFIER, purgator (e. g., cloacarum, of the sewers) : qui aliquid purgat, repurgat, emundat, mundum facit, etc.
PURIFY, purgare, repurgare, expurgare, purum facere (general terms : Cf., purificare not to be recommended) : februare (by a sacrifice ; a religious word) : mundum facere, mundare, emundare (purge from dirt ; mundare, emundare, post-Augustan) : eluere (wash or rinse out) : abluere (by washing off) : tergere, detergere (wipe off, sweep) : extergere (wipe out) : verrere, everrere (sweep, sweep out) : lustrare (consecrate by a purifying sacrifice) : expiare (expiate). To purify the sewers, cloacas purgare, detergere ; the stables, stabula, bubilia purgare or emundare ; the body from filth, abluere corpus illuvie : to purify the language, expurgare sermonem ; sermonem usitatum emendare ; consuetudinem vitiosam et corruptam pura et incorrupta consuetudine emendare : to purify the forum from the marks of crime, expiare forum a sceleris vestigiis.
PURISM, in loquendo (or scribendo) non sine molestia diligens elegantia (after accurata et sine molestia. diligens elegantia, Cicero) ; or in loquendo, etc., diligentia nimium sollicita (after Quintilianus, 3, 11, 23).
PURIST, * sermonis (Latini) expurgandi nimium studiosus (after Cicero, Brut., 74, 258) ; * in sermone expurgando moleste diligens ; or in expurgando sermone (or in loquendo, scribendo) diligentiæ nimium sollicitæ (Quintilianus 3, 11, 21).
PURITY, || Cleanness, munditia : mundities (Cf., puritas does not occur in the best prose). || In a moral sense, integritas (unspotted character) : castitas, castimonia (chastity) : sanctitas (holiness). || (Of language), integritas (incorrupti sermonis integritas ; Cicero) : munditia or mundities verborum, or orationis ; castitas ; sinceritas. Cf. ., Not puritas ; but the adjective, purus is used, pura oratio, etc. Vid. PURE (of language).
PURL, labi cum murmure ; murmurare ; susurrare (Vergilius).
PURLOIN, Vid. PILFER, STEAL.
PURLOINER, Vid. PILFERER, THIEF.
PURPLE, || The color, purpura (general term) : ostrum (the liquor used in dyeing) : conchylium (purple color properly so called) : color purpureus (a purple tint or hue). || A purple garment, purpura ; vestis purpurea ; amictus purpureus ; pallium purpureum clothed in purple, purpuratus ; conchyliatus (Seneca, Ep., 62, 2) : to appear in gold and purple, insignem auro et purpura conspici. A dealer in purple garments, purpurarius (Inscriptions ; also, purple-dyer) : to sell purple garments, negotium purpurarium exercere.
PURPORT, sententia ; e. g., recitatæ sunt tabellæ eadem fere sententia. Vid. EFFECT, s., = TENOR, etc.
PURPOSE, s., consilium, or by circumlocution, id quod volo or cupio (what one intends, the design in a subjective sense) : propositum, or by circumlocution, quod specto, or sequor, or peto (that one which a person has set before him to be attained, a design in an objective sense) : finis (end, ultimate design, objectively, as Cicero, Off., 1, 39, in. : domus finis est usus. Vid. also, End) : for that purpose, hanc ad rem : hac mente : hoc consilio : ea voluntate (but ad eum finem not before Tacitus, Ann., 14, 64, 3, in this sense) : for this purpose, that, etc. eo consilio, ut, etc. : for what purpose? quid spectans? (τί σκοπῶν, but not quem ad finem?) : from or contrary to the purpose, alienus a consilio or proposito ; non idoneus : to be quite contrary to the purpose, alienum esse a re propositi ; repugnare consilio : I have not considered it contrary to the purpose, to relate, etc., haud ab re duxi, referre, etc. : on purpose, consulto ; cogitate ; also, (The words are found in this connection and order. ) consulto et cogitate (with premeditation) : voluntate (designedly ; opposed to casu, by chance). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) voluntate et judicio ; data or dedita opera : de industria or (Livius) ex industria (stronger terms, quite on purpose) : prudens or sciens (knowingly, with consideration) : on purpose to, etc., eo consilio, ut, etc. [vid. also, “in ORDER to”) : of set purpose, de industria ; sedulo ; consulto ; data or dedita opera (vid. above, “on purpose”) : I am doing anything of set purpose, prudens ac sciens facio aliquid : anything is done of set purpose, consulto et cogitatum fit aliquid : with no purpose, * quod sine consilio fit or accidit (without plan) : to no purpose, inutilis (useless) ; supervacaneus (superfluous ; but supervacuus is not classical). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) supervacaneus atque inutilis ; cui eventus deest : irritus (to no effect, in vain) : to be to no purpose, successu carere (†) : to do a thing to no purpose, frustra laborem suscipere ; saxum sarrire (proverbial ; i. e., to hoe a rock, Mart., 3, 91, 20) : things that are to no purpose, nugæ : cassa, -orum : inania, -ium : to take pains to no purpose, operam perdere ; oleum et operam perdere [vid. also, “in VAIN”] : to the purpose, ad usum accommodatus ; conveniens (answering a certain purpose ; e. g., vestis) alicui rei or ad aliquid ; utilis (useful, serviceable) alicui rei ; necessarius (necessary) ad aliquid :
Warning ; Any kind of reproduction of this page will be very severely accused by tokyomaths. com
not to the purpose, alienus alicui rei, aliqua re and ab aliqua re : it would seem to me to the purpose, ad rem pertinere videtur : to adopt measures that are more to the purpose, fortioribus remediis agere : this is nothing to the purpose, hoc non hujus loci est ; hoc alienum or hoc sejunctum est a re proposita : to disappoint anybody of his purpose, alicui conturbare rationes omnes (Terentius, Eun., 5, 2, 29) ; omnem ordinem consilii turbare (Livius, 40, 57, 3).