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PERIPATETIC, peripateticus.

PERIPHERY : Vid. CIRCUMFERENCE.

PERIPHRASE, Vid. CIRCUMLOCUTION.

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PERISH, perire (to lose life prematurely) : interire (to cease to exist ; stronger than perire, and used of living beings, or of things without life) : occidere (to disappear ; properly, of living beings when they die, and figuratively, of beings without life ; e. g., spes occidit) : cadere, concidere (to sink to decay or ruin, of things ; e. g., a state, a house, a family) : tolli (of beings, to disappear) to perish in the waves, aqua mergi : to perish by shipwreck, naufragio perire or interire.

PERISHABLE,

PERISHING, fragilis ; caducus ; fluxus.

PERISTYLE, peristylum (Cicero) ; peristylium (Vitruvius).

PERITONÆUM, peritonæum (in later writers) ; expressed in Vegetius, 2, 15, 3, by a circumlocution, membrana, quæ intestina omnia continet.

PERIWIG, Vid.

PERUKE.

PERIWINKLE, || A shell-fish, pectunculut (Plinius). || A plant, * vinca (major, minor, Linnæus).  PERJURE (one’s self), perjurium facere ; perjurare ; pejerare.

PERJURED,

PERJURER, perjurus.

PERJURY, perjurium.

PERMANENCE, perpetuitas ; or, rather, by the verbs, permanere, etc.

PERMANENT, perdurans ; permanens ; perpetuus continens ; continuus : to be permanent, manere ; permanere ; perdu rare.

PERMANENTLY, perpetuo ; usque.

PERMEABLE, Vid.

PASSABLE.

PERMEATE, Vid.

PASS THROUGH.

PERMISSION, concessio (a granting, conceding, Cicero Fragm., Or. in Tog. Cand., ii, 1, 522, de. Orelli) : permissio (a permitting, allowing : Cf., concessus et permissus only in the ablative) : potestas, copia (power, right, authority given : Cf., venia never of itself means “permission, ” but connivance, forbearance, indulgence) : arbitrium (free-will) : licentia (want of restraint) : to give permission to anyone, veniam, licentiam, potestatem alicui dare ; permission to do anything, alicujus rei or aliquid faciendi potestatem alicui facere, concedere ; licentiam alicui concedere ; licentiam alicui permittere ut, etc. permittere, concedere alicui, for anything, aliquid : to give boys permission to play, pueris ludendi licentiam dare : to ask for permission, veniam petere : to obtain permission, veniam accipere, impetrare ; datur alicui potestas, copia ; fit alicui potestas : to have permission, habere potestatem, concessam licentiam ; mihi licet, permissum, concessum est : with your permission, permissu or concessu tuo ; si per te licitum erit ; pace tua ; pace quod fiat tua ; bona venia tua liceat ; bona venia me audies (if one is about to speak) : without my permission, me non concedente ; me non consulto ; me invito (against my will) : without anybody’s permission, injussu alicujus : to speak with permission, bona hoc tua venia dixerim ; sit venia verbo ; sit honos auribus ; tuis honos sit habitus auribus : with permission of all, consensu omnium.

PERMIT, || To allow, concedere (mostly on being entreated ; opposed to repugnare) : permittere (opposed to vetare) : largiri (from kindness or complaisance) : facultatem dare, or potestatem facere alicujus rei : permittere licentiam, ut, etc. (to put it in anybody’s power to do it) : alicujus rei veniam dare, or dare hanc veniam, ut, etc. (to show indulgence in anything) : It is permitted, concessum est (general term) : licet (is permitted by human law, positive, customary, or traditional). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) licitum concessumque est : fas est (by divine law, including the law of conscience). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) jus fasque est. As far as the laws permit, quoad per leges liceat (or licitum est, for present time). || To suffer, sinere, pati, ferre, etc. Vid. SUFFER.

PERMITTED, licitus, permissus, concessus.

PERMUTATION, permutatio ; vices (plural) ; vicissitudo. Vid. CHANGE.

PERNICIOUS, perniciosus (Cicero) ; pernicialis (Livius, Plinius) ; exitiosus, exitialis ; noxius (Cicero ; noxiosus Seneca) ; damnosus ; detrimentosus ; nocivus (Plinius).

PERNICIOUSLY, perniciose ; nocenter ; pestifere (Cicero ; Cf., not exitiose, Augustin).

PERORATION, peroratio, epilogus (formal) : conclusio, finis orationis (less formal).

PERPENDICULAR, directus ad perpendiculum, or simply directus (opposed to pronus, or pronus ac f’astigatus) : Cf., perpendicularis only in later writers : to be perpendicular, directum esse, or simply esse ad perpendiculum. A perpendicular line, linea, quæ cathetus dicitur or cathetus only (ἡ κάθετος, sc. γραμμή). To let fall a perpendicular. lineam, quap cathetus dicitur, demittere in (with ablative).

PERPENDICULARLY, ad perpendiculum ; ratione perpendiculi ; ad lineam ; directo (e. g., deorsum delabi, to fall down perpendicularly).

PERPETRATE, Vid. COMMIT.

PERPETRATION, Vid. COMMISION.

PERPETUAL, || Lasting, perpetuus (uninterrupted) : perennis (of constant duration) : continens, continuus (following immediately one after another) : sempiternus : æternus [SYN. in ETERNAL]. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) perpetuus et æternus ; perpetuus et sempiternus.

Perpetual snow, nives quas ne æstas quidem solvit : perpetual rain, assidui imbres ; imbrium continuatio : perpetual drought, siccitates (see Herzog, Cæs., B. G., 4, 10) : perpetual fever, febris continens, or continua, or assidua : perpetual toil, labor assiduus or continuus : perpetual diligence, assiduitas : perpetual sleep, somnus continens. || Assiduous, etc., assiduus : sedulus, etc. SYN. in ASSIDUOUS.

PERPETUALLY, perpetuo (in one unbroken line) : semper, numquam non (always) : continenter : sine intermissione : nullo temporis puncto intermisso (continually, without intermission ; Cf., fontinue et continuo are not classical) : assidue (constantly, uninterruptedly ; Cf., assiduo is not classical) : usque (continually).

PERPETUATE, perpetuare ; perpetuum efficere (Cicero) : to perpetuate one’s name, nomen suum immortalitati commendare ; nominis memoriam adæquare cum omni posteritate.

PERPETUITY, perpetuitas ; or by the adjective.

PERPLEX, turbare : confundere : conturbare. Vid. CONFOUND.

PERPLEXED, ||(Of things), turbarus : conturbatus : perturbatus (put or thrown into disorder ; conturbatus and perturbatus also = confounded) : confusus (out of order ; then also = confounded) ; (The words are found in this connection and order. ) conturbatus et confusus : inconditus (not properly arranged) : impeditus (difficult, not easily to be unravelled, as it were, etc. ) : perplexus (unintelligible, obscure, intricate) : a perplexed speech, oratio confusa ; sermo perplexus : a perplexed and intricate affair, res impedita, contorta, difficilis ; (The words are found in this connection and order. ) difficilis et contorta. || (Of persons), perturbatus : (animo) consternatus (beside one’s self, put out of one’s way) : (animo) confusus (disturbed) : commotus : permotus (agitated) : percussus (shaken) : perterritus (violently frightened) : perplexed in one’s head (mind), mente turbata : my head is quite perplexed, sum animo conturbato et incerto : to make anybody perplexed, alicujus mentem turbare (of the understanding) : alicujus animum confundere (of the mind, the courage, etc. ) : aliquem conturbare or perturbare (to confuse anybody) : to become perplexed, mente turbari (to become perplexed in one’s head) : memoria turbari : memoria alicujus confunditur (anybody’s recollection becomes perplexed).

PERPLEXING, difficilis ; impeditus. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) difficilis et contortus.

PERPLEXITY, mens turbata ; animus conturbatus et incertus. Vid. CONFUSION.

PERQUISITES, pecuniæ extraordinariæ (of a public officer ; cf. Cicero, Verr., 2, 70, 170).

PERRY, vinum quod fit, or factum est, de or ex piris (Pallad., 3, 25, 11 and 19).

PERSECUTE, consectari : insectari : vexare : To persecute the Christians, Christianam religionem insectari (after Eutropius 10, 16, extr. ) ; populum Christianum vexare : to persecute those who have served the state well, bene de republica meritos viros consectari.

PERSECUTION, insectatio : vexatio (Cf., persecutio is a legal term) : persecution of the Christians, Christianæ religionis insectatio (after Eutropius, 10, 16) ; populi Christiani vexationes (Sulp., Severus; Cf., not Christianorum persecutio. It may often be conveniently rendered by the verb). Spirit of persecution, * eos, qui aliter sentiunt, insectandi studium.

PERSECUTOR, vexator : alicui infestus ; Cf., persecutor in this sense is not found in good prose : a persecutor of the Christians, Christianæ religionis vexator (Eutropius) ; populi Christiani vexator ; Christiano nomini inimicus, or inimicissimus (after Nepos, Hann., 7, 3).

PERSEVERANCE, perseverantia (that is not deterred by opposition or hindrance) : constantia (constancy) : assiduitas (incessant duration) : pertinacia (pertinacity, almost to excess) : pervicacia (endeavoring to accomplish a purpose or to gain a point) : obstinatio, obstinatior voluntas, obstinatus animus (firm determination or decision
; in a bad sense, obstinacy) : firm perseverance in one’s opinion, perpetua in sententia sua permansio ; obstinatio sententiæ : perseverance in fidelity, obstinatio fidei.

PERSEVERE, perseverare (the proper word) : constare (with or without sibi, to be consistent) : perstare : consistere : persistere (to stand to, not to depart from ; cf. Herzog, Cæs., B. G., 6, 36) : manere, permanere (to abide by ; all these usually with in re). To persevere in one’s principles, stare suis judiciis : to persevere in one’s course of life, in vitæ perpetuitate sibi constare : to persevere in an undertaking, perstare in incepto : to persevere in a purpose or design, perseverare in proposito ; tenere consilium ; consilium non mutare ; sibi constare.

PERSEVERING, perseverans (not deterred by obstacles) : constans (consistent) : firmus (abiding firmly by anything) : offirmatus (stronger than firmus) : tenax alicujus rei (tenacious) : assiduus (that applies steadily to anything, that does not easily relinquish) : obstinatus (that persists in spite of entreaties, etc. ) : pervicax (that pursues, or energetically persists in carrying on anything) : firmus proposito (Velleius) : tenax propositi (who does not easily relinquish a purpose).

PERSEVERINGLY, perseveranter ; constanter firmiter ; offirmato animo ; pertinaciter ; pervicacius ; obstinate ; obstinato animo. SYN. in PERSEVERING.

PERSIFLAGE, cavillatio.

PERSIST, Vid.

PERSEVERE.

PERSON, || Exterior appearance, species : forma : corpus : statura : statura corporis. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) forma et species, et statura (the whole person). To have a fine or handsome person, pulchra esse specie, forma, corporis : of a diminutive person, corpore parvo ; statura parva (esse) : Dionysius custodiam corporis feris barbaris committebat (the custody of his person, Cicero) : to know one by person, nosse aliquem de facie (Cicero, Pis., 32, 81). || Part which one plays, persona ; partes (plural). [Vid.

PART. ] || Individual, persona (with reference to the rank, character, conduct, etc., of the individual) : a name is the distinctive appellation of a person, nomen est quod unicuique personæ apponitur, quo suo quæque proprio vocabulo appelletur (Cicero) : they gave the same prænomen to three persons successively, continuarunt quodque prænomen per ternas personas (sc. familiæ ; Suetonius) : the person of the king, persona regis (e. g., sub specie majestatis occulitur ; Justinus) : distinguished persons, homines nobiles : to have respect of person, rationem habere, ducere, dignitatis alicujus tribuere, dare aliquid homini (after Cicero) ; servire personæ (Cicero) : without respect of person, nulla habita ratione dignitatis, amplitudinis. || A human being (indefinitely), some one, homo (Cf., not persona in this sense) : three persons are present, adsunt tres homines : to speak against the person, not against the thing, in hominem, non in rem dicere (Seneca). || Party, vid. : the chief person, caput, princeps, auctor (vid. HEAD) : he was the chief person in the matter, dux, auctor, actor rerum illarum fuit (Cicero, pr. Sext., 28, extr. ). || Oneself, not a representative, (mea, tua, nostra) persona (ego, tu, nos) in anyone’s person, sumpta alicujus persona ; alicujus personam induentes, imitantes (Cf., not sub alicujus persona ; vid. Klotz. ad Cicero, Tusc., 1, 39, 93). || In grammar, persona (Quintilianus ; e. g., tertia persona). || In theology, hypostasis (Ecclesiastical) ; or persona (technical term).   PERSONAL, adjective, Cf., Personalis and its adverb belong only to the writings of lawyers and grammarians ; e. g., beneficium personale (Paullus, Dig. ) ; verbum personale (grammatical) ; verbum personaliter dicere (grammatical). In all other connections the English word must be expressed by ipse, ipsius, per se (in one’s own person), or by præsens, coram (personally present), or by privatus (relating to one as a private citizen ; opposed to publicus), or by circumlocution ; e. g., suo nomine aliquem odisse (Cæsar), to have no personal grudge against ; nullo proprio esse in aliquem odio (Tacitus), to have no personal ill-will against. Anybody’s personal character, persona alicujus : to make personal attacks against anybody, in alicujus personam aliquid facere (e. g., in ejus personam multa fecit asperius, Cicero, Fam., 6, 6, 10) ; or in aliquo efficere aliquid (e. g., quid in P. Scipione effecerint) : to disregard one’s personal wrongs, omittere privatas offensiones.

PERSONALITY, || Individuality, alicujus persona. The personality of Satan, * persona diaboli : to deny the personality of the evil spirit, * diabolum naturam esse corpoream negare. || Remark directed against an individual, contumelia : plural, acerbe dicta, quibus aliquis aliquem perstringit, pungit : to abstain from personalities, abstinere omni verborum contumelia (after Cicero).

PERSONALLY, by ipse ; præsens ; coram ; per se ; suo nomine (Cf., personaliter only once in Gellius) : to be personally acquainted with anybody, aliquem ipsum nosse, aliquem de facie nosse ; opposed to aliquem non nosse, aliquem or alicujus faciem ignorare : he appeared personally, ipse aderat.

PERSONATE, agere (e. g., nobilem, principem, consulem) ; (personam) sustinere : to personate three different individuals, tres personas sustinere.    PERSONIFICATION, ficta alienarum personarum oratio (after Quintilianus, 6, 1, 25) : fictio personarum (Quintilianus, 9, 2, 29) : personarum confictio (Aquil., Rom., p. 145, ed. Ruhnken) : usually prosopopœia (Greek ; id. ) ; conformatio (Auct., ad Her., 4, 53, 68).

PERSONIFY, || To represent as human, * humanam speciem alicui rei dare ; humana specie induere aliquid. || To introduce a thing as speaking or acting, rem in personam constituere ; rem loquentem inducere ; rem mutam loquentem facere et formatam ; alicui rei orationem attribuere ad dignitatem accommodatam aut actionem quandam (all Aquil., Rom., p. 145, de. Ruhnken ; Auct., ad Her., 4, 53, 66) ; rem ipsam loqui or agere fingere (vid. Quintilianus, 6, 1, 25).

PERSPECTIVE, s., scenographia (of scenic paintings, Vitruvius, 1, 2, 2, where it is explained as consisting in frontis et laterum abscedentium adumbratio, ad circinique centrum omnium linearum responsus) : ea ars pictoris qua efficit ut quædam eminere in opere, quædam recessisse credamus (Quintilianus, 2, 17, 21). In Vitruvius, 7, præf. 11, we find the following description of painting in perspective ; Democritus and Anaxagoras wrote on this subject of (scenic) perspective, Democritus et Anaxagoras de eadem re scripserunt, quemadmodum oporteat ad aciem oculorum radiorumque extensionem, certo loco centro constituto, lineas ratione naturali respondere, uti de incerta re certæ imagines ædificiorum in scenarum picturis redderent speciem, et quæ in directis planisque frontibus sint figurata, alia abscedentia, alia prominentia esse videantur. According to the rules of perspective, ut ad aciem oculorum radiorumque extensionem, certo loco centro constituto, lineæ ratione naturali respondeat (after Vitruvius 7, præf., 11) : * scenographice.

PERSPECTIVE, adjective, * scenographicus (σκηνογραφικός).

PERSPICACIOUS, perspicax (clear-sighted) : sagax ad aliquid perspiciendum : subtilis (fine ; discriminating accurately) : acutus (sharp, acute) : acer (vigorous) [Cf., argutus is “over-acute, ” drawing too subtle distinctions]. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) acutus et perspicax. To be perspicacious in anything, perspicacem esse ad aliquid (e. g., ad has res, Terentianus) : a perspicacious understanding, ingenium acre or acutum ; mens acris : very perspicacious, peracutus, peracer : to be very perspicacious, acutissimo, acerrimo esse ingenio ; ingenii acumine valere.

PERSPICACITY, perspicacitas (Cicero) : perspicientia alicujus rei (e. g., veri, Cicero ; insight into it). Vid. ACUTENESS.

PERSPICUITY, perspicuitas ; evidentia ; lux.

Perspicuity is the best quality of style, perspicuitas est summa virtus orationis (Quintilianus, 1, 6, 41) ; or by an adverb ; e. g., planius aliquid exprimere, dicere (with perspicuity ; Cicero) : dicere clare, plane, dilucide, enucleate.

PERSPICUOUS, planus : perspicuus : illustris : evidens : dilucidus (Cicero) : luculentus (Sallustius) : distinctus. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) dilucidus et distinctus.

PERSPICUOUSLY, perspicue : aperte : lucide : dilucide : clare : distincte : enodate : enucleate : plane (Cicero).

PERSPIRATION, sudor. To throw into, excite perspiration, sudorem excutere, elicere, evocare, ciere, ducere, facere : to check perspiration, sudorem coercere, inhibere, sistere, sedare, reprimere (Plinius).

PERSPIRE, sudare (Cicero) ; sudorem emittere (Plinius) ; in sudorem ire (Horatius).

PERSUADE, || To induce by argument or fair words, persuadere alicui (to succeed in convincing or persuading : persuadere ut = to persuade anybody to do anything : with infinitive, or accusative and infinitive = to persuade or convince him that anything is so and so ; i. e., to convince anybody of a fact or the truth of an assertion [an exception is Nepos, Dion., 3] ; it takes a simple accusative only of pronouns) : aliquem perpellere, ut, etc. (to urge one to do a thing) : aliquem impellere (to urge on), or adducere (to bring to), or inducere (to lead, induce) ad
aliquid, or followed by ut : alicui auctorem esse, alicujus rei, or followed by ut (to cause one to do anything) : commodis verbis delinire, ut, etc. (to talk over Auct., Argum. ad Plaut., Mil., v. 4). To be persuaded, persuasum habere, with accusative and infinitive. Cf., Persuasum habeo is much less common than mihi persuasum est, or mihi persuasi. With mihi persuasi only a pronoun can stand as the objective ; hoc mihi persuasi. With persuasum habere the dative of the pronoun is extremely rare, the only passage being, sibi persuasum habebant (Cæsar, B. G., 3, 2, end). Hence avoid mihi persuasum habeo. To persuade anybody of anything, alicui aliquid or de aliqua re probare (Cicero ; alicui aliquid credibile facere is modern Latin, though credibile aliquid facere is right, Krebs) : to persuade anybody that, etc., persuadere alicui aliquid, or de aliqua re : I shall not be persuaded of this, hoc quidem non adducar, ut credam ; non facile adducar (not inducar) ad credendum : I am not persuaded that, etc., non adducor or adducar (with accusative and infinitive, without any verb of believing). || To convince, vid.

PERSUASION, persuasio ; or by the verb ; e. g., persuadendo me adduxit, mihi persuasit, ut sententiam ipsius sequerer.

PERSUASIVE, ad persuadendum acrommodatus (Cicero) ; persuasibilis (Quintilianus, 2, 15, 13). Cf., Suasorius means “hortatory. ”  PERSUASIVELY, apposite ad persuasionem (e. g. dicere ; Cicero) ; persuasibiliter (Quintilianus, 2, 15, 14).

PERT, procax(boisterously forward from assurance and impudence) : protervus (impetuously, recklessly, insolently forward) : lascivus (full of fun and high spirits).

PERTAIN, Vid. APPERTAIN.

PERTINACIOUS, Vid.

PERSEVERING, OBSTINATE.

PERTINENT, aptus alicui rei or ad aliquid ; idoneus ad aliquid accommodatus alicui rei or ad rem ; consentaneus alicui rei or cum re ; opportunus alicui rei or ad aliquid : (The words are found in this connection and order. ) aptus et consentaneus ; aptus et accommodatus.

PERTNESS, procacitas ; protervitas.

PERTURB, Vid. DISTURB.

PERTURBATION, perturbatio ; (of the mind) vehementior animi commotio or concitatio ; turbidus animi motus. Vid. also, COMMOTION.

PERUKE, capillamentum : crines emti(false hair) : galerus, galericulum (toupée) : caliendrum (Horatius, Sat. 1, 8, 48 ; vid. Heindorf).

PERUSAL, lectio ; or by the verb (perlectio occurs only once).

PERUSE, legere ; perlegere : to peruse hastily, percurrere ; strictim attingere aliquid.

PERVADE, penetrare, pertinere per aliquid ; permanere ad or in aliquid, pervadere aliquid (Tacitus) : vis vitalis caloris pertinet per omnem mundum (pervades ; Cicero, N. D., 2, 9, 25) : to pervade the minds, penetrare in animos, pervadere per animos (Cicero) ; descendere ad animos (Livius) : joy, pleasure, pervades the mind, animus alicujus perfunditur gaudio, lætitia, voluptate, jucunditate, dulcedine.

PERVADING, penetrans ; penetrabilis.

PERVERSE, perversus (not in a natural state or position ; not as it ought to be, of things) : præposterus (that is out of order, said or done out of due time ; of things ; also, of persons who act in a disorderly or irregular manner) : pravus (irregular, defective, wrong in its tendency or end, of things ; e. g., mens, opinio) : Vid. also, BAD.

PERVERSELY, perverse (wrongly) : præpostere (opposed to ordine, tempore) : perperam (opposed to recte).

PERVERSENESS, perversitas (general term, of mind) : animus pravus ; animi pravitas ; mens prava (Cicero) ; ingenium pravum (Sallustius).

PERVERT, pervertere, depravare, detorquere aliquid : to pervert the truth, verum convertere in falsum (Cicero) : to pervert right, omne jus torquere (Cicero) : to pervert one’s words, verba in pejus detorquere.

PERVIOUS, pervius (opposed to invius) : transitorius (e. g., domus transitoria, Suetonius ; as affording a passage from the Palatine to the Esquiline Hill) : penetrabilis (that may be penetrated).

Pervious to the air, aeri expositus (placed in the air) : perflabilis, aeri pervius (through which the air can blow ; the latter after Tacitus, Ann., 15, 43, 3) : quo spiritus pervenit : quod perflatum venti recipit (to which the air has access).

PEST, || A destructive person or thing, pestis ; pernicies ; pestis ac pernicies (Cf., not lues, or vomica) : he is the pest of the youth, pestis est adolescentium. || A pestilence, vid.

PEST-HOUSE, * ædificium ad pestilentiæ contagia prohibenda exstructum (Pliny has pestilentiæ contagia prohibere ; 23, 8, 80).

PESTER, obtundere aliquem aliqua re (e. g., literis, rogitando) ; obstrepere alicui (e. g., literis) ; (precibus) fatigare aliquem ; molestiam alicui afferre ; alicui aliqua re molestum or gravem esse ; sometimes agitare, exagitare, vexare, sollicitare.

PESTILENCE, pestilentia (an epidemic sickness) : lues (as the impure material, or cause of disease) : morbus pernicaalis (a mortal disease ; Cf., pestis is not used in this sense by the best prose writers ; with them it has only the sense of “a pest”) : a pestilence breaks out in a city, pestilentia incidit in urbem : a city suffers from pestilence, pestilentia urit urbem : to die of pestilence, pestilentia absumi : to be a remedy against a pestilence, pestilentiæ contagia prohibere.

PESTILENT,

PESTILENTIAL, pestilens (properly) ; fœdus (figuratively) ; Cf., pestilentiosus only in late writers : a disease is pestilential, pestilentia in morbos perniciales evadit (Livius, 27, 23) : a pestilential atmosphere, aer pestilens (opposed to aer salubris) : Cf., aer pestifer is unclassical. κυρικιμασαηικο PET, s., || Slight fit of anger, offensiuncula animi (a slight feeling of vexation : Pliny has indignatiuncula in this sense), or stomachus : indignatio : a great pet, ira : in a pet, (adjective) stomachosus : indignabundus ; (adverb) stomachose or stomachosius (Cicero, who also uses θυμικώτερον, Att., 10, 11, 5) ; cum or non sine stomacho : in a great pet, iratus : to be in a pet, indignari, stomachari (aliquid) : to be in a great pet, irasci (propter aliquid) : to be in a pet (or great pet) with anybody, cum aliquo stomachari ; alicui irasci : to throw one into a pet, stomachum alicui facere or movere ; indignationem alicui movere ; into a great pet, bilem alicui movere or commovere ; irritare aliquem or alicujus iram. || A favorite, deliciæ ; amores (plural) ; (The words are found in this connection and order. ) deliciæ et amores alicujus ; summe dilectus ab aliquo ; alicui dilectus præcipue.

PET, v., nimium alicui indulgere ; nimia indulgentia corrumpere aliquem ; effeminare, emollire aliquem : petted children, pueri molles, delicati.

PETAL, * petalum (technical term).

PETARD, * petarda (technical term).

PETITION, s., preces (plural, act of asking, or thing asked) : rogatus or rogatio (act of asking) : supplicium (humble petition, prayer to God ; Livy ; not Cicero, or Cæsar) : literæ (supplices), libellus (supplex) (a petition drawn up in writing ; cf. Mart., 8, 31, 3) : to storm one with petitions, precibus, suppliciis fatigare aliquem : if you grant my petition, * si feceris, quod rogo : to present a petition to anybody, dare alicui libellum (supplicem) ; supplicare alicui per literas : to draw up a petition, libellum componere : to sign a petition, libellum subscribere ; signare, subnotare libellum (of a minister, etc. who looks over the petitions presented to a prince, and writes his opinion of them on the margin, to which he signs his name ; vid. Suetonius, Oct., 1 ; Plinius, Ep., 1, 10, 9).

PETITION, v., || To ask, beg, vid. || To present a written supplication, * petere aliquid per literas (in order to obtain anything) : * literis deprecari aliquid (in order to evert anything) : causam deferre per literas ad judiceni (accusing before a judge) : to petition anybody, libello or scripto adire aliquem : to petition against anything, reclamare alicui rei (to express one’s disapproval of anything) : provocare adversus aliquid (to appeal to a higher tribunal against anything ; e. g., adversus sententiam, Modestin., Dig., 48, 2, 18 ; adversus creationem, Papinian., Dig., 26, 7, 39 § 6).

PETITIONER, rogator (Cicero, Att., 14, 16) : supplex : or by the verbs.

PETREL, * procellaria (Linnæus).

PETRIFACTION, || The act of petrifying, by the verbs. || A thing petrified, * res in lapidem, saxum, versa.

PETRIFY, || Properly, TRANS., in lapidem vertere (Ovidius), convertere, mutare : INTRANS., lapidescere (Plinius) ; verti, mutari, abire in lapidem, in saxum ; in lapidem concrescere (of a liquid) : petrified wood, * lignum fossile ; oryctodendron (technical term ; the ancients use fossilis only for ” that which may be dug”). || Figuratively, defigere animum alicujus (Livius). Especially the participle, petrified, lapideus (Plautus) ; attonitus, stupidus (Cicero) ; defixus (Livius, ; defixum stare, 8, 7) : to be petrified, attonitum, saxi instar stare : to become petrified, obtorpescere (e. g., circumfuso undique pavore).

PETTICOAT, * tunica muliebris ; or it may be necessary to retain the word : petticoat government, imperium uxorium (at home ; Auct., Argum : ad Plautus, Asin., v. 2) : * imperium sexus muliebris (over a kingdom ; also by circumlocution ; e. g., Medis imperat
muliebris sexus).

PETTIFOGGER, rabŭla (Cicero) ; causidicus rabiosus et ineptus : latrator (Quintilianus).

PETTISH, * ad iram proclivior ; præceps ingenio in iram (irritable) : difficilis et morosus (of a bad temper, easily put out of humor).

PETTISHNESS, * proclivitas ad iram : morositas.

PETTY, parvus : exiguus : minutus.

PETULANCE, petulantia : protervitas.

PETULANT, petulans : protervus.

PETULANTLY, petulanter : proterve.

PEW, s., * sella ecclesiastica ; * sedes quæ est or quam aliquis tenet in æde sacra ; or perhaps it may be necessary to add septa or obstructa foribus to sedes, etc., in order to distinguish it from an open seat ; * locus quem qs in templo sacro tenere solet.

PEW, v., * sellis instruere ecclesiam.

PEWET, parra (Plinius) ; * tringa vanellus (Linnæus).

PEWTER, perhaps the nearest word is stannum, which was an alloy of silver and lead ; it may be necessary to retain the word as a technical term (plumbum album = tin. )  PHAETON, * currus quem Phaeton dicunt.

PHALANX, phalanx, -angis, feminine.

PHANTASM,

PHANTOM, phantasma, -ătis, neuter (Plinius, Ep. ) : spectrum : visum : umbra : vana species : inanis et varia ex metu nostro imago (Plinius, Ep., 7, 2, 7 ; of a phantom of the imagination).

PHANTASTIC, ineptus.

PHANTASTICALLY, inepte ; more, modo hominis lymphatici.

PHANTASY, || Power of imagination, vis imaginandi (Eichst. ) ; mens ; cogitatio. Cf., Avoid phantasia, except as a technical term. || An imaginary thing, res ficta ; commentum : somnium (dream).

PHARISAIC, || Properly, by the genitive, Pharisæorum. || Figuratively, simulatus ; rictus ; or, if necessary, by the genitive, Pharisæorum.

PHARISAICALLY, more, modo Pharisæorum ; simulate ; speciose.

PHARISEE, || Properly, Pharisæus. || Figuratively, pietatis simulator ; or, if necessary, Pharisæus.

PHARMACEUTIC, medicamentarius. Vid. APOTHECARY.

PHAROS, pharus (Cicero). And vid. LIGHT-HOUSE.

PHEASANT, phasianus, (avis) phasiana ; * phasianus Colchicus (Linnæus) : of a peasant, phasianinus : a peasant-house, * vivarium phasianorum : one who keeps peasants, phasianarius (Paullus, Dig., 32, 1, 66).

PHENOMENON, res nova, insolita ; ostentum ; miraculum (wonderful appearance).

PHILANTHROPICAL, hominibus amicus ; generi hominum amicus ; hominum amans, studiosus ; humanus.

PHILANTHROPICALLY, humane : humaniter.

PHILANTHROPIST, amicus hominibus (Nepos) ; generi, vitæ hominum amicus ; humanus (Cicero) : to be a philanthropist, vitæ hominum amice vivere (Cicero, Off., 1, 26, 92).

PHILANTHROPY, humanitas ; animus humanus (Cicero).  PHILIPPIC, oratio Philippica (Cicero). Improperly, oratio severa, aspera or acris. To utter a philippic against anybody, aliquem castigare verbis : invehi multa in aliquem (Nepos).

PHILOLOGER,

PHILOLOGIST, philologus (e. g., homines nobiles illi quidem, sed minime philologi, Cicero) : grammaticus : literarum antiquarum studiosus.

PHILOLOGICAL, philologus (not philologicus : both in Latin and Greek characters, in Cicero : according to Seneca, a philosopher attends only to the meaning of writings, the thoughts expressed ; the philologus to the points of history, antiquities, etc., necessary for their elucidation ; the grammaticus to the words. Suetonius places the philologus above the grammaticus and literator as a man qui multiplici variâque doctrinâ censebatur).

Philological matters, enquiries, points, philologa, nominative plural, (Cicero, de philologis, Att. 13, 29, 1) : Others give * ad studium antiquitatis or humanitatis pertinens.

PHILOLOGICALLY, grammatice ; or by the adjectives.

PHILOLOGY, * antiquitatis studium : * antiquarum literarum studia (the study of ancient literature) : humanitatis studium, humanitatis disciplina or doctrina (of study as forming the intellect) : grammatica, nominative plural ; studium literarum, quod ii profitentur qui grammatici vocantur (grammatical and critical studies, exegesis, etc. ) : * philologia (as technical term). Cf., Avoid literæ humaniores, studia humaniora, which are not Latin.

PHILOSOPHER, s., philosophus (φιλόσοφος or by circumlocution sapientiæ studiosus, philosophiæ deditus, qui rerum cognitione, doctrinaque delectatur ; homo doctus, or plural, docti, is often used by Cicero, in this sense, when the context determines the meaning ; philosophiæ professor, sapientiæ doctor (a professor of philosophy, post-Augustan) : a true philosopher, sapiens : a speculative philosopher, * qui in rerum contemplatione studia ponit : a moral philosopher, * qui de vita ac moribus rebusque bonis et malis quærit : a very learned philosopher, doctissimus in disputando : to give one’s self out for a philosopher, philosophiam profiteri.

PHILOSOPHICAL, perhaps philosophus (ad philosophas scriptiones, Cicero, Tusc., 5, 41 ; and philosopha sententia, Pacuvius, ap. Gell., 13, 8. Cf., not philosophicus, which is late. In Tusc., 5, 41, Klotz reads philosophiæ, and refects both adjectives. If he is right, the adjective must be translated by philosophiæ, philosophi or -orum, etc. ).

Philosophical writings, libri qui sunt de philosophia, libri de philosophia ; philosophiæ scripta (Plinius, N. H., 13, 27) : philosophical precepts, præcepta philosophiæ or philosophorum : philosophical inquiries, quæ in philosophia tractantur (Cicero) : a philosophical discourse, sermo de philosophia (Nepos). Sometimes philosophorum proprius may serve.

Philosophical resignation, * Stoica quædam patientia : with philosophical indifference, Stoice : this is not a common, but a philosophical word, hoc non vulgi verbum est, sed philosophorum.

PHILOSOPHICALLY, philosophorum more ; ut philosophi ; ut decet philosophum (Cf., philosophice late, Lactantius).

PHILOSOPHIZE, philosophari (Cicero) : argumentari : ratiocinari : disputare (to discuss a subject).

PHILOSOPHY, philosophia (φιλοσοφία) ; pure Latin, by circnmlocution, sapientiæ studium or disciplina; divinarum humanarumque rerum tum initiorum causarumque cujusque rei cognitio : cognitio optimarum rerum atque in iis exercitatio. Theoretical philosophy, philosophia, quæ artis præceptis continetur ; philosophia, quæ in rerum contemplatione versatur, or philosophia contemplativa for shortness (Seneca, Ep., 95, 10) : practical philosophy, philosophia, quæ officii et bene vivendi disciplinam continet ; philosophia quæ de vita et moribus rebusque bonis et malis quærit ; or simply philosophia activa (Seneca, Ep., 95, 10) : from context prudentia (opposed to doctrina, Cicero, Quint., Frat., 1, 3, 5). To be a student of philosophy, philosophiæ studio teneri ; sapientiæ esse studiosum : to devote one’s self to the study of philosophy, se ad philosophiam or ad philosophiæ studium conferre ; se ad philosophiam pertractandam dare : to devote one’s self exclusively to philosophy, in una philosophia quasi tabernaculum vitæ suæ collocare : to write treatises of philosophy, philosophiam scribere.

PHILTER, philtrum (Ovidius) : poculum amatorium (Plinius) : amoris poculum (Horatius).

PHLEBOTOMIZE, etc. Vid. BLEED, etc.

PHLEGM, || Properly, phlegma, -atis (medical technical term) : pituita (Celsus). || Figuratively, tarditas ingenii (Cicero, Or., 68, 229) : tarditas animi (Gellius, 16, 12, 3) : tarditas : inertia (Cicero) : lentitudo naturalis (Ern. ), patientia (Plinius, Ep. 5, 21, 5).

PHLEGMATIC, || Properly, phlegmaticus (medical technical term). || Figuratively, tardus, segnis, iners (slow) : lentus, patieng (void of sensibility).

PHLEGMATICALLY, || Properly, , phlegmatice. || Figuratively, tarde ; animo, or ingenio tardo, or inerti (slowly) : lento animo (without sensibility).

PHLOGISTIC, facilis ad exardescendum (Cicero).

PHRASE, dictio ; locutio. Cf., Avoid the Greek phrasis unless it be necessary as technical term.

PHRASEOLOGY, || Manner of expression, dicendi genus ; verba (plural) ; or locutio : modern writers say loquendi genus (Muret. ) ; loquendi forma (Ruhnken. Ern. ) ; loquendi formula (Wolf. ). || A collection of phrases, (* phrasium) locutionum collectio ; * (phrasium) locutionum promptuarium, horreum (a book containing such collection).

PHRENOLOGY, * doctrina de craniis, calvis ; * craniologia (technical term).

PHTHISIC, phthisis, -is, feminine (Seneca).

PHTHISICAL, phthisicus (Vitruvius).

PHYLACTERY, phylacterium (an amulet, Marcellinus, Cap. ; as worn among the Jews, Hieronymus).

PHYSIC, Vid. MEDICINE.

PHYSICS, physiologia (φυσιολογία, explained by Cicero, naturæ ratio) : physica, -orum (Cicero) ; philosophia de natura (Cicero, Brut., 8, 31) ; or, by circumlocution, quæ de natura quæruntur (Cicero, de Rep., 1, 10) ; ea, quibus naturæ ratio continetur (Cicero, N. D., 1, 26, 73) ; quæ de naturis rerum disputantur (Cicero, De Or., 3, 32, 127).

PHYSICAL, must be expressed by the genitive, naturæ (relating to nature), or corporis (relating to the body) : Cf.,   physicus (adverb, physice) means ” relating to natural philosophy : ” physical evil, mala naturæ ; mala quæ natura habet (in general) : vitia corporis
(of the body) : physical strength, vires corporis.

PHYSICALLY, must be expressed by natura or corpus, with by circumlocution. Cf., Not physice. Vid.

PHYSICAL.

PHYSICIAN, medicus : medens (Curtius, Tacitus, etc. ) : medendi or medicinæ peritus. A celebrated physician, medicina or arte medicinæ clarus. A skilful physician, medicus artifex (Celsus) ; * medicus, ad medendum utilis (Muret. ) : A physician who kills all his patients, who is a good friend to the undertaker, medicus animas negotians (Plinius, 28, 1, 5) : to employ or consult a physician, medico uti or medieum adhibere (both Cicero) : medicum admovere (Suetonius) : medici opera et consilio uti, medico se curandum tradere (after Cicero) : you will get well, whether you employ a physician or not, sive medicum adhibueris, sive non, convalesces (Cicero) : to fetch a physician, medicum ad ægrotum adducere (Cicero) ; medicum arcessere (Plautus) : to run and fetch physicians, medicos cogere : to call in a physician, ad medicum se conferre (Cicero) : to pay a physician his fee, medico honorem habere (Cicero, Fam., 6, 19, 3) medico dare aliquid. A quack physician [vid. QUACK]. A physician’s fee, honos, qui medico habetur ; merces medici : to be in the hands of the physicians, in potestate medentium esse (Curtius).

PHYSIOGNOMIST, physiognomon ; in Cicero, De Fat. 5, 10, by the circumlocution, qui se profitetur hominum mores naturasque ex corpore, oculis, vultu, fronte pernoscere ; and in Cicero, Tusc., 4, 37, 80, by qui se naturam cujusque ex forma perspicere profitetur.

PHYSIOGNOMY, || Art of determining the character from the features, etc., * physioynomia, quæ dicitur ; or, by circumlocution, * ars hominum mores naturasque ex corpore, oculis, vultu, fronte pernoscendi (after Cicero, De Fat., 5, 10) ; ars naturam cujusque ex forma perspiciendi (after Cicero, Tusc 4, 37, 80) : to practise physiognomy, mores naturasque hominum conjectatione quadam de oris et vultus ingenio deque totius corporis filo atque habitu sciscitari (Gellius, 1, 9, in., as an explanation of φυσιογνωμονεῖν). || Countenance and features, as indicating character, oris habitus : lineamentorum qualitas : habitus oris lineamentaque : oris et vultus ingenium, or simply os vultusque, or os et vultus.

PHYSIOLOGICAL, * physiologicus (technical term) ; * ad naturæ rationem pertinens.

PHYSIOLOGICALLY, * physiologice (technical term) ; * naturse ratione ; * secundum naturæ rationem.

PHYSIOLOGY, naturæ ratio, quam Græci φυσιολογιαν appellant (Cicero, Div., 1, 41, 90) ; natura rerum, quæ Græce  φυσιολογια dictur (Vitruvius, 1, 1, 7).  PIACULAR, piacularis (Livius) ; or by circumlocution with piaculum.

PIANO-FORTE, * polychordium lenius idem et acrius.

PIASTER, * nummus argenteus apud Hispanos, quem vocant Piaster.

PICK, || To select, eligere ; seligere ; deligere : to pick stones out of a field, elapidare agrum :

Picked, electus, selectus, delectus (also figuratively = superior) : exquisitus, conquisitus (very choice) : eximius, egregius, præstans (excellent) : a picked band or company, delecta manus ; flos juventutis. [Vid. also, SELECT. ] || To pierce with a pointed instrument, perifodere : to pick the teeth, dentes spina perfodere (with a tooth-pick of wood or metal, Petronius) : os fodere lentisco (with a wooden tooth-pick, Mart., 6, 74, 3) : dentes penna levare (with a quill, Mart., 14, 22, 2). || To gather (fruit), demere poma arboribus ; detrahere poma arboribus ; legere poma ex or ab arboribus : to pick grapes, uvas legere ; detrahere uvas arboribus. || Phrases : to pick a hole in one’s coat, videre vitium in alio ; multa vitia in aliquo, or rather in aliquem colligere (Cicero, Tusc., 4, 37, 80 ; vid. Kuhner) : to pick one’s pocket, suppilare, surripere ; arte mala subducere ; emungere aliquem argento [vid. CHEAT] : to pick a quarrel, jurgii causam inferre (Phædrus) ; in jurgium ruere (Quintilianus). PICK UP, colligere : to pick up one’s crumbs, revalescere : corpus facere (Celsus).

PICK-AXE, dolabra.

PICK-THANK, sycophanta, -æ, m.

PICKET (military term), statio : to station pickets, stationes disponere : to be on a picket, in statione esse ; stationem agere.

PICKLE, s., muria.

PICKLE, v., muria condire aliquid (Columella) : pickled, muriaticus : pickled meat, caro sale indurata (Plinius, 28, 20, 81) or sale condita ; caro conditanea (Faber ; salted meat).

PICNIC, cœna symbolis or symbola parata (not cœna mercede condicta, which is without meaning) : a picknic party, sodalitas ; sodalicium : to have a picknic, edere, or cœnare, de symbolis (vid. Terentius, Eun., 3, 4, 2).

PICTORIAL, pictus ; picturatus ; picturis ornatus (pictorius = of painters, Pand. ).

PICTURE, s., pictura ; tabella (picta) : picture of anybody, alicujus picta imago, effigies. Vid.

PAINTING.

PICTURE, v., pingere ; depingere. To picture anything to one’s self, cogitatione sibi aliquid depingere. Vid.

PAINT.

PICTURE-FRAME, forma in qua includitur pictura (Vitruvius, 2, 8, 9) ; lignea forma (Plinius, 35, 14, 49) ; tabula marginata (Plinius, 35, 12, 45).

PICTURESQUE, veluti pictus : a picturesque country, regio amœnissima ; locus amœnus.

PIDDLE, v., || To trifle, nugari ; ineptire. || To make water, mingere ; meiere ; urinam reddere (Plinius), facere (Columella).

PIE, || A kind of bird, magpie, pica. || A pasty, artocreas (Persius, 6, 50 ; meat-pie) : scriblita, -æ, m. (a tart, Petronius).

PIEBALD, (equus) maculis albis (Vergilius), coloris masculosi (. Columella) ; or * coloris disparis.

PIECE, s., || Part of anything, pars (general term) : fragmentum (a piece broken off) : segmentum (cut off) : frustum (a small or loose piece) : to cut in pieces, in partes concidere ; minutim concidere ; minutatim consectare ; in frusta desecare : all of one piece, solidus : a piece of money, nummus. || A single thing, res. || A musical composition, cantus ; canticum. To compose a piece (i. e., a musical piece), modos facere : modos musicos componere (after Quintilianus, 1, 12, 14 ; an air) : cantum rescribere vocum sonis (Cicero, Tusc., 4, 2, 3) ; musicis modis canticum excipere (Quintilianus, and others).

PIECE, v., || To enlarge by the addition of a piece, producere, assuere aliquid alicui (to stitch one thing to another) : to piece out, trahere ; proferre. || To patch, sarcire : resarcire (e. g., a garment) : vesti panniculum assuere (Horace). || To join, rem rei, or cum re, jungere, copulare, connectere.

PIECEMEAL, minutatim ; minutim ; frustatim ; in frusta (to pieces).

PIER, || Column on which the arch of a bridge is raised, pontis pila (which supported the arch, fornix : locavit pilas pontis in Tiberim, quibus pilis fornices. . . censores locaverunt, Livius, 40, 51, 4). || A mole, moles, agger : pila (Vergilius, Vitr., 5, 12).

PIERCE, || To bore through, perforare (general term to make a hole through, pectora, latus ense, etc. ; also, to pierce [= make] windows, lumina, Cicero) : forare (post-Augustan, very rare) : efforare (only Columella, truncum) : terebrare (with a borer or otherwise) : perterebrare (with a borer). || To stick anything through, trajicere, transfodere, confodere, configere, transverberare (e. g., venabulo) : percutere. To pierce anybody with a sword, alicui latus transfodere gladio ; aliquem gladio transfigere (poetically, alicujus pectus gladio or ferro haurire) : with a dagger, aliquem sica conncere, aliquem pugione percutere (for which Tacitus has fodere only) : one’s heart with a knife, cultrum in corde alicujus defigere. || Improperly, to wound deeply (e. g., the heart), percutere, vulnerare.

PIERCER, terebra.

PIERCING, penetrans. Vid. SHARP, ACUTE.

PIETY, pietas erga Deum (reverence and love toward God) : sanctitas (course of life pleasing to God). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) pietas et sanctitas ; sanctimonia (virtuous disposition, innocence) : to have credit for great piety, magna pietatis et sanctitatis laude florere.

PIG, s., sus : porcus : a young pig, porculus ; porcellus : a sucking pig, porcellus lactens (Columella) : pigs, pecus or genus suillum : pig meat, (caro) suilla or porcina : to buy a pig in a poke, aleam emere (vid. Freund, vid. v. ALEA).

PIG, v., porcellos edere or parere.

PIGEON, s., columba, columbus ; diminutive, columbula, columbulus (the smaller tame house-pigeon) : palumbes, palumba, palumbus (the larger wood-pigeon) : a young pigeon, pullus columbinus : to keep pigeons, columbas alere : pigeon’s nest, nidus columbarum (Cf., not nidus columbaris ; there is no such adjective).

PIGEON-HOLES, loculi (plural).

PIGEON-HOUSE, columbarium ; columbarii cella ; turris, turricula (a large detached pigeon-house).

PIGMENT, pigmentum ; color.

PIGMY, homuncio ; pusio ; homo pusillus : nanus (dwarf).

PIKE, || A kind of weapon, hasta : a pikestaff, hasta pura : pikeman, miles hastatus. || A kind of fish, lupus (Plinius) ; lucius (Auson. ) ; * esox lucius (Linnæus).

PILASTER (in architecture), parastata, -æ, masculine and feminine (Vitruvius), or parastas, -adis, feminine.

PILCHARD, * clupea
harengus minor (Linnæus).

PILE, s., || A stake driven into the ground, palus ; sublica (driven into the earth, to support ; e. g., a bridge) : Cf., pila pontis was the column to the spring of an arch, fornix. To drive in piles (for a bridge), sublicas machinis adigere. || A heap, acervus ; strues ; cumulus : a funeral pile, rogus (Cf., we find pyra only in the poets and later prose writers ; it is properly = rogus ardens) : to construct a funeral pile, rogum exstruere : to lay upon a funeral pile, in rogum imponere or inferre : to mount a funeral pile, in rogum ascendere : to light a funeral pile, rogum accendere. || An edifice, ædificium. || Piles (a kind of disease), hæmorrhois, -idis, feminine (Celsus).   PILE, v., construere : coacervare : accumulare : cumulare atque adaugere : aggerare : in acervum cumulare, exstruere.

PILFER, furari : clam eripere : subripere : furto tollere : suffurari : from anybody, aliquem compilare, re spoliare.  PILFERER, furunculus (petty thief) : fur (thief) : peculator (peculator, embezzler) : depeculator (embezzler).

PILFERING, furtificus.

PILGRIM, peregrinator (a wanderer, traveller ; general term) : * peregrinator religiosus ; * qui in loca sacra migrat ; * qui religionis causa peregrinatur (a travelling devotee) : a pilgrim’s garb, * vestis in loca sacra migrantium or * quam in loca sacra migrantes gerere consueverunt : pilgrim’s staff, * baculum quod in loca sacra migrantes gerere consueverunt ; or from context, baculum only.

PILGRIMAGE (religious), * migratio in loca sacra ; * peregrinatio sacra : to go on a pilgrimage, * in locum sacrum migrare ; religionis causa peregrinationem suscipere, or peregre abire ; publice religionis causa peregre abire (of a large body of pilgrims).

PILL, catapotium (καταπότιον, as that which is gulped down) ; pure Latin pilula (medicata, Plinius) ; globulus (Scribonius, Larg. ) : to take a pill, pilulam sumere : figuratively, to give one a pill, pungere, tangere aliquem : to swallow a pill, patienter tolerare, devorare acerbitatem, molestiam : he has swallowed that pill, hæc concoxit (after Cicero).

PILLAGE, s., direptio ; expilatio ; compilatio ; spoliatio ; populatio, or, more strongly, depopulatio ; also by verbs ; e. g., bona regia diripienda plebi sunt data (Livius, 2, 5, as pillage).

PILLAGE, v., prædari : diripere : compilare : expilare : spoliare : populari : depopulari.

PILLAGER, prædator : prædo : direptor : spoliator : populator.

PILLAR, || Column, columen (a round column for the support of a building ; figuratively, a support) : columna (a round pillar for support or ornament) : pila (square, usually attached to walls, for strength or support) : pillars of Hercules, columnæ Herculis. || Stay, support, columen (e. g., reipublicæ, familiæ). Vid. SUPPORT.

PILLARED, columnatus (Vitruvius) ; columnis instructus.

PILLORY, The nearest terms are : columbar (a sort of wooden collar put round the neck of slaves as a punishment) : numella (a wooden machine in which the heads and feet of slaves or children were fastened as a punishment).

PILLOW, s., pulvinus (general term) : pulvinar (used on solemn religious occasions) : culcita (hard-stuffed).

PILLOW, v., pulvinis instruere.

PILOT, s., nauta qui vada prævehens demonstrat (after Plinius, 9, 62, 88). If = helmsman, vid. || Improperly, gubernator : custos gubernatorque (e. g., reipublicæ, Cicero) ; rector et gubernator (e. g., civitatis).

PILOT, v., * naves per tuta, brevia, fluminum, marium, ductare, expedire : vada prævehentem demonstrare (vid.

Plinius, 9, 62, 88). || Improperly, gubernare : gubernare et regere (e. g., civitatem) : gubernare ac moderari. To attempt to pilot, ad gubernacula accedere.

PIMP, leno ; libidinis minister (Livius) ; cupiditatum alicujus minister (Cicero) ; perductor (Cicero).

PIMPERNEL, * pimpinella (Linnæus).

PIMPING, adjective, exilis (thin, meagre) ; exiguus (small) ; vilis (poor).

PIMPLE, pustula.

PIN, v., figere, infigere aliquid ; affigere aliquid ad aliquem rem.

PIN, s., acus (general term for needle, for fastening clothes or the hair) : to run a pin through anything, transuere acu ; trajectare acu ; acum transmittere per : Cf., The ancients were not acquainted with our pins, but used a fibula for fastening things together : fibula (anything for joining, fastening, stitching, or clasping things together) : clavus (a peg).

PIN-CASE, * tbeca acubus servandis.

PIN-MONEY, * annua ad mundum præbita, -orum, neuter : to give or allow as pin-money, ad mundum præbere : to receive or have as pin-money, * ad mundum accipere : to give the revenue of a province as pin-money to one’s wife, uxori civitatem tribuere, bis quidem verbis, quæ mulieri mundum præbeat (after Cicero, Verr., 3, 33, in. ).

PINCERS, forceps ; (vulsella, a surgeon’s instrument, Celsus ; also tweezers, Plautus, Mart. ) : to take hold of anything with pincers, apprehendere aliquid forcipe.

PINCH, || Properly, vellicare (Quintilianus. ) ; comprimere digitis aliquid : to pinch one’s cheeks, mala alicui blande comprimere. || Figuratively, urere, pungere aliquem : my shoes pinch, calcei urunt, premunt, pedem : my stomach is pinched, torminibus laboro (Plinius). || Pinch one’s self, fraudare se victu suo ; fraudare ventrera.

PINCHBECK, * æs facticium, or retain the word as technical term.

PINCH-FIST,

PINCH-PENNY, tenax ; pertinax.

PIN-CUSHION, * pulvillus acubus servandis.

PINE, s., pinus : of pine, pineus.

PINE, v., confici (mærore) ; tabescere (desiderio, dolore, curis). κυρικιμασαηικο

PINE AFTER, cupide appetere ; rei cupiditate teneri ; desiderio alicujus tabescere (with reference to an absent person).

PINE-APPLE, * nux pinea.

PINION, s., pinnæ (plural).

PINION, v., religare or revincire manus post tergum or post terga : also, general term, vincire, coercere ; vinculis colligare.

PINK, s., (a flower), * dianthus (Linnæus) ; * flos diantha : a bed of pinks, * areola dianthis consita.

PINK, adjective, (in color), ex rubro palleus ; helvŏlus (Columella), helvus (Varro).  PIN-MAKER, acuarius (needle-maker,   inscriptions. ap. Fabrett., p. 308).

PINNACE, gaulus (Gellius) ; lembus.

PINNACLE, pinna (Cæsar). || Figuratively, summit, vid.

PINNOCK (a bird), * parus (Linnæus).  PINT, * perhaps sextarius : half pint, hemina. The measures do not exactly correspond. Sometimes, for distinctness, the word must be retained.

PIONEER, munitor (Cæsar, Livius) ; cunicularius (miner, Cæsar).

PIOUS, pius (one who maintains respect and love to God, his country, parents, and all who are near to him ; where the sense is not evident from the context, erga Deum, erga patriam, etc., must be added) : sanctus (pleasing or acceptable to God). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) sanctus piusque ; religiosus (religious, conscientious). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) religiosus sanctusque ; sanctus et religiosus ; diligens religionum cultor (who zealously complies with religious observances) : castus (pure) : integer (blameless in his course of life ; Cf., integer vitæ is poetical) ; (The words are found in this connection and order. ) integer castusque : to be pious, pie Deum (or Deos) colere : to be very pious, Deum (or Deos) summa religione colere ; omnia quæ ad cultum Dei (or Deorum) pertinent diligenter tractate.

PIOUSLY, pie : sancte : caste : pure.

PIP, s., || (In fruit), nucleus ; semen. || A disease in fowls, pituita (Columella).

PIP, v., pipire : pipilare.

PIPE, s., || Hollow body, tube, fistula : pipes of an organ, * fistularum compages, structura : tobacco pipe, * fumisugium ; * tubulus. || A musical instrument, tibia (clarionet) : fistula (syrinx, or Pan’s pipes) : arundo (cane) : calamus (reed) : cicuta (hemlock ; all poetical for pipe). || A kind of large wine-cask, * dolium majoris modi quod vocant Pipe.

PIPE, v., tibia, fistula canere ; fistulam inflare (to blow a pipe) : more usually canere or cantare tibiis, plural.

PIPE-CLAY, figlina creta (Varro) : figularis creta (Columella). So Dict. Antiquities, p. 439, a ; Georges and Kraft give from Pliny terra Samina : * argilla apyra.

PIPER, fistulator (on Pan’s or shepherd’s pipes) : tibicen (flute-player).

PIQUANT, acer, acutus (properly) ; acutus, salsus (properly or figuratively).

PIQUANTLY, acute, salse.

PIQUE, s., odium occultum or inclusum (general term, concealed hatred) : simultas obscura (secret quarrel, especially political).

PIQUE, v., Vid. OFFEND, IRRITATE.

PIQUE ONE’S SELF, gloriari re, in or de re, cirea rem.

PIRACY, * piratica ; latrocinium maris. || Figuratively, * furtum literatum.

PIRATE, s., pirata, -æ, masculine ; prædo maritimus : a captain of pirates, archipirata : pirate vessels, prædatoriæ naves ; prædatoria classis (Livius).

PIRATE, v., piraticam facere ; mare infestum, habere.

PIRATICAL, piraticus.

PISTACHIO, pistacia (tree, Pallad. ) ; pistacium or pistaceum (nut, Pallad., Plinius).

PISTIL (in botany), * pistellum (technical term).

PISTOL, * sclopetus minoris modi (Dan. Cf., not sclopetus manuarius) ; sclopetus minor (Nolten. ) : pistol-shot, ictus sclopeti minoris modi : pistol-case, * theca sclopetaria.

PISTOLE, * aureus Hispanus ; (as Louis d’Or, Ludovicus aureus).

PIT, s., fovea (general term) : scrobs (opened for a short time, to be filled up again) : cavea (in a theatre ; Cf., in ancient theatres this denoted the whole of the space allotted to the spectators) : to dig a pit, facere foveam (fossam) ; fodere scrobem : to dig a pit for anybody (figuratively), insidias alicui parare, or struere, or ponere ; perniciem alicui moliri ; aliquem decipere fovea (Plautus, Pœn., 1, 1, 59) : to fall into a pit, in foveam delabi, decĭdere (properly) ; in foveam incĭdere (properly and figuratively ; vid. Cicero, Phil., 4, 5, 12) ; in insidias incĭdere (figuratively) : he that digs a pit for another falls into it himself, qui alteri exitium parat, eum scire oportet sibi paratam pestem (Poeta ap. Cicero, Tusc., 2, 17, 39) ; compedes quas ipse fecit, ipse gestabit faber (Auson., Idyll. 7, in fine epistolary dedications).

PIT, v., || To dig a pit, facere foveam, scrobem. || To store in a pit (e. g., to pit potatoes), in terram infodere ; * in scrobem or scrobiculum infodere. || To mark with holes ; e. g., pitted with the small-pox, * cicatricibus variolarum insignis (of the face).  PIT AGAINST, opponere (e. g., unum Eumenem adversariis suis opponent, Nepos) : committere aliquem cum aliquo (to set one combatant to fight another, Suetonius ; seldom found elsewhere).

PIT-A-PAT, palpitatio : to go pit-a-pat, palpitare.

PITCH, s., || Resin of the pine, pix, generally picis. || Degree of height, gradus : highest pitch of honor, summus honoris gradus. Cf., “To this pitch, ” or ” to such a pitch of”. . . is mostly translated by adverbs huc, eo, etc., with genitive. To this pitch of arrogance, huc arrogantiæ (venire) : he advanced to such a pitch of insolence, eo insolentiæ processit : you seem to be aware to what a pitch of madness you have arrived, scire videmini, quo amentiæ progressi sitis. || In music, sonus : a high pitch, sonus acutus : a low pitch, sonus gravis.

PITCH, v., || To cover with pitch, picare ; impicare (Columella, 12, 29) : liquida pice linire (Columella, 6, 17, 6). || To fasten with pitch, pice astringere (Horatius, Od., 3, 8, 10). || To fix, settle, ponere ; statuere ; collocare : to pitch a camp, castra ponere, locare, collocare, constituere ; tendere : a pitched battle, pugna ; acies ; prœlium. || In music, sonare : to pitch high, acute sonare : low, graviter sonare : a pitching of the voice, conformatio vocis (Cicero).

PITCHER, urceus.

PITCHFORK, furca, -æ, feminine.

PITCHY (dark), tenebrosus ; obscurus : caliginosus.

PITEOUS, Vid.

PITIFUL.

PITH, medulla (properly and figuratively).

PITHY, medullosus (full of pith) : medullæ similis (like pith).

PITIABLE, miser : misellus : miserandus : miserabilis : dolendus (of things) : In a pitiable manner. Vid.

PITIABLY.

PITIABLY, misere : miserandum in modum.

PITIFUL, || Compassionate, misericors, toward anybody, in aliquem (general term) : ad misericordiam propensus (given or inclined to pitiful) : very pitiful, misericordia singulari (vir) : to show one’s self pitiful toward anybody, misericordem esse or misericordia uti in aliquem ; misericordem se præbere in aliquem. || Wretched, mean, malus : miser. A pitiful fellow, homo malus, nequam, imprŏbus ac nefarius.

PITIFULLY, misericordi animo (Cf., misericorditer is quite unclassical) ; cum misericordia, cum miseratione : misericordia ductus, captus, permotus (from pity).  PITILESS, immisericors ; durus ; cui ferreum est pectus (Quintilianus).

PITILESSLY, immisericorditer (Terentianus).

PITY, s., || Compassion, misericordia (the feeling of compassion) : miseratio, commiseratio (manifestation of compassion) [vid. COMPASSION]. || A thing to be lamented, res dolenda, etc. It is a pity that, etc., dolendum est, quod, etc. : incommode accidit, ut, etc. : it is a pity that he is dead, * mors ejus dolenda est : it is a pity that he lost the money, * dolenda est jactura pecuniæ : it is a thousand pities, maxime miserandum or dolendum est, quod, etc. : * numquam satis lugere or dolere possumus (e. g., jacturam, quam fecimus in aliquo or aliqua re).

PITY, v., misereri, commisereri alicujus : miseret me alicujus : misericordia alicujus commotum or captum esse (to pity anybody) : misericordia aliquem or aliquid prosequi : misericordiam alicui impertire : miserari, commiserari aliquid (to pity and show the pity at the same time ; vid. Bremi, Nep., Ages., 5, 2) : to pity anybody’s fate, misfortune, alicujus fortunam commiserari ; casum alicujus miserari.

PIVOT, cardo masculus.

PIX, * sacra pyxis (technical term).

PLACABILITY, placabilitas : ingenium placabile : animus placabilis : animus ad deponendam offensionem mollis.

PLACABLE, placabilis. To show himself placable, placabilem inimicis se præbere, se præstare.

PLACARD, s., libellus.

PLACARD, v., * libellos affigere, proponere.

PLACE, s., || Situation, locus, (plural) loca ; sedes (properly) ; locus (figuratively) : in place of, loco or in locum, with a genitive (in the room of) ; vice or in vicem, with a genitive (denoting exchange or substitution) ; pro, with an ablative (i. e., for, instead of, denoting relation) ; e. g., salis vice nitro uti ; in vicem legionum equites mittere ; in locum ejus invitatus sum ; nummos adulterinos pro bonis solvere : if I were in your place, si tuo loco essem ; si ego essem qui tu es : put yourself in my place, fac, quæso, qui ego sum, esse te ; eum te esse, finge qui sum ego. To be in the place of anybody, vice alicujus fungi ; alicujus vices obire ; alicujus vicarium esse (Cf., not repræsentare aliquem). || Office, locus ; munus ; provincia : first plural, principatus. || Residence, sedes ; domicilium. || Passage in a writing, locus ; (plural) loci.

PLACE, v., rem in loco statuere, constituere, ponere ; locare, collocare : to place in order, componere ; ordine dispensare et disponere ; digerere ; apte collocare ; distincte et ordinate disponere : to place a press or cupboard in the wall, armarium parietibus inserere : to place anything (e. g., an image) on a shield, aliquid includere in clipeo : to place (doors, windows, etc. ) properly in a house, apte disponere : to place money, pecuniam collocare : to place out well, bene locare : to place = sell his goods, merces omnes vendere. Vid. also, PUT.

PLACID, placidus ; tranquillus ; sedatus.

PLACIDITY, animus tranquillus.

PLACIDLY, placide ; tranquille ; sedate.

PLAGIARISM, furtum (Vitruvius, 7, præf) ; * plagium literatum (Wyttenback) : to be guilty of plagiarism, auctorem ad verba transcribere neque nominare ; or alicujus scripta furantem pro suis prædicare.

PLAGIARIST, fur (Cf., plagiarius is one who buys, kidnaps, et., persons for the purpose of selling them as slaves : in the sense of ” plagiary ” it occurs only Mart., 1, 53, 9, and that in a passage where he compares his writings with emancipated slaves) ; qui aliorum scrinia compilat (after Horatius) ; qui auctorem ad verbum transcribit neque nominat.

PLAGIARIZE, furari aliquid ab aliquo (Cicero, Att., 2, 1, 1). Vid., also, “to be guilty of, ” in PLAGIARISM.

PLAGUE, s., || A pestilence, pestilentia (Cf., not pestis) [vid.

PESTILENCE]. || An evil, trouble, malum ; incommodum. || Annoyance, molestia ; onus : to be a plague to anybody, alicui esse molestiæ (Plautus), oneri (Livius) ; onerare aliquem (Cicero).

PLAGUE, v., molestiam alicui afferre ; molestia aliquem afficere ; vexare ; alicui aliqua re molestum or gravem esse : to plague one’s self, se magnis in laboribus exercere.

PLAICE, * pleuronectes platessa (Linnæus).  PLAIN, adjective, || Clear, manifest, clarus (clear, to the sight and to the hearing ; distinct ; figuratively, intelligible) : manifestus, perspicuus, evidens (apparent, to the eyes or to the mind) : planus (not confused, clear) : lucidus, dilucidus, illustris (luminous) : explicatus (not intricate) : expressus (accurately expressed) : distinctus (well-arranged, methodical) : a very plain handwriting, literæ compositissimæ atque clarissimæ (Cicero, Att., 6, 9, 1) : a plain style, sermo dilucidus or distinctus : a plain pronunciation, os planum or explanatum (opposed to os confusum) : a plain speech, oratio plana et evidens ; oratio dilucida or illustris : a plain image, expressa effigies or imago : a plain description, dilucida et significans descriptio : plain traces of the crime exist, exstant expressa sceleris vestigia : it is plain, constat ; apparet ; elucet ; liquet (Cf., constat refers to a truth made out and fixed ; opposed to a wavering fancy or rumor, whereas apparet, elucet, and liquet, denote what is clear and evident ; apparet, under the idea of something stepping out of the background into sight ; elucet, under that of a light shining out of darkness ; liquet, under that of frozen water melted ; Döderlein). || Unadorned, simplex ; nudus ; inornatus. || Mere, bare, merus ; nudus. || Level, æquus
; planus. || Honest, candidus ; apertus ; sincerus.

PLAIN, s., planities ; æquus et planus locus (level ground) : campus (with or without planus or apertus ; opposed to a chain of mountains) : æquor (any extended surface, frequent in the poets, but found also, in Cicero ; e. g., De Div., 1, 42, init. ): æquata planities, exæquatio (a place made level ; Cf., not planum in the foregoing sense ; it is = a plane in geometry : camporum æquor can be applied only to a very large plain, and is somewhat poetical) : that dwells, grows, etc., in a plain, campester : the Egyptians and Babylonians inhabited extensive plains, Ægyptii et Babylonii in camporum patentium æquoribus habitabant (Cicero, loc. cit. ).

PLAINLY, || Clearly, clare : perspicue : evidenter : plane : lucide : dilucide : enodate : enucleate : expresse : to speak plainly, perspicue dicere : plane et aperte dicere : plane et dilucide loqui : distincte dicere (plainly and intelligibly) ; plane et articulate eloqui (so that every syllable is heard ; Gellius, 5, 9) : to say a thing plainly and clearly, articulatim distincteque dicere aliquid (opposed to fuse disputare aliquid et libere, Cicero, Legg., 1, 13, 36) : to write plainly, plane, aperte, perspicue scribere : distincte ac distribute scribere (with distinctness and proper order or arrangement ; with reference to the sense) : literate perscribere (with regard to the letters ; vid. Cicero, Pis., 25, extr. ) : to write plainly to anybody, enucleate perscribere ad aliquem : to pronounce plainly, exprimere et explanare verba (Plinius, Paneg., 64, 3) : Cf., evidenter is used by Livy, and therefore correct ; but there is no authority for evidenter videre ; it should be plane, aperte, penitus, perspicue videre (Krebs) : || Obviously, undoubtedly, sine dubio (Cicero) ; procul dubio (Livius) ; haud dubie (not sine ullo dubio) : sine ulla dubitatione (without any hesitation) : certe (certainly). This reading is plainly the right one, hæc lectio haud dubie or sine dubio vera est : this reading is plainly preferable, hæc lectio sine ulla dubitatione præferenda est. Often by circumlocution with manifestum est. He is plainly a fool, manifestum est, eum esse stultum.

PLAINNESS, || Clearness, perspicuitas (to the sight or mind) : evidentia, lux (to the mind ; Cf., In Tacitus, Dial., 23, 6, plenitas [not planitas] sententiarum is the correct reading ; vid. Ruperti in loc. ) : plainness and agreeableness of voice, splendor vocis (Cf., but splendor verborum is = beauty of expression ; vid. Cicero, Brut., 49, 164, and Plinius, Ep., 7, 9, 2) : plainness and correctness of style, elegantia (Cicero, De Or., 3, 10, 39). || Simplicity, want of ornament, by the adjective, simplex, etc. || Frankness, honesty, simplicitas ; or by the adjectives.

PLAINT, Vid. COMPLAINT.

PLAINTIVE, queribundus ; gemibundus : lamentabilis.

PLAINTIVELY, voce lamentabili, flebili, miserabili ; flebiliter.

PLAIT, s., sinus : ruga (ruga, properly a plait, pucker, rumple, projecting when the garment has been folded ; sinus, a crease).

PLAIT, v., texere (as a weaver, to put together artificially) : nectere (to entwine together ; Cf., plectere occurs only in the participleplexus, in the sense of plaited ; and that in the poets) : to plait garlands of flowers, serta e floribus facere : to plait ivy in the hair, hedera religare crines (poetical) : to plait the hair, comam in gradus formare or frangere ; comere caput in gradus : (Cf., not capillos colligere in nodum, which = to draw the hair together into a knot) : to plait a garment, plicare ; sinuare.

PLAN, s., || Design (of a building), species : forma : imago : designatio : descriptio : deformatio (general terms) : operis futuri figura (Vitruvius, 1, 2, in definition of orthographia, elevation) : ground-plan, ichnographia : to sketch or draw a plan, operis speciem deformare ; formam or imaginem operis delineare : to build according to a plan, perficere opus ad propositum deformationis : he exhibited various plans of baths drawn on parchment, ostendebat depictas in membranulis varias species balnearum. || (In the mind), consilium, consilium institutum (as a result of deliberation) : cogitatio (a thought) : propositum (a purpose) : inceptum (a beginning) : ratio (implying a calculation of the mode of proceeding and the results) : descriptio (a sketch, in which each particular is put in its proper place) : ordo (the order in which everything is to be done) : the plan of an operation, rei agendæ ordo : the plan of a campaign or war, totius belli ratio : a settled plan, ratio stabilis ac firma : without plan, nullo consilio ; nulla ratione : to lay down a plan, instituere, or describere, rationem alicujus rei : to do anything according to a plan, aliquid ad rationem dirigere ; modo ac ratione aliquid facere : to form a plan, consilium capere, or inire, aliquid faciendi, or with the infinitive, or ut (to design) ; in animum inducere, or consrituere, with an infinitive, or ut (to make up one’s mind, intend) ; consilium capere or inire de re : to pursue a plan, rationem alicujus rei insistere : to give up or desist from a plan, rationem omittere.

PLAN, v., To make or form a plan, properly and figuratively ; vid. the substantive.

PLANE, s., || A level surface, plana superficies. || A joiner’s tool, runci̅na.

PLANE, v., runcinare (Varro, L. L., Arnob. ) ; deruncinare (Plautus, figuratively) ; * runcina levigare.

PLANET, stella errans ; sidus errans, in the plural also, stellæ quæ errantes et quasi vagæ nominantur ; astra non re, sed vocabulo, errantes : the (five) planets, (quinque) stellæ eosdem cursus constantissime servantes : Cf., planeta (planetes) is not found in good prose) : the orbit of a planet, circulus et orbis stellæ errantis.

PLANETARY, adjective, must be expressed by the genitive ; e. g., the planetary system, * stellarum errantium ordo.

PLANK, s., assis or axis ; tabula : to cut a tree into planks, arborem in laminas secare : oak planks, asses roboreæ : to lay planks, coassare or coaxare : to floor with planks, assibus consternere, contabulare : a floor of planks, coassatio or coaxatio.

PLANK, v., contabulare (Cæsar, Livius) ; coassare or coaxare.   PLANT, s., planta ; by circumlocution quod ita ortum est e terra, ut stirpibus suis nitatur (Cicero, Tusc., 5, 13, 37) : to set a plant, plantam ponere : to take up a plant, eximere plantam ; explantare aliquid : to remove a plant, plantam transferre.

PLANT, v., || Properly, plantis serere ; serere (where the context determines the sense) : ponere ; deponere (Cf., plantare, for serere, is not classical) : to plant a place, conserere ; obserere ; (with oaks) locum quercu arbustare. || Figuratively, figere ; collocare : to plant a standard, signum proponere : infigere ; vexillum proponere : to plant cannon, * tormenta disponere ; upon the walls, in muris or per muros. || To settle (a colony), coloniam in aliquo loco constituere, collocare : to plant colonies, colonias condere.

PLANTAIN, plantago, -inis, feminine (Plinius).

PLANTATION, s., || The act of planting, satio (Cf., not plantatio) ; or by the verb. || A place planted, seminarium (a young plantation) : locus consitus (opposed to locus incultus).

PLANTER, sator ; qui serit (Cf., not plantator, or qui plantat) : plantors of a colony, coloni (the colonists) : qui coloniam constituerunt or collocant in aliquo loco ; or (with reference to the state) qui coloniam emittunt or mittunt aliquo.

PLASH, v., luto aspergere (after Horatius, imbre lutoque aspersus).

PLASTER, s., || Mixture of lime, mortarium : materia ex calce et arena (mortar, Vitruvius) : arenatum (consisting of one part lime and two parts sand) : gypsum (sulphate of lime ; used also, as a stucco) : tectorium, with or without opus (plaster-work) : opus albarium (ornamental stucco-work). To lay on, to coat with plaster [vid. to PLASTER, v. ]. || Medical application, emplastrum. To lay a plaster on, emplastrum imponere (Celsus).

PLASTER, v., || (In building), trullissare (technical term) : inducere aliquid alicui rei or super aliquid : illinere aliquid alicui rei : circumlinere aliquid aliqua re : contegere or integere aliquid aliqua re. [SYN. in COAT, v. ] To plaster walls with mud, parietibus, etc., lutum inducere (Vitruvius). || To put on a (medical) plaster, emplastrum imponere (Celsus) ; * emplastro tegere aliquid.

PLASTER OF PARIS, gypsum : made of plaster of Paris, e gypso factus or expressus (Cf., gypseus is late) : to cover with plaster of Paris, gypsare : a mould in plaster of Paris, forma gypsi (Plinius, 35, 12, 45) : to take a cast of a face in plaster of Paris, hominis imaginem gypso e facie ipsa exprimere (ibid. ) : a cast or figure in plaster of Paris, * imago e gypso expressa (as an image) : * exemplar e gypso expressum (as a mould) : work in plaster of Paris, * opus e gypso factum : one who works in plaster of Paris, plastes (general term, a modeller) : gypsoplastes (late).

PLASTRON (in fencing), pectorale ; lori̅ca.

PLAT, s., (of ground), area : (tabula, Pallad. )  PLAT, v. Vid.

PLAIT.

PLATFORM, || A raised floor, suggestus, -us. || A plan ; vid.

PLAN.

PLATE, s., || A flat, broad piece of metal, lamina ; bractea (very thin) : a copper-plate, * lamina ænea : copper-plate (i. e., the
impression), * pictura linearis per laminas æneas expressa (Ern. ) ; * imago ære excusa (Wyttenbach) ; * imago æneæ laminæ ope descripta, expressa (Kraft). || A platter, catillus or catillum. || Wrought gold or silver, vasa argentea, aurea ; or simply argentum, aurum ; supellex argentea, aurea : chased plate, argentum cælatum : in castris Pompeii videre licuit magnum argenti pondus (a great quanty of plate, Cæsar, B. C., 3, 96).

PLATE, v., * argento obducere ; * inducere rei argentum, aurum or bracteas auri, argenti : plated, bracteatus (Seneca).

PLATINA, * platĭna (technical term).

PLATOON, * armatorum, militum, globus, caterva : platoon firing, * actus sclopetorum catervatim editi.

PLAUDIT, acclamatio (in the historians ; in Cicero, it denotes a shout of disapprobation) ; clamores (plural) ; plausus clamoresque : to receive anything with plaudits, plausu et clamore prosequi aliquid ; (magno) clamore approbare aliquid : to receive anybody with plaudits, clamore et vocibus alicui astrepare.

PLAUSIBILITY, || Probability, vid. || Spaciousness, species ; color.

PLAUSIBLE, || Probable, vid. || Specious, speciosus (making a fair show) : simulatus, fictus (pretended) : fucatus, fucosus, coloratus (fair and delusive).

PLAUSIBLY, in speciem : per speciem : simulatione : specie : simulate, ficte (falsely).

PLAY, s., || Sport, ludus (for recreation) : lusus (as idle pastime) : lusio (Cf., ludus does not occur in Cicero, and it is found in Horace only in one doubtful passage ; Cicero always says lusio) : ludicrum (anything by which one amuses others) : mere play, i. e., that can be done without pains, ludus. || Gaming, or any particular kind of game, alea ; lusus aleæ : to be fond of play, aleæ indulgere (Suetonius) : to be fortunate at play, prospera alea uti (Suetonius) : to lose at play, in alea perdere aliquid (Cicero, Phil., 2, 13) : to devote time to play, tempus tribuere aleæ (Cicero) : to cheat at play, fraude decipere collusores ; fallere iu ludendo. || Free space or scope, campus (space) : motus (movement) : the play of one’s hands, manuum motus, gestus : actio : free play (of a body in motion), liber motus (e. g., perpendiculi). || A theatrical piece, fabula, fabella (Quintilianus, 5, 10, 9, more fully, fabula ad actum scenarum composita). Fabulæ were divided into palliatæ, the subjects of which were from Grecian life, and togatæ, the subjects of which were from Roman life. As subdivisions of the togatæ, we find (a) the prætextatæ, in which Roman generals and princes were represented, and which concerned matters of state : (b) the tabernariæ, with subjects taken from the private life of the citizens, mechanics, shop-keepers, etc. : (c) the Atellanæ, a kind of farces or facetious plays, with interludes (called exodia ; vid. Livius, 7, 2). (d) the planipedes, called, also, mimi, in which low comical characters and manners were represented by declamation and gestures ; vid. Heindorf, Hor., Sat., 1, 2, 2) ; comœdia, tragœdia (Greek plays ; in comœdia the subject was from private life, in tragœdia from heroic htstory ; cf. Diom. 3, 486, sq., ed.

Putsch. ) : to bring out a play, fabulam docere (of the poet ; i. e., to give it to the actors to study ; or = to cause the author to study or compose ; said of the party at whose order and command it was done, Suetonius, Claud., 11) ; fabulam discere (of an actor ; vid. Ruhnken, Ter., Heaut., prol., 10) : to bring a play upon the stage, fabulam dare (of the poet) : fabulam edere (of him at whose order and command it was done ; as, with us, by the manager of a theatre) : fabulam agere (of the actors) : fabulam saltare (of the ballet-dancers) : * fabulam canatre (of the performers at the opera).

PLAY, v., || To sport, frolic, ludere ; ludendo tempus terere : to play, i. e., to trifle, with anything, nihil facere, contemnere, susque deque habere (e. g., jusjurandum, virtutem). || To perform a game, ludere ; ludum ludere ; e. g., prœlia latronum ludere, ducatus or imperia ludere : to play a game of chance, aleam ludere (Suetonius), exercere (Tacitus) : to play for money, pecunia posita ludere : to play low or high, parvo, magno ludere ; multam pecuniam dare in aleam (high) : whose turn is it to play? quis provocat? (so likewise, in hunc colorem provoco ; hunc colorem pono, Bau. ) || To play a trick, fraudem, ludum ludere ; fabricam fingere (Terentianus) ; fraudem moliri (Phædrus) ; excogitare (Plinius) : to play one a trick, ludum facere alicui (Terentianus) ; ludere, ludificari aliquem (Cicero) : to play a safe game at another person’s risk, ludere de alieno corio (Appuleius, Met., 7, p. 193, 7). || To perform on an instrument of music, canere, cantare (Cf., not ludere) ; e. g., on the flute, violin, tibiis, fidibus : to play well, scite canere ; (tibiis, fidibus, cithara) perite uti. || To act a theatrical part, partes agere ; personam sustinere or tueri (Cf., not personam agere ; for persona signifies, properly, “the mask”) : figuratively, to play the part of anybody (i. e., to personate his character), agere aliquem, or alicujus partes ; alicujus personam tueri (Cf.,   not alicujus personam agere) ; simulare aliquem, or with an accusative and infinitive (to pretend to be ; Cf., in this sense ludere aliquem is not classical ; exhibere aliquem is not Latin). To play the fool, simulationem stultitiæ agere (Livy, ; in pretence) : stulte agere (really).

PLAYER, || On a musical instrument, canens ; fidicen (on a stringed instrument) : citharista, citharœdus (on the cithara ; the latter only when the player accompanies himself) : lyristes (an the lyra) : cornicen (on the horn) : tibicen (on the flute) : tubicen (on the trumpet) : to be a good player (on a stringed instrument), fidibus scite canere. || On the stage, artifex scenicus (general term) : histrio (general term) : actor scenicus (the actor who accompanied with gestures the canticum or monologue recited by the comœdus or tragœdus) : ludius or ludio (an actor who joined in the dancing : Cf., comœdus denotes the reciter of the monologue in comedy ; tragœdus the same in tragedy). Vid., also, ACTOR.

PLAY-FELLOW, cum aliquo lusor : collusor (general term, both with reference to boys and to partners at games of hazard).

Play-fellows, ludentes ; lusores ; collusores.

PLAYFUL,

PLAYSOME, lascivus (from exuberant spirits, etc) : lascivibundus (Plautus) : lasciviens : ludicer, -cra, -crum (serving the purpose of sport, amusement, etc. ; e. g., exercitatio ; of things) : jocosus (what is full of jokes, causes jokes, mirth, etc. ; of persons or things) : jocularis : jocularius (belonging to the class of things that are found entertaining, laughable, etc. ; of things) : ludibundus (acting in a playful manner ; Plautus , Liv., 24, 16 ; of persons).

PLAY-GROUND, locus aliquo pueri ludendi causa, veniunt (vid. Cicero, Cœl., 15, 36) ; * locus ludendi, or ad ludendum destinatus ; gymnasium (from gymnastic exercises).

PLAY-HOUSE, theatrum (theatre) : lusorium (Lactantius ; a place for sports or exercise) : aleatorium (Sidon. ; a gambling-house).

PLAYTHINGS, crepundia, plural, (Terentianus) ; puerilia crepundia (Valerius Max. ) : oblectamenta puerorum (children’s amusements, Parad., 5, 2). κυρικιμασαηικο

PLEA, || Act or form of pleading in a court of law, causæ dictio. || Allegation, excuse, causa ; excusatio. Vid. also, PRETEXT.

PLEAD, || Properly, causas agere, actitare ; causas dicere in foro ; versari in foro ; in judiciis causas versare (Cicero, Or., 9, 31) ; causas tractare atque agere. To plead a cause, causam agere (of the whole management of it ; hence apud quos [judices] causa agebatur ; Cicero, De Or., 2, 48, extr. ) : causam dicere (to plead one’s own cause as defendant, or another’s as an orator) : causam orare, perorare (the latter with reference to pleading it thoroughly, at great length, etc., and often with reference to the concluding appeal : dicta est a me causa et perorata, Cicero) : causam defendere (as advocate for defendant). To plead anybody’s cause, orare or dicere pro aliquo ; defendere aliquem : to plead one’s own cause, ipsum pro se dicere. || Figuratively, To allege, rationem, causam afferre ; (as an excuse), excusare aliquid.

PLEADER, causarum actor ; causidicus ; patronus causæ.

PLEASANT,

PLEASING, gratus : acceptus : jucundus : suavis, dulcis, mollis : carus : urbanus : lepidus, facetus, festivus : amœnus, lætus (e. g., tempestas læta). SYN. in AGREEABLE.

PLEASANTLY, jucunde ; suaviter ; amœne ; venuste ; festive. SYN. in AGREEABLY.

PLEASANTNESS, jucunditas : gratia : venustas : suavitas : dulcedo. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) dulcedo atque suavitas : amœnitas : festivitas : lepos. SYN. in AGREEABLENESS.

PLEASE, placere (general term) ; delectat me aliquid, delector aliqua re (I am delighted with) : gratum, jucundum est mihi aliquid (it is agreeable, according to my wishes) : probatur mihi aliquid (it meets my approbation) : arridet mihi aliquid ; amo, laudo aliquid (I am well content with). To please greatly, perplacere (Cicero ; Cf., avoid præplacere, often used by modern writers, but not Latin) : not to please, displicere ; improbari : non probari : if it please you, si tibi placet, libet, libitum est, videtur, commodum est ; nisi molestum est ; quod commodo tuo
fiat (Cicero) ; si volupe tibi est (Plautus) : when you please, quando visum fuerit ; ubi volueris ; ubi magis probaveris (after Cicero) : to endeavor to please anybody, laborare alicui probari (Plinius, Ep. ) ; gratiam alicujus captare (Cicero) : to seek to please everybody, se venditare omnibus (after Cicero, Sull., 11, 32) : to be pleased with, contentum esse, acquiescere aliqua re ; ferre aliquid.

PLEASURE, || Gratification, delight, delectatio, oblectatio (in active or passive sense) : delectamentum, oblectamentum (a pleasing object, source of pleasure) : deliciæ, plural (that which delights the mind or senses by agreeable excitement) : voluptas (enjoyment, delight, of mind or body, in good or bad sense) :

Pleasures of sense, voluptates (corporis, Cicero) ; voluptates corporales (Seneca ; Cf., not corporeæ = having a body) : your letter gave me great pleasure, ex episto la voluptatem cepi, accepi ; gratæ, jucundæ mihi literæ fuerunt : with pleasure, cum voluptate, libenter : to give one’s self up to pleasure, indulgere voluptati ; se dedere voluptatibus ; se dare jucunditati voluptates captare. || Liking, what the will dictates, libido (desire) : arbitrium (will, inclination). To find pleasure in anything, libidinem habere in re (Sallustius, Cat., 7, 4) ; gaudere aliqua re (to delight in anything ; vid. Horatius, A.

P., 162 sq. ) : delectari aliqua re, voluptatem or oblectationem capere ex re (to delight in, to enjoy anything) : amare aliquid (to love) : adamare aliquid (to conceive an affection for) : to take no pleasure in anything, rem nolle, improbare ; a re abhorrere : to do a pleasure to anyone, gratificari, morem gerere alicui (to comply with, to gratify) : obsequi alicui or alicujus voluntati (to fall in with anybody’s will from inclination) : to do anything for anybody’s pleasure, alicui aliquid gratificari ; dare, tribuere alicui (alicui rei) aliquid (see Cortte, Cicero, Ep., 4, 5, 16 ; Herzog, Cæs., B. G., 6, 1) ; and so “for anybody’s pleasure” is frequently rendered in Latin by a simple dative ; e. g., I do this for his pleasure, ei hoc do, tribuo : for his pleasure, ejus gratia (Cf., in ejus gratiam is not classical) : at one’s pleasure, suo commodo (at one’s convenience) : ad libidinem, ex libidine (according to one’s humor or will) : arbitrio suo, ad arbitrium suum (as one likes ; Cf., ad placitum, ad bene placitum, ad voluntatem, are not Latin) : at my pleasure, ad arbitrium nostrum libidinemque : to live at one’s pleasure, sibi indulgere (to indulge one’s self). || Anything done agreeably te one’s will, officium (service) : beneficium (benefit). To do a pleasure to anybody, gratum alicui facere ; (more strongly) gratissimum, pergratum, percommode alicui facere ; optatissimum alicui beneficium offerre (unasked, Cæsar, B. G., 6, 42, extr. ) : you have done me a very great pleasure in that, gratissimum illud mihi fecisti : you cannot do me a greater pleasure, nihil est quod gratius mihi facere possis ; hoc mihi gratius nihil facere potes : if you will do me a pleasure, si me amas (as a form of entreaty, in common life ; vid. Heindorf, Hor., Sat., 1, 9, 38) : it will be a pleasure to me, hoc mihi gratum erit.

PLEBEIAN, adjective, homo vulgaris ; unus e or de multis (one of the multitude) : homo de plebe ; plebejus (a citizen) : homo infimo or sordido loco natus ; homo sordidus ; homo obscurus (of low birth) : homo rudis (an uneducated person) : homo inhonestus (a dishonest, vile person). Quite a plebeian, homo ultimæ sortis (with respect to extraction) : homo inhonestissimus (relative to character) : the plebeians, plebs (the common people, in opposition to partly to populus, partly to patricii, nobiles ; also, the lower class of the people, in a depreciatory sense) : vulgus (as distinguished by ignorance, credulity, etc., from the better class of the people, and so implying a reflection on personal or individual character or qualifications) : multitudo (the multitude in general).

PLEDGE, s., pignus, -oris, neuter (properly and figuratively) : hypotheca (especially of immovables ; pignus, of movables) : fiducia (something of which the creditor takes actual possession, but under a promise to restore it on payment of the debt) : arrhabo, arrha (earnest). To give a pledge, pignus dare : to take a pledge, pignus capere, auferre : to redeem a pledge, liberare pignus a creditore ; reddere pecuniam, or pignus accipere : a pledge of love or esteem, pignus amoris, voluntatis, benevolentiæ.

PLEDGE, v., pignori dare, obligare, or opponere ; pignerare ; oppignerare. To pledge one thing for another, aliquid pro aliqua re oppignerare : to pledge one’s self, se pignori opponere (properly) ; se oppignerare (properly or figuratively) ; animum pignerare (figuratively). To pledge one’s self, fidem obligare in aliquid (to pledge his word) : spondere aliquid (to promise in due form, and with obligation ; also, absolutely) : to pledge one’s self by an oath, sacramento se obstringere : to pledge another by oath, sponsione aliquem obstringere or obligare ; stipulatione alligare aliquem : to pledge one’s self regularly to anything (to promise in a contract), stipulari aliquid : to pledge one’s self to anything in return, restipulari aliquid.

PLENARY, plenus. Vid. also, COMPLETE.

PLENIPOTENTIARY, cui rerum agendarum licentia data or permissa est (cf., Cicero, Verr., 3, 94, 220 ; Sallustius, Jug., 103, 2) : qui mandata habet ab aliquo (a commissioner) : publica auctoritate missus ; legatus (an ambassador with full powers ; Cf., not ablegatus).

Plenipotentiaries come from Sicily, Siculi veniunt cum mandatis. Cf., Mandatarius, now frequently used, occurs once, as a doubtful reading, in Ulpianus, Dig., 17, 1, 10.

PLENITUDE, Vid. FULLNESS.

PLENTEOUS, Vid.

PLENTIFUL.

PLENTEOUSNESS, Vid.

PLENTY.

PLENTIFUL, abundans : affluens : copiosus (e. g., patrimonium) : uber (e. g., produce, fructus) : opimus (e. g., harvest, messis).

PLENTIFULLY, abunde : satis superque (more than enough ; denote a quality) : abundanter (in an abundant manner) : cumulate (in heaped up measure) : prolixe, effuse (in superabundance). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) prolixe effuseque ; large effuseque :

Plentifully furnished with anything, liberaliter instructus aliqua re. To reap plentifully, large condere.

PLENTY, abundantia : affluentia : ubertas [SYN. in ABUNDANCE] : copia (a sufficient quantity of what one wants fur a particular purpose ; opposed to inopia) : plenitas (fulness) : copiæ (plenty of provisions, Cæsar, B. G., 1, 30).

Plenty of everything, omnium rerum abundantia or affluentia : affluentes omnium rerum copiæ : to have plenty of anything, abundare aliqua re : redundare aliqua re (= to have too much) : suppeditare aliqua re (especially of means for a purpose ; Benecke, Cic., Cat., 2, 11, 25 : scatere aliqua re, poetical).

PLEURISY, punctio laterum (Plinius) ; pleuritis, -idis (Vitruvius). To suffer from the pleurisy, punctione laterum, laterum doloribus, affectum esse, tentari, cruciari.

PLIABLE,

PLIANT, lentus : flexibilis : flexilis : mollis (properly or figuratively) : cereus (figuratively, of the mind or temper).

PLIGHT, s., Vid. CONDITION.

PLIGHT, v., Vid.

PLEDGE.

PLINTH, plinthis (-ĭdis), plinthus (Vitruvius).

PLOT, s., || Parcel of ground, area ; ager (larger). || Conspiracy, vid.

PLOT, v., Vid. CONTRIVE, CONSPIRE.

PLOUGH, s., aratrum.

Plough-tail, buris, bura : plough-share, vomer (or vomis), -ĕris, m : share-beam of a plough, dens, dentale : pole of a plough, temo : handle of a plough, stiva (also capulus, Ovidius) : earth-boards, mould-boards of a plough, aures (plural) : the coulter of a plough, culter (Plinius).

PLOUGH, v., arare (also absolutely, as in English) : exarare (only transitively) : aratro subigere (to work with the plough) : subvertere aratro (to turn up with a plough). To plough for the first time, proscindere ; for the second time, iterare agrum (also, offringere terram) : for the third time, tertiare agrum : to plough deeply, sulcum altius imprimere : to plough slightly, sulco tenui arare : ploughed land, aratio. || Improperly, , To plough the waves, sulcare, secare, scindere (all poetical ; undas, maria, etc. ).

PLOUGH-HORSE, equus arator (after bos arator, Suetonius).

PLOUGHING, aratio (general term) ; proscissio (the breaking up of ground) : iteratio (a second ploughing) : tertiatio (a third ploughing) ; with or without arationis.

PLOUGHMAN, arator ; servus arator.

PLOVER, * scolopax arquata (Linnæus) ; * numenius arquata (Latham).

PLUCK, v., || To pull sharply, vellere : vellicare. To pluck up by the roots, radicitus vellere ; evellere, convellere : to pluck a bird ; i. e., pull its feathers out, avem vellere (e. g., pullos anserum, Columella) ; * avi pennas evellere or auferre. || Pluck out, vellere (e. g., lanam, capillos : pullos anserum, Columella ; pilos) : evellere (pluck out or up ; e. g., linguam Marco Catoni : spinas agio). To pluck out anybody’s eyes, oculos alicui eripere or eruere. || Pluck off = gather, carpere : decerpere (general terms) : legere (with selection ; fruits and flowers) : sublegere (to pluck off some ; i. e., to thin a fruit-tree) : destringere alicui
aliquid (berries and leaves) : avellere (pluck off ; e. g., poma ex arboribus, Plinius) : detrabere alicui aliquid (take away from ; fruits) : Flowers plucked, flores carpti or demessi. || To pluck up courage, animum or (of several) animos capere or colligere : to pluck up courage again, animum or se recipere : to cause anybody to pluck up courage, animum alicui facere, or afferre, or addere (of things) : to bid anybody pluck up his courage, alicujus animum verbis confirmare ; firmare, or confirmare aliquem or alicujus animum.

PLUCK, s., || The heart, liver, and lights drawn from an animal, exta, -orum, nominative plural. || Figuratively. In low language = courage, animus fortis ; virtus.

PLUG, s., obturamentum.

PLUG, v., farcire ; infercire ; vi quadam adhibita inserere, immittere aliquid.

PLUM, prunum.

Plum-tree, prunus (Columella) : the stone of a plum, os pruni (Pall. ) : plum-cake, * placenta prunis inspersa, contecta.

PLUMAGE, pennæ, plural.

PLUMB-LINE, perpendiculum (Cicero) ; perpendiculum nauticum (as used at sea). To sound with a plumb-line, * maris altitudinem explorare perpendiculo nautico ; cataprorata maris altitudinem tentare (cf. Isidorus, Orig., 19, 4, fin. ). Vid. also, PLUMMET.

PLUMBER, artifex plumbarius (Vitruvius).

PLUME, s., || Feather, penna (the larger feather), pluma (the smaller). || An ornament on the head, etc., crista pennata.

PLUME ONE’S SELF (upon a thing), re, in or de re gloriari (Cicero).

PLUMMET, perpendiculum (a mason’s plummet ; vid. Cicero, 2 Verr., 1, 51, 133 ; ad Quint., Fr., 3, 1, 1, § 2) : perpendiculum nauticum (Dan. ) : cataprorates (the lead used at sea ; Lucilius, ap. Isidor., 19, 4, § 10 ; Lindem. Cf., Catapirates is a false reading). To learn to use the plummet, perpendiculo uti discere : to try anything with the plummet, ad perpendiculum exigere aliquid : made straight by the plummet, ad perpendiculum directus.

PLUMP, corpulentus ; corpulentior et habitior (Plautus).

PLUMPNESS, corpus solidum et succi plenum (Terentianus) ; bona corporis habitudo ; babitus (-ûs), corporis optimus (Cicero).

PLUMY, * pennis ornatus, obductus (lumeus = downy ; plumosus, full of soft feathers).

PLUNDER, s., || Robbery, raptus alicujus rei ; rapina (the act of robbing ; in the sense of raptum it is poetical) : raptum (property that has been seized by robbers) : præda (game or booty) : furtum (theft ; also, stolen property) : latrocinium (street-robbery). || Booty, præda ; raptum. To live by plunder, vivere rapto.

PLUNDER, v., diripere (to lay waste, destroy, etc. Cf., In good prose only as a military term) : compilare, expilare (to take away by stealth) : spoliare, despoliare, exspoliare (general terms, to deprive of) : nudare (to strip) : depeculari (to steal, embezzle) : depopulari (to depopulate, lay waste). To plunder thoroughly, exbaurire, exinanire, nudum atque inanem reddere (to empty a house, etc. ) : evertere et extergere (i. e., to sweep and brush out, facete, Cicero, Verr., 2, 21, 52). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) nudare ac spoliare ; spoliare nudareque ; nudare et exinanire or exhaurire ; spoliare et depeculari : to plunder the treasury, ærarium expilare, depeculari ; (thoroughly) ærarium exinanire, exhaurire : to plunder a country, (also) prædam ex agris rapere or agere (agere especially of cattle).

PLUNGE, v., || TRANS., mergere in aquam aliquid (Cicero) ; intingere in aqua (Vitruvius). || INTRANS., se mergere or immergere ; mergi ; immergi (Cicero) ; mersari (to plunder repeatedly, Horatius, Ep. ).

PLUNGE, s., || Act of plunging, by the verbs (immersio, Arnobius). || Distress, angustia, difficultas.

PLUNGEON (a sea-bird), mergus.

PLUNKET, cæruleus (Cicero) ; cyaneus (Plinius) ; thalassicus (Plautus).

PLURAL, numerus pluralis (Quintilianus) ; numerus plurativus (Gellius, 1, 16, 13) ; numerus multitudinis (Gellius 19, 8, 3 ; better than pluralitas (Charis. ), or numerus plurativus). A noun plural, nomen plurale : in the plural, pluraliter. To be without a plural, not to be used in the plural, pluraliter non dici ; indigere numeri amplitudine. To be found only in the plural, singulari numero carere.

PLURALIST, * homo beneficiorum capacissimus (after Livius, 9, 16) ; * beneficiarius multiplex ; * heluo beneficiorum ; * homo multiplex, beneficiorum plenus, quem vocamus pluralist ; * multa beneficia habens ; * multis beneficiis instructus. To be a pluralist, * heluari beneficiis.

PLURALITY, by plures, multi, etc. ; e. g., in India plures mulieres singulis viris nuptæ esse solent, men have a pluraity of wives (Cicero, Tusc., 5, 27, 78).

PLUSH, * pannus villosus.

PLUVIAL,

PLUVIOUS, pluvius ; pluvialis (Columella) ; pluviosus (of much rain).

PLY, || To press, urgere. || To bend, flectere (transitively. ), flecti (intransitively).

PNEUMATIC, * pneumaticus (technical term).

POACH, || To steal, plunder, furari alicui aliquid ; furto alicui, ab aliquo, aliquid subducere ; surripere ; (of game), * furtim, claim feras intercipere. || Poached eggs, ova assa ; ova (ex butyro, ex oieo) fricta.

POACHER, * prædo ferarum ; * qui furtim, clam, feras intercipit.

POACHING, * furtiva ferarum interceptio. To live by poaching, * victitare feris furtim intercipiendis.

POCK, * variola (technical term). A pock-mark, * cicatrix variolæ : pock-marked, * cicatricibus variolarum insignis (of the face, etc. ) ; * ore cicatricibus variolarum insigni (of persons).

POCKET, pera (a leathern travelling-bag, suspended from the neck) : marsupium (a money-bag or purse for large sums of money ; for which we find, also, zona, cingulum, because fastened round the waist) : crume̅na (a bag or purse for smaller sums of money, slung round the neck, and hanging on the breast). Cf., The ancients had no pockets ; but instead of them, they made use of the folds of their garments (sinus) ; hence we must always render our word “pocket” by sinus, except when reference is made to money ; in which case we may also employ one of the words above-mentioned ; e. g., to bring home from the city a pocket-full of money, sinum æris plenum, or marsupium plenum urbe domum reportare. To put one’s hand in one’s pocket, sinum laxare or expedire (in general, in order to take anything out) : manum in crumenam demittere (to take out money) : to pocket or put a thing into one’s pocket ; properly aliquid in sinum inserere ; (figuratively, i. e., to appropriate a thing) aliquid domum suam avertere, convertere, or ferre ; or simply, aliquid avertere : to pocket an affront, contumelias perpeti : to search one’s pockets, aliquem, or alicujus vestem, excutere : out of one’s own pocket, e peculiaribus loculis suis (Suetonius, Galb., 12) : a book of a pocket size, * liber minoribus plagulis descriptus.

POCKET-BOOK, pugillares, plural, (Plinius) ; pugillaria, -um, plural, (Catullus) ; * liber portabilis, enchiridion (any small book).

POCKET-DICTIONARY, * lexicon forma minori.

POCKET-HANDKERCHIEF, sudarium (Suetonius). Cf., Muccinium and orarium belong to the Middle Ages.

POCKET-MONEY, * pecunia in sumtum peculiarem data. To give anybody pocket-money monthly, * quot mensibus alicui pecuniam præbere, his quidem verbis, ut habeat, unde sumtus peculiares tolleret.

POD, folliculus (of corn, pulse, and grapes) : valvulus (of pulse) : tunica, gluma (of corn) : vinacea, vinaceum (of grapes). To have pods, folliculis tegi.

POEM, versus (general term, verses) : carmen (a short poem, especially lyric : Ch.,   oda is not classical) : poema, -atis, neuter (a longer poem). To write or compose a poem, carmen (poema) facere, pangere, pingere, scribere (general term) ; carmen (poema) condere (to lay the plan of a poem) : carmen (poema) componere (to compose with art and care) : carmen fundere (to pour forth with ease and ability) : I can write poems, possum versus facere : a short or little poem, poematium (ποιημάτιον), or, in pure Latin, versiculi (vid.

Plinius, Ep., 4, 14, where he modestly calls his own poems, also, ineptiæ, nugæ). Cf.,   Odarium is not classical.

POET, poeta ; pure Latin, carminum auctor, scriptor, conditor (an author of verses) : vates (as an inspired bard). A poet-born, ad carmina condenda natus.

POETASTER, versificator : versificator quam poeta melior (Quintilianus) ; poeta malus (opposed to poeta bonus, Cicero). Cf., Poetaster is barbarous.

POETICAL, poeticus. A poetical genius, ingenium poeticum ; virtus poetica (poetical talent) : great poetical genius, vena dives (cf.,   Horatius, A.

P., 409) : poetical licence, licentia poetica ; libertas poetica : a poetical spirit, spiritus poeticus or divinus ; ingenium poeticum : poetical glow or warmth, afflatus divinus.

POETICALLY, poetice ; poetarum more. To use a word poetically, * poetarum more verbum dicere.

POETIZE, versus fundere or pangere.

POETRY, poetica or poetice (sc. ars) ; poesis. To attempt poetry, poeticen attingere : to have no taste for poetry, alienum esse a poetice : a piece of poetry, poema ; carmen ; cultivation of poetry, carminum studium.

POIGNANCY, acumen ; or by the adjective.

POIGNANT, mordax ; acerbus.

POINT, s., || A sharp end, aculeus ; acumen ; mucro (of a sword, etc. ) : cuspis (of on arrow or spear) : At the point of the bayonet, punctim (after Livius) : the point of an epigram, etc., aculeus. || A summit, cacumen ; culmen ; fastigium ; vertex. || A headland, promontorium. || Degree, gradus. To the last point, ut nihil supra. || Critical moment, temporis punctum or momentum. To be on the point of, in eo est ut, etc., aliquid faciam, or ut aliquid fiat (Cf., avoid in eo sum, ut, which is found first in Servius, Virg., Æn., 3, 28). Also simply by the future participle active ; e. g., I was on the point of setting out on a journey, iter facturus eram : when he was on the point of setting out, profecturus ; or sub ipsa profectione : they were on the point of coming to blows, prope erant ut manus consererent (Livius). || Particular : the chief or main point, caput, summa (alicujus rei) ; cardo alicujus rei (post-Augustan, point on which anything turns ; Vergilius, Æn., 1, 672 ; Quintilianus, 5, 12, 13, etc. ) : momentum (decisive point, ῥοπή) : the main point in a dispute, quæstio : the main point of the question is, quæritur de, with an ablative (in a philosophical question) : agitur de, with an ablative (in a philosophical or judicial question) : to touch only the main point of a thing, summatim aliquid exponere ; summas tantummodo attingere (in a narrative ; Nepos, Pelop., 1, 1). || Exact place : point of view, (properly) locus unde prospectus (to a distance) or despectus (to a lower part) est ; (figuratively) e. g., to consider a matter in a right point of view, vere or recte judicare de re ; in a wrong point of view, aliquid fallaci judicio (or fallacibus judiciis) videre. κυρικιμασαηικο POINT, v. || To give a point to, exacuere ; præacuere ; acuminare (Lactantius) ; acutum facere ; cuspidare (Plinius) : Cf., peracuere does not occur. || To direct, dirigere in locum. || To designate (usually with out or to), significare aliquid or aliquem (properly and figuratively) ; digito demonstrare aliquem conspicuumque facere (properly, to point with the finger to anyone whom one would distinguish among a larger number ; vid. Suetonius, Oct., 45, extr. ) : designare or denotare aliquem (figuratively, to allude to anyone in a speech ; vid. Cæsar, B. G., 1, 18 ; Livius, 4, 55 : Cf., indigitare and innuere in this sense are unclassical). || To indicate as a sporting dog, avem facere (after Seneca) [vid.

POINTER]. || To distinguish by points, interpunctionibus, or interpunctis, orationem distinguere ; interpungere. || To finish (a wall) by inlaying mortar, etc., (parietem) effarcire cæmentis.

POINTED, || Properly, vid. the verb. || Figuratively, i. e., piquant, pungent, aculeatus : salsus (of wit, etc. ).

POINTER (dog), canis avem faciens (after Seneca, Exc. Contr., 3, p. 397, 27, Bip. ) : * canis avicularius (Linnæus) : canis venaticus (general term).

POINTLESS, hebes ; obtusus ; retusus (properly and figuratively).

POISE, aliquid suis ponderibus librare (vid. Cicero, Tusc., 5, 24, 69).

POISON, s., venenum (any poison from animals, plants, minerals, Greek, ἰός ; by metonymy, for a poisonous potion ; and, figuratively, of anything injurious) : virus (vegetable poison, φάρμακον) : toxicum (properly, in which the points of arrows were dipped, τοξικόν ; called also, by Pliny, venenum cervarium ; poetical for any poison) : cicuta (hemlock, κώνιον, vid.

Persius, 4, 2) : pestis (figuratively, a pernicious thing).

Prepared with poison, dipped in poison, venenatus ; veneno illitus (rubbed over with poison) : veneno infectus, tinctus (dipped in poison) : poison that works or kills quickly, venenum præsens, velox, or repentinum (opposed to venenum lentum) : to mix poison, venenum parare or coquere ; for anyone, alicujus occidendi causa venenum parare ; or simply alicui venenum parare ; venenum in aliquem comparare : to take or drink poison, venenum sumere, haurire, bibere, or potare (general term) ; veneno mortem sibi consciscere (to kill one’s self with poison) : to give or administer poison, alicui dare venenum : a cup of poison, poculum or scyphus veneni (in Cicero, poculum illud mortis, pro Cluent., 11, 31 : or poculum illud mortiferum, as Tusc. 1, 31, 71) : cicuta (a drink of hemlock, κώνιον) : to drain a cup of poison, exhaurire illud mortis poculum ; cicutam sorbere : a thing is poison to anybody, aliquid venenum est alicujus.

POISON, v., alicui dare venenum (general term) ; veneno aliquem necare or occidere (to kill with poison) : veneno aliquem tollere, interimere, or intercipere (to remove, especially secretly, by poison). To attempt to poison, veneno aliquem tentare or aggredi : to be poisoned, veneno absumi, occidi, or interimi ; veneno poto mori ; (by anyone), venenum accipere ab aliquo (vid. Tacitus, Ann., 2, 96, 3).

POISONING, veneficium (asa practice and a crime) : scelus veneni (as a crime). To practise poisoning, venena facere ; hominis necandi causa venenum conficere condemned for poisoning, veneficii damnatus : to accuse anybody of poisoning, fingere crimen veneni.

POISONOUS,

Properly, venenatus (general term) ; veneno imbutus, infectus, or tinctus (dipped in poison) : veneno illitus (besmeared or covered with poison). Figuratively, acerbus (bitter). To be poisoned, acerba esse natura.

POKE, s., saccus. To buy a pig in a poke, aleam. emere. Vid. Freund, Alea.

POKE, v., petere, appetere. To poke the fire, * ignem movendo or movendis carbonibus excitare.

POKER, rutabulum (properly, an oven rake).

POLAR, by the genitive, axis, etc., or ad axem pertinens (belonging to the pole) : axi proximus or vicinus (near the pole).

Polar star, septemtrio (Plinius) ; stella polaris (technical term) : polar circle, circulus polaris (technical term).

POLARITY, * inclinatio, quæ est axes versus.

POLARIZE, * axes versus inclinare.

POLE, || Of the earth, axis ; cardo (Cf., polus and vertex are poetical). The south pole, axis meridianus : the north pole, axis septemtrionalis. || A long staff, pertica (general term) : contus (for pushing) : vectis (for lifting).

POLEMIC,

POLEMICAL, controversus ; polemicus (technical term) : pugnax et quasi bellatorius (with Plinius, Ep., 7, 797).

POLEMICS, * polemica ; * theologia controversa ; or, by circumlocution, * theologiæ ea pars, quæ se in discrepantium opinionum disceptatione jactat.

POLICE, || Internal regulation or government of a city or community, * disciplina publica (public discipline) : morum præfectura (oversight of public manners) : publicæ securitatis cura (care of public safety). A law or regulation of police, * lex ad disciplinam publicam spectans : regulations of police, * edicta ad disciplinam publicam spectantia : a matter of police, * res ad disciplinam publicam pertinens. || The civil force, * magistratus quibus (disciplina publica, or morum præfectura et publicæ securitatis cura) delata est : police officer or policeman, * disciplinæ publicæ administer : superintendent of police, * disciplinæ publicæ præpositus : secret police, homines qui sunt in speculis, et observant quemadmodum sese unusquisque gerat, quæ agat, quibuscum loquatur (after Cicero, 1 Verr., 16, 46 ; and Cæsar, B. G., 1, 20, extr. ) ; delatores (spies, informers).

POLICY, || Act of government, prudentia or ratio civilis ; disciplina reipublicæ (Cicero). || Cunning, device, prudentia : consilium ; calliditas ; ars. Crafty policy., callida consilia (plural) ; callidæ artes : to act from policy, prudenter, callide facere aliquid ; tempori inservire, concedere, aliquid dare (after Cicero).  POLISH, v., || Properly, delevigare ; expolire : perpolire ; cote despumare (marble, etc. ). Figuratively, expolire : perpolire. To polish anybody’s manners, excolere alicujus mores ; moribus ornare aliquem : to polish a work, expolire ; elimare (Quintilianus, but very rare ; exasciare only in exasciatus in Plautus).

POLISH, s., by the verbs, or by circumlocution with lima ; e. g., his writings want polish, deest scriptis ejus ultima lima (Ovidius) ; operi non accessit ultima lima (Cicero) ; so, also, oratio expolitione distincta (by its polish).

POLISHED, limatus, politus (of a refined, polished orator and style). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) limatus et politus ; accuratus et politus. A polished style, limatius dicendi genus ; oratio accurata et polita, limata et polita ; oratio subtilis. A polished man, homo omni vita et victu excultus atque expolirus.

POLITE, urbanus : affabilis : comis : blandus : civilis : benignus. SYN. in CIVIL.

POLITELY, urbane : humaniter : comiter.

POLITENESS, urbanitas : humanitas [SYN. in AFFABLE] : comitas : officia urbana (civilities) : affabilitas : dulcedo morum et suavitas. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) comitas affabilitasque sermonis (in conversation). To treat anybody with great politeness, perofficiose et peramanter aliquem observare ; omni comitate aliquem complecti : to show politeness to anybody, gratum facere or gratificari alicui : to dismiss anybody with great politeness, aliquem dimittere cum bona gratia.

POLITIC,

POLITICAL, civilis (Cf., Avoid politicus) ; if = skilled in politics, rerum civilium, publicarum
peritus, sciens ; reipublicæ moderandæ, regundæ, constituendæ peritus.

Political disturbances, turbulentæ in civitate tempestates (Cicero) : political writings, libri politici (Cœlius, ap. Cic., Fam., 8, 1, 4) : libri qui sunt de republica, de rebus publicis (after Cicero) : scripta quæ ad tractandam rempublicam pertinent (Muret. ) : from a political point of view, * ratione civili : on political grounds, for political reasons, reipublicæ causa : to retire from political life, ab omni parte reipublicæ se subtrahere. || Politic = prudent, etc., prudens : callidus. A political plan, consilium callidum : to devise a political plan, pro ratione temporum moliri aliquid (Cf., Cicero, Fam., 6, 12, 2).

POLITICALLY, (Cf., not politice) : ex civilis prudentiæ legibus ; e republica.

POLITICIAN, politicus (occupied with state affairs) : rerum publicarum, civilium peritus, sciens (skilled in the science of politics).

POLITICLY, prudenter : callide : temporis causa.

POLITY, ratio civilis.

POLL, s., || Head, caput.

Poll-tax, tributum in singula capita impositum (Cæsar, B. C., 3, 32 ; by Cicero, Att., 5, 16, 2, called ἐπικεφάλιον) : exactio capitum (Cicero, ad Div., 3, 8, 5). To impose a general poll-tax, in singula capita servorum et liberorum tributum imponere. || Vote, suffragium. To send to the poll, (populum) in suffragium mittere : to go to the poll (of a candidate), se committere suffragiis populi.

POLL, v., || To lop tops of trees, (arbores) decacuminare : amputare (e. g., cacumen ulmi ; Plinius). || To clip the hair, pilos recidere, tondere. || To vote, in suffragium ire ; suffragium inire (of the whole number of voters) : sententiam ferre (of the whole number, or of an individual) : suffragium ferre (of an individual, to vote). || To obtain votes, suffragia or puncta ferre : to poll the largest number of votes, suffragiis superare ; suffragia or puncta plurima ferre. || To plunder, vid.

POLLARD, || A tree lopped, * arbor decacuminata or putata. || Fine bran, furfures triticei. || The chub fish, * perca cernua (Linnæus).

POLLING-BOOTH, septum ; ovile.

POLLING-CLERK, rogator (one who asked the citizens for their votes under the older system) : custos (under the ballot system).

POLLUTE, maculare : commaculare : maculis aspergere (especially to make spots upon white) or contaminare (to defile, contaminate ; but only figuratively) : polluere (to pollute, defile, desecrate) : spurcare, conspurcare (to defile, contaminate) : oblinere (to bedaub, figuratively for to pollute) : infuscare (figuratively to obscure) : fœdare (to disfigure) : violare (to injure, dishonor) : labem or labeculam aspergere alicui rei (to stain, pollute, figuratively).

POLLUTION, circumlocution by the verb, etc., contaminatio, pollutio (Cf., both late) : macula, labes (the thing itself) : Free from pollution, inviolatus (opposed to pollutus).

POLTROON, homo ignavus, timidus (a coward ; vid. COWARD, COWARDLY) : lingua fortis ; Thraso (comedy) ; quovis sermone molestus (poetically, a braggart).

POLYANTHUS, * primula (Linnæus). Cf., The polyanthus is believed to originate from both the primrose (primula vulgaris, Linnæus) and the oxlip (primula veris elatior, Linnæus). It may be necessary to retain * polyanthus as technical term.

POLYGAMY, by circumlocution wilh plures uxores ; e. g., solere plures uxores habere (of men) : pluribus nuptam esse (of a woman) : in hac regione singulæ uxores plures viros habere solent (vid. Cicero, Tusc., 5, 27, 78) ; in hac regione una uxor duobus pluribusve viris nupta est (vid. Gellius, 1, 23).

POLYGONAL, polygonius (Vitruvius) ; multangulus (Lucretius).

POLYPUS, || A kind of zoophyte, polypus, -odis (Plautus) ; sepia octopodia (Linnæus) ; ozæna (a kind of polypus ; Plinius). || An ulcer of the nose, polypus (Horatius, Gellius), ozæna (Plinius).

POLYSYLLABLE, complurium syllabarum ; quod complures syllabas habet.

POMADE,

POMATUM, capillare (sc. unguentum, Mart., 3, 82, 28) : * unguentum crinibus alendis, molliendis, factum.

POMEGRANATE, (the tree), * malus Punica ; * Punica granatum (Linnæus) : (the fruit), malum granatum (Columella) ; malum Punicum (Plinius).

POMMEL, (of the hilt of a sword), * pila, pomum capuli ; (of a saddle), * apex, pila, sella equestris.

POMMEL, v., pulsare : verberare. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) pulsare et verberare : tundere.

POMP, splendor (especially in style of living) : magnificentia (show, with expense) : apparatus (with great preparation) : pompa (in processions).

POMPOUS, splendidus, magnificus. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) splendidus et magnificus ; magnificus et lautus ; magnificus et præclarus : of style, etc., grandis, turgidus.

POMPOUSLY, splendide : magnifice : laute : ample. To be buried pompously, amplissime efferri (Cicero) ; apparatissimo funere efferri (Suetonius, Ner., 9).

POND, stagnum (a small pond) : lacus (a large pond) : pisci̅na (fish-pond) : water of a pond, aquæ stagnantes.

PONDER, contemplari animo, or animo et cogitatione : considerare secum in animo : contemplari : considerare ; (The words are found in this connection and order. ) contemplari et considerare : referre animum ad aliquid (to turn one’s mind to) : lustrare animo or ratione animoque (as it were, to review with the mind) : circumspicere mente (to examine thoroughly) : expendere, perpendere (to weigh). To ponder as accurately and carefully as possible, aliquid quam maxime intentis oculis, ut aiunt, acerrime contemplari.

PONDEROUS, gravis (Cicero) ; magni ponderis (Livius) ; ponderosus (Plinius). Vid. HEAVY.

PONIARD, s., pugio (a stiletto, dagger) : sica (a short weapon ; used by banditti) : to use a poniard, sicam vibrare ; sicam intentare alicui, pugione petere aliquem. Vid. SWORD.

PONIARD, v., aliquem pugione percutere.

PONTIFF, pontifex ; pontifex maximus (supreme pontiff).

PONTIFICAL, pontificalis : pontificius (Cicero) : or, by genitive, pontificis.

PONTIFICATE, pontificatus, -ûs (Cicero).

Warning ; Any kind of reproduction of this page will be very severely accused by tokyomaths. comPONTON (bridge of boats), ponto (Paullus, Dig., 8, 3, 38) : monoxylus linter, or, plural, monoxyli (small boats formed of a single tree, used as pontons, and carried, with all the accompanying apparatus, on waggons, Herzog, ad Cæs., B. G., 7, 56).