en_la_52

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PONY, equulus ; equuleus ; mannulus.

POOL, || A small pond, stagnum. || Stakes at a game of cards, quantum in medium confertur (cf., Suetonius, Oct., 71). To take the whole pool, nummos universos tollere (ib. ). How much is there in the pool? quantum in medium confertur? (after same passage).  

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POOP, puppis.

POOR, || Not rich, pauper (πένης, that has barely enough for his necessary expenses ; opposed to dives) : tenuis (σπάνιος, that has a very small, limited income ; opposed to locuples) : egenus, in prose usually egens (ἐνδεής, that is in want, that has not enough for necessary uses ; opposed to abundans). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) tenuis atque egens : inops (ἄπορος, helpless, without means or resources ; opposed to opulentes) : mendi̅cus (πτωχός, obliged to live on charity, beggared). Somewhat poor, pauperculus : very poor, perpauper ; egentissimus ; omnibus rebus egens ; omnium egenus ; cui minus nihilo est : the poor, in the Roman sense, capite censi (because at the census only their number was taken, without respect to their property) or proletarii (because they could offer to the state nothing else than their children) : to be poor, in egestate esse or versari ; vitam in egestate degere ; vitam inopem colere (to live in poverty) : to be very poor, in summa egestate, mendicitate esse ; omnium rerum inopem esse : to grow or become poor, egentem fieri ; ad inopiam redigi : I am grown poor, res mihi ad rastros rediit (I must take to the spade ; comedy) : to make anybody poor, egestatem alicui afferre ; ad inopiam aliquem redigere ; ad mendicitatem aliquem detrudere (to reduce to beggary) : to enrich a poor man, egentem divitem facere ; locupletem ex egenti efficere ; tenuiorem locupletare : to pretend to be poor, paupertatem or pauperem simulare. || Deficient, in want of anything, inops alicujus rei, re or ab re ; sterilis alicujus rei or ab aliqua re (empty of) : privatus or spoliatus aliqua re (deprived of) : a poor language, inops lingua : an age poor in virtues, sæculum virtutum sterile (Tacitus, Hist., 1, 3, 1). || Meagre, vilis (εὐτελής, mean) : aridus (opposed to copiosus, e. g., victus, oratio, orator) : jejunus (barren, jejune ; opposed to plenus, copiosus ; e. g., res ; oratio ; orator ; scriptor) : exilis (without power ; opposed to uber, plenus, of a speech, and of a speaker). || Bad, inferior, small, tenuis (slight) : miser (wretched, pitiful) : vilis (mean) : malus (bad) : poor food, tenuis victus : a poor speech, oratio jejuna : a poor hut, casa exigua : a poor soil, macrum solum : a poor present, munusculum levidense : a poor poet, poeta malus, ineptus or insulsus : poor consolation, solatium malum or miserum : poor circumstances, res pauperculæ ; angustiæ rei familiaris : to be in poor circumstances, parce ac duriter vitam agere ; tenuiter vivere (Terentius, Phorm., 1, 2, 95) ; vitam in egestate degere ; vitam inopem colere : to make a poor supper, patella modica cœnare (Horatius, Ep., 1, 5, 2). || Miserable, unhappy, miser, misellus ; infelix (wretched, unhappy) : miserandus (pitiable) : alas poor me! væ, me miserum! a poor wretch, homo misellus.

POOR-HOUSE, ptochotrophi̅um or ptochi̅um (Code Justinian).  

POORISH, pauperculus.

POORLY, adverb, tenuiter (Terentius, Phorm., 1, 2, 95) ; exiliter : to live poorly, parce or misere vivere (very poorly) ; tenuissimo cultu vivere.

POORLY, adjective, (Slightly indisposed), qui leviter ægrotat ; levi motiuncula tentatus : to be poorly, leviter ægrotare ; levi motiuncula tentari (Suetonius, Vesp. 24) ; leviter commotum esse (Cicero) ; leviter ægrum esse.

POP, s., crepitus ; scloppus (sound made by striking on inflated cheeks ; Persius).  

POP, v., crepare ; sonare.

POP IN, INTO, irrumpere, intro rumpere, intro irrumpere (suddenly, and with force) : introvenire propere, * intro se proripere (hastily) : introire, or venire, introgredi, intrare (to enter) : to pop into one’s head, in mentem venire.

POP OUT, evadere, elabi (to come out quickly) : effugere (to come out and get away quickly).  

POPE, * pontifex Romanus ; * papa.

POPEDOM, * pontificia dignitas, * papatus (papal dignity) : * pontificii (subjects of the popedom) : doctrines of the popedom, * pontificis Romani doctrina or lex : in the popedom, * apud pontificios : a friend of the popedom, * addictus pontifici Romano ; * sacra a pontifice Romano instituta sequens ; * legis pontificis Romani studiosus.

POPISH, * pontiricius : popish doctrine or system, sacra pontificia (plural) ; ratio, doctrina, formula pontificia, or Romano- Catholica (Bau. ).  

POPLAR, populus, -i, feminine: of poplar, populeus (Vergilius) ; populnus (Plautus) ; populneus (Calo).  

POPPY, papaver, -eris, neuter : of poppy, papavereus : poppy flowers, comæ papavereæ : poppy heads, papaverum capita (Livius).  

POPULACE, plebecula : infima plebs : populi fæx.

POPULAR, || Acceptable to the people, popularis (Cicero) ; in vulgus (Cf., not vulgo) gratus ; gratus, acceptus populo : a man of popular manners, homo communis (Cicero). || In ordinary use, understood by all, ad sensum popularem vulgaremque or ad commune judicium popularemque intelligentiam (accommodates, Cicero, De Or., 1, 23, 108 ; e. g., oratio) ; intelligentia a populari non remotus.

Popular writings, quæ scripta sunt indoctis ; genus librorum populariterscriptorum (Cicero, 5 Fin., 12).

POPULARITY, aura popularis ; favor populi (Cicero) ; communitas (κοινότης, Nepos, Milt., 8, 4, Bremi) : that courts popularity, populi studiosus.

POPULARLY, populariter ; ad commune judicium popularemque intelligentiam (accommodate), e. g., dicere, scribere (in a popular style) : ita – ut ab omnibus intelligar (intelligatur, etc. ).  

POPULATE, locum copiosiorem et celebriorem reddere (Livius) ; incolis frequentare (Suetonius) ; replere (Justinus).  

POPULOUS, frequens ; incolis frequens ; celeber (Cicero) ; frequentatus (Sallustius).  

POPULOUSNESS, frequentia, celebritas (Cicero) ; multitudo hominum (Cæsar), or incolarum.

PORCELAIN, Vid. CHINA.

PORCH, vestibulum (general term, especially of a house) : propylæum (especially of a temple) : pronaos (Vitruvius, of a temple). || Figuratively, vestibulum.

PORCUPINE, hystrix, -ĭcis, feminine (Plinius).

PORE, s., foramen : pores, foramina invisibilia corporis (Celsus, of the human body) : fistulæ (of a sponge, cheese, etc. ).  

PORE OVER, rei or in rem incumbere (to apply one’s self to. In Cicero, Cæsar, etc., only of applying to tasks, etc. ; post-Augustan) : incumbere ceris et stilo (Plinius) ; cogitationi (Tacitus). To be always poring over his books, in bibliothecam or in literas (or -is) se abdere : libros (* semper) pervolutare : rem attente considerare (to inspect closely) : mentem figere or defigere in aliqua re ; animum defigere or infigere in aliqua re.

PORK, caro suilla (Celsus) ; caro porcina ; or simply porcina (Plautus) ; suilla (Plinius) : roast pork, assum suillum.

PORKER,

PORKLING, porculus (Plautus) ; porcellus (Varro).  

POROSITY, raritas (Vitruvius) ; or by the adjective.

POROUS, rarus (Cicero) ; foramina habens.

PORPHYRY, porphyrites (Plinius).  

PORPOISE, porculus marinus (Plinius).  

PORRIDGE, puis (of meal, pulse, etc. ) : jus ; jusculum ; sorbitio (Plinius).  

PORRINGER, catinus, catinum ; sinus (for milk or honey, Plautus) : a small porringer, catillus (Columella ; catillum, Petronius) ; scaphium (Vitruvius).  

PORT, || A harbor, portus, -ûs (properly and figuratively) : a free port, portus de vectigalibus exemptus (vid. Cicero, Phil. 2, 39, 101 : Cf., not portus liber ; liber being opposed to servus) : an artificial port, portus manu factus : to come into port, in portum venire (Cicero), or pervenire (Cæsar) ; in portum ex alto invehi ; in portum deferri (Auct. Her. ) ; in portum se recipere (Cæsar) : to make a port, portum facere (literally), portum capere (to reach it) : to sail out of port, e portu solvere, navigare, proficisci or exire ; portum linquere († Vergilius) : to block up the entrance of a port by sinking a ship, faucibus portûs navem submersam objicere : a very busy port, portus celeberrimus et plenissimus navium : to be safe in port, in portu esse or navigare (also = to be in a state of security). || Improperly, portus : portus et refugium : portus et perfugium : entrance of a port, portus os, ostium, aditus, -ûs ; fauces. || A gate, porta ; janua [vid. GATE. ]. || Aperture in a ship for a gun, * fenestra. || Carriage, air, gestus, -ûs ; incessus, -ûs.

PORTABLE, quod portari, or gestari, potest : Cf., portabilis (not portatilis) and gestabilis are late ; but they are regularly formed, and may be used with advantage when the context does not admit of a classical circumlocution.

PORTAL, porta (maxima, princeps).  

PORTCULLIS, catarracta, -æ, feminine (Livius).

PORTE (OTTOMAN), * aula imperatoris Turcici.

PORTEND, ante significare aliquid ; præsignificare, præmonstrare aliquid ; also, (in the Roman sense), portendere, augurari.

PORTENT, ostentum : prodigium :
portentum (astonishing appearance, foretelling what is about to happen) : signum (any sign, σημεῖον) : a frightful portent, objecta res terribilis. Sometimes species nova atque insolita. Vid.

PRODIGY.

PORTENTOUS, portentosus ; ominosus (Plinius, Ep. ).  

PORTER, || Keeper of a gate, janitor (Cicero) ; ostiarius (Vitruvius) ; atriarius (Pand. ). || One who carries burdens, bajulus (Cicero) ; onus humeris portans or sustinens ; gerulus (Plautus). || A kind of beer, * cerevisia, quam vocant Porter.

PORTERAGE, merces bajuli, geruli ; merces quæ solvitur bajulo, gerulo.

PORT-FOLIO, scrinium (epistolarum, librorum), or, from the context, scrinium only : librarium (for writings of any kind, Cicero, Mil., 12, 33) : the port-folio of a minister of state, * librarium literarum publicarum.    PORT-HOLE, * fenestra.

PORTICO, porticus (from porta, on account of the many doors, as it were, formed by the columns ; it was a covered walk, gallery, or hall, supported by columns, which the Romans had contiguous to their houses for walks, especially round the temples and public buildings, in order to be sheltered from rain) : Cf., peristylium was an uncovered space in the middle of a house surrounded by porticos.

PORTION, s., pars (a part) : dos (o dowry) : Cf., in classical Latin portio occurs only in the phrase pro portione. Vid.

PART.

PORTION, v., || To parcel out, distribuere, dividere aliquid aliquibus or in aliquos ; dispertire ; diribere ; dispensare. || To endow, (filiæ) dotem dare (Nepos, filiam) dotare (Suetonius) ; filio dare, præbere, unde domum, rem domesticam instituere possit : portioned, dotatus (Ovidius) ; quum ipse filiæ nubili dotem conficere non posset (Cicero, Quint., 31, 98 ; could not portion his daughter).  

PORTLINESS, dignitas formæ or corporis, apposita ad dignitatem statura : statura eminens : spectabilis proceritas (tallness).  

PORTLY, dignitatis plenus ; gravis ; augustus. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) augustus et amplus : apposita ad dignitatem statura : procerus (tall).  

PORTMANTEAU, averta (a sort of great portmanteau ; later times of the emperors : a horse that carries it, avertarius) : mantica (wallet) : hippoperæ (saddle-bags ; Horatius, Sat., 1, 6, 106 ; Seneca, Ep., 87, 7 ; hippopera, the singular, is erroneous).  

PORTRAIT, effigies ad exemplum expressa : a portrait of the size of life, simulacrum iconicum (vid. Bremi, Suet., Calig., 22) : anybody’s portrait, effigies ex facie ipsius similitudine expressa (after Plinius, 34, 4, 9) ; vera alicujus imago or effigies (if it be a good portrait).  

PORTRAIT-PAINTER, * pictor qui homines coloribus reddit.

PORTRAIT-PAINTING, picturæ id genus, quo hominum effigies ex facie ipsorum similitudine exprimuntur (vid.

Plinius, 34, 4, 9).  

PORTRAY, exprimere imaginem alicujus rei (to give the general form of anything) : formam alicujus describere (to mark out the whole shape) : dtlineare imaginem alicujus (to give in outline) : exscribere imaginem alicujus (to copy) : fingere (to form) : effingere (to form after an original) : aliquid formare, deformare (to form, from a shapeless mass. Cf., The last four words especially of plastic artists) : * aliquem or aliquid coloribus reddere (to paint).  

POSE, v., disputationum laqueis irretire (to puzzle) : ad incitas redigere (to nonplus).  

POSITION, || Properly, positio, positus, positura (Cf., not in the prose of the golden period, which availed itself of circumlocutions with positum esse) : situs (the manner in which anything lies or is laid ; especially of the position of a place) : to give a (suitable) position to a thing, aliquid (apte, etc. ) ponere, collocare : to have a (suitable) position, (apte, etc. ) positum, situm esse : to restore anything to its former position, alicujus rei situm revocare (with Vergilius, Æn., 3, 451) : the natural position (of a place), situs naturalis ; natura loci ; (The words are found in this connection and order. ) situs atque natura loci : convenient, good position of a place, situs opportunus, opportunitas loci. || Figuratively, state, circumstances, status (state, condition) : conditio (the relations under which anything exists, in which anybody lives) : locus (the circumstances into which a person or thing is brought ; vid. Herzog, Cæs., B. G., 2, 26) : tempus, tempora (καιρός, the position which time brings about ; hence, in connection, frequently = bad, critical position ; vid. Commentators on Nepos, Milt., 5, 1 ; Cicero, Offic., 1, 23, 81 ; Cicero, pro leg. Manil., 1, 1) : res (general term circumstances, etc. ) : fortuna (external position, accidental circumstances) : a good, favorable position, bonus status ; bona conditio ; locus bonus ; causa bona ; res bonæ, secundæ, florentes : to be or find one’s self in a good position, statu bono, conditione bona, etc., esse ; causam bonam habere : to be or find one’s self in a better position, in meliore causa esse ; res meæ meliore loco sunt ; meliore conditione esse : a bad position, status deterior ; conditio iniqua, afflictior ; res afflictæ ; res minus secundæ : a hopeless position, res pessimæ, perditæ : my position is not the best, res meæ sunt minus secundæ : to be in the same position, in eadem causa or in eodem loco esse ; eadem est mea causa : to find one’s self in a critical position, premi aliqua re (re frumentaria ; vid. Mœb., Cæs., B. G., 1, 52, p. 96) : I am greatly dissatisfied with my position, vehementer me pœnitet status mei : no one is satisfied with his position, suæ quemque fortunæ maxime pœnitet (Cicero, ad Div., 6, 1, in. ) : nemo sorte sua contentus vivit (after Horatius, Sat., 1, 1, 1, sqq. ) : imagine yourself in my position, eum te esse finge, qui sum ego (Cicero, ad Div., 3, 12, 2) : I ask, what ought I to do in my position, consulo, quid faciam de rebus meis : to restore anybody to his former position (as a citizen, etc. ), restituere aliquem in pristinum statum : the position of things, rerum status : the position of affairs has very much changed, magna facta est rerum commutatio ; versa sunt omnia. || Proposition, vid.

POSITIVE, verus (true, real) : certus (certain, sure) : in re positus (not nominal) : re (opposed to verbo, verbis ; in fact, not merely in report) : pertinax in sententia sua tuenda (confident in assertion). || Affirmative, not negative, ajens (opposed to negans) ; affirmans (Cf., affirmativus is late). || Receiving its binding force from enactment, quod constitutione continetur (e. g., justum ; opposed to quod natura continetur, what is binding antecedently to or without enactment, Quintilianus, 7, 4, 5) : a positive law, lex scripta (opposed to lex nata) : jus civile (opposed to jus naturale) : positive religion, * religio lege sancita : what is positive, statio (opposed to natura, Vitruvius, 1, 2, 5) : constitutio (Quintilianus, 7, 4, 5). || Positive degree (grammatical), positivus gradus, or positivus only (Prisc. ) : in the positive, absolutus (opposed to comparativus ; e. g., utimur vulgo comparativis pro absolutis, Quintilianus, 9, 3, 19 ; conf. Gell., 5, 21, 13, in ea episto la scriptum est, pluria sive plura absolutum esse sive simplex ; non, ut tibi videtur, comparativum).  

POSITIVELY, re ; re ipsa ; re vera, or revers (really) : certe (surely) : pertinaciter (confidently) : affirmate (with an oath) : affirmanter (Gellius, with confidence).  

POSITIVENESS = confidence in affirmation, pertinacia.

POSSESS, possidere ; possessionem alicujus rei habere or tenere, in possessione alicujus rei esse (to have some outward good in possession ; possidere also, sometimes for, to be endued with a property ; e. g., ingenium, magnam vim possidere) : habere (to have, general term) : tenere (to hold, occupy) : præditum, instructum, ornatum, also affectum esse (figuratively, to be endowed with ; the latter especially in a bad sense) ; inesse alicui or in aliquo esse, esse in aliquo (to reside in anybody, as a property ; inesse, with a dative, Sallustius, Cat., 58, 2 ; Nepos, Epam., 5, 2, etc. ; with in, Terentius, Eun., 1, 1, 14 ; Cicero, Off., 1, 37, 134, etc. ). To express possession of a quality, we frequently find esse with a genitive or ablative ; but then the property assigned is not expressed by a simple substantive, but by a substantive in connection with an adjective or adjective pronoun ; e. g., we cannot say for, “virtue possesses strength, ” virtus est virium ; but “virtue possesses so great strength, ” virtus est tantarum virium, ut, etc. : Hortensius possessed so strong a memory, that, etc., Hortensius erat tanta memoria, ut, etc. : to possess a share of a thing, alicujus rei esse participem : all cannot possess all things, non omnes omnium participes esse possunt : not to possess a thing, carere aliqua re ; alicujus rei esse expertem (to be excluded from) : to possess in rich measure, aliqua re abundare ; aliqua re valere. || Improperly, to master, to fill, occupare (e. g., fear possesses anybody or anybody’s mind, timor occupat aliquem ; Cæsar, B. G., 1, 39) : invadere (to assault, as it were, the mind ; aliquem, in aliquem or alicui : aliquem lubido, metus, terror invadit : furor alicui invadit ; vis avaritiæ in animum alicujus invadit, Sallustius) : possidere (e. g., lubido possidet aliquem , Sallustius) : incessere (aliquem alicui or in aliquem ; e. g., admiratio,
cupido, timor, indignatio incessit aliquem ; cura patribus incessit, Livius, 4, 57 ; religio in aliquem incessit, Terentianus) : possessed with anything, alicujus rei studiosissimus or cupidissimus : to be quite possessed with anything, occupari re or a re (e. g., ab iracundia ; cura) ; studio alicujus rei trahi ; cupiditate alicujus rei flagrare ; also, poetically, by habere (e. g., terror, ardor, habet mentes, minds are possessed with).  

POSSESSED, (as by an evil spirit), lymphaticus : lymphatus : furibundus. As if he were possessed, like one possessed, velut lymphatus.

POSSESSION, || The act of possessing, occupancy, possessio : to take possession, gain or obtain possession of anything, potiri aliqua re, or aliquam rem, or alicujus rei (to get into one’s power ; Cf., the genitive, except in the expression rerum potiri, appears to be used, in good prose, only when the object of attainment or of possession is a person ; the ablative when it is a thing ; the accusative when it is a town, a place, etc. ; vid. Beier, Cic., Off., 2, 23, 81 ; Bremi, Cic., Fat., 14, p. 31) : occupare (to take, seize ; properly and figuratively) : capere (to catch, a person ; to take, a town, etc. ) : in ditionem or sub potestatem suam redigere (to bring under one’s power) : aliquid in se trahere (to draw to one’s self ; e. g., munia senatus, Tacitus, Ann., 1, 2, 1). To get possession of anyone, capere, comprehendere, arripere aliquem : possidere aliquem (figuratively, brevi tempore totum hominem possesserat ; Cicero, Verr., 2, 3, 68) : to put one’s self quickly in possession of, in possessionem alicujus rei involare (unjustly) : to give a person possession of the goods of another, mittere aliquem in possessionem bonorum alicujus ; immittere aliquem in alicujus bona : to put a person again in possession of a thing, possessionem alicujus rei restituere alicui : to put anyone out of possession, de possessione dimovere et dejicere ; possessione deturbare, depellere : to remain in possession of a thing, in possessione alicujus rei manere or permanere ; rem in possessione sua retinere : to come into possession of a thing, in possessionem alicujus rei venire ; (again) possessionem amissum recuperare : to give up possession, possessione cedere, decedere ; illa villa solius tua (you have sole possession of). || Property possessed, possessio. To have great possessions, magnas possessiones habere (general term) ; agros or latifundia habere (in landed property).  

POSSESSOR, possessor : dominus.

POSSIBILITY, || The property of being possible, possibilitas (late ; to be employed only as philosophical technical term) : conditio (a possible case ; Cicero, C. Rabir. perd., 5, 16) : facultas or potestas aliquid faciendi (power of doing anything) : aditus alicujus rei or aliquid faciendi, or ad aliquid faciendum (opportunity or permission given from without ; vid. Cæsar, B, C, 1, 31 and 74 ; B. G., 1, 43) : locus alicujus rei or aliquid faciendi (occasion given by circumstances ; e. g., locus nocendi ; locus vituperandi ; locus est amoris augendi). There is no possibility, nulla datur potestas. When “possibility” denotes the presence or existence of a thing, we must use a by circumlocution with esse posse ; e. g., he denies the possibility of this idea, negat esse posse hanc notionem ; so, also, when “possibility” denotes that a thing is capable of being accomplished, fieri or effici posse ; e. g., they deny the possibility of a thing, aliquid fieri posse negant : not to perceive the possibility of a thing, non intelligere, aliquid fieri posse or qua ratione aliquid fieri posse : if there be any possibility, si potest (sc. fieri ; vid.

POSSIBLE). || A possible thing, res, quæ fieri potest.

POSSIBLE, quod fieri or effici potest (that may happen or can be done) : quod per rerum naturam admitti potest (that is not against the nature of things). Cf., These words Paullus, Sent., 3, 4, § 1. very suitably uses as a circumlocution for the unclassical possibilis, which Quintilianus, 3, 8, 25, terms an appellatio dura, and can be endured only as a philosophical technical term.

Potis, pote are not adjectives, but adverbs, and occur (rarely in Cicero, more frequently in the comic writers) only in the phrase potis est and pote for potest, potest esse, or fieri. A possible case, conditio, quæ per rerum naturam admitti potest ; also, simply conditio (Cicero, C. Rabir. perd., 5, 16) : it is possible, i. e., (α) it can be, esse potest ; also potest alone ; e. g., it is possible that others believe so, potest ut alii ita arbitrentur ; vid. Terentius, Andr., 2, 1, 27 : (β) it can happen, be done, fieri or effici potest. Also frequently simply potest (for fieri potest) ; e. g., so little is this possible now, ut enim id non potest. How is it possible? qui potest? if it is possible, si potest : as much as possible, quantum potest (poterit, etc. ) ; vid. Cicero, Eccl., p. 102 sq. : it is possible that, etc., fieri potest, ut, etc. ; est ut, etc. (see Ramsh., § 184, 1) : that this is very possible, id facile effici posse : (γ) it may have happened, factum esse potest ; accidisse potest : is it possible? = (α) what do you say? quid ais? (β) what do you mean? ain’? ain’ tu? It is not ppossible but that I, etc., fieri non potest ut non or quin, etc. ; facere non possum, ut non (ut nihil, etc. ) : a thing is possible to me, alicujus rei faciendæ facultatem habeo ; possum aliquid facere : if it be at all or by any means possible, si ulla ratione efficere possum (potes, etc. ) ; si ullo modo fieri poterit. [Cf., The Latin also expresses our “if possible, ” in many cases, by utique ; as Quintilianus, 10, 1, 20, perlectus liber utique ex integro resumendus, should, if possible, be read over again ; vid. Herzog, in loc. cit. p. 99. ] As far as possible, quoad fieri potest or poterit : as. . . as possible, quam with a superlative ; e. g., as early as possible, quam maturrime ; or by quam. . . potero ; e. g., I will do it as shortly as possible, agam quam brevissime potero : in every possible manner, quacumque ratione ; omnibus rebus : as possible, fieri potest ut, etc. (it is possible that, etc. ), or by fore (especially with putare, exspectare, pollicere, and like words) ; e. g., what sight do we imagine as possible, if, etc., quod tandem spectaculum fore putamus, quum, etc. (Cicero, Tusc., 1, 20, 45) : all possible, omnes, omnia : all possible kinds of torture, omnia exempla cruciatus : to try, or to do, everything possible, omnia facere, or omnia experiri ; nihil inexpertum omittere ; nihil sibi reliqui facere in aliqua re (facienda) : “not possible” may sometimes be translated by inveniri posse, esse negare, etc. ; e. g., no third supposition is possible ; or, it is not possible to make a third supposition, tertium nihil inveniri potest, or tertium esse quidquam nego : as far as possible, quoad ejus fieri potest : as well as possible, quantum or quam maxime possum (as much as I can) : quantum in me situm est (as much as lies in me) : pro viribus (according to my strength : Cf., not pro virili parte).  

POST, s., || A piece of timber set up in the ground, stipes (a large, rough post) : palus (a smaller post, used as a general term) : sudes (a post more carefully wrought). κυρικιμασαηικοHe stands like a post, tanquam truncus stipesque stat : why do you stand there like a post? quid stas lapis? || Station, situation, locus (alicui assignatus) ; statio. To desert one’s post, stationem deserere ; de statione discedere ; locum or præsidium relinquere : to occupy a military post, præsidium occupare : to be at one’s post, stationem agere : to go to one’s post, stationem inire : to remain at one’s post, in statione manere (Plautus) ; in loco manere ; locum tenere (Cæsar) ; or simply stare, restare (opposed to fugere). || Office, part, munus ; partes, plural ; muneris officia, partes. || Public institution for conveyance of letters, etc., cursus publicus (general term) ; * cursus publicus perferendis epistolis. A post-boy (i. e., who carries the mail-bags), tabellarius publicus equo vectus ; cursor publicus (Ruhnken) : the post goes out, comes in, * cursus publicus, cursor, tabellarius publicus abit, venit : the post is gone, * cursor publicus jam profectus est : post time, profectio cursus publici : before post time, * priusquam cursor publicus abeat (abiret) : after post time, * quum jam cursor publicus abiisset : to send by post, * transmittere aliquid per cursorem publicum ; * vehiculo, cursori publico perferendum aliquid dare, committere ; (literas) cursori publico perferendas committere (Ruhnken) : I will write to you by the next post, * per proximum, qui abit, cursum publicum literas ad te permittam.

POST, v., || To fix on posts or walls, (libellum or tabulam) in publicum (Cicero, Agr., 2, 5) or in publico (Cicero, Att., 8, 9) proponere (general term) ; * palo, parieti, or ad parietem (libellum, tabulam) figere. To post up a bill, tabulam proscribere (with accusative and infinitive, Cicero, Qu. Fr., 2, 6). || To station, in statione collocare ; * alicui stationem, locum, assignare ; (milites, præsidia) disponere. || To put (a letter) into the post-office, * aliquid cursori publico perferendum committere. || Intransitively, To travel with speed, * currere incitato equo ; propere tendere, or contendere aliquo ; properare.

POST-CHAISE, * vehiculum publicum : * rheda cursualis (under the emperors).  

POST-DAY, * dies quo cursores publici eunt
aut redeunt. It is post-day today, * cursores publici hodie redeunt (when the post comes in) : * cursores publici hodie abeunt (when the post goes out) : * literæ hodie exspectantur (letters are expected).  

POST-HORSE, equus cursualis (in general) : veredus (one ridden by a courier ; not one that draws a carriage).  

POST-MAN, * tabellarius publicus.

POST-MASTER, * cursui publico præpositus (at the post-office) : curator rei vehiculariæ (at a posting-house) : stationarius (time of emperors).  

POST-OFFICE, * sedes cursus publici.

POST-PAID, * vecturæ pretio soluto (e. g., mittere aliquid). Vid. “POSTAGE FREE. ”  POST-PAPER, charta epistolarius (Martialis). Cf., The ancients used charta Augusta for letters.

POSTAGE, * vecturæ (publicæ) pretium. To pay the postage, * pro vectura, solvere : postage free (as a memorandum on a letter), * vecturæ pretium solutum est ; * epistolæ perferendæ merces soluta est : to send postage free, * aliquid mittere vecturæ pretio soluto ; or gratis, nulla mercede : to be free of, exempt from, postage, * a vecturæ pretio immunem esse.

POSTERIOR, posterior.

POSTERITY, posteritas (time, and persons) : posteri, homines qui futuri sunt (persons). To hand down anything to posterity, aliquid memoriæ prodere, aliquid posteritati notum facere (general term) ; literis aliquid prodere (by writing) : to come down to posterity, ad posteritatem pervenire : to transmit one’s name to posterity, memoriam prodere : this will descend to the latest posterity, hujus rei ne posteritas quidem omnium sæculorum immemor erit : to have regard, or a view, to posterity, posteritatis rationem habere ; posteritati servire ; futuræ post mortem famæ consulere.

POSTHUMOUS, postumus ; or, as some write, posthumus.

POSTIL, * postilla (technical term).

Postils, postillarum liber. || Annotation, vid.

POSTILLION, veredarius.

POSTING, res vehicularia, or by circumlocution with vehiculum pablicum.

POSTING-HOUSE, * statio or mansio cursorum publicorum, * domus in qua res vebicularia administratur.

POSTPONE, rem in aliud tempus differre, proferre, rejicere.

POSTSCRIPT, pagella extrema (Cicero, ad Div., 2, 13, 3) ; extremæ epistolæ transversus versiculus (Cicero, Att., 5, 1, 3). Cf., Postscriptum is not Latin. As an inscription over the postscripts, or prefixed to it, perhaps omissa, -orum.

POSTULATE, sumtio (by which Cicero translates the Greek λῆμμα) : conjectura : * præmissa syllogismi (in logic, assumtio is “the minor” proposition).  

POSTURE, || Attitude, position, (corporis) habitus ; status. [Vid., also, ATTITUDE]. || Condition, state, conditio, status. According to the posture of things, pro re ; pro re natâ ; prout res se habet or habebit ; ut res se dabunt ; si res postulabit (if circumstances shall demand it). Vid.

POSITION.

POT, s., vas fictile : figlinum : olla (for cooking, etc. ) : diminutive, ollula : vas testaceum, testa (a flower-pot).  

POT, v., condere aliquid olla (Plinius). To pot fish, pisces muria condire (if any fish-pickle is used). To gather olives for potting, olivas conditui legere (Columella).

Potted, i. e., preserved in pots, ollaris (e. g., uva).  

POTASH, * sal alcalinus (technical term).  

POTATO, || The plant, * solanum tuberosum (Linnæus). || The fruit, * fructus solani tuberosi ; * tuber or bulbus solani.

POTENT, Vid.

POWERFUL.

POTENTATE, princeps : rex : tyrannus : Cf., potentator (very late ; Tertullianus) : better, perhaps, imperii potens.

POTENTIAL, || In grammar, * potentialis (technical term). || Possible, quod fieri, effici potest.

POT-HERB, olus, -eris, neuter.

POT-HOOK, * ansa ollæ.

POT-HOUSE, caupona ; taberna.

POTION, potio ; potus, -us.

POTTAGE, * cibus jurulentus.

POTTER, figulus. A potter’s wheel, rota figularis.

POTTERY, || The business of a potter, figlina (* ars). || The place where pots are made, figlina (sc. officina). || Article of earthen-ware, opus figlinum, or figlinum only ; vas fictile : collectively, opera figlina (nominative plural) : figularia, -ium. Also, figlinarum opera, vasa fictilia : testa (any article of baked earth).  

POUCH, sacculus ; pe̅rula.

POULTERER, * qui, quæ gallinas vendit, venditat (gallinarius = one who keeps poultry, Cicero).  

POULTICE, s., fomentum, cataplasma, -ătis, neuter (Celsus, Plinius) ; malagma, -ătis (Celsus, for mollifying). Warm poultices, cataplasmata, fomenta calida : to apply warm poultices, uti cataplasmatibus calefacientibus.

POULTICE, v., fomentum alicui rei admovere ; fomentum, cataplasma imponere ægro membro (Celsus).  

POULTRY, bestiæ volatiles (Cicero) ; pecus volatile ; aves cohortales (Col) ; cortis aves (Mart. ). Fed or fatted poultry, altiles, plural, (Horatius, Epod., Juv. ) : the keeping of poultry is very profitable, villaticæ pastiones non minimam stipem conferunt (Columella).  

POULTRY-YARD, cohors or chors (per quam gallinæ vagantur, Columella).  

POUNCE, v., * pulvere (pumiceo) levigare.

POUNCE UPON, v., involare in aliquid ; impetum facere in aliquem ; cupide, avide : arripere aliquid (to seize greedily).  

POUNCE, s., pulvisculus ; * pulvis pumiceus.

POUNCE-BOX, * pyxis (pulvisculi).  

POUND, s., || In weight, libra ; libra pondo (Cf., as in this sense is very rare, and ought not to be employed in writing Latin : libra is usually omitted ; e. g., corona aurea libram pondo (sc. valens), a golden crown of a pound weight ; patera ex quinque auri (libris) pondo (offive pounds weight). To weigh a pound, libram pondo valere : weighing a pound, of a pound weight, libralis ; librarius : half a pound, selibra ; selibra pondo : a pound weight ; i. e., that which is used in weighing, pondus librale : a twelve-pounder, * tormentum bellicum globes singulos duodecim librarum mittens. || In money, * libra (Anglicana). || A pen, fold for beasts that trespass or stray, * locus, septum publicum, quo capta pecora custodiæ traduntur.

POUND, v., || To beat as with a pestle, tundere aliquid in pila (inpollinem, in farinam) ; comminuere, conterere, obterere aliquid. || To shut up in a pound, * capta pecora custodiæ tradere, septo publico includere.

POUR, fundere. To pour into, infundere alicui rei : to pour off, defundere (not diffundere) ; transfundere ; transferre (to pour off from one vessel into another) : capulare (to pour off in order to purify, to rack ; e. g., oleum) : to pour on, superfundere (to pour over) : affundere (to pour to) aliquid alicui rei : to pour out (e. g., wine into glasses), defundere.

POUT, s., (a kind of fish) muste̅la (Plinius) ; * petromi̅zon fluviatilis (Linnæus).  

POUT, v., * labra demittere.

POVERTY, || Want of money or means of subsistence, paupertas, angustiæ rei familiaris, difficultas domestica (of those who have barely enough for necessary expenses, πενία : Cf., Pauperies is only poetic) : tenuitas (of those who have a very small income or fortune) : egestas (of those in want of things necessary, whether the necessity be natural or acquired) : inopia (deep poverty, helpless need) : mendicitas (the poverty of a beggar, beggary, πτωχεία). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) egestas ac mendicitas. To live in poverty, parce ac duriter vitam agere ; tenuiter vivere (Terentius, Phorm., 1, 2, 95) : to live in great poverty, vitam in egestate degere ; vitam inopem colere : to fall into poverty [vid. “To grow POOR”] : to fall into deep poverty, ad pudendam inopiam delabi (of a family) : to plunge anyone into poverty, aliquem ad paupertatem protrahere, ad inopiam redigere, ad famam rejicere : to plunge one’s self into great poverty, se detrudere in mendicitatem : to bear or endure poverty, paupertatem perferre ; (very great) inopiam tolerare ; mendicitatem perpeti : to rise from poverty, ex mendicitate emergere. || Poorness, want, deficiency, egestas ; inopia.

Poverty of intellect or wit, animi egestas (Cicero, Pis., 11, in. ) : tenuis et angusta ingenii vena (Quintilianus, 6, 2, 3) : poverty of expression, inopia (Cicero, Brut., 55, 202 ; where we find paupertas et jejunitas) : poverty of words (in conversation), sermonis inopia (Seneca, Benef., 2, 27, 1).  

POWDER, pulvis, -eris, masculine ; pulvisculus ; (as a medicine), pulvis medicatus ; (for the hair), pulvis crinalis ; (gunpowder), * pulvis nitratus ; * pulvis pyrius. Not to be worth powder and shot, plane nullius esse pretii ; pro nihilo putandum esse : a powder-flask, * theca pulveris pyrii : powder-magazine, * horreum pulveris pyrii : powder-mill, * pulveris pyrii, nitrati, officina : a barrel of powder, * dolium pulvere nitrato repletum : powder-horn, * cornu pulveris pyrii : powder-room, * cella pulveri pyrio servando : * cella pulveris pyrii : powder-cart, * plaustrum pulverem pyrium vehens : powder-ship, * navis pulverem pyrium vehens ; * navis pulvere pyrio, nitrato, onusta : to reduce to powder, in pulverem conterere (Plinius) or redigere (Celsus) aliquid : of powder, pulvereus.

POWDER, v., || To reduce to powder, vid. the foregoing word. || To sprinkle with powder, pulvere conspergere. To powder the hair, pulvere crinali
conspergere.

POWER, || Strength, vis (general term, physical and moral ; plural, vires, forces ; hence even in Livius, 9, 16, virium vis, i. e., strong powers ; and with the historians vires frequently = forces, i. e., troops) : robur (sound physical strength) : nervi, lacerti (muscular strength ; hence, figuratively, great power) : opes (influence, money, etc. ) : facultates, copiæ (means, consisting in money or troops) : facultas aliquid faciendi (general term, capability of doing anything) : efficientia (efficacy ; e. g., solis). Without power [vid.

POWERLESS] : to be in full power, vigere corpore (of body) or animo (of mind) : the united powers of the Senate, consentientis senatûs nervi atque vires : from or with one’s own powers, suis or propriis viribus (general term ; e. g., aliquid exsequi) : according to one’s power, pro viribus ; quantum in me situm est ; ut potero (Cf., but not pro parte virili, which = according to one’s duty) : each according to his power, pro se quisque (as Cæsar, B. G., 2, 25, extr. ) : with all one’s power, omnibus viribus ; omnibus nervis ; omnibus opibus ac viribus omnibus viribus atque opibus ; omni ope ; omnibus opibus ac nervis ; omni contentione (with the greatest exertion) : toto animo et studio omni (with all one’s mind and heart) ; or the proverbial (but rare), toto corpore atque omnibus ungulis (Cicero, Tusc., 2, 24, in) : viris equisque (Cicero, Off., 3, 33, 116) : velis, ut ita dicam, remisque (Cicero, Tusc., 3, 11, extr. ) : manibus pedibusque (Terentius, Andr., 1, 1, 134) : to put forth all one’s powers, omni ope niti or omni contentione elaborare, ut, etc. ; eniti et contendere or laborare et contendere, ut, etc. : I have not power enough for anything, non satis virium est ad aliquid ; (scarcely enough) vix ad aliquid quod satis est virium habso : I lose power, vires me deficiunt : to get, gain power, vires colligere ; vires assumere ; ad vires pervenire ; convalescere (to grow strong) : to recover, regain power, vires recolligere, revocare, recipere, or recuperare ; se recipere : to deprive virtue of her power, nervos virtutis elidere : liberality ought not to exceed our powers, videndum est ne major sit benignitas quam facultates : to have power, vim habere, ostendere, or prodere (to produce effect) : prodesse, juvare (to benefit, help) : to be in power, ratum esse (of laws, decrees, etc. ) : exerceri (to be practised ; of laws, Livius, 4, 51) : to put a law into power, legem exercere : power of mind, animi vis, virtus ; ingenium (vid. Horatius, Sat., 1, 4, 43, Heind. ) : vis ingenii : the powers of the human mind, hominis sollertia (vid. Cicero, N. D., 2, 6, 18) : to develop the powers of the mind, animum mentemque excolere. || Influence, ability, general term, potestas ; arbitrium, liberum arbitrium (free-will) : jus (right). It is in my power (to do anything), in mea manu, or in mea potestate est. or positum est ; in mea potestate or in me situm est : it is not in our power, non est in potestate nostra : to have power of life and death, potestatem vitæ necisque habere : all whose lives are in the power of another, omnes quorum in alterius manu vita posita est. || Authority, dominion, potestas (general term, especially of a magistrate) : imperium (of the commander of an army. Cf., Dictators, consuls, and prætors had both potestas and imperium ; curule ædiles, quæstors, and tribunes of the people had only potestas). To come under the power of a husband, viro in manum convenire (Cicero, Top., 4, 23) : to fall into the power of anyone, in alicujus (e. g., hostis) manus incidere : to get anyone in his power, aliquo potiri : to have anyone in one’s power, aliquem in potestatem suam suscepisse (as the father has a son ; vid. Cicero, Cæcin., 34, 98) : unlimited power, potestas infinita ; dominatio : to obtain the highest power, potiri rerum : to possess supreme power, summum imperium habere or tenere ; summam imperii tenere (especially in war, as a general) : summa potestas or summa rerum est penes aliquem : to be in power, cum imperio, or cum potestate, or cum imperio et potestate esse ; versari cum imperio et potestate in republica : figuratively, to have anything in one’s power, aliquid in potestate sua habere (e. g., affectus) : imperare alicui rei (to moderate ; e. g., cupiditatibus) : to have power over one’s voice, vocem suam moderari posse.

POWERFUL, valens, validus (general term) : firmus (firm ; supporting, nourishing) : robustus (strong, robust ; of the human body : then also of a body politic, and of food). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) firmus et robustus (e. g., respublica), valens et firmus (e. g., civitas), robustus et valens (e. g., homo) : lacertosus (muscular ; of men and animals) : corpore vigens, corpore validus, corpore robusto (of persons, strong or able-bodied) : fortis (that operates strongly, produces a powerful effect) : potens, efficax (effective ; e. g., of medicines) : præsens (that operates quickly ; of medicines : Cf., præsentaneus is late) : gravis (weighty ; of arguments or speakers) : nervosus (nervous ; of speakers).  

POWERFULLY, cum magna potentia : prævalide : vehementer : efficienter : efficaciter (Plinius).  

POWERLESS, invalidus (not strong, ineffectual, inefficacious ; opposed to fortis and valens) : imbecillus (weak ; of persons ; especially of invalids and old persons : then, also, of food, drink, etc. ; opposed to firmus, fortis, and valens : Cf., imbecillus is a late form) : infirmus (without firmness and strength ; opposed to firmus) : debilis (crippled) : iners (without energy, life, or motion ; of persons and of things) : exsanguis (lifeless) : enervatus (unnerved, exhausted, properly, of persons ; with velut prefixed also, of ihe state) : jejunus (poor, dry ; of land, style of a speech and the speaker) : languidus (feeble) : irritus (invalid ; opposed to ratus). To be powerless, invalidum, etc., esse ; deficiunt mihi vires (strength fails me) : to make or render powerless, vires, or nervos, or vires et robur frangere, nervos incidere, debilitare (to weaken) : irritum reddere (to invalidate) : to become powerless, vires amittere.

POY, * pertica qua saliunt. Cf., Halteres = two pieces of lead held in the hand by persons engaged in the exercise of leaping.

PRACTICABILITY, by circumlocution ; e. g., to have no doubt about the praticability of anything, non dubitare quin res perfici potest.

PRACTICABLE, quod fieri or effici potest : factu facilis. The thing is praticable, res facilitatem habet ; res habet efficiendi facultatem (Cicero, Off., 1, 21, extr. ) : it is not praticable, fieri or effici non potest : if it should be praticable, si res facilitatem habitura sit : a praticable breach, apertum ruina iter (e. g., per apertum ruina iter in urbem invadere) : a praticable road, iter pervium, tritum, etc.

PRACTICAL, in agendo positus, activus, administrativus (opposed to contemplativus [θεωρητικός] : of arts, sciences, etc., that relate to practice ; post-Augustan ; vid. Quintilianus,   2, 18, in. and fin. ; Seneca, Ep., 95, 10) : usu peritus ; ipso usu perdoctus ; ad cujus scientiam usus accedit ; alicujus rei usum habens (accustomed to practice ; as we say, a practical man).

Practical knowledge, usus : to have a practical knowledge of anything, aliquid usu cognitum habere ; aliquid usu didicisse ; alicujus rei usum habere : practical utility, utilitas ; usus popularis et civilis (purposes of practical utility, in daily life) : a practical doctrine, præceptum quod ad institutionem vitæ communis spectat : I am a practical teacher, ita tracto literas, ut eas ad usum transferam : practical men, qui ad usum artes (or omnia) transferunt : to make a practical application of anything, aliquid ad vitæ usum conferre : aliquid ad vitam communem adducere ; aliquid ita tractare, ut id ad usum transferam : aliquid in usu habere.

PRACTICALLY, adverb, usu ; ex usu. To learn anything practically, usu discere aliquid : to apply anything practically , vid. “To make a PRACTICAL application of. ”  PRACTICE, usus : exercitatio : usus et consuetude. To grow so expert by practice that, in eam se consuetudinem adducere, ut (Cæsar, B. G., 4, 1) : in practice, inter agendum ; in agendo : plural, practices, i. e., arts, artes ; machinæ ; callida consilia, plural. || As opposed to theory, usus rerum : usus et tractatio rerum : prudentia (skill). To have learned more by practice than by theory, minus in studio, quam in rebus et usu versatum esse : one must join theory and practice together, discas oportet, et quod didicisti agendo confirmes : the practice of a physician, medicinæ usus et tractatio ; of a barrister, causarum actio : to have an extensive practice, a multis consuli (of a physician) ; multas causas actitare (of a lawyer) : to leave off practice, curandi finem facere (of a physician) ; causas agere desinere (of a lawyer).  

PRACTISE, facere : exercere. To practise a profession, facere ; factitare : to practise as a physician, medicinam exercere, facere, factitare : to practise at the bar, causas agere ; in causis agendis or in foro esse or versari ; in judiciis causas versare (Cicero) : not to be allowed to practise any longer, * ex causidicorum ordine removeri, omnique causas agendi venia privari (of a lawyer).  

PRACTITIONER, qui medicinam exercet, etc.

PRÆTOR, prætor.

PRÆTORIAN, prætorius. The prætorian guard, prætoriani (milites).  

PRÆTORSHIP,
prætura.

PRAGMATIC, * pragmaticus (technical term).  

PRAGMATICAL, qui rebus alienis se immiscet or studet. A pragmatical fellow, ardelio.

PRAISE, s., laus (subjectively and objectively, the thing) : laudatio (a panegyric, subjunctively and objectively, the action or the thing) : prædicatio (an extolling loudly or publicly). To gain praise, laudem consequi, assequi ; laudem sibi parere, comparare ; (by anything) laudem habere de or ex re : to have paise, laudem habere ; in laude esse ; laudari : to have great paise, laudibus efferri ; laude celebrari : to have general paise, ab omnibus laudari : to give paise to anyone, alicui laudem tribuere ; alicui laudem or aliquem laude impertire (vid. Zumpt, § 418) : aliquem laude afficere : to confer distinguished paise on anyone, aliquem laudibus ornare, illustrare, (of several) celebrare ; aliquem eximia laude ornare, decorare : to strive or endeavor after paise, laudem quærere, petere : laudis studio trahi : to reckon as a paise to anyone, alicui aliquid laudi ducere or dare ; aliquid in laude ponere : to be to the paise of anyone, alicui laudi esse : to diminish, detract from the paise of anyone, laudem alicujus imminuere, obterere, verbis extenuare : to deprive any one of due paise, aliquem debita laude fraudare ; laudem alicui destinatam præripere (by appropriating it to one’s self) : paise be to God! * Deo laudes et grates agantur : * sit laus Deo.

PRAISE, v., laudare (general term) : laudem alicui tribuere : laudem alicui impertire or laude aliquem impertire (vid. Zumpt, § 418) : laude aliquem afficere (to give praise) : collaudare (to paise greatly, together with others) : dilaudare (to paise immoderately) : prædicare aliquem or de aliquo (to extol, paise loudly and publicly). To paise one’s self, se ipsum laudare ; de se ipsum prædicare : to paise anyone to his face, aliquem coram in os laudare (Terentius, Ad., 2, 4, 5) : to paise one very much, valde, vehementer laudare ; laudibus ornare, illustrare, efferre ; laudibus celebrare (of several) : collaudare, dilaudare (vid. above) : plena, manu alicujus laudes in astra tollere ; pleniore ore or utroque pollice laudare ; eximia laude ornare, decorare ; divinis laudibus exornare ; miris laudibus prædicare : to paise excessively, nimis laudare ; in majus extollere : to paise anything more than it deserves, supra meritum aliquid circumferre prædicatione : not to be able to paise anyone enough, aliquem non satis pro dignitate laudare posse : not to like to hear other men praised, alienas laudes parum acquis auribus accipere.

PRAISER, laudator (general term) : prædicator (vaunter ; one who praises publicly) : præco (the herald of anybody’s praise) : buccinator (trumpeter ; with contempt ; e. g., alicujus existimationis : Cf., Pliny uses applausor) : approbator (e. g., profectionis meæ, Cicero ; opposed to suasor et impulsor) : probator (e. g., facti ; Cicero) : comprobator (e. g., auctoritatis ejus et inventionis, Cicero).  

PRAISEWORTHY, laudabilis : laude dignus : laudandus ; (more strongly) collaudandus : prædicandus. To be praiseworthy, laudi esse : to be considered praiseworthy, laude dignum duci ; laudi duci : in a praiseworthy manner, laudabiliter.

PRANCE, gressus glomerare superbos (poetical, Vergilius, Georg., 3, 117) ; perhaps we may say exsultare.

PRATE, Vid. BABBLE.

PRATER, garrulus : loquax (the garrulus is tiresome from the quality, the loquax from the quantity, of what he says) : qui silere tacenda nequit.

PRATING,

PRATE, garritus (late) : garrulitas loquacitas ; confabulatio (good-natured, chattering conversation of one or more ; late).  

PRAVITY, pravitas ; vitium.

PRAWN, * cancer squilla (Linnæus).  

PRAY, v., || Transitively, To supplicate, entreat, rogare, orare, a person for anything, aliquem aliquid (to address with prayer or entreaty) : petere, poscere (to petition, demand) : contendere (to pray earnestly, urge a request) : flagitare, efflagitare (with vehemence) : all with aliquid ab aliquo : precibus exposcere (to pray with a vehement demand) : implorare (to implore anyone, aliquem , for anything, aliquid) : obtestari, obsecrare, more strongly omnibus precibus orare et obtestari, omnibus (or infimis) precibus petere (to pray earnestly and imploringly) : supplicare alicui pro re ; petere, postulare suppliciter, aliquid ab aliquo, orare aliquem supplicibus verbis, orare or rogare aliquem suppliciter (to entreat humbly and submissively). To pray and beseech, (The words are found in this connection and order. ) rogare atque orare ; petere et contendere ; orare et obtestari ; orare obtestarique ; orare atque obsecrare ; implorare atque obtestari ; obsecrare atque obtestari (and vice versa) ; precari atque orare ; petere ac deprecari (Cæsar, B. G., 2, 31) ; omnibus precibus, pæne lacrimis etiam obsecrare aliquem ; aliquem ita rogare, ut majore studio rogare non possim : to pray for anyone, deprecari pro aliquo, deprecatorem se præbere pro alicujus periculo (to intercede for, in order to avert an evil, etc. ). || Intransitively, To offer a petition, precari : preces or precationem facere : precatione uti (general term) : preces fundere (in the poets and Tacitus) : supplicare (to pray with bended knees). To pray to God, precari Deum or ad Deum ; orare or invocare Deum ; Deo supplicare ; Deo preces adhibere : to pray God that he would, etc., precari a Deo ut, etc. ; for anything, vota suscipere or nuncupare pro re. || “Pray” inserted in a sentence, quæso. In a vehement question tandem may be used : ” in what way, pray?” quo tandem modo?  PRAYER, precatio (as an action) : supplicatio (humble prayer) : preces (the words and form of prayer). To offer or utter prayer, precationem facere ; precatione uti ; preces adhibere (deo or diis) ; preces concipere (Ovidius) ; preces mittere (Livius, incassum mittere preces) : to reject anybody’s prayers, alicujus preces repudiare : to listen to anybody’s prayers, alicujus preces audire (Cicero) ; alicujus precationem admittere (Livius) : to be prevailed upon by anybody’s prayers, alicujus precibus cedere (Cicero) ; alicujus precibus adduci, ut (Cæsar, Nepos) : to gain anything by one’s prayers, precibus impetrare aliquid : Cf., fundere preces ; admovere preces ; ad preces descendere or decurrere ; precibus vinci, frangi, flecti ; in preces descendere or demitti ; precibus aliquem aggredi ; precibus alicujus parere or repugnare, belong to the poets ; so also, preces concipere (Ovidius) ; fatigare aliquem precibus. At the prayer of anyone, aliquo rogante ; alicujus rogatu ; ab aliquo rogatus ; alicujus precibus adductus ; aliquo deprecatore (at the intercession of anyone) : a form of prayer verba sollemnia (the reading of a form of prayer, nuncupatio verborum sollemnium ; Valerius, Max., 5, 10, 1) : carmen, or sollemne precationis carmen (vid. Livius, 5, 41 : 39, 15) : præfatio (especially before a sacrifice, Suetonius, Claud. 25, Bremi) : to dictate a form of prayer, carmen præfari ; verba (sollemnia) præire ; to anyone, alicui.  

PRAYER-BOOK, * liber precationum ; * liber liturgicus or ritualis ; sollemnia precationum carmina (after Livius).  

PREACH, || Properly, * in cœtu sacro verba facere ; * e sacro suggestu dicere or orationem (-es) habere ; * in cœtu Christianorum dicere de aliqua re (on a subject) : * de rebus divinis dicere (Cf., Avoid concionari). || Figuratively, docere ; monere ; hortari ; cohortari. To preach against anything, reprehendere, accusare aliquid : one who preaches to deaf ears, * monitor non exauditus.

PREACHER, * orator sacer (Eichst. ) ; * orator a sacris. [Cf., Muretus and Perpinian use concionator in this sense, which others avoid : it occurs only once in ancient writers ; vid. Krebs, Antib., CONCIONATOR] : * verbi divini præco (Græv. ). He is one of the most celebrated preachers, præfulget nomen alicujus in clarissimis oratoribus sacris (Eichst. ).  

PREACHING, || Properly, By circumlocution with the verbs. || Figuratively, hortatio ; adhortatio.

PREAMBLE, exordium : præfatio : proœmium (Cf., not introductio) ; aditus ad causam (Cicero, of a judicial speaker). To make a preamble, dicere aliquid ante rem ; præfationis loco ponere, scribere aliquid.

PREBEND, * præbenda (technical term).  

PREBENDAL, by genitive, * præbendæ (technical term).  

PREBENDARY, * præbendarius (technical term).  

PRECARIOUS, incertus : intutus : infidus : parum certus or firmus : Cf.,   precarius, “obtained by entreaty, ” has not the meaning of our “precarious, ” though it often approaches it, as opposed to “what is demanded as a right, “, etc. Vid. Latin Dictionary.

PRECARIOUSLY, non certo : parum certo or tuto.

PRECAUTION, cautio : provisio animi (Cicero, Or., 56). That uses precaution, providus, cautus : that does not use precaution, inconsultus : to use precaution, cautionem adhibere alicui rei or in re ; caute versari in re ; caute tractare aliquid : without precaution, inconsulte.

PRECEDE, præire : præcedere : prægredi : antecedere : anteire : antegredi : præcurrere :

Preceding, antecedens : præcedens : præcurrens : prior : superior.

PRECEDENCE, prior locus ; præcedendi, præeundi jus. To have the precedence of anybody, loco or dignitate priorem esse aliquo ; antecellere alicui : to give anybody the precedence, priore loco ire aliquem sinere.

PRECEDENT, probatum exemplum (= established precedent). Anything
becomes a sort of precedent to magistrates to, etc., aliqua res jus velut probato exemplo facit magistratibus (alicujus rei faciendæ) : precedents, exempla judicata (legal precedents, Auct. ad Herenn., 2, 10, 4) : to be against the precedents, cum rebus judicatis dissentire.

PRECENTOR, præcentor (Appuleius) ; * qui regit, moderator, cantum. To be a precentor, * cantum regere, moderari ; * præire cantu, modis.

PRECEPT, præceptum : præscriptum : præscriptio : lex. To give precepts, præcipere, præcepta dare, tradere, de aliqua re : to observe a precept, præscriptum servare ; præceptum tenere (Cicero) ; præceptum observare (Cæsar).  

PRECEPTIVE, * qui præcipit, præcepta tradit. κυρικιμασαηικο PRECEPTOR, præceptor, magister.

PRECINCT, ager ; territorium : precincts of a town, pomerium or pomœrium (also improperly, Varro, Macrobius).  

PRECIOUS, || Costly, sumtuosus : pretiosus : quod magni est pretii. || Excellent, pretiosus : egregius : præstans : excellens. || Precious stones : vid. JEWEL.

PRECIOUSLY, pretiose : sumtuose.

PRECIPICE, declivis et præceps locus ; plural, derupta, præcipitia (sc. loca, plural).  

PRECIPITATE, adjective, præceps : præcipitatus : temerarius (rash) :

Precipitate measures, præcipitata consilia : by precipitate measures, nimia celeritate consiliorum (e. g., societatem evertere, Livius) : to be precipitate, præpropere agere (Livius).  

PRECIPITATE, v., præcipitare aliquid (e. g., consilia ; Livius) ; festinare, accelerare aliquid.

PRECIPITATELY, nimis festinanter, præpropere.

PRECIPITATION, nimia festinatio, præproperatio (after Cicero) ; præmatura festinatio (Livius, 42, 16) ; nimia celeritas, or simply festinatio (Cicero).  

PRECIPITOUS, deruptus : præceps : a precipitous rock overhanging the sea, rupes directa eminens in mare (Cæsar).  

PRECISE, || Definite, exact, constitutus : dictus : finitus : definitus : destinatus. || Accurate, accuratus : diligens. [Vid. ACCURATE. ] || Formal, durus : rigidus : parum facilis.

Precise manners, mores rigidi (Ovidius).  

PRECISELY, || Accurately, accurate : diligenter : exquisite. || Exactly, by ipse ; e. g., in ipso temporis articulo (precisely at that moment). || Formally, dure : rigide.

PRECISENESS, || Accuracy, diligentia ; cura. || Formality, mores rigidi ; morositas : or use the adjective.

PRECLUDE, || To shut out, excludere aliquem ab aliquo loco ; or with the simple ablative. || To hinder, prohibere aliquem (ab aliqua re ; Cf., not in aliqua re) ; impedimento esse alicui in aliqua re ; arcere aliquem (ab) aliqua re.

PRECOCIOUS, || Properly, , præmaturus, præcox [SYN. in EARLY. ]|| Figuratively, Precocious abilities, ingeniorum velut præcox genus (Quintilianus, 1, 3, 3) : immature magnum ingenium (Seneca, Controv., 1, 1).  

PRECOCITY, maturitas præcox (Columella, 1, 6, 20) : maturitas festinata (with blame ; opposed to maturitas tempestiva, as Quintilianus, 6, proœm. 10) : ingenium velut præcox or immature magnum (of the mind ; Seneca).  

PRECONCEIVED, animo præceptus : ante conceptus (Cf., not præconceptus). A preconceived idea or opinion, opinio animo præcepta, ante concepta ; opinio præsumta.

PRECONCERTED, ante constitutus or compositus. According to a preconcerted plan, (ex) composito.

PRECURSOR, || Properly, præcursor (Livius) ; prodrŏmus (Cicero, Att., 1, 12, 1) ; anteambulo (Suetonius, Vesp., 2). || Figuratively, quasi dux consequents alicujus rei (Cicero, Tusc., 4, 30, 64) : præcursor, in this sense, late ; but præcursor et emissarius alicujus for “a person’s precursor” if commissioned by him, his emissary, is classical (Cicero) ; zephyrus prænuntius veris (Lucretius, 5, 736 ; precursor of spring).  

PREDATORY, rapax ; prædatorius. A predatory people, gens latrociniis assueta (Curtius).  

PREDECESSOR (in an office), decessor (Cicero, Tacitus Cf., Antecessor only in the lawyers). He is my predecessor, succedo ei : one of his predecessors, quilibet superiorum (e. g., regum).  

PREDESTINATE, præfinire, præstituere aliquid ; in theological sense, also, prædestinare (ecclesiastical technical term).  

PREDESTINATION, by the verbs. Also, prædestinatio (ecclesiastical technical term).  

PREDICABLE, s., * prædicabile (technical term).  

PREDICABLE, adjective, * quod de re aliqua dici potest. Cf., Prædicabilis means “laudable. ”  PREDICAMENT, || In logic, genus (general term genus, classical) : categoria ; or * prædicamentum (technical term). || Position, locus.

PREDICATE, attributio : res attributa : id quod rebus or personis attribuitur, or attributum est : more general, quod dicitur de quodam (Cicero) Cf., We do not find accidens, accidentia rerum or personarum, until the time of Quintilian.

PREDICT, prædicere : vaticinari : futura pronuntiare : augurari. To predict anybody’s fate, prædicere, quid alicui eventurum sit (Cicero, Div., 1, 1, 2).  

PREDICTION, vaticinatio : vaticinium : prædictio : prædictum : præsagium.

PREDILECTION, studium et amor : amor et cupiditas : to have a predilection for any particular pursuit, alicui rei præter cætera studere.

PREDISPOSE, præparare, parare, apparare aliquid ; the mind, animum præparare, componere ad aliquid.

Predisposed to anything, propensus or proclivis ad aliquid ; pronus in aliquid ; inclinatus ad aliquid [vid. INCLINED TO] : opportunus alicui rei (predisposed to a disease ; e. g., gravedini ; opportuniora morbis corpora).  

PREDISPOSITION, proclivitas ad aliquid (natural propensity) : inclinatio voluntatis ; studium. To have a predisposition for, propenso animo, propensa voluntate esse in ; opportunum esse (to a disease, morbo).  

PREDOMINANT, victrix. To be predominant, or to predominate, prævalere, obtinere ; dominari.

PRE-EMINENCE, excellentia : præstantia : eminentia (superiority) : principatus ; prior locus (precedence). To have the precedence, eminere, excellere inter alios : with respect to anybody, loco, dignitate, priorem esse aliquo ; præcedere alicui ; antecellere, antecedere alicui.

PRE-EMINENT, excellens ; insignis ; conspicuus [vid. also, EXCELLENT]. To be pre-eminent, præminere aliquem alicui, or aliquo (Tacitus). Vid. also, EXCEL.

PRE-EMINENTLY, præter cæteros (more than all others) : præcipue (especially, particularly). Vid. also, EXCELLENTLY.

PRE-EXIST, ante, antea, exstare, exstitisse.

PRE-EXISTENCE,

PRE-EXISTENT, By the verb.

PREFACE, proœmium (an introduction at the beginning of a treatise, etc. ) : præfatio (a verbal introduction to a speech, etc. ; but allowable in the sense of preface to a book, as a written work takes the place of a spoken disputation, etc. ; thus Columella often uses præfari in this sense ; e. g., Lib., 1, præf., § 33) : the preface to a book, proœmium libri (Cf., not ad librum) ; proœmium libro additum. To write a preface, proœmium scribere : to prefix a preface to a work, libro proœmium addere or affigere : I will make no preface, omitto proloqui (Terentius, Phorm. 5, 6, 21).

PREFACE, v., proœmiari or proœmium scribere (to write a preface) : præfari, præfationem dicere (orally) : to preface a few words, pauca præfari.

PREFATORY, By circumlocution with substantives or verbs ; e. g., to make some prefatory remarks, pauca, paucis, præfari : without any prefatory remark, nihil præfatus ; nulla præfatione usus.

PREFER, || To value a person or thing more highly than another, præponere : anteponere : præferre : anteferre (general terms) : aliquem potissimum diligere (to love anybody before others) : rem aliqua re potiorem habere (to prefer one thing to another as being better, more important or advisable, etc., Cæsar, B, C, 1, 8 and 9) : præoptare (with following infinitive ; to desire rather) : malle (to wish or choose by preference, with following infinitive. ; e. g., he preferred death, mori maluit). || To promote, vid. || Offer, etc. To prefer a complaint, libellum dare judici, against anybody, de aliquo ; a petition, libello or scripto adire aliquem (of a written petition) : rogare aliquem aliquid (to ask him).  

PREFERABLE, potior : antiquior : præstans : præcellens : præstabilis.

PREFERENCE, prior locus ; priores or primæ partes : to give one the preference, priores or primas partes alicui deferre ; aliquem anteponere or anteferre alicui : to have the preference, aliquem antecedere ; aliquo potiorem, or priorem, esse ; in anything, aliqua re præstare alicui ; aliquem aliqua re præstare, or superare : to feel a preference for anybody, aliquem potissimum diligere ; aliquem præter cæteros amare (Cf., not præ cæteris) : to give a thing the preference, potissimum probare aliquid ; aliquid mihi potissimum probatur ; aliquid anteponere, anteferre, præponere or præferre alicui rei, alicui rei principatum dare ; aliquid aliqua re potiorem habere.

PREFERMENT, || Advancement to a higher station, amplificatio honoris (Cicero, Off., 2, 12, 42). || Office of dignity or honor, dignitas ; honoris gradus : apiece of preferment in the Church, beneficium (ecclesiastical) : high preferment, fastigium.

PREFIGURE, rei futuræ imaginem fingere (after Cicero) : præfigurare (late and ecclesiastical,
Lactantius, Cypr. ).  

PREFIX, v., anteponere ; præponere aliquid ; prætexere, præscribere, inscribere rei aliquid (in writing ; e. g., nomina auctorum prætexere volumini, after Plinius, 18, 25, 57 ; libello inscribere nomen suum, Cicero, Arch., 11, 26).  

PREFIX, s., * syllaba apposita, anteposita.

PREGNANCY, graviditas ; prægnatio : during her pregnancy, dum gravida or prægnans erat.

PREGNANT, || With young, prægnans (general term) : gravidus (only of human beings) : fœtus (of any animal) : fordus or hordus (only of cows) : inciens (of small animals, especially swine) : to be pregnant, gravidam or prægnantem esse ; ventrem ferre ; partum ferre or gestare : to be pregnant with, prægnantem alvo continere aliquem (properly) ; parturire aliquid (figuratively). || Important, full of consequence, magni or maximi momenti. Vid. IMPORTANT.

PREJUDGE, præjudicare aliquid (Cicero) ; prius judicare quam quid rei sit scias (Terentius, Heaut., 2, 2, 8).  

PREJUDICE, s., || Preconceived opinion, opinio præjudicata ; aliquid præjudicati ; opinio præsumta (Cf., not præjudicium in this sense) : opinio prava (a wrong opinion, prejudice) : opinio ficta atque vana (false, untenable opinion) ; often simply opinio, where the context determines the sense : opinionis commentum. To come to the consideration of anything under the influence of some prejudice, aliquid præjudicati afferre : prejudice confirmed by the arguments, etc., of others, opinio confirmata : to have a prejudice in favor of anybody, bene de aliquo existimare ; against anybody, male de aliquo opinari : to be under the influence of prejudice, opinione præjudicata duci. || Hurt, detrimentum : damnum : incommodum : fraus : to anybody’s prejudice, cum damno, detrimento, dispendio.

PREJUDICE, v., || To predispose anybody against anything or anybody, aliquem in suspicionem adducere alicui (to make anybody look upon another with suspicion) : * efficere ut aliquis de aliquo male opinetur : aliquid alicui suspectum facere (Quintilianus). This prejudices the judge against the cause, hoc suspectam facit judici causam (Quintilianus, 5, 13, 5) : Anybody is prejudiced against anything, aliquid alicui suspectum, or suspectum et invisum, est : many persons are prejudiced against the medicine of the mind, medicina animi pluribus suspecta et invisa (Cicero) : to be prejudiced against anybody, male opinari de aliquo ; in favor of anybody, bene de aliquo existimare. Do not come to the consideration of this question with prejudiced minds, postulo, ut ne quid præjudicati huc afferatis (Cicero). || To be prejudicial to ; Vid. HURT.

PREJUDICIAL, damnosus (Livius) ; noxius : malus : adversus : inimicus : alienus (Cicero ; detrimentosus, once, Cæsar ; dispendiosus, very rare, Columella). to be prejudicial, damno, detrimento, fraudi esse ; obesse ; nocere.

PREJUDICIALLY, perniciose ; cum damno, detrimento.

PRELACY, * præsulis or prælati munus.

PRELATE : * præsul ; * prælatus (technical term).  

PRELECTION, lectio ; prælectio.

PRELIMINARIES, initia, plural, (e. g., pacis).  

PRELIMINARY, antecedens.

PRELUDE, s., præcentio (in music, of a leader, who gives the time) : proœmium(a beginning, with a musical instrument ; citharœdi, Cicero, De Or., 2, 80, 325) : prolusio or prælusio (the beginning of a battle, or, figuratively, of anything which may be compared to it). To be a prelude to anything (figuratively), alicui rei antecedere.

PRELUDE, v., || Properly, præire ac præmonstrare (otherwise præministrare) modulos (Gellius, 1, 19, 11) ; præcinere (of the player, or of the instrument). || Figuratively, alicui rei antecedere.

PREMATURE, || Properly, præmaturus : præcox. || Figuratively, immaturus : præmaturus : præcox : a premature death, mors immatura (Cicero) ; præmatura (Plinius) ; decessio matura (Cicero) : premature old age, canities præmatura : a premature birth, abortus (Cicero).  

PREMATURELY, præmature ; ante tempus ; ante annos.

PREMEDITATE, præmeditari aliquid (Cicero).

Premeditated, cogitatus (e. g., facinus, parricidium, Suetonius) ; quod consulto or cogitatum fit. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) quod consulto et cogitatum fit.

PREMEDITATION, præmeditatio (Cicero, Tusc., 3, 14, 29) : done with premeditation, i. e., with design, quod consulto et cogitatum fit : with premeditation, consulto ; cogitate ; (The words are found in this connection and order. ) consulto et cogitate ; voluntate (opposed to casu) ; dedita opera ; de or ex industrial.

PREMIER (prime minister), * princeps regis in rebus publicis administrandis consiliariorum ; more anciently, princeps amicorum regis ; princeps purpuratorum (Curtius).  

PREMISE, v., præfari (to say beforehand ; with or without accusative of thing said) : præmunire aliquid (reliquo) sermoni (premise what is of importance for the understanding of what is to follow, Cicero).  

PREMISES, || (In logic), præmissa, plural, (technical term) : also prima, plural, or quod antecessit (Cicero, when the context explains the sense ; e. g., mibi non placet consequentia reprehendere quum prima concesseris, Tusc., 5, 9, 24 ; conclusio reprehenditur, si id, quod sequitur, non videatur necessario cum eo, quod antecessit, cohærere, Inv., 1, 46, 86). || House, house and land, tecta villatica ; ædificia villæ ; villa.

PREMIUM, præmium ; donum.

PREMONISH, certiorem facere ; præmonere.

PREMONITION, præmonitus, -ûs (Ovidius ; præmonitio, Tertullianus) ; or by the verb.

PREMONITORY, qui præmonet, etc. (præmonitorius, Tertullianus).

PREMUNIRE, To incur a premunire, exsilio multari or * bonis publicatis in exsilium exigi or expelli.

PREOCCUPATION, præoccupatio (Nepos).  

PREOCCUPY, præoccupare (properly and figuratively ; e. g., timor animos præoccupaverat).  

PREPARATION, apparatio or apparatus (especially on a magnificent scale ; e. g., epularum) : præparatio (a preparing beforehand ; e. g., belli) : compositio (a compounding ; e. g., of medicines, unguents, etc. ) : elaboratio (careful working up).

Preparation for war, belli comparatio (preparing one’s self for war, as an action) : belli apparatus (all preliminary measures for war, supplies, etc. ). To make preparation for anything, parare, apparare, comparare, præparare, adornare aliquid (to get ready things necessary) : se comparare or præparare ad aliquid (to make one’s self ready) : to make preparation for war, parare or apparare bellum ; for the defence of a town, parare quæ usui sunt ad defendendum oppidum ; for a siege, etc., quæ ad oppugnationem oppidi pertinent, administrare ; se expedire ad oppugnationem urbis : to make great preparation for anything, diligentissime, acerrime parare aliquid : to make all due preparation for anything, omnes res ad aliquid comparare : with preparation, parate ; præparato ; ex præparato.  

PREPARATORY, qui parat, præparat, etc.

PREPARE, parare (to get anything in readiness ; also to provide) : apparare (to make preparations for ; e. g., bellum, convivium) : præparare (provide beforehand ; animum or se ad aliquid ; aures auditorum : also of food ; ova, Mart. ) : comparare (to prepare for anything by bringing together all that is requisite ; also to provide or procure ; also of preparing a snare for anybody, insidias alicui or in aliquem) : struere : instruere : comparare (to prepare maliciously ; plots, sorrow, misfortune) : adornare (furnish with what is necessary, equip, etc. ; e. g., naves) : concinnare (prepare scientifically ; as wines, skins, etc. ) : componere (prepare by compounding ingredients, medicines) : moliri (by the application of force ; to prepare something bad) : machinari (to plot or hatch, by deceit, etc. ). To prepare medicine, medicinam parare or facere : medicamentum concinnare : remedium salutare componere ; a draught, medicamentum in poculo diluere ; a banquet, ornare et apparare convivium ; a sumptuous banquet, magnifice comparare convivium : to prepare to answer, comparare se ad respondendum. || To get ready for anything, præparare se ad aliquid : se parare or comparare ad aliquid. (Cf., Accingi, or se accingere ad, or in aliquid are not found in Cicero or Cæsar, but occur in Terence and Livy, and very often in Tacitus, ; a dative or an infinitive after this phrase is poetical). Often by præparare or comparare aliquid : to prepare for his departure, præparare profectionem (Suetonius) : to give anybody time to prepare, tempus ad comparandum dare ; for a journey, comparare se ad iter : to prepare or be preparing for war, bellum parare, apparare, comparare, adornare, instruere ; belli apparatum instruere ; omnia, quæ ad bellum pertinent providere : to prepare a lecture (at college), res in schola explicandas meditari (of the teacher) : quæ in schola audienda sunt prædiscere ac meditari (of the pupil ; vid. Cicero, De Or., 1, 32, 147) : to prepare one’s self for the university, se præparare ad studia academica : to prepare one for anything, aliquem præmonere de aliqua re (to warn beforehand) : alicujus animum ad aliquid componere or præparare (to bring one into a due state of mind) : I was prepared for it, aliquid mihi non imparate accidit : to prepare one’s self for anything, se præparare ad aliquid (general term) : parare or apparare aliquid (to make preparations for) : præparationem
adhibere in aliqua re ; animum præparare ad aliquid ; se, or animum, componere ad aliquid (to make up one’s mind to) : meditari aliquid (to study or practise beforehand) : commentari aliquid (to think over, a speech, etc. ).  

PREPAY (a letter), * epistolæ perferendæ mercedem persolvere : prepaid, * immunis a mercede cursus publici ; * a vecturæ pretio immunis.

PREPONDERANCE, * quod justum onus, or pondus, excedit (properly) ; major auctoritas, or vis (figuratively) : to have the preponderance, propendere : præponderare (properly or figuratively) ; potentia, opibus, or viribus antecedere, antecellere, anteire, antestare, excellere, præcedere, præcurrere, præstare, superare, præpollere (figuratively) ; prævalere (figuratively, Livius, præf., § 4).  

PREPONDERATE, [Vid. “to have the PREPONDERANCE] : “preponderating, superans ; major ; gravior.

PREPOSITION, præpositio (technical term).  

PREPOSSESS, præoccupare.

PREPOSSESSION, Vid.

PREJUDICE.

PREPOSTEROUS, rationi repugnans (contrary lo reason) : ineptus, absurdus ; (The words are found in this connection and order. ) ineptus et absurdus (of persons or things).  

PRESAGE, s., omen : portentum : augurium : præsagium.

PRESAGE, v., divinare (by inspiration) : præsagire (by natural sagacity) : præsentire (by presentiment) : vaticinari (to prophesy) : prædicare (to predict).  

PRESBYTER, presbyter, -eri, masculine.

PRESBYTERY, presbyteri (plural).  

PRESCIENCE, by the adjective.

PRESCIENT, præscius (Tacitus, Vergilius) : to be prescient, prænoscere aliquid (Cicero).  

PRESCRIBE, || To command, præcipere, or præscribere alicui aliquid, or with ut : to prescribe to anybody what to do, præscribere alicui quæ agenda sunt : to prescribe a rule or law to one’s self, sibi ipsi aliquid præscribere, or legem scribere, statuere. || (As a physician), medicamenta præscribere (Cicero) : for a disease, morbo remedium proponere (Nepos) : valetudinis curationem præscribere (Cicero).  

PRESCRIPTION, || (in law), præscriptio (Pand. ) ; auctoritas (Cicero, Off., 1, 12, 37) ; usus. || (Of a physician), medicamenti diluendi formula, or simply formula : to write a prescription, medicamenti compositionem literis mandare (Seneca) ; formulam medicamenti concinnare (Bau. ) : a prescription book, * liber medicorum formulas continens ; “dispensatorium (medicine).  

PRESENCE, præsentia (the proper word) : assiduitas (frequent presence at a place) : frequentia (of several persons) : in the presence of anybody, aliquo præsente (Cf., not in præsentia alicujus) : coram aliquo (under the eyes of anybody ; the action not necessarily being directed to him) : apud aliquem (not only in his presence, but also with reference to him ; e. g., dicere, loqui, verba facere apud aliquem) : presence of mind, animi præsentia ; animus præsens.

PRESENT, adjective, || Not past or future, qui nunc est (now existing, living, etc. : Cf., never hodiernus, = of the present day, in the strictest sense) : præsens (at the present moment ; opposed to that which occurs at another time. Most frequently, however, by hic, when = “this one, ” where præsens would be wrong) : the present day, hodiernus dies ; hic dies : men of the present day, homines qui nunc sunt or vivunt ; hujus or nostræ ætatis homines : the present times, hæc tempora : the present age, hæc or nostra ætas : up to the present day or moment, ad or in hodiernum diem (in the strictest sense of ” today”) : usque ad hunc diem (even up to the present time) : usque ad hoc tempus : adhuc : usque adhuc (up to the present time). At the present day, hodie : hoc tempore, his temporibus : nunc (general terms ; opposed to tunc). Even at the present day, or even up to the present day, hodie : hodie quoque : and even (or up) to the present day, et hodie ; hodieque (in hodieque, Cicero, [e. g., Verro, 5, 25, 64, etc. ] the que = et, “and also. ” The form does not occur for hodie or hodie quoque : Cf., hodiedum is quite barbarous) : the present, præsentia, -ium (the time now present) : instantia, -ium (the time close at hand ; opposed to venientia) : to enjoy the present, and not think of the future, præsentibus frui, nec in longius consultare (Tacitus, Hist., 2, 95, 3) : to have a correct judgement respecting the present, de instantibus verissime judicare (Nepos, Them., 1, 4) : at present, hoc tempore, in præsentia (at this moment) : in hoc tempore, in præsenti (under existing circumstances) : in præsens (or now and the time immediately following) : Cf., impræsentiarum, depræsentiarum, in præsentiam and ad præsens are not classical : impræsentiarum stands however, Nepos, Hann., 6 ; Auct., Her., 2, 11, 16 [otherwise in præsenti], etc. Vid. Handrianus, Turs., 3, p. 234). || Not absent, præsens ; qui adest : those present, qui adsunt ; spectatores (spectators) : auditores, audientes (hearers) : corona (hearers round a speaker) ; a great number present, frequentia ; frequentes : to be present, adesse (opposed to abesse) : præsentem esse or adesse ; præsto esse or adesse : coram adesse (with the notion of assistance, if necessary) : to be present in an assembly, in concione stare : to be present, ut anything, adesse, interesse, with a dative of that at which a person is or was present (adesse, general term, to be present as spectator, helper, etc. ; interesse, to be present as a participator in anything : thus, at a sacrifice, rebus divinis interesse, of the priest sacris adesse, of the people ; Cf., Herzog, Cæs., B. G., 6, 13).  

PRESENT, v., || To bring to view, sistere ; in conspectum dare, in conspectu ponere, ante oculos ponere, proponere, exponere (to set, or place before the eyes) : ostendere, ostentare (to show, the latter especially to excite attention) : to present itself to view, occurrere, objici (of things ; especially accidentally) : se sistere ; se dare in conspectum, se repræsentare, se ostendere, offerre (of persons) : apparere, manifestum esse (to be apparent). || To make a present, alicui donum (munus) dare ; aliquem dono donare ; alicui donum impertiri ; munus alicui deferre : to make one a trifling present, munusculum alicui concinnare (Trebon., ap. Cic., Ep., 12, 16, 3) : to give one anything as a present, dare alicui aliquid dono or muneri ; alicui aliquid or aliquem aliqua re donare. || To offer, offerre, præbere (general terms) : circumferre (to carry round and offer ; e. g., dishes of food). || To introduce anybody to another [vid. INTRODUCE]. || To present arms, * telum (tela) erigere honoris causa ; in honor of or to anybody, * telum erigere alicui.

PRESENT, s., donum (any voluntary gift, especially in order to please, δῶρον) : munus (a present which one feels bound to make, especially as a token of affection or favor, γέρας) : præmium (a reward of honor, with respect to the desert of the receiver, ἆθλον) : jactura (a present for some definite purpose, such as involves a sacrifice on the part of the giver ; vid. commentators on Cæsar, B. G., 6, 12 ; Matthiæ, Cic., Manil., 23, 67) : donarium (a consecrated or dedicated offering) : corollarium (originally, a chaplet of gilded or silvered flowers as a present to actors, etc. ; vid. Cicero, Verr., 3, 79, 184 ; 4, 22, 49 ; then, figuratively, a douceur in money, Cicero, Verr., 3, 50, 118) : κυρικιμασαηικο strena (a present given on a feast, especially on new-year’s day, for the sake of a good omen) : xenium (ξένιον, a present to a guest, Vitruvius, 6, 7 (10), 4 ; in the time of Pliny the Younger ; also a present, consisting chiefly of eatables, sent to one’s intimate friends ; vid. Gierig, Plin. Ep., 5, 14, 8) : apophoretum (ἀποφόρητον, a present, on the Saturnalia, afterward also on other occasions, sent home with the guests; usually articles of dress or ornament) : donativum (a present in money, made on extraordinary occasions, to the soldiers) : congiarium (oil, wine, corn, salt, in kind or in money, distributed by magistrates or other public men, afterward by the emperors, to the poor ; sometimes also soldiers, favorites, or artists, received a similar present : Cf., liberalitas was used first in the Silver Age in the sense of donum, but never otherwise than to denote imperial liberality) : a small present, munusculum : a birth-day present, munus natalicium (Valerius Max., 9, 2, extr. 5) : to make a present, munerari aliquem ; donum or munus alicui dare, afferre munus alicui or munere aliquem donare : to make a present of a thing to anybody, munerari (rarely munerare) aliquem aliqua re ; donare aliquem aliqua re or alicui aliquid ; dono mittere alicui aliquid (to send as a present) : largiri alicui aliquid (to distribute, deal out abundantly) : augere aliquem aliqua re (to enrich, especially with children) : to make large or handsome presents to anybody, magnis muneribus donare, afficere ; donis amplissime donare ; amplissimis donis decorare ; muneribus explere ; amplis præmiis afficere ; alicui non pauca large effuseque donare : to receive anything as a present, dono or muneri accipere aliquid : to bring anybody over to one’s side by great presents and promises, magnis jacturis pollicitationibusque ad se perducere aliquem.   PRESENTATION, || Act of presenting, circumlocution by the verbs. || Appointment to an office, * commendatio : letters of presentation, * literæ quibus aliquis commendatur.

PRESENTIMENT, præsensio ; præsagium : I have a presentiment of evil, animus præsagit
mihi aliquid mali (Terentianus).

PRESENTLY, || Soon, mox (at a short time after the present ; e. g., nunciari mihi jussit mox se venturum Cicero). || Immediately, statim ; illico ; confestim ; e vestigio ; continuo. || At present, now, hoc tempore ; in præsentia ; in præsenti ; in præsens. SYN. in PRESENT, adjective.

PRESERVATION, conservatio ; or by circumlocution with the verbs : if = safety, salus ; incolumitas (safety without any injury or loss).  

PRESERVE, conservare : servare (e. g., rem familiarem) : sustinere : sustentare (e. g., one’s health) : tueri (to watch, to look to anything, to keep in repair). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) tueri et conservare : alere (by nursing or nourishing ; then in general). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) alere et sustentare ; sustentare et alere. To preserve one’s health, valetudinem tueri : to preserve anybody’s life, aliquem (integrum) conservare : alicui saluti esse ; salutis auctorem esse alicui (general term for saving one’s life) ; alicui sanitatem restituere (as a physician). || Of fruit, condire ; * saccharum incoquere alicui rei (after Plinius, 34, 17, 48) : * saccharo condire.

PRESERVER, servator : conservator. Or by the verbs : qui condit (fruit, etc. ).  

PRESERVING (of fruits, etc. ), conditio (act of preserving) : conditura (manner of preserving, etc. ). To gather olives for preserving, olivas conditui legere (Columella, 2, 22, 4).  

PRESIDE, præesse ; præsidere.

PRESIDENCY, * præsidendi jus.

PRESIDENT, præfectus (one who presides over an office or business ; Cf., in the best prose always with a genitive or dative of the office, etc. ) : magister (one who is intrusted with the oversight or care of an institution, or the like) : præses (one who presides, as the head) : antistes (the head of a temple, and of sacred offices belonging to it : Cf., rarely, and only in the Silver Age, in the more general sense of “a president “). To make one president of anything, aliquem alicui rei præficere or præponere.

PRESS, v., || To squeeze, impose constraint, premere (in nearly all the senses of the English word) : comprimere (to press together) : exprimere (to press out) : imprimere (to press in or upon anything, aliquid alicui rei or in re) : niti, vergere (to press with its weight upon a body ; against anything, in aliquid ; vid.

Plinius, 2, 65, 65) : urere (to cause pain by pressing ; to pinch, as a shoe) : vexare : pungere : cruciare (to oppress, harass). To press a person’s hand, manum alicujus prensare : to press a kiss upon anybody’s lips, alicui or alicujus labris basium imprimere (poetical) ; osculum alicui applicare (poetical) : to press anybody to one’s bosom, aliquem premere ad pectus or ad corpus suum (poetical) ; aliquem arctius complecti, aliquem amplexi (to embrace) : to be pressed to death in a crowd, præ turba elidi exanimarique. || To urge, premere aliquem (general term) : urgere aliquem, or absolutely (to urge or press hard) : instare alicui, or absolutely (to press close upon the heels ; all these three especially as military terms of pressing an enemy) : vexare (to harass, annoy, attack, etc., on different sides ; also as a military term) : propellere (to drive forward). To press the enemy in front and in rear, hostem a fronte et a tergo urgere : to be hard pressed, in angustias adductum esse ; in angustias esse or versari ; acriter urgeri (by creditors) : when the creditors pressed hard, instantibus creditoribus : necessity pressed him, necessitas eum premebat : to press one’s self upon anybody, se ingerere or se obtrudere alicui ; se venditare alicui : to be pressed for time or by business, multis occupationibus distineri. || To try earnestly to persuade, petere ab aliquo : contendere a aliquo, ut : instare (absolutely or with infinitive, or with ut, ne) : sollicitare aliquem ad aliquid, or with ut. To press anybody earnestly, summe contendere ab aliquo (e. g., quum a me peteret, et summe contenderet, ut suum propinquum defenderem, Cicero) : Hortensius presses you to confer, etc., tibi instat Hortensius ut eas in consilium, etc. : if you press him, te instante. || To act upon with weight, make smooth by compression, put anything in a press, prelo premere : to press grapes, uvas in torcular deferre prelisque subjicere, ut quantum possit exprimatur (Columella 12, 52, 10) : to press clothes, vestes ponderibus premere (Seneca) ; cloth, * pannum ponderibus premere (after Seneca) : * pannum prelo bene solidare (Bau. ). || To force, constrain ; to press sailors, nautas vi comparare (after Cæsar, B. G., 3, 9, in. ) : remiges in supplementum extrahere (after Livius, 26, 36, extr. ).  

PRESS, s., || Instrument by which anything is pressed, prelum (general term) ; torculum, torcular (for grapes, etc. ) : tormemum (for clothes ; Seneca, Tranq., 1, 3 ; later, pressorium). To put clothes in a press, vestes ponderibus premere (Seneca) : the beam of a press, arbor vectis : press-room, torcular ; cella torcularia. || Instrument for printing ; printing, prelum (general term). To send a book to press, * librum literarum formis exscribendum curare : * librum prelo subjicere : * librum edere (to publish) : to be in the press, * sub prelo esse (Cf., not sub prelo sudare) ; * literarum formis exscribi ; * prelum exercere or subiisse : a book fresh from the press, liber adhuc musteus (Plinius) : to come from the press, * prodire ex officina typographica ; edi ; emitti : a sheet that has passed through the press, * plagula typis exscripta : to have passed through the press, * prelum reliquisse : error of the press, * mendum typographicum (when a wrong letter is used, etc. ) : * erratum typographicum (if a wrong word is put, as Cicero, Att., 6, 1, 17, erratum fabrile ; post-Augustan error ; vid. Quintilianus, 1, 5, 47) : * peccatum typographi (as a fault of the compositor, Cicero, Tusc., 3, 20, 47, paucis verbis tria magna peccata) : * vitium typographicum (a blunder destroying the sense ; vid. Quintilianus, 1, 5, 5 sq. ) : a book disfigured by errors of the press, * liber mendosus or mendose descriptus : a book free from errors of the press, * liber emendate descriptus or ab omnibus mendis purus. || Act of printing and publishing ; e. g., the liberty of the press, * libertas sentiendi, quæ velis, et quæ sentias literarum formis exscribendi ; or * libertas, quæ sentias, literarum formis describendi : in a republic the freedom of the press is a first principle, etc., in civitate sentire quæ velis, et quæ sentias literarum formis exscribere licet (after Tacitus, Hist., 1, 1, 4) : in a free country the freedom of the press should be conceded, in libera civitate linguam mentemque liberas esse oportet.

PRESSURE, pressus : pressio : pressura: compressio (a pressing, pressing together) : impetus, vis (force of weight) : vis : vexatio : injuria (oppression). The pressure of the atmosphere, * pressus aeris : the pressure of a pen, * nisus : the pressure of the times, iniquitas or injuria temporum : the pressure of age increases, ætas ingravescit : to groan under the pressure of taxes, multitudine tributorum premi : to feel the pressure of the war, incommoda belli sentire.

PRESUME, || To suppose or believe previously ; to take for granted, animo, opinione, præcipere aliquid ; opinari, putare (to think, conjecture). || To venture, dare, audere ; id sibi sumere, ut, etc. ; haud vereri : I do not presume to assert that my advice ought to have been followed, mihi non sumo, ut meum consilium valere debuerit : though I do not presume, etc., quamquam mihi non sumo tantum neque arrogo (ut) etc. (Cicero).

PRESUMPTION, || Opinion, conjectura ; opinio ; præsumta opinio (Quintilianus). || Prima facie probability. This is a point that, etc., this constitutes a point that, etc., ex aliqua re (conjectura) colligere potes, or * colligi posse videtur. || Boldness, daring, audacia ; confidentia ; temeritas. arrogantia.

PRESUMPTIVE, opinabilis ; opinatus ; conjecturalis ; quod conjectura nititur, continetur (after Cicero).  

PRESUMPTUOUS, audax (of persons or things) : audacia præditus ; ad audendum projectus (of persons) : arrogans : I am not so presumptuous as. . ., non tantum mihi sumo neque arrogo (ut, etc. ) ; non (id) mihi sumo ut, etc.

PRESUMPTUOUSLY, audacter (rarely audaciter) ; confidenter.

PRESUPPOSE, sperare, confidere (to hope) : ponere, sumere (to take for granted). Cf., Supponere and præsupponere are barbarous. The decorum necessarily presupposes the honestum ; quidquid est id quod deceat, id tum apparet, quum antegressa est honestas.

PRETENCE, Vid.

PRETEXT.

PRETEND, simulare, assimulare, or (when an adjective follows as the object) assimulare se ; either with an accusative of the object, or with an accusative and infinitive, or with quasi and subjunctive. To pretend friendship toward anyone, amicitiam simulare ; amicum assimulare : to pretend to be sick, simulare ægrum : to pretend to be mad, simulare se furere.

PRETENDED, qui perhibetur, dicitur, or fertur (that is said to be) : opinatus (imaginary ; opposed to verus) : simulatus, fictus. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) fictus et simulatus (feigned, opposed to verus) : imaginarius (that is present, happens, etc., only in form, without having full validity ; imaginary ; first in Livy, neque se imaginariis fascibus eorum cessuros esse, 3, 41) : adumbratus (sketched
in appearance only ; feigned ; opposed to verus) : fucatus, fucosus (deceiving by a fair appearance ; hence not genuine ; opposed to verus). Cf., Speciosus is = “striking the senses by its fair exterior. ” Sometimes “pretended” may be translated, (a) by the adverb ficte ; a pretended reconciliation, gratia ficte reconciliata : (b) by id quod videtur neque est ; e. g., pretended expediency, ea quæ videtur utilitas, neque est ; id quod videtur utile esse, neque est : (c) by species with the genitive ; a pretended advantage, species utilitatis.

PRETENDER, * qui sibi petit, deposcit, aliquid.

Pretender to a throne, æmulus regni (Justinus) : imperii affectator (Flor. ) : qui fasces regni sibi deberi contendit (Nolten. ) : two pretenders, qui de regno inter se contendunt (Cæsar, B. G. 5, 3).  

PRETENSION, jus (right) : postulatio : postulatum (demand) : vindiciæ (judicial or formal claim) : To make pretension to anything, rem sibi or ad se vindicare : moderate pretensions, postulata lenissima. Vid. also, CLAIM.

PRETEXT, causa (general term, but also for “pretended cause”) : præscriptio : nomen (feigned title or name) : simulatio alicujus rei (pretence of anything ; also = pretext or cloak ; for which prætextus is post-Augustan) : species (appearance ; colorable appearance : not obtentus). Under pretence of, specie, per speciem alicujus rei, nomine alicujus rei (under color of) : simulatione, per simulationem alicujus rei (under cloak of : Cf., sub prætextu or obtentu not classical). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) simulatione et nomine alicujus rei : fronte or in frontem (opposed to pectore) : per causam alicujus rei : simulata aliqua re. Cf., Titulus apparently not before the Augustan age : under the pretext of equalizing the laws, sub titulo sequandarum legum (Livius) : you may remember what pretext you held forth, licet vobis meminisse quem titulum prætenderitis, etc. ]. Under the pretext that, etc., causa interposita or illata (with accusative and infinitive) ; causatus (with accusative and infinitive) : to invent a pretext, causam confingere or reperire : to allege as a pretext, causam interponere or interserere : to use anything as a pretext, causari, prætendere, prætexere aliquid : simulare aliquid (e. g., bonum publicum). To believe anything to be a deceitful pretext, aliquid ostentui credere (e. g., signa deditionis, Sallustius, Jug., 46, 6).   PRETTILY, belle ; venuste. A prettily-written letter, episto la belle scripta ; episto la literis lepidis scripta.

PRETTINESS, venustas ; forma venusta ; and otherwise by the adjective.

PRETTY, bellus (the proper word) : pulchellus (tolerably pretty ; of persons and things) : formosus (well-shaped ; of persons) : lepidus (neat, elegant ; of persons and things) : venustus (agreeable, charming ; of persons and things) : festivus (elegant, especially in behavior ; of persons ; then, like our “pretty ;” also = not inconsiderable, of a number, multitude, etc. ) : bonus (not inconsiderable, good, tolerable ; of a number). Cf., Honestus, of shape, etc., expresses more than “pretty ;” it is “stately, ” “imposing, “, etc. To possess a pretty considerable number of books, habere festivam librorum copiam : a pretty share, bona pars : it is pretty, bellum est.

PREVAIL, || To obtain force, currency, etc., invalescere, convalescere : ingravescere (to gain strength) : increbrescere : percrebrescere (to become frequent or common) : inveterascere (to take deep root) : serpere (to spread abroad gradually and imperceptibly) late se diffundere : late serpere (to spread abroad widely) : to prevail throughout anything, diffundi or se diffundere per aliquid ; pervadere per aliquid : a fever prevails, febris augetur, increscit : luxury began to prevail, luxuria pullulare incipiebat (Nepos, Cat., 2, 3). || To be in force, have influence, vigere ; increbruisse ; invaluisse ; obtinere (post-Augustan). Anybody’s opinion ought to have prevailed, alicujus consilium valere debuit. || To conquer, vid.

PREVAIL UPON, movere, adducere, perducere, impellere aliquem ad, or in aliquid or ut faciat aliquid. He could not be prevailed upon to take the oath, adduci non potuit ut juraret (Cæsar). I cannot prevail on myself to, etc., a me or ab animo meo impetrare non possum ut (faciam aliquid) ; animum or in animum inducere non possum, facere or ut faciam aliquid ; not to do it, quin faciam.

PREVAILING,

PREVALENT, || That is in force, etc., quod viget, increbruit, etc. To be prevalent, vigere, etc. : to become prevalent, increbrescere, percrebrescere (Cicero) ; invalescere (Suetonius, Quintilianus) ; (longius) serpere (Cicero). || Common, general, vulgatus, pervagatus (spread abroad among the common people) : communis (common, or belonging to all). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) communis et pervagatus. Also by the genitives vulgi (= vulgatus) or omnium (= communis) ; e. g., the prevalent opinion, vulgi, or vulgata, or omnium opinio : a prevalent fault, vitium commune et pervagatum.

PREVARICATE, prævaricari ; prævaricari et colludere (Cicero) : Cf., prævaricari is to defend or accuse a person in a collusive manner : tergiversari or huc illuc tergiversari (to seek evasions to escape from the necessity of giving a straightforward answer) : * secum pugnantia respondere (to give contradictory answers).  

PREVARICATION, prævaricatio (Cicero).  

PREVARICATOR, prævaricator (Cicero) ; collusor (late).  

PREVENT, To go before, prævenire : præire : intervenire (to get the start of). || To anticipate, præcipere : anticipare : (ante) occupare. [Vid. ANTICIPATE. ] || To hinder, impedire aliquid : impedimento esse alicui rei : impedimentum afferre alicui rei faciendæ (general terms) : obstare or officere alicui rei alicujus : prohibere [SYN. in HINDER] : non sinere aliquid, or generally non sinere aliquid fieri (οὐκ ἐᾷν τι, not to allow anything, not to let it pass or happen ; e. g., the passage over, transitum or transire lion sinere) : to prevent anybody from doing anything, prohibere aliquem aliquid facere ; aliquem impedire ab aliqua re ; impedire ne quis aliquid faciat ; non sinere aliquem aliquid facere ; aliquem arcere or prohibere aliqua re : to prevent approach to the shore, qra e nave egredi prohibere : nothing prevents our doing it, nihil impedit, quominus hoc faciamus : which you both could and should have prevented, quod et potuisti prohibere ne fieret, et debuisti.

PREVENTION, prohibitio (seldom, but classical ; e. g., non pœna sed prohibitio sceleris) : impedimentum obstaculum.

PREVENTIVE, quod præcipit, etc. ; e. g., preventive measures, cautio : to adopt preventive measures, providere (used absolutely in this sense, Cæsar, B. G., 5, 33) : to adopt all possible preventive measures in anything, omne cautionis genus adhibere in aliqua re.

PREVIOUS, antecedens ; quod ante omnia dicendum, agendum, est ; prior.

PREVIOUSLY, ante ; antea ; antehac ; prius (followed by quam, as the English adverb by “to”).  

PREY, s., præda ; raptum (booty). A bird of prey, avis rapax (Cicero) : a beast of prey, bestia rapax (Plinius) ; bestia prædatrix (Ammianus).  

PREY, v., prædari : prædam or prædas facere or agere . To prey upon, exedere : consumere : absumere grief preys upon the mind, mæror exest animum planeque conficit.

PRICE, pretium. To set or fix a price, pretium statuere (Plautus), constituere (Cicero), alicui rei imponere (Quintilianus) : to set a price upon anybody’s head, mercedem mortis alicujus promittere : the price of estates is fallen, pretia prædiorum jacent (Cicero) : the price of land falls, pretium agrorum retro abit (Plinius) : to fall in price, vilius fieri or venire : corn is lower in price, vilitas annonæ consecuta est, annona laxavit : to agree upon a price, de pretio convenire (Quintilianus) : to raise the price, pretium alicujus rei efferre (Varro), augere (Plinius) : to raise the price of corn [vid. CORN]. Corn does not bear a good price, annona non habet pretium (Cicero) : to be at a high price, pretii esse magni ; at a low price, parvi ; very low, minimi : to sell at a low price, parvo pretio vendere aliquid (Cicero) : what is the price? quanti indicas? quanti vendis rem ? what is the price of pigs here? quibus hic pretiis porci veneunt? (Plautus, Men., 2, 2, 15).

PRICK, s., || A puncture, ictus ; punctio ; punctum. A slight prick, punctiuncula. || A sharp instrument, goad, prickle, stimulus ; aculeus : to kick against the pricks, adversus stimulum calcare (Terentianus).  

PRICK, v., || Properly, , pungere, compungere (the proper words, both of persons and of things) : stimulare (with a goad). To prick with a needle, acu pungere or compungere : to prick one’s hand with a needle, * acu sauciare manum. || Figuratively, pungere, compungere, urere, infestare.

PRICK UP (the ears), aures erigere (Cicero) or arrigere (Terentianus, Vergilius). To prick up one’s ears when anybody is speaking, aures erigere et aliquem dicentem attendere.

PRICKLE, aculeus ; spina.

PRIDE, || Haughtiness, superbia (opposed to humility and modesty, haughty sense of superiority) : insolentia (active and offensive insolence) : fastidium : spiritus (a middle word, in good or bad sense) : animus inflatus, tumens, sublatus : fastus (especially in poets, and prose of Silver Age). To charge anybody with pride, superbiæ tribuere aliquid alicui (Nepos)
: to bring down anybody’s pride, superbiam alicujus retundere (Phædrus, 4, 22, 21) : to let go pride, superbiam ponere (Horatius) ; abjicere (Plautus) ; spiritus remittere (Cæsar). || That on which one prides one’s self, gloria. The husband is the pride of his wife, marito superbire potest conjux.

PRIDE ONE’S SELF, superbire re : jactare aliquid (e. g., urbanam gratiam, Cæsar, ; ingenium, Quintilianus) : gloriari re, in re, de re : aliqua re inflatum esse or tumere (to be puffed up by it) : aliqua re elatum esse (e. g., opibus). κυρικιμασαηικο 

PRIEST, sacerdos (a sacrificer, heathen or Jewish) : presbyter (in the Christian sense) or sacrorum antistes. A parish priest, curio (in the Roman sense, president of a curia) : high or chief priest, pontifex.

PRIESTHOOD, sacerdotium (in the heathen or Jewish sense) : * presbyteri munus (in the Christian sense).  

PRIESTLY, sacerdotalis ; sacerdoti conveniens ; sacerdote dignus (heathen or Jewish) : * presbytero conveniens, or by the genitive, presbyteri (Christian).  

PRIM, perhaps * in severitatem (vultûs) compositus ; in ostentationem compositus ; putidus.

PRIMACY, principatus ; * archiepiscopalis dignitas (ecclesiastical).  

PRIMARY, primus ; principalis. The primary meaning of a word, naturalis et principalis verbi significatio [vid.

PRIMITIVE] : the primary impulses or instincts of our nature, principia, initia or prima naturæ : principia naturalia (vid. Cicero, Off., 3, 12, 52 ; De Fin., 2, 12, extr. and 5, 7).  

PRIMATE, princeps (archiepiscoporum, or episcoporum).  

PRIME, s., || Best of anything, flos [Vid. FLOWER. ] To be in the prime, florere : the prime of life, ætas florens or optima ; setatis flos : to be in the prime of life, in flore ætatis esse ; ætate florere : to be yet in the prime of life, integra esse ætate : to die in the prime of youth, in flore primo juvenis exstinctus est aliquis ; in flore ætatis eripi rebus humanis. || Beginning, vid. || Morning, vid. || The first canonical hour, * prima hora, or prima only, from context.

PRIME, adjective, Vid. FIRST, BEEST.

PRIME, v., || To put powder into the pan of a gun, * pulverem pyrium in scutulam or receptaculum infundere, injicere. || In painting, * primis coloribus imbuere.

PRIME-COST, Vid. COST-PRICE.   PRIMER, || Prayer-book, vid. || A horn-book, * libellus elementorum ; * tabulæ literariæ. A child in the primer, qui prima elementa discit (after Quintilianus) ; puer elementarius (after Seneca, Ep., 36, 4).  

PRIMEVAL, antiquus : perantiquus : priscus. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) vetus et antiquus : vetus et priscus : priscus et antiquus.

PRIMITIVE, primus ; primigenius (Varro) : principalis (e. g., causa, significatio) : Cf.,   primitivus is late : nativus (natural). The primitive meaning of a word, ea verbi significatio, in qua natum est (Gellius) : naturalis et principalis significatio verbi (vid. Quintilianus, 9, 1, 4) : vera atque propria significatio verbi (its true and peculiar meaning, Gellius, 12, 3, 5). Vid. also, ANCIENT.

PRIMITIVELY, primo : principio : primitus.

PRIMOGENITURE, primogenitura (Jurisconsulti) ; better ætatis privilegium (Justinus, 2, 10, 2).  

PRIMORDIAL, primus ; primordius (Columella) ; primordialis (Tertullianus) ; primigenius (Varro).  

PRIMROSE, * primula vulgaris (Linnæus).  

PRINCE, || A supreme ruler, princeps (general term) : rex (a king, sovereign prince) : regulus (a petty king) : tetrarcha (a petty sovereign prince of Asia, who had kingly rank and power, but was not regarded as a king by the Romans ; hence usually, regis atque tetrarchæ ; tetrarchæ regesque) : tyrannus (properly, that has assumed the sovereign power in a free state) : of or belonging to a prince or princes, principalis (Cf., under the emperors : Cf., princeps juventutis does not belong to this ; vid. Tacitus, Ann. 1, 3, 1). || The son of a sovereign, adolescens or juvenis regii generis ; puer or juvenis regius (a junior member of a royal family) : filius regis or regius (a king’s son) : the princes ; by the plural of the foregoing nouns ; also, principis liberi ; pueri regii (Livius) : the tutor of a prince, principis educator præceptorque (Tacitus, Ann., 15, 62) : to be the tutor of a prince, educationi filii principis præesse ; principis pueritiam moderari : a crown prince, vid.

PRINCELY, principalis (under the emperors), or, by the genitive, principis (or principum) ; regalis, regius (kingly ; which see) : in a princely manner, principaliter (under the emperors). Vid. also, ROYAL.  

PRINCESS, princeps (general term) : regina (a queen) : mulier regii generis, virgo regia (as a junior member of a royal family) : filia regis, or regia (a king’s daughter) a crown princess, * filia regis or principis natu maxima (eldest daughter of a king or prince) : * conjux heredis regni (wife of the heir to the throne).  

PRINCIPAL, adjective, primus, princeps, principalis (the first and most important ; the latter post-Augustan) : præcipuus (chief) : potissimus (by far preferable, beyond comparison) : summus, maximus (greatest) : in a principal manner, præcipue : potissimum : imprimis, maxime.

PRINCIPAL, s., || A chief person, caput : princeps : præpositus : præsul : principal of a college or school, gymnasiarchus. || Money laid out at interest, sors : caput : vivum (as opposed to ” the interest”) : pecuniæ : nummi : res (money generally) : that the woman’s principal might be safer, ut mulieri esset res cautior, etc. (Cicero, Cœcin., 4, 11) : principal lying idle, pecuniæ otiosæ or vacuæ, pecuniæ steriles : the principal lies idle, pecuniæ otiosæ jacent : to live on the interest of principal de fenore vivere : to deduct what is owed from principal, æs alienum de capite deducere : to deduct from principal, de vivo detrahere : the interest due is greater than the principal, mergunt sortem usuræ : principal arises from interest, sors fit ex usura.

PRIPRINCIPALITY, principatus, -ûs.

PRINCIPALLY, maxime : præcipue : imprimis, præsertim : ante omnia. SYN., in ESPECIALLY.

PRINCIPLE, || Origin, principium : origo. || Maxim laid down, opinion, practical sentiment, dogma (δόγμα), or, pure Latin, decretum, or (post-Augustan) placitum, or scitum (of philosophers ; vid. Cicero, Acad., 2, 43, 133 ; 2, 9, 27 and 29 ; Seneca, Ep., 95, 9) : ratio (at the foundation of thinking and acting ; of philosophers and others. Cf., In this sense principium is not Latin) : consilium (rule for a rational mode of acting) : præceptum (a precept regulating actions, a rule ; also, a maxim of a philosopher, as Horatius, Ep., 1, 1, 18 ; Seneca, Ep., 95, 12 ; different from præceptio) : institutum (that which use or custom has established as a rule, different from institutio). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) præcepta institutaque philosophiæ ; sententia (an opinion) : judicium, also with animi (a conviction, view, founded on judgement) : regula alicujus rei or ad quam aliquid dirigitur (rule by which one directs himself in anything, that which one ought to follow in anything : Cf., never without a genitive of the object, etc. ; e. g., eadem utilitatis quæ honestatis est regula = the same principle avails for, etc., Cicero, Off., 3, 18, 75) : lex (law, rule for direction, as Cicero, De Or., 2, 15, 62, primam esse historiæ legem) : principles of sound reason, integra certaque ratio (vid. Cicero, Tusc., 4, 17, 38) : principles for our conduct in life, ratio vitæ ; ratio ac vita : the principles of an individual, quid quisque sentit (sentiat) : firm principles, ratio firma stabilisque : a man of firm principles, homo constans (true to his character) : homo gravis (of strict moral principle) : a person of no fixed principles, homo levis ; of corrupt principles, homo impurus (vid. Terentius, Eun., 2, 2, 4 ; Cicero, Læl., 16, 59) : one who acts up to his principles, vir sui judicii (according to his conviction, whereas vir sui arbitrii would be one who acts according to his own will and pleasure) : from principle, ratione (agreeably to adopted principle) : judicio, animi quodam judicio (from certain conviction) : doctrina (from instruction ; opposed to natura = from natural inclination ; vid. Nepos, Att., 17, 3) : to remain true to one’s principle, rationem et institutionem suam conservare ; sibi constare ; obtinere eandem antiquam rationem (of conduct) : in pristinis sententiis permanere (of opinions) : to change one’s principles, mutare animi judicium : to adopt the principles of anybody, alicujus rationem suscipere : to have principles, sentire, with an adverb expressing the nature of the principles ; as, recte (correct), bene (good), male (bad), humiliter demisseque (low), temere (not firm) : this is my principle, mea sic est ratio.

PRINT, v., formis pingere (linen) : * typis or literarum formis describere or exscribere (a book : Cf., not librum imprimere or excudere, or typis exarare ; not libri impressi or excussi) : a book is being printed, * liber ab operis describitur ; * liber prelum exercet or prelum subiit : a book is being printed in London, * liber Londinensibus typis exscribitur : to publish a correctly printed book, * librum emendate descriptum edere : to have a book printed, * librum prelo subjicere ; * librum formis describendum curare : a book has been printed, * liber prelum
reliquit.

PRINT, s., || Mark impressed, signum : nota (impressio, Appuleius). || A picture, * figura, imago, ligno, æri, incisa. || A printed paper, * tabula, charta, plagula, typis descripta.

PRINTER, * typographus ; * libros typis, literarum formulis, exscribendi artifex : a printer’s apprentice, * officinæ typographicæ alumnus : printer’s devil, * qui operam suam locat typographo ; plural, * operæ typographicæ.

PRINTING, * ars typographica ; * ars libros typis exscribendi or formulis describendi.

PRINTING-HOUSE, * officina typographica ; typographeum.

PRINTING-PRESS, * prelum typographicum.

PRIOR, s., * cœnobii antistes or magister : or retain prior.

PRIOR, adjective, Vid. FIRST, FORMER.

PRIORESS, * cœnobii antistita, magistra, -æ, feminine.

PRIORITY (not antecessio in this sense), circumlocution by the adjective, prior, antiquior, superior.

PRIORY, * cœnobium.

PRISMA, prisma, -a̅tis (Marc. Cap. ).  

PRISMATIC, * prismaticus (technical term).  

PRISON, custodia (properly guard, watch ; then, also, a place, where one is in custody) : carcer (a public prison for criminals) : ergastulum (a place in which slaves were kept at hard labor) : vincula, -orum (properly, chains and bonds ; then, also, the place where they are used. Cf., Robur was not properly a prison, but a deep place in a public prison, into which criminals were thrown, a keep, dungeon) : to put or throw into prison, in custodiam (or in vincula) mittere, tradere, condere, conjicere ; in custodiam (or in carcerem) dare, includere ; custodiæ (or vinculis) mandare ; in carcerem conjicere, detrudere : in ergastulum mittere : to send to prison, in custodiam or in vincula ducere, deducere : to hurry off to prison, in vincula abripere : to send to prison for life, vinculis æternis mandare : to be in prison, in custodia esse or servari ; custodia teneri ; in carcere or in vinculis esse : to be put in prison, in custodiam or in vincula mitti, or by passive of the other verbs under “to put or throw into PRISON : ” to escape from this earthly prison, e vinculis corporis evolare : ex vinculis his emissum ferri : to thrust into the inner prison, in inferiorem carcerem demittere : to die in prison, in robore et tenebris exspirare : thrust into the inner prison, clausus in tenebris.

PRISONER, captus (general term) : comprehensus (in the hands of the police) : prisoner of war, captivus ; bello captus ; (plural) captivi ; corpora captiva (Livius, 31, 46) : to make anybody a prisoner of war, bello capere aliquem : to exchange prisoners of war, captivos commutare (Cicero) : to ransom prisoners, captivos redimere : to release prisoner, captivos reddere, remittere (Cicero).  

PRISTINE, pristmus : priscus.

PRITHEE, quæso ; dic tandem ; tandem.

PRIVACY, solitudo (loneliness) : secessus (retired residence) : to live in privacy, in secessu vivere ; procul cœtu hominum vivere ; tempus solum in secreto degere. || Joint knowledge, consciousness, conscientia (alicujus rei, joint knowledge) : scientia or notitia (alicujus rei, knowledge) : without my privacy, me inscio, me insciente, me nesciente : not without my privacy, me conscio, me sciente.

PRIVATE, privatus (opposed to publicus ; may be used in nearly all the applications of the English word when joined with a substantive, as domus privata, homo privatus, luctus privatus, etc., Krebs) : domesticus (that belongs to one’s own affairs or family ; opposed to forensis = that belongs to public life, to an office, etc. ; or opposed to communis = that concerns all ; vid. Cicero, Att., 1, 17, 6 ; non forenses res, non domesticæ, non publicæ, non privatæ carere diutius tuo suavissimo atque amantissimo consilio ac sermone possunt) : to inquire whether one came in a public or private capacity, quærere privatimne an publice venerit (Cicero, Off., 1, 41) : to give a private audience, aliquem in secretum recipere (Seneca) : to give private lectures, or be a private tutor at a university, * scholas privatas habere (Krebs) : to attend private lectures, * scholas privatas audire, privatim doceri or erudiri (Id. ) : a private person (not in office), privatus ; qui ab omni reipublicæ administratione vacat : a private secretary (of a prince), quem princeps ad manum habet, scribæ loco (vid. Nepos, Eum., 1, 5) : scriba principis : scriba cubicularius (general term, inscriptions) : private interest, utilitas privata, domestica, or mea, commodum meum ; compendium privatum (cupiditas mea = “selfishness”) : private interests, necessitates or necessitudines privatæ (circumstances arising from one’s private connections : vid. commentators on Cæsar, B. C., 1, 8) : cupiditas mea (opposed to salus communis, Cicero, Off., 1, 19, 63) : to neglect one’s private interests, rei familiaris commoda negligere : to sacrifice one’s private interests to anything, utilitates privatas alicui rei remittere (vid. Tacitus, Ann., 1, 10, 2) : to take care of one’s private interests, suæ utilitati, or suis commodis servire ; suis rationibus consulere : to consider everything with reference to one’s private interest, omnia ad utilitatem domesticam referre : private life, vita privata (general term) : vita otiosa (with reference to the leisure which one enjoys) : vita umbratilis (with reference to retirement and obscurity). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) vita otiosa et umbratilis ; vita privata et quieta (calm, private life) : to lead a private life, privatum or in otio vivere : to retire into private life, a negotiis publicis se removere ad otiumque perfugere ; privatum fieri ; ejurato magistratu se privatum facere (of one who lays down a magistracy) : to quit private life, and enter upon public business, ex umbratili et otiosa vita in solem et pulverem procedere : private circumstances, res privatæ or domesticæ, res familiaris : to give private instruction, aliquem domi et intra privatos parietes instituere : to keep under private tuition, aliquem domi et intra privatos parietes discentem continere ; * aliquem privatis præceptoribus erudiendum tradere : to have as private tutor, institutione alicujus privata uti : private education, * institutio privata or domestica.

Private tutor, * præceptor privatus (opposed to præceptor publicus, Quintilianus, 1, 2, in. ) : to put anybody under a private tutor, * aliquem præceptori privato in disciplinam tradere : for one’s own private use, in privatum (Livius, 40, 51, § 5) : private theatre, scena domestica : private theatricals, spectaculum privatum (in time of the emperors, a play which the emperor did not himself order to be exhibited ; vid. Bremi, Suet., Ner., 21).  

PRIVATEER, navis prædatoria. Captain of a privateer, dux navis prædatoriæ.

PRIVATELY, clam ; secreto ; occulte (secretly) : remotis arbitris (without witnesses) : privatim (in one’s private character ; opposed to publice).  

PRIVATION, privatio (e. g., doloris, culpæ) : ademptio : orbatio ; or by circumlocution with the adjective.

Privations, inopia (want).  

PRIVET or

PRIMPRINT, ligustrum (Plinius) : * ligustrum vulgare (Linnæus).  

PRIVILEGE, privilegium (a special right) : beneficium (an advantage or favor granted) : commodum (an advantage or favor received and retained : all three are post-Augustan, in this sense) :

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jus præcipuum (Cicero) ; jus paucorum (that to which few have a right ; vid. Sallustius, Cat., 20, 5, respublica in paucorum potentium jus concessit) : immunitas (immunity, right of exemption) : patrocinium (the protection a thing or person receives ; e. g., patrocinio quodam juvari, Quintilianus, 10, 1, 28). To grant a privilege, alicui privilegium dare ; with respect to anything, alicui privilegium, beneficium, alicujus rei dare : to possess a privilege, privilegium habere ; præcipuo jure esse : to have the privilege of doing anything, privilegium aliquid faciendi habere : to take away from anybody the privilege of doing anything, privilegium or beneficium alicujus rei adimere.