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OLD, || That has existed or lasted a long time, not new, etc. , vetus (refers simply to the length of time, and denotes oldness sometimes as a commendation, sometimes as blame ; opposed to novus, new, that has lately sprung up) : vetustus (become old, refers to the advantage of age, and is said of that which has gained a good quality by age, that has grown stronger, more noble or excellent. The comparative vetustior is used also as comparative to vetus) :
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vetulus (of persons, somewhat advanced in years, in the decline of life ; implying disparagement) : veteratus, more commonly inveteratus (inveterate, fast-rooted, e. g. , veteratus ulcus ; inveteratum malum ; jam inveterata amicitia) : antiquus : very old, perantiquus (that was or existed in by-gone times, also ancient ; opposed to recens) : (The words are found in this connection and order. ) vetus et antiquus ; priscus (very ancient, frequently with the notion of sacredness or venerable character. Cf. , Cascus has the same signification, but is not found in classical prose). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) priscus et vetustus ; vetus et priscus ; priscus et antiquus ; pristinus (former) : antiquo artificio factus, antiqui operis (of an old work of art) : obsoletus (not new, worn out, gone out offashion). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) antiquus et obsoletus ; ruinosus (ready to fall, ruinous). Comparative, OLDER, ELDER, prior ; superior ; e. g. , Dionysius the elder, Dionysius superior (vid. Ochs. , Cic. , Ecl. , p. 63) : the oldest letter, anuquissima epistola : an old soldier, veteranus miles, or simply veteranus, miles exercitatus et vetus (opposed to tiro miles or miles rudis et inexercitatus) : miles militia confectus or fractus (an invalid) : an old poet, friend, poeta, amicus vetus : an old general, imperator vetus : an old family, genus antiquum : old custom or usage, mos majorum or superiorum : this is an old custom, mos hic a patribus acceptus : old institutions, vetera et prisca instituta : an old constitution (of state), prisca reipublicæ forma : a man of the old stamp, priscæ probitatis et fidei exemplar ; homo antiqua virtute et fide ; homo antiquis moribus : an old story, historia vetus et antiqua : the good old times, vetus or prior ætas : the old world, olden times, antiquitas, veteres, antiqui or prisci homines : old writers, veteres and (opposed to later writers) vetustiores scriptores : to put anything on its old footing, in pristinum restituere : to leave all things in their old state or condition, omnia integra servare : to grow old, vetustescere (of things which improve by age) : veterascere, senescere (of things which spcil by age) : inveterascere (to fall under the right of prescription, to become superannuated) : inveterari (to become rooted or established). [Vid. , also, ANCIENT. ] || Of a good age, especially of persons, grandis ; grandior (in years, with or without natu) : senex (an old man from sixty ; with accessory notion of respect ; never as a feminine) : ætate gravis ; pergrandis natu, exacts jam ætatis (very old) : decrepitus, ætate or senio confectus (old and weak, decrepit) : an old man, senex, homo ætate grandior : old fellow! mi vetule! (in pity or sorrow) : old fool! stulte! silicernium (Terentianus, Andr. , 4, 3, 34 ; a term of reproach ; of an old man that bends over his staff, and as it were looks at the stones or pebbles in the road) : like an old man, seniliter : an old woman, an old maid, vetula (rather implying contempt) : anus, anicula (implying either respect or contempt) : like an old woman, aniliter : the old, senes (opposed to pueri and adolescentes) : parentes (opposed to liberi ; also of birds).
OLDER, comparative, major natu (opposed to minor natu) ; also simply major. THE OLDEST, superlative, maximus natu : the oldest of the children, vetustissimus liberorum (Tacitus, Ann. , 2, 2, 1) : the oldest of the stock, stirpis maximus : the oldest of our contemporaries, vetustissimus ex iis qui vivunt : to grow old, senescere. || That has a certain age, that has lived so many years, with the verb “to be” may be expressed by natum esse, followed by an accusative of the years, or simply by esse followed by a genitive of the years, and ” to be old may be expressed by vixisse, confecisse, complevisse followed by the number of years in the accusative ; e. g. , he is nineteen years old, decem et novem annos natus est ; or, decem et novem annorum est : he is ninety years old, nonaginta annos vixit, confecit, complevit : to be more than forty years old, quadragesimum annum excessisse, egressum esse : to be not yet twenty years old, minorem esse viginti annis (or annos) : to be as old as anybody, æqualem esse alicui : to be older than anybody, alicui ætate anteire, antecedere, præcurrere aliquem ætate : he was so many years older than myself, totidem annis mihi ætate præstabat : how old do you consider me to be? quid ætatis tibi videor? OLD AGE, senecta (poetical, old age, indifferently ; merely as a period of life) : senectus (old age, as deserving respect) : senium (old age, as a time of infirmity, decay, etc. ) : senilis ætas (whether with reference to the weakness or to the experience of age : poetical senecta) : ætas extrema or exacta ; summa senectus (extreme old age) : ætas decrepita (decrepitude) : vetustas (great age and consequent goodness of a thing long kept ; e. g. , of wine, fruits, etc. ). A green old age, cruda ac viridis senectus (Vergilius) : the approach of old age, senectus adventans et urgens : to live to or attain old age, senectutem adipisci, ad senectutem adipisci, ad senectutem venire ; to extreme old age, ad summam senectutem vivere or venire (Cicero).
Old age gives experience, seris venit usus ab annis (Ovidius) : to die in a good old age, senectute diem obire supremum ; exacta ætate mori : to die of old age, aliquem senectus dissolvit : to be worn out with old age, ætate or senio confectum esse : to make provisions against old age, senectuti subsidium parare.
OLD-FASHIONED, obsoletus ; exoletus ; (The words are found in this connection and order. ) antiquus et obsoletus : in an old-fashioned manner, veterum or priscorum more (modo) : to dress in an old-fashioned style, patrum amictum imitari.
OLDEN, priscus ; vetustus ; antiquus : in olden-times, olim (in times gone by ; opposed to nunc) : quondam (in former times, formerly).
OLFACTORY, narium (generally plural) ; ad nares pertinens (Cf. , not olfactorius ; but Pliny has olfactorium, a nosegay).
OLIGARCHICAL, by circumlocution with substantive ; e. g. , postquam respublica in paucoruin jus atque ditionem concessit (had assumed an oligarchical form, Sallustius, Cat. , 20, 4) : to be under oligarchical government, to have an oligarchical constitution, a singulis teneri, paucorum potestate regi ; paucorum arbitrio belli domique agitari : a person of oligarchical views, paucorum potentiæ amicus (Nepos, Alc. , 5, 3).
OLIGARCHY, || As a form of government, paucorum potentia (Sallustius, Cat. , 79, 1) ; or paucorum potestas ; paucorum dominatio (Freinsh. , Suppl. Curt. ) ; tyrannis factiosa : paucorum administratio civitatis (Cicero, De Rep. , 1, 28). || A friend of the oligarchy, paucorum potentiæ amicus ; * paucorum dominationi favens, studens : the Constitution of the state is an oligarchy, paucorum arbitrio belli domique respublica agitatur. || A state under this form, respublica quæ a singulis tenetur (Cicero, Div. , 2, 2, 6) ; respublica, quæ paucorum potestate regitur ; respublica quæ in paucorum jus ac ditionem concessit : the rulers or leaders of an oligarchy, pauci potentes (Sallustius) ; * pauci potentes viri civitatem, rempublicam, administrates.
OLIVE, olea, oliva (tree or fruit) : olive gathering, olivitas (Columella) : an olive branch, ramus olivæ ; virgula oleagina (very small, Nepos) : olive-yard, olivetum.
OLYMPIAD, olympias, -ădis : reckoning by olympiads, * olympiadum ratio : to reckon by olympiads, * annos ex olympiadum ratione numerare.
OMELET, * placenta ex ovis cocta : lagănum (was tome cake of meal and oil, Horatius, Celsus).
OMEN, signum, indicium (a mark) : ostentum, prodigium, portentum (a remarkable appearance ; ostentum, general term, an unusual appearance having reference to the future ; prodigium and portentum, of prodigies having reference to the distant future, especially to coming calamities ; prodigium, any extraordinary appearance of nature ; portentum, anything foretelling) : omen (anything seen or heard accidentally, by which good or evil is foreboded) : augurium (a sign of things future from the flight of birds) : a good omen, omen bonum, dextrum, secundum, faustum : a bad or evil omen, omen triste, fœdum, funestum : to accept or be satisfied with an omen, omen accipere ; placet omen.
OMINOUS, ominosus (Plinius). To be ominous, omen habere.
OMISSION, Usually by the verbs ; omissio ; prætermissio (præteritio not till Code Justinian) : omission for a time, intermissio (e. g. , officii) : the omission of connective particles, dissolutio (in Rhet. , = διάλυσις) : sin of omission, delictum (opposed to peccatum, sin of commission).
OMIT, omittere (not to continue what is begun) : prætermittere (to neglect) : intermittere (to leave off for a time) aliquid ; intermissionem alicujus rei facere (Cicero) : to omit to do anything,
omittere aliquid facere (Cicero) ; supersedere aliquid agere (Livius) ; prætermittere aliquid facere (Nepos) : to omit to say, prætermittere aliquid dicere (Cicero) : I must not omit to thank, to congratulate you, facere non possum, a me impetrare non possum, quin tibi gratias agam, gratuler ; non prætermittendum putavi, quin tibi, etc. : to omit a duty, officium prætermittere ; intermissionem officii facere deesse, non satisfacere officio : to omit (= make no mention of) anything, præterire ; silentio præterire.
OMNIPOTENCE, omnipotentia (Macrobius) ; * potentia omnibus in rebus maxima : the omnipotence of God, præpŏtens Dei natura.
OMNIPOTENT, cujus numini parent omnia ; rerum omnium præpotens : God is omnipotent. , nihfl est, quod Deus efficere non possit (Cf. , omnipotens, poetical).
OMNIPRESENCE (omnipræsentia, ecclesiastical). By circumlocution ; e. g. , to be sensible of the omnipresence of the Deity, * præsentis numinis vim et impulsum sentire.
OMNIPRESENT, * omnibus locis præsens.
OMNISCIENCE, (omniscientia, ecclesiastical) : omnium rerum scientia cognitioque.
OMNISCIENT, omnia providens atque animadvertens (Cicero, N. D. , 1, 20, 54) ; cujus notitiam nulla res effugit (after Cicero, ib. ) ; * qui eventura novit omnia, ac velut præsentia contemplatur.
OMOPLATE, scapula ; usually plural, scapulæ.
ON, preposition, || (Of place or situation), to the question “where?” in, with ablative ; e. g. , to place on the table, ponere in mensa (Cf. , not mensam, because the idea of rest is already included in ponere, according to the Roman conception of the word) : super with ablative (of a surface on which anything is) : ad (near ; e. g. , ad Tiberim habere hortos, on the Tiber). In many cases where we think of a thing as at rest, the Romans fix on the previous direction and motion, and hence our “on” is to be rendered by ex, de, also, by a (ab) ; e. g. , on a march or journey ; ex itinere (also in itinere ; yet with this difference, that in itinere = during the march, ex itinere = from the march, so that it was uninterrupted for some lime ; vid. Held, Cæs. , B. C. , 1, 24) : on the right, on the left, a dextra, ab læva : on the side, a latere : to fight on the walls, de mœnibus pugnare. “On” is expressed by the ablative alone, (a) with substantives of place ; e. g. , to post armed men on the walls, muris armatos disponere (vid. Held, Cæs. , B. C. , 1, 21) : (b) in expressing a means and instrument which, in Latin, is already within the relation of the ablative case ; as, to ride on a horse, equo vebi : to blow on a pipe, tibiis canere : (c) when the Latin preposition is already expressed in a compound verb ; as, to sit on horseback, equo insidere. Observe, also, the following turns of expression : on the platform, pro rostris ; pro suggestu (vid. Zumpt, § 311) : on the spot, e vestigio ; statim ; confestim (immediately) : on the ground, humi (Cf. , in humum only in poetry) : on all sides, quoquoversus : to hang on a tree, pendere ex arbore : on your authority, tua auctoritate te auctore : on this condition, hac lege or conditione : to be on anyone’s side, stare, facere, sentire, esse ab aliquo. || (Of time), to the question “when?” by the simple ablative : on the fourth day, quarto die : on the day, die : on the morning, mane : sometimes employ quum ; as, on the day that I thanked you, eo die, quum tibi gratias agerem. With a definite term or point of time at which anything is to take place, ad is used ; e. g. , to appear on a (fixed) day, ad diem convenire.
ONCE, || An adverb of time, one time, semel : once one is one, unitas semel posita unitatem facit : once for all, semel (e. g. , ut semel dicam ; vid. Spald. , Quint. , 5, 13, 3) : once more, iterum (of an action repeated) : denuo, de novo (anew, afresh) : once already, semel jam : once, or at least not often, semel aut non sæpe certe : more than once, sæpius ; plus semel, plus quam semel (Cf. , Krebs says that plus quam semel, plus semel, do not occur ; but they do occur, yet perhaps only in negative sentences ; e. g. , uterque – non plus quam semel eloquetur, Cicero, Off. , 3, 16, 51 ; Lucullus puer apud patrem nunquam lautum convivium vidit, in quo plus semel Græcum vinum daretur, Varro, ap. Plin. , 1, 14 ; id ille non plus quam semel usurpare sustinuit, Velleius, 2, 40 ; Cf. , plus vice simplici is poetical) : once and again, semel atque iterum (Cæsar) ; semel iterumque ; semel et sæpius (Cicero) ; non semel (i. e. , not once only) : once a year, semel in anno : not once, non semel ; ne semel quidem : at once, repente, subito (suddenly) : simul (at the same time ; vid. Livius, 6, 4) : una (together) : to do two things at once, de eadem fidelia duop parietes dealbare (Curio ap. Cic. , Ep. , 7, 29, extr. ) : all at once, omnes simul (all together) : omnes universi (all taken together) : one at once, singuli, unus post alterum (each one singly, one after the other, with several in succession). At once may also be expressed by the use of distributive numerals ; e. g. , not more than three at once, non amplius quam terna : once for all, semel : but once, never but once, semel adhuc ; semel unquam : once and again, once ― then, semel ― iterum ; semel ― deinde. || As an adverb of time, aliquando and (after the particle ne or si) simply quando (at one time, at some time or other, of time past or future which one does not specify more closely ; opposed to nunquam) : quondam (once, once in time past, the nearer definition of which is of no concern ; opposed to nunc ; as, that virtue once existed in this state, fuit, fuit ista quondam in hac republica virtus) : olim (once, in time past, or in time to come ; opposed to nunc, nuper ; hence the proper word in fables and narratives) : if once, si quando, and simply quando quandoque (in case that once, etc. ) : quum (then, when ; vid. Cicero, Cat. , Maj. , 10, 34) : Cf. , ” For once” may sometimes (in entreaties, etc. ) be translated by obsecro, quæso (pray) : put yourself for once in my place, fac, quæso, qui ego sum, esse te : once upon a time, olim (Cf. , semel as an adverb of time belongs for the most part, according to Bremi, Nep. , Att. , 15, 2, to the later period).
ONE, adjective || Opposed to two or more, unus (used also for unicus and idem ; necessarily in the plural with substantives which have no singular) : unicus (single one, one and more) : idem (when several actions or circumstances are to be referred to the same subject) : alter (ἕτερος, of things which exist only in pairs ; e. g. , altero pede claudus) : to become one of several, unum fieri ex pluribus : I will still observe one thing, unum illud addam : that is not a matter for one man, illud in unius hominis prudentiam cadere non potest (Columella, 5, 1, 1) : this one thing disturbs me, that, etc. , me una hæc res torquet, quod, etc. : the gods have not given everything to one man, non omnia eidem dii dederunt ; in one word, uno verbo (if only one word follows ; vid. Cicero, Phil. , 2, 22, 54) : ut paucis dicam (if only a few words follow) : in one tenor, continenter (without interruption ; Cf. , continuo is wrong) : usque (continually) : uno tenore (in one course) : not one, ne unus quidem, non ullus, nemo unus (not even a single one) : non unus, unus et alter item, nonnemo (not one, but several) : no one of us, nemo de nobis unus : not one of them, ii nulli : never a one, numquam ullus : one and another, unus et alter ; unus alterque (two together) : nonnemo, unus et item alter (several) : one after the other, alius post alium, alius ex alio, alii super alios, alius atque alius, alius subinde (general term) : alter post alterum (of two) : deinceps (in uninterrupted succession ; of space, time, and order : it is usually placed between the substantive and predicate or pronoun ; e. g. , horum deinceps annorum) : continenter (only before and after the classical period) : continue (continually, without intermission ; not to be confounded with continuo = immediately thereupon, without interruption. The Latin also, expresses it by continuus =following one another ; e. g. , triduum continuum : dies continuos tres ; singuli deinceps (each one successively) : alternis (of two, alternately ; e. g. , alternis [sc. versibus] dicere ; alternis versibus contendere) : one as well as the other, uterque pariter, ambo pariter (both equally) : the one. . . the other, alter (rarely unus). . . alter ; hic. . . ille (this. . . that) : prior. . . posterior (the former. . . the latter) : the one (party). . . the others, alii. . . alii ; alii. . . pars (or partim) : pars. . . alii ; quidam. . . alii : the one (parly). . . the other. . . others again, alii. . . alii (or partim). . . alii (and thus alii alternately with partim, eight times in Cicero, N. D. , 2, 47, 122) : one. . . to the other, or the other (accusative), alter. . . alteri or alterum (of two) : alius. . . alii or alium (of several ; e. g. , one helps the other, alter alterum or alius alium adjuvat) : If, however, “other” be connected with a substantive, the substantive is repeated in Latin ; e. g. , to remove from one house to another, ex domo in domum migrare : one citizen obeys the other, civis civi paret : one hand washes the other, manus manum lavat or fricat : one fears the other, timent inter se : happy at one time, unhappy at another, alias beatus, alias miser : the one this. . . the other that, alius aliud ; alii alia : the one so,
the other differently, alius aliter : one here, another there, alius alibi : one hither, another thither, alius alio : one time so, another time differently, aliud alias : both the one party and the other are threatened with dangers, but from different quarters, aliis aliunde est periculum. If “one” refer to a substantive previously mentioned, it is rendered by unus (opposed to two or more) or alicujus (if indefinite) : as, there were several elephants there ; have you seen one? plures aderant elephanti ; num unum vidisti? here are your books ; have you read one of them? hic sunt tui libri ; num aliquem ex iis legisti? If by ” one” an individual is emphatically denoted and singled out from a multitude, unus is used, usually with the preposition ex or de, or the meaning is expressed by a simple ex or inter ; as, there was among them one of the Nervians, named Verticus, erat intus unus Nervius, nomine Vertico : Fufius, one of my intimate friends, Fufius, unus ex meis intimis : to command one of the chief leaders of sedition to be taken away, abripi unum insignem ducem seditionum jubere : the leader himself, one of the most rash and daring, dux ipse inter stolidissimos ferocissimosque. || To denote agreement, concourse, etc. , one and the same, unus, idem. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) unus atque idem ; unus idemque ; e. g. , at one time (to do several things, etc. ) ; uno or eodem tempore ; uno eodemque tempore : it is all one, idem est, par est (vid. Cicero, Muren. , 19, 41) : if followed by “whether. . . or, ” nihil interest utrum. . . an (vid. Cicero, Rosc. Am. , 41, 120) : it is not one and the same thing, to rob and to fight, aliud est rapere, aliud pugnare (Livius, 1, 12 ; cf. Cicero, Cœl. , 3, 6). || In denoting time, and (more rarely) measure, unus is usually omitted, unless an opposition of a greater number be implied ; e. g. , the matrons mourned for Brutus one whole year, as for a father, matronæ annum, ut parentem, Brutum luxerunt : not more than one bushel, non plus modio : it seemed to be all one blaze, omnia velut continenti flamma ardere visa (Curtius, 3, 8, 18 ; cf. Hirtius, B. G. , 8, 15, extr. ). || One and a half, unus dimidiatusque ; sesquialter. The Latin forms many compounds with sesqui ; e. g. , a foot and a half in length, sesquipedalis : an inch and a half, sesquidigitus : of an inch and a half in length, sesquidigitalis : a pound and a half, sesquilibra : a bushel and a half, sesquimodius : an acre and a half, sesquijugerum : an hour and a half, sesquihora : a month and a half, sesquimensis : to be a month and a half old, sesquimense esse natu : a day and a half’s work, sesquiopera : one year and a half, sex mensium et anni spatium (Georges) ; unus annus cum dimidio, or et sex menses (Kraft).
ONE, indefinite pronoun, || Denoting an indefinite individual out of a definite number, anyone, aliquis ; unus aliquis (emphatically implying that the individual is only one) ; e. g. , one of you, aliquis ex vobis : one of the early kings, aliquis priorum regum : one of yours, unus aliquis ex tuis : one of the party, vir factionis. If = a certain one, a definite individual, whom one may not, or will not name, quidam ; as, one of the colleagues, quidam de collegis. But if ” one” is = anyone, i. e. , denotes an indefinite individual out of an indefinite number, we find quispiam, also aliquis ; e. g. , one may perhaps say, forsitan quispiam dixerit ; dixerit hic aliquis (poetically) : one will perhaps call me unjust, iniquum me esse quispiam dicet : one will say perhaps, dicet aliquis forte : Cf. , (a) after si, nisi, ne, num, quando, ubi, and generally, in conditional propositions, also without the conjunction, quis must be used instead of aliquis or quispiam ; as, if anyone has once sworn falsely, no credit should afterward be given to him, ubi semel quis pejeraverit, ei postea credi non oportet. (b) In negative propositions, and in such as contain a negitive sense, (any) “one” is expressed by quisquam (substantively) and ullus (adjectively) ; e. g. , is there among men anyone of whom you think better? estne quisquam omnium mortalium, de quo melius existimes tu? is there one thing of so much worth, or one thing so desirable, that, etc. , an est ulla res tanti, aut commodum ullum tam expetendum, ut, etc. : just as good. . . as (any) one, tam. . . quam qui maxime ; e. g. , I am as good a patriot as anyone, tam sum amicus reipublicæ, quam qui maxime : or by juxta ac (atque), etc. ; e. g. , instructed in Greek and Roman literature as well as any one, literis Græcis atque Latinis juxta ac doctissimo eruditus (i. e. , as the most learned). Since, however, the pronouns do not express our “one” in its full extent, we must frequently express the sense by other words or phraseology : (A) by the passive ; (1) personally ; if one is guilty of a fault, si qua culpa committitur : one can not live happily except by living virtuously, non potest jucunde vivi, nisi cum virtute vivatur : it is foolish for one to fear what cannot be avoided, stultum est timere id quod vitari non potest ; (2) impersonally ; one lives, vivitur : evening is coming on ; one must go home, jam advesperascit, domum revertendum est ; (3) by ablatives absolute ; if one assumes this case, hoc posito : (B) κυρικιμασαηικοby the active ; (1) the third person singular ; (a) of impersonal active verbs ; e. g. , one ought, oportet ; one may, licet ; (b) one says, inquit (parenthetically) ; e. g. , it is impossible, says one, that all anger can be eradicated from the mind, non potest, inquit, omnis ira ex animo tolli : (2) the first person plural, when the speaker includes himself under the unknown subject ; e. g. , what one wishes one gladly believes, quæ volumus, credimus libenter : (3) the second person singular indicative, subjunctive, or imperative, in impassioned exhortations, demands, and statements ; e. g. , one does not see God, yet he may be recognized as God by his works, Deum non vides, tamen ut Deum agnoscis ex operibus ejus. Especially, the second person singular in the subjunctive, where we say, one can, might, would have ; e. g. , one might have seen, videres : one would have believed, putares ; (4) the participle present masculine in general propositions ; e. g. , if one aims at the first place, it is commendable to attain to the second or third only, prima sequentem, honestum est in secundis et tertiis consistere. (C) If the English “one” is in Latin the subject of the infinitive, it is not expressed separately ; e. g. , humanity requires that one pardon his friend, ignoscere amico humanum est. But with the infinitive esse, and with those verbs which in the passive have two nominatives (of the subject and predicate), as, videri, fieri, existimari, we find, at least, the accusative of the predicate ; e. g. , the greatest riches, is for one to be contented with his lot, maximæ sunt divitiæ, contentum suis rebus esse.
ONE ANOTHER, alius alii or alium ; of two, alter, alteri, or alterum (= one. . . the other) ; inter se, among or between themselves, is used when the predicate is referred only to the personality of a subject of the third person plural, named in the same clause, in the nominative or accusative case, rarely in any other : Cf. , se inter se is not Latin ; vid. Gernh. , Cicero, Læl. , 22, 82 ; Handrianus, Tursell. , 3, p. 387, sq. ) : inter ipsos (among themselves, when the predicate of a proposition is to be referred to such a subject exclusively, and in opposition to all others ; the subject is then mentioned in the same clause, either in the genitive, dative, or ablative, or in the clause immediately preceding) : mutuo (mutually ; Cf. , invicem here would be unclassical, vicissim has a different meaning) : ultro et citro, ultro citroque, ultro citro (hither and thither, on both sides). Cf. , Ultro citro is probably post-Augustan ; vid. Handrianus, Tursell. , 2, p. 86, sqq. ) : they help one another, alter alterum adjuvat ; alius alii subsidium ferunt : they keep nothing from one another, nihil quidquam secretum alter ab altero habet : they (two armies) did not observe one another, neutri alteros cernebant : they blamed one another, alius alium increpabant : to love one another, amare inter se ; inter se diligere (Cf. , invicem or mutuo diligere not classical : vicissim diligere, formed by the moderns from the misunderstood passage, Cicero, Læl. , 9, 30, is wrong) : we love one another, amamus inter nos (Cf. , not amamus nos inter nos) : to look at one another, to fear one another, etc. , inter se aspicere, timere, etc. : to strike one another, alter alterum verberibus cædit (properly, with cudgels) : inter se confligere (figuratively, of battle) : to be at variance with one another, inter se discordare, dissidere, dissentire : to kiss one another, mutua dare oscula : to kiss and embrace one another, osculari et amplexari inter se (Plautus, Mil. , Glor. , 5, 40) : to render services to one another, officiis mutuo respondere : to eat one another, mutua carne inter se vesci : to meet one another, sibi occurrere or obviam fieri : to shoiv kindness to one another, ultro citroque beneficia dare et accipere : to send messengers to one another, nuncios ultro citroque mittere.
ONE-EYED, luscus, codes (born with one eye) : altero oculo captus or orbus (that has lost one eye) : altero lumine orbus (Plinius, 35, 10, 36) : unoculus (general term one-eyed ; mostly in comic writers. Cf. , Avoid the later compound, monoculus) : unum oculum in media fronte habens ; uno oculo
in media fronte insignis (having one eye in the middle of the forehead ; of the Cyclops).
ONE-HANDED, unimanus : altera manu orbus (after Plinius, 35, 10, 36, altero lumine orbus).
ONE-HORSE CARRIAGE, * currus uni equo jungendus or junctus ; * currus ab uno equo vehendus or vectus.
ONE-SIDED,
PROPR. , unum latus habens. Figuratively, non justus : to decide from one-sided evidence, parte inaudita altera statuere : to form a one-sided judgement on a matter, rem non ab omni parte ponderare : to treat a subject in a one-sided manner, leviter attingere.
ONEROUS. Vid. BURDENSOME.
ONLY, || Denoting limitation or restriction, modo (subjective, denoting that one who speaks or thinks on a matter restricts it in his own mind to a certain case, or within certain limits) : tantum (properly, so much and no more, implies that the term which it qualifies bears the relation of the less to a greater, or of a part to a whole, to which it stands opposed) : solum (only, merely ; restricts to a certain case or object, in contradistinction to all others) : tantummodo (only in so far as ; restricts more strongly than tantum or modo, approximating to the meaning sometimes of the former, sometimes of the latter. Cf. , Avoid solummodo, which is very rare, and not found at all in the best prose) : non. . . nisi (= ” not except under the condition specified ;” hence not used of numbers. Cf. , In the best prose nisi is prefixed to the condition, and the non [for which some other negative, neque, nihil, numquam, may stand] to the verb ; e. g. , it is only by an artist that art can be understood, ars intelligi nisi ab artifice non potest : he dreads only a witness and a judge, nihil timet nisi testem et judicem) : dumtaxat (= dum taxat aliquis, “strictly speaking, ” restricting a sentiment by some special reference ; often preceded by sed) : nihil aliud quam, quid aliud quam, nihil aliud præterquam (= “he only, etc. , ” “he did nothing but, ” etc. , a tense of facere being omitted ; e. g. , he only sleeps, nihil aliud quam dormltat : vid. Zumpt, § 771 ; but Cf. , this is peculiar to the style of the later historians). The foregoing words and phrases are used when the restriction relates only to an action or a state ; but when ” only ” refers to a subject or object which it separates from all others, we find solus or unus ; e. g. , it is only man who is endued with reason, solus homo ratione præditus est : I have seen only you, te unum vidi : it is only wisdom that, etc. , sapientia est una quæ, etc. : I only have seen, ego solum or unus vidi (but, I have only heard, not seen, it, hæc audivi tantum, non vidi) : not only. . . but also, non modo. . . sed etiam or verum etiam (proceeding usually from the less to the greater, or from the weaker to the stronger) : non tantum or non tantum modo. . . sed etiam (from the greater to the less = “not only, but even”) : non solum . . . sed etiam (leaving it undetermined which is the greater) : et. . . et (as well. . . as). We sometimes find non modo. . . sed or verum ; non tantum (or tantummodo). . . sed or verum ; non solum. . . sed (without an et or etiam : the second clause is then the stronger, the other being, as it were, put aside ; vid. Pr. , Introd. , ii, 504 : the second clause may sometimes be strengthened by transposition ; e. g. , Dii quoque, non solum homines) : not only not. . . but not even, non modo non. . . sed ne. . . quidem (Cf. , where observe, if both clauses are affected by the same verb, expressed in the second clause, the non after modo is omitted, its place being supplied by the ne in the second clause, since ne. . . quidem is = etiam non ; e. g. , talis vir non modo facere, sed ne cogitare quidem quidquam audebit quod non honestum sit. But if the negative is contained in a negative word, such as “none, never, “, etc. , then the word nemo, nullus, nihil, numquam, etc. , must be retained ; e. g. , quod non modo Siculus nemo, sed ne Sicilia quidem tota potuisset ; cf. Zumpt § 724, b) : only in so far, that, duntaxat bactenus, ut : only so much, or so far as, tantum. . . quantum (vid. Cicero, Ecl. , p. 121 ; Herzog, Cæs. , B. G. , 2, 8). || Expressing a condition, modo ; e. g. , I will speak, only do you hear, loquar, modo audi : only that, modo ut, etc. , or modo with the subjunctive ; if only, dummodo ; or dum with the subjunctive : if only not, dumne ; dummodo ne with the subjunctive. || Expressing a wish, will, or permission, modo : quæso (as a parenthesis, I pray) : only let me, sine modo : only wait, mane modo : only begone, abi modo : only not, modo ne ; e. g. , modo ne redeat : in addressing persons, with the language of vehement deprecation or earnest warning, this may be rendered by noli with an infinitive, or by fac ne, or (in warnings) cave, with the subjunctive.
ONSET,
ONSLAUGHT, petitio (act of aiming at) : impetus : incursio : incursus : to make an onset on anybody, (1) properly, adoriri, aggredi aliquem : impetum facere or invadere in aliquem : incurrere or incursare in aliquem : oppugnare or impugnare (aliquem) : (2) figuratively, with words, dicto or convicio incessere, lacessere, insectari, consectari, adoriri aliquem (general term). (acriter) invehi in aliquem (inveigh against) ; petere aliquem.
ONWARD, protinus : prorsus :
Onward! perge ; (plural), pergite! move te ocius! noli morari : to move onward, prorsus cedere, abire (properly), procedere (figuratively).
ONYX, onyx (Plinius).
OOZE, v. , exire : emanare (to flow or well forth ; sub platano umbrifera, fons unde emanat aquai, Cicero, from Hom. , Divin. , 2, 30 : also, figuratively, to be circulated abroad, in vulgus exire atque emanare) : stillare (ex or de re) or lente stillare (e. g. , unde lente stillet aqua, Varro, R. R. , 1, 41, 2) : destillare (ab or de re ; e. g. , lentum virus ab inguine, Vergilius ; humor de capite) : water oozes out of the rocks, saxa sudant humore et guttis manantibus stillant (Lucretius, 6, 944).
OOZY, uliginosus.
OPACITY, by the adjectives (Cf. , opacitas, shadiness, Columella).
OPAL, opalus (Plinius).
OPAQUE, non pellucidus, non translucidus. (Cf. , On no account opacus, which = umbrosus, etc. ) To be opaque, non translucere ; lucem non transmittere.
OPEN, adjective, || PROPR. , apertus, adapertus (opposed to clausus, involutus) : patens (lying or standing open) : patefactus (thrown open) : propatulus (accessible on all sides) : (The words are found in this connection and order. ) patens et apertus ; apertus et propatulus : purus (not covered with trees or other things) : expeditus (unobstructed) : facilis (easy) : an open plain, campus apertus (Cæsar) ; patens (Livius) : the open sea (high sea), mare apertum (not shut in by the land; opposed to mare conclusum, Cæsar) ; also altum (the high seas, Cicero) : * mare glacie solutum (freefrom ice) : (of the body), laxus, solutus (opposed to astrictus ; suppressus) : to keep the body open, alvum mollire, elicere : an open door, fores apertæ (Terentianus) ; adapertæ (Livius) ; patentes (wide open, Cicero) : an open, letter, epistola non obsignata (unsealed) : aperta or resignata (that has been opened or unsealed) : epistola soluta or vinculis laxatis (with reference to the Roman custom of tying a thread round it) : open eyes, oculi patentes : to stand with the mouth open, ore hiante adstare : to receive one with open arms, libens ac supinis manibus aliquem excipere (Suetonius, Vitell. , 7) ; libenti lætoque animo excipere aliquem (after Cicero) ; suo complexu sinuque recipere (figuratively, Cicero) ; to keep open table, alicui quotidie sic cœna coquitur, ut invocatis amicis una cœnare liceat (after Nepos, Cim. , 4, 3). To be open, apertum esse, patere (also improperly, as, ” his ears are open to all complaints, ” patent aures ejus querelis omnium) : || Figuratively, candid, ingenuous, apertus : ingenuus : simplex. || Not yet decided, nondum dijudicatus : to be an open question, adhuc sub judice lis est (Horatius) ; adhuc de hac re apud judicem lis est (the former improperly, the latter properly, of a judicial question, Asconius, Cic. , Verr. , 1, 45) : to be left open, integrum relinqui or esse. OPEN, v. , TRANS. , PROPR. , aperire, adaperire (to remove whatever covers or conceals ; opposed to operire, adoperire) : patefacere (to throw open, cause to stand open) ; Cf. , recludere and reserare arealmost entirely confined to the poets: to open the eyes, oculos aperire, tollere, allevare : not to venture even to open one’s mouth, ne hiscere quidem audere : to open one’s purse, thecam numariam retegere : to open a cask, dolium relinere : to open a book, librum evolvere ; volumen revolvere or explicare (Cf. , not adire librum for evolvere ; adire libros sibyllinos means to go to consult the sibylline books) : to open a door, ostium or fores aperire, adaperire, recludere or reserare (to unbolt, unbar) : to open a window, fenestram patefacere : to open a letter, epistolam solvere ; epistolæ vincula laxare (Nepos, Paus. , 4, 1) : Figuratively, || To make a beginning, initium alicujus rei facere ; aliquid exordiri (to make an introduction) : auspicari aliquid (to begin with a good omen ; post-Augustan) : to open a ball, * primam choream ducere : to open a sitting, * solemni more concioni præfari : to open a play with a prologue, * fabulam prologo auspicari (cf. Suetonius, Cal. , 54). || To make known, reveal, discover, aperire ; demonstrare ; significare
(to point out, call attention to anything) : expromere, in medium proferre (to publish) : proponere (to propose ; e. g. , bills, conditions) : enunciare (to reveal a secret) : to open a thing to anyone, communicare aliquid cum aliquo (general term, to communicate, impart) : aliquem certiorem facere de re (to inform of anything) : he opened his plan to me, denudavit mihi consilium suum (Livius, 44, 38, init. ) : to open one’s heart, secreta pectoris aperire (Tacitus, Germ. , 22, 7) ; detegere alicui intimos suos affectus (Seneca, Ep. , 96, 1).
OPEN, v. , INTRANS. , patescere, subito se aperire (of a door, the latter especially when it suddenly opens of its own accord) : se aperire, se pandere, florem expandere (of flowers) : hiscere, dehiscere (to form chinks, of the ground) : discedere (of the heavens, etc. ) : florem aperire, dehiscere (of flowers) : dissui (of a seam) : laxari (to become loose, as a knot) : solvi, exsolvi (to come apart, as a bandage, a cord) : rumpi (of a swelling) : recrudescere (of a wound).
OPEN-HEARTED, || Candid, ingenuous, apertus ; ingenuus ; simplex. || Liberal, bountiful, liberalis ; beneficus ; benignus. OPENING, s. , || Act of opening, apertio (patefactio, only figuratively, act of divulging) ; or by the verbs. || Aperture, foramen (general term for any opening made by boring) : cavum (burrow, pit, etc. ) : hiatus (any yawning fissure) : rima (fissure ; a cut made lengthwise) : lissura (a rent) : lacuna (a space not filled up ; e. g. , in a ceiling) : lumen (the opening of a window or door ; any opening through which light can penetrate) : fenestra (aperture of a window) : os (mouth-like aperture ; e. g. , of a cave) : apertura (Vitruvius) : [If it is = AIR-HOLE, vid. ] To make an opening in anything, aliquid aperire (general term) : perforare (to bore through it) : to have openings, aperturas habere (Vitruvius) : || Commencement, initium : exordium : to make an opening, viam sibi munire (ad aliquid) : the opening of a speech, prima orationis verba ; exordium, proœmium (Cf. , never initium) : an opening-speech, oratio sollemnis qua initium alicujus rei auspicatur aliquis (after Suetonius, Cal. , 54) : [vid. BEGINNING. ] || An initial festival (e. g. , the opening of a road, theatre, etc. ), * dies festus, quo initium alicujus rei auspicatur aliquis (after Suetonius, Cal. , 54).
OPENING, participle adjective, (i. e. , purgative), catharticus : alvum solvens or movens : opening medicine, medicamentum catharticum : medicina alvum solvens or movens (Celsus) : to give opening medicine, dejectionem alvi ductione moliri, purgatione alvum sollicitare (to administer a purgative) : to give opening medicine, cathartica dare (general term) : one must take some opening medicine, dejectio a medicamento petenda est : to take opening medicine, alvum dejicere (of the effect) ; perhaps * alvum medicamento cathartico solvere or movere. OPENLY, || PROPR. , palam (opposed to clam) : aperte (opposed to occulte) : manifesto (palpably) : propalam (courting observation). || Figuratively, Candidly, ingenuously, aperte (opposed to occulte, tecte) ; candide ; libere ; simpliciter. OPENNESS, || PROPR. , By the adjectives. || Figuratively, Candor, animus apertus, verus, simplex : pectus apertum (Cicero).
OPERA, * drama musicum, melicum : opera-house, * theatrum ubi dramata melica aguntur, eduntur : opera singer, * actor, cantor dramatis musici, melici ; feminine, * cantrix dramatica. OPERATE, || To act, facere, efficere aliquid : valere : vim habere : to operate beneficially, boni aliquid efficere. || In surgery, secare : scalpellum admovere or adhibere (with dative of person or part operated upon) : to operate for the eyes, * secando mederi suffusioni oculorum. || Of medicine ; to work, efficacem esse, effectu esse, erga aliquem : the medicine operates, concipitur venis medicamentum (Curtius) : the medicine will not operate, medicamentum imbecillius est, quam morbus : to operate in the same manner (of medicine), eosdem effectus præstare : so powerfully did the medicine operate, tanta vis medicaminis fuit (Curtius).
OPERATION, effectus (both the power of working possessed by anything, and the effect) : vis (power). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) vis et effectus : efficientia (working). Sometimes impulsus (impulsion) : appulsus (approximation of an effectual means or cause, especially of the sun : then, generally, the working of one thing on another) : res agenda, res gerenda or gesta (thing to be done, undertaking) : plan of operations, rei agendæ ordo (general term) : omnis belli ratio : totius belli ratio : belli administrandi ratio (in war) : to form his plan of operations, rei agendæ ordinem componere : totius belli rationem describere : belli futuri consilia ordinare (Livius) : surgical operation, * curatio, quæ scalpellum desiderat : operations, sectiones punctionesque (Plinius). To perform an operation, secare aliquem ; scalpellum admovere or adhibere alicui rei (dative, of the limb, etc. , operated upon) : manum admovere or injicere : to make an operation necessary, curationem ex manu postulare (Celsus) : an operation is necessary, morbus curationem ex manu postulat (after Celsus) : to begin an operation, manum injicere (Celsus) : to perform an operation for the eyes, secando mederi suffusioni oculorum : when he was undergoing an operation, quum secaretur (Cicero) : Cæsarean operation ; vid. CESAREAN. OPERATIVE, adjective, efficax ; potens ; valens : A law is operative, lex valet, or exercetur (is acted upon).
OPERATIVE, s. , opifex (general term, a handicraftsman) : qui operas fabriles præbet (who works for a master ; after Appuleius, Met. , 9, p. 219, 6, sq. ).
OPERATOR, || Doer of anything, actor alicujus rei : auctor atque agens : confector alicujus rei. || In surgery, * qui scalpello medetur : * chirurgus scalpello medens.
OPEROSE, operosus. Vid. , also, LABORIOUS. OPHTHALMIC, oculorum (genitive plural) ; ad oculos pertinens (ophthalmicus, an oculist, Mart. ) : ophthalmic medicine, medicamentum oculorum (plural) ; quæ oculis medentur. OPHTHALMY, oculorum inflammatio : lippitudo (chronic disease of the eyes, such as is common in the East ; Klotz ad Cic. , Tusc. , 4, 37, 81, fin. ) : oculorum sicca perturbatio (of the dry ophthalmy, Scribonius, Larg. , 32) ; lippitudo sicca or arida (Celsus, ophthalmia does not occur in ancient writers ; but it may sometimes be necessary as a technical term) : to be suffering from ophthalmy, oculos inflammatos habere ; lippire : to cure the ophthalmy, lippitudinem depellere. OPIATE, adjective, somnum faciens, pariens, concilians (Plinius).
OPIATE, s. , medicamentum somnificum (Plinius) ; * medicamentum soporiferum (we find vis soporifera in Pliny), or somnum faciens : aqua, in qua papaver decoctum est (Celsus) : to administer an opiate, somnum moliri potui dando aquam, in qua papaver aut hyoscyamus decocta sit (Celsus, 3, 18).
OPINIATED,
OPINIATIVE,
OPINIONATIVE, pertinax ; pervicax ; contumax ; obstinatus ; (homo) pertinacis, obfirmati, animi. OPINION, opinio (any uncertain view or conjecture) : sententia (especially an opinion well founded, and also expressed) : existimatio (an opinion, view entertained with reference to the value of a person or thing) : persuasio (a view founded on persuasion, belief, imagination) : judicium (founded on judgement) : auctoritas (judgement ; of a magistrate, etc. ; hence proper word of the Senate) : vox (the expression of an opinion ; vid. Cicero, Ecl. , p. 226) : præceptum, decretum, dogma, -atis, neuter, placitum (a doctrine of a teacher, especially of a philosopher [vid. PRINCIPLE] : A false opinion, opinio falsa ; pravum judicium ; error (an errour) : perverse, wrong opinions, opiniones falsæ ; opinionum commenta (whims, fancies) : settled or deeply-rooted opinions, opinio confirmata : the common opinion, opinio vulgaris or vulgi ; sententia vulgaris : the general opinion, communis hominum opinio ; opinio vulgata : public opinion, existimatio vuigi ; existimatio communis (rumor, classical, but rare ; not used in this sense by Cæsar) : to lose in public opinion, apud populum de existimatione sua deperdere : a person stands badly in public opinion, male de aliquo ab hominibus existimatur : according to the common opinion, ad vulgi opinionem ; ex vulgi opinione : according to my opinion, mea quidem opinione ; (ex or de) mea sententia ; ut mihi quidem videtur ; ut opinor ; ut puto ; quantum equidem judicare possum (as far as I can judge) : to entertain a false opinion, falsa opinio me tenet ; persuasione labi : to have a wrong opinion of anything, falsam opinionem de re habere ; falsam sibi alicujus rei persuasionem induisse ; male or perperam judicare de re (to judge wrongly) : to have a right or correct opinion of anything, vere or recte judicare de re : to have a wrong opinion of anyone, male existimare de aliquo : to have a tolerably good opinion of anybody’s character, opinionem nonnullam de alicujus moribus habere : to have a good opinion of anyone, bene de aliquo existimare : to have a high opinion of anyone, magnam de aliquo habere opinionem ; magna est alicujus de aliqua re opinio : men have a high opinion of you, magna est hominum de te opinio : to have too high an opinion of anybody’s talent, nimiam opinionem de alicujus ingenio et virtute habere (after Nepos, Alcib. , 7, 3) : the cavalry of the Treviri, of whose excellence the Gauls have a very high opinion, equites Treviri, quorum
inter Gallos virtutis est opinio singularis : to have a high opinion of one’s self, multum sibi tribuere ; se aliquem esse putare ; magnifice de se statuere ; magnos sibi sumere spiritus (to be puffed up) : to have an opinion, to be of the opinion, opinionem habere ; opinione duci ; opinari, etc. [vid. To BELIEVE, MAINTAIN] : I am of that opinion, eam habeo opinionem ; sum hujus opinionis : some (in the council) were of opinion that, etc. , nonnullæ hujusmodi sententiæ dicebantur, ut, etc. : the opinion of many was, that, etc. , multorum eo inclinabant sententiæ, ut, etc. : I am rather of the opinion of those who, etc. , eorum magis sententiæ sum, qui, etc. : to be of one’s opinion, alicujus sententiam assentione comprobare (to approve of by assent) ; alicujus sententiam sequi (to follow it) ; ad alicujus sententiam accedere (to come over to, accede to) ; ire, pedibus ire, discedere, concedere, transire in alicujus sententiam (of a senator, when he went over to the side of one whose opinion had been delivered ; transire, to go over from one to another) : I am of the same opinion, in eadem sum sententia ; idem or unum idemque sentio ; consentio : I am of the same opinion with anybody, non dissentio ab aliquo : I am quite of the same opinion with anybody, prorsus ut aliquis dicit, sentio : I am of another opinion, aliter sentio : I am quite of another opinion, longe mihi alia mens est : a person hesitates in opinion, aliquem duæ sententiæ distinent (vacillates between two opinions ; Tacitus, Hist. , 1, 32, 1) : they are divided in opinion, in diversas, in contrarias, sententias discedunt ; inter se discrepant : to be of a very different opinion, magnopere dissentire ; from anyone, ab aliquo : to be quite of an opposite opinion, in alia omnia ire or discedere : to have a different opinion of anything, non idem sentire de re : people’s opinions are different, varia sunt hominum judicia ; (widely different), magna dissensio est de re ; de re variæ hominum sunt discrepantesque sententiæ : yes, that is my opinion, mihi vero sic placet ; sic hoc mihi videtur : to give one’s opinion, sententiam dicere, ferre, dare (to declare one’s judgement ; Cf. , for which modern writers incorrectly say judicium ferre) ; dico quod sentiam, sententiam meam aperio ; quæ mens suppetit eloqui (to express one’s views or thoughts) : I will candidly give my opinion, dicam ex animo quod sentio ; respondere de jure (of a lawyer consulted) : to ask a person for his opinion, quærere, quid aliquis sentiat : to desire to know anybody’s opinion, participem esse velle sententiæ alicujus : to take the opinion of anybody, consulere aliquem ; on any matter, de aliqua re : to take the opinion of the Senate on a matter, rem referre (Cf. , not deferre) ad senatum : to cause one to change his opinion, aliquem de sententia movere, deducere (general term) ; aliquem in sententiam meam adduco, aliquem ad sententiam meam traduco (so that he abandons his opinion and adopts mine) : to change one’s opinion, sententiam mutare ; de sententia decedere, desistere : my opinion inclines to, inclinat sententia ad, etc. ; to remove an opinion from anybody, aliquem opinione levare ; (more strongly), alicui or ex alicujus animo opinionem evellere : to imbibe an opinion, opinionem concipere, mente comprehendere, animo imbibere : I become confirmed in my opinion, opinio mihi confirmatur : wedded to an opinion, sententiæ alicui quasi addictus et consecratus : to give up, renounce, abandon an opinion, decedere a sententia ; discedere a sententia (of a senator who changes sides) : to differ from anyone in opinion, dissentire, dissidere ab aliquo.
OPIUM, opium (Plinius), or (according to his definition) papaveris succus densatus (20, 18, 76).
OPOBALSUM, amyris opobalsamum (Linnæus).
OPOSSUM, * didelphis, -idis (Linnæus).
OPPONENT, adversarius (any opponent in the field, politics, a court of judicature, etc. ) : qui contra dicit, qui contra disputat (opponent in a learned argument) : qui alicui adversatur (of any opponent) : In the speeches of an advocate the opponent is mostly designated by iste, without any contemptuous meaning. To be anybody’s opponent, alicui resistere, obsistere, repugnare (to resist by actions) ; alicui adversari (to be opposed to anybody’s opinions, wishes, views) : If = enemy, vid. || To be an opponent (in an academical act), adversario respondere (with Quintilianus, 10, 7, 3) : * adversarii partes agere, or * contrarias partes sumere. OPPORTUNE,
Of place and time ; then, also, of relations and persons, opportunus (the proper word) ; commodus (quite right, convenient) : idoneus (fit ; of time and place) : appositus ad aliquid (suited, adapted to anything ; of place). Very opportune, peropportunus ; commodus ; peridoneus ; perappositus : an opportune time, tempus opportunum, commodum ; idonea opportunitas ; opportunitas (temporis, εὐκαιρία) ; tempus. OPPORTUNELY, opportune ; commode ; bene. Very opportunely, peropportune ; percommode ; optime : you come to me very opportunely, peropportune venis ; optime te mihi offers (this of one who meets me when I am looking for him).
OPPORTUNITY, opportunitas (the proper word, accidental circumstances of place and time favorable for the completion of an undertaking) : occasio (point of time which unexpectedly and suddenly occurs or presents itself in our favor. Cf. , Opportunitas is always at hand before we begin to act, for which reason we never read in the ancients of giving or presenting an opportunitas ; occasio often first presents itself to us when we have begun to act, and then helps the action) : casus (which accidentally offers itself ; vid. Cicero, Att. , 6, 1, 9 ; Sallustius, Jug. , 25, 9, Fabri) : potestas : facultas : copia (all three = opportunity in a subjective sense ; i. e. , the ability which one has to undertake or conduct anything ; but with this difference, that potestas is the permission, power, etc. , to do anything ; facultas, the power of acting which one possesses ; copia, means or materials at hand for accomplishing anything) : aditus (properly, an approach to a person or thing ; then opportunity of conveying one’s self to or of reaching him ; vid. commentators ad Cæsar, B. G. , 1, 43) : ansa (properly, a handle ; figuratively, an opportunity afforded by anyone ; in the phrase ansam dare, or præbere alicujus rei or ad aliquid. Cf. , It is wrong to say that Cicero always adds tamquam to ansa in order to qualify the expression ; he never does this ; for in Læl. , 16, 59, tamquam belongs to ad reprehendendum ; vid. Beier in loc. ) : causa (the reason which one has or finds for anything). Cf. , All the foregoing substantives take the complement of a genitive, either of a substantive or of a gerund ; but occasio, opportunitas, aditus, and ansa take also ad with a gerund or the future passive participle. A good, favorable opportunity, locus opportunus, loci opportunitas (in respect of place) ; opportunitas idonea, occasio commoda et idonea, occasio bona, temporis opportunitas, tempus opportunum, occasio, opportunitas, tempus (in respect of time ; tempus is usually, but not always, followed by an infinitive) : on an opportunity, per occasionem ; occasione data or oblata ; si occasio fuerit or tulerit : at every opportunity, omni occasione ; quotiescumque potestas or occasio data est : on the first good opportunity, ut primum occasio or potestas data est (erit) ; primo quoque tempore dato ; ubi primum opportunum (Sallustius, Jug. , 62, init. ) : to wait for an opportunity, tempora sua opperiri : to seek an opportunity, occasionem quærere, or circumspicere, or captare : to watch an opportunity, tempus or occasionem observare ; tempori insidiari (Livius, 23, 35) : to seek an opportunity for anything, aliquid quærere (e. g. , bellum) : to find an opportunity for anything, alicujus rei or aliquid faciendi causam reperire (e. g. , bellandi) : to seize an opportunity, occasionem arripere ; (very eagerly), occasionem avidissime amplecti ; arripere facultatem aliquid faciendi, quæcumque detur : to make use or avail one’s self of an opportunity, opportunitate or occasione uti ; opposed to occasioni deesse ; occasionem amittere, prætermittere, dimittere : to give an opportunity to anybody, alicui occasionem dare, præbere ; (for anything), alicujus rei or ad aliquid faciendum ; casum alicujus rei, or alicujus rei faciendæ præbere ; alicui potestatem or facultatem, copiam dare alicujus rei ; alicui ansam dare, or præbere alicujus rei, or ad aliquid faciendum (e. g. , reprehensionis, or ad reprehendendum) : to have an opportunity, occasionem or opportunitatem habere : 2″ have an opportunity of, potestas, or facultas or copia alicujus rei mihi data or facta est ; aditum habeo alicujus rei or faciendi aliquid (e. g. , si qui mihi erit aditus cum eo agendi). κυρικιμασαηικο OPPOSE, adversari aliquem (not alicui) ; repugnare ; adversum esse alicui (general term) ; resistere (of a party attacked) : obsistere (of a party attacking) ; obniti, rarely reniti se opponere, obviam ire. To oppose an enemy, hosti se opponere, obviam ire, repugnare ; hostem propulsare ; defendere : to oppose the opinions of others, aliorum opinionibus obsistere : to be opposed ; to oppose (in argument, etc. ), contra aliquem dicere, disserere, disputare (Cicero) ; adversario respondere (Quintilianus, 70, 7, 3) ; obesse ; obstare (to hinder) ; repugnare alicui rei or contra aliquid (to be repugnant, not in unison ; then also = to hinder) : obniti, obluctari (to strive against) : to be opposed to anybody in a matter, repugnare alicui in
re : I am not opposed, per me licet ; nihil impedio, non repugnabo (vid. Zumpt, § 543, sq. ) : to be opposed to each other, repugnare inter se (of two things) : obtrectare inter se (of two rivals).
OPPOSITE, contrarius (properly, that is or lies over against ; figuratively, exactly opposed, contradictory) : adversus (properly, turned to the spectator, lying over against him figuratively, in rhetoric, that is opposed in the same kind, that denotes the contrary ; as sapientia and stultitia, according to Cicero, Top. , 11, 47 ; but also general term for contrarius ; vid. Cicero, Or. , 19, 56 ; 39, 135 : Gellius, 16, 8) : oppositus (set or placed over against ; of the action, not of the thing) : disjunctus (logically opposed, disjunctive, Cicero, Acad. , 2, 30, 97) : disparatus (contradictory ; vid. Cicero, Invent. , 1, 28, 42).
Opposite to each other, contrarii inter se : to be of an opposite opinion, dissentire, dissidere ab aliquo and inter se.
OPPOSITE, s. , contrarium (the contrary) : ” The opposite of anything, ” must be expressed by contrarius alicujus or alicui rei ; e. g. , the opposite of this virtue is moral depravity, hujus virtutis contraria est vitiositas (Cicero, Tusc. , 4, 15, 34) : The vices as opposite to the virtues, vitia, quæ sunt virtutum contraria (Cicero, Fin. , 2, 24, 67) : the manners of the town as opposite to the manners of the country, urbanitas, cui contraria est rusticitas (Quintilianus, 6, 3, 17) : opposites, contraria ; adversa ; or, more fully, contraria contrariis opposita (Cicero). Cf. , Opposita is very late ; vid. Ruhnken ad Muret. , t. 3, p. 489. Avoid, also, antithesis in this sense ; in the old grammarians, it denoted the substitution of one letter for another ; vid. Freund’s Lex. , s. v.
OPPOSITE TO, e regione (with genitive) : contra : exadversus or exadversum (with accusative rare ; Nepos).
OPPOSITION, || Act of opposing, repugnantia (not contradictio) : pugna ; or by circumlocution by the verbs. || State of contrariety, discrepantia. || An adverse party, pars adversa (Quintilianus), di versa (Suetonius), altera (Livius) ; factio adversaria ; factio adversariorum (Nepos) or adversa (Livius) ; qui sunt adversæ factionis (Livius). The leader of the opposition, alterius factionis princeps (Livius, 23, 3) : to support the opposition, contrarias partes sumere (of an orator, Wolf) : he had so suddenly gone over to the opposition, adeo in alteram causam præceps ierat (Livius, 2, 27).
OPPRESS, premere ; opprimere ; vexare : affligere aliquem ; injuriam alicui inferre, injungere (to injure).
OPPRESSION, vexatio ; injuria (injustice ; e. g. , magistratuum) : durum imperium (harsh or tyrannical government). Acts of opposition, vexationes. OPPRESSIVE, gravis (burdensome) : molestus (troublesome) : magnus (great) : durus (hard) : acerbus (bitter) : iniquus (not equitable, unjust).
Oppressive heat, calorum molestiæ : oppressive taxes, tributa acerba : oppressive government, imperium acerbum, grave, iniquum ; imperii acerbitas : to labor under an oppressive debt, ære alieno premi : to become oppressive, gravescere ; ingravescere : so oppressive were the wrongs that, etc. , tanta vis erat injuriarum, ut, etc. : this is an oppressive feeling, hoc valde me urit, pungit, mordet. OPPRESSOR, qui premit, etc. ; qui dura imperia exercet. Cf. , Oppressor, Brut. , ap. Cicero, one who crushes or overpowers. OPPROBRIOUS, ignominiosus (discreditable) : probrosus (disgraceful) : contumeliosus (reproachful) : turpis (base, immoral). To be opprobrious, turpe esse ; turpitudinem habere ; probro, dedecori, esse ; habet aliquid ignominiam. OPPROBRIOUSLY, contumeliose ; turpiter ; per ignominiam ; cum dedecore (Cicero). Cf. , Avoid ignominiose ; Eutropius. OPPROBRIUM, opprobrium (Nepos, Tac. ) ; ignominia (undeserved) : infamia (deserved) : dedecus : contumelia. OPPUGN, Vid. OPPOSE, RESIST. OPTATIVE (mood), modus optativus (Priscus).
OPTICAL, opticus, ad visum or ad oculos pertinens. An optical illusion, mendacium oculorum (Cicero, Acad. , 2, 25, 80).
OPTICS, optice, -es (Vitruvius).
OPTICIAN, optices gnarus (after Vitruvius 1, 1, 3) : optices peritus. OPTION, optio, eligendi optio ; (The words are found in this connection and order. ) optio et potestas potestas optioque. To give one his option, alicujus or alicujus rei optionem mittere ; alicujus eligendi optionem alicui dare ; alicui permittere arbitrium alicujus rei ; facere alicui potestatem optionemque, ut eligat : it is at your option, optio tua est : I have no option, nihil est medium. Vid. also, CHOICE.
OPTIONAL, cujus optio alicui datur ; or otherwise by circumlocution with optio, arbitrium, etc. It is not optional, nihil est medium : if it were optional, si optio esset : Vid. OPTION. OPULENCE, divitiæ maximæ, summæ ; opulentia (Sallustius) ; abundantia ; abundantia opum (Justinus).
OPULENT, dives ; locuples ; opulentus ; copiosus ; prædives ; perdives ; magnis opibus præditus ; (The words are found in this connection and order. ) locuples et copiosus ; opulentus et copiosus ; locuples et refertus. To be opulent, divitiis diffluere, affluere, abundare ; omnibus rebus ornatum et copiosum esse ; opibus maxime florere ; magnas opes habere ; omni rerum abundantia circumfluere. OR, aut ; vel ; ve (enclitic) : sive (or seu ; rare in Cicero ; common in poets and later prose writers). Cf. , Aut stands in disjunctive sentences when one clause is entirely opposed to the other ; vel when the opposition is only partial ; ve is usually connected with single words, not with clauses, denoting reciprocal exclusion ; sive, seu, or si, with vel, implies a condition, and sometimes denotes a difference merely in name or in the form of expression ; e. g. , audendum est aliquid universis, aut omnia singulis patienda (Livius, 6, 18) ; de nostris rebus satis, vel etiam nimium multa (Cicero, Fam. , 4, 14, 3) ; non sentiunt viri fortes in acie vulnera ; vel, si sentiunt, se mori malunt (Cicero, Tusc. 2, 24, 58) ; esse dico ea quæ cerni tangive possunt (Cicero) ; Minerva sive Tritonia. We may say that aut distinguishes, vel co-ordinates, sive denotes synonymes, ve is a milder vel. Aut distinguishes things and expressions which are diametrically opposed to each other, or, at least are considered as widely different ; vel implies that it is indifferent which of several things takes place, or which of several propositions is affirmed ; it matters not whether they be different or alike ; vel, for the most part, distinguishes only single words, more rarely whole clauses ; and when it does so, it implies only a slight or nominal distinction : sive is used, (1) when, with reference to one and the same subject, a choice is given between several names and predicates ; or (2) when a speaker or writer, himself in doubt or suspense, leaves the choice with the hearer or reader. || In interrogative sentences (whether). . . or ; utrum. . . an (or anne or ne) : num. . . an : ne(enclitic). . . an (seldom ne. . . ne, as Cæsar, B. G. , 7, 14) ; e. g. , utrum ignorant dii, quæ res maximæ sint, an vim non habent qua tantas res sustineant et gerant? (Cicero, N. D. , 2, 30, 77) : quæritur unusne mundus sit, an plures? (Cicero, Div. , 2, 4, 11).
Or not? necne ; an non ; e. g. , dii utrum sint, necne sint, quæritur? (Cicero, N. D. , 3, 7, 17) : fiat necne fiat id quæritur? (Cicero, Div. , 1, 39, 86) : roga velitne uxorem an non? (Terentius, Hec. , 4, 1, 43). Cf. , Necne is used mostly in indirect questions, and generally without a verb ; annon, for the most part, in direct questions, with or without a verb. Either – or, aut – aut ; vel – vel ; sive – sive ; or seu – seu : Cf. , sive – sive usually with the indicative, unless the sense requires a subjunctive. More under WHETHER. ORACLE, oraculum (the place, or the answer) : sors (oraculi, Cicero) : responsum oraculi or sortium (or simply, where the context fixes the sense, responsum). An oracle of the Delphian Apollo, quod Apollo Pythius oraculum edidit ; oraculum Pythium or Pythicum ; vox Pythica or Pythia : to pronounce or utter an oracle, oraculum dare, edere, fundere ; aliquid oraculo edere (of the thing uttered) : at the command or by the advice of the oracle, oraculo edito ; oraculo jubente, præcipiente, respondente : to consult an oracle, oraculum petere (with ab aliquo if the Deity is named) : to send to Delphi to consult the oracle, mittere Delphos consultum or deliberatum. Cf. , Oraculum is also used improperly, domus jurisconsulti est oraculum totius civitatis. ORACULAR, by circumlocution with oraculum ; e. g. , to receive anybody’s words as oracular, quæ aliquis dixerat, oraculi vice accipere (Tacitus, Ann. , 6, 21, 4) ; hæc ex oraculo Apollinis Pythii edita tibi putas (as oracular, Cicero). Muretus says, * sententiam alicujus propemodum in oraculi loco et numero habere. ORAL, by circumlocution with præsens ; e. g. , cetera præsenti sermoni reservare (for oral communication ; Cicero) ; præsens, præsentis cum præsente, sermo (Cicero) ; præsens cum præsente colloquor ; coram habere sermon em cum aliquo (after Cicero).
Oral instruction, viva, ut dicitur, vox (Plinius, Ep. , 2, 3, 9).
ORALLY, voce ; verbis : per colloquium or colloquia. ORANG-OUTANG, * simia satyrus (Linnæus).
ORANGE, malum Medicum ; * malum Aurantium (technically).
Orange-tree, arbor Medica ; * citrus Aurantium (Linnæus) :
orange-color, color luteus. ORANGERY, || A plantation of orange-trees, * copia arborum Medicarum. || A house for orange-trees, * arborum Medicarum hiberna, quibus objecta sunt specularia, or (with us) objectæ sunt vitreæ (see Mart. , 8, 14).
ORATION, oratio (usually as distinguished from sermo, which is less formal ; but sometimes sermo is found in this sense ; Plinius, Ep. ) : concio (delivered to an assembly convened ; e. g. , of the people, of soldiers) : actio (an oration delivered by an advocate before a court or in the Senate ; vid. Ern. , Clav. , Cic. , in voc). A short oration, oratiuncula : a premeditated or prepared oration, commentatio (opposed to subita et fortuita oratio) : to prepare an oration, orationem meditari or commentari : to learn one’s intended oration by heart, orationem ediscere : to compose an oration, orationem facere or conficere : to deliver an oration, orationem habere, agere, dicere ; verba facere (less than orationem habere, etc. ), or simply dicere : to deliver an oration before the people, concionari ; concionem habere : to deliver an oration before anybody, verba facere apud aliquem ; before or to the people, orationem dicere ad populum (de aliqua re) ; verba facere apud populum (general term) ; ad or apud populum agere (as advocate) : he delivered the following oration, verba ita fecit : to read an oration, orationem recitare : to read a written oration, orationem de scripto dicere : to conclude his oration, perorare or dicendi finem facere. ORATOR, orator : dicendi artifex (of a distinguished oration ; rarely rhetor in this sense, which denotes rather a teacher of rhetoric, rhetorician). A great, celebrated orator, orator magnus, clarus. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) magnus et clarus : orator sane illustris (Cicero) : an eloquent orator, orator eloquens et ardens, disertus : a vehement orator, orator acer et incensus, vehemens : an agreeable orator, orator jucundus, suavis, dulcis : a poor or second-rale orator, orator mediocris, malus, vulgaris, infacundus, parum pressus : to be a good orator, aptum esse ad dicendum (Cicero) : to be a perfect orator, plenum et perfectum esse oratorem : perfectum esse in dicendo : to be born an orator, a natura ad dicendum instructum esse (Cicero, De Or. , 3, 8, fin. ) : to be the first among the orators, primum or principem inter oratores locum obtinere ; principatum eloquentiæ obtinere : to be a great orator, dicendo multum valere : to be no orator, dicendo nihil valere ; non aptum esse ad dicendum.
ORATORICAL, oratorius, rhetoricus (Cicero) ; oratori similis (Quintilianus).
Oratorical ornament, ornatus oratorius : that is deficient in oratorical ornament, exilis : jejunus ; tenuis ; strigosus : oratorical ornaments, lumina : oratorical qualities, oratoriæ virtutes : to speak with abundance of oratorical ornaments, dicere argutius (Cicero, Brut. , 11, 42) : without any oratorical ornaments, attenuate dicere (ib. , 55, 201). ORATORICALLY, rhetorice ; e. g. , ornare aliquid rhetorice (Cicero) ; oratorie (occurs only once, Cicero, Or. , 68).
ORATORIO, * drama melicum sacrum. ORATORY, || Art of speaking, ars dicendi, ars oratoria or rhetorica, or simply rhetorica (general term) ; dicendi ratio (as theory).
Oratory of the bar, genus dicendi judiciis aptum ; eloquentia forensis : a teacher of oratory, dicendi magister ; rhetor : to teach oratory, dicendi præcepta tradere. || A private chapel, * sacellum : * ædicula. ORB, orb (orbiculis only = a small circular disk or roller).
ORBED, in orbem circumactus or circumscriptus (after Plinius) ; ut circino circumductus (circular ; Cæsar) ; circularis (Marcellinus, Cap. ) .
ORBIT, circulus et orbis (e. g. , of a planet, stellæ errantis ; after Cicero, Somn. , Scip. , 3) : linea qua (terra) cursum agit circa solem (after Serv. , Vergilius, Æn. , 10, 216) : ambitus (Plinius, ambitu breviore luna currit, quam sol). Sometimes cursus will suit. ORCHARD, pomarium (Columella). To plant an orchard, pomarium ponere or serere. ORCHARDIST, * cultor or custos pomarii ; arborator (Columella).
ORCHESTRA, || Place where musicians play, * suggestus musicorum, symphoniacorum, canentium. || Company of musicians, * symphoniaci, canentes. ORDAIN, || To appoint, arrange, vid. || In an ecclesiastical sense, * ritu sollemni recipere aliquem in ordinem clericorum. || Predestinate : it was ordained that, fatum fuit, etc. (with accusative and infinitive). Vid. To FATE. ORDER, || Disposition, arrangement, ordo ; ratio. It may sometimes be expressed by instructio, dispositio, descriptio, or, more frequently, by the corresponding verbs.
Order of words, structura, collocatio, verborum : to put anything in order, aliquid in ordinem redigere (Auct. , ad Her. ) ; aliquid ordinare, disponere(Cicero), digerere (Suetonius) [vid. ARRANGE] : in order, ordine ; ex ordine ; per ordinem : without order, sine ordine ; nullo ordine ; promiscue. || Regularity, proper state, ordo ; modus quidam et ordo (in itself) ; bona disciplina (as the effect of sistem or moral training ; not ordo in this sense). Love of order, * bonæ disciplinæ studium : to preserve good order (milites) severa disciplina coercere, continere : to maintain order, ordinem tenere, adhibere, servare, consequi, sequi : to throw out of order, ordinem perturbare, immutare (Cicero) ; tenorem rerum interrumpere (Livius) : in order, compositus ; dispositus ; expedites : the order of nature, constantia naturæ. || Command, precept, instruction, jussus, jussum (given by one who has, or thinks he has, a right to command) : auctoritas (opinion or judgement of a superior) : imperium (the command of a superior, a general, prince, etc. ) : imperatum (that which is ordered or commanded) : præceptum (an ordinance, arrangement) : mandatum (a commission, charge) : edictum (a public proclamation, ordinance) : decretum (a decree of the Senate, of a consul, etc. ) : plebiscitum (an ordinance of the Roman plebes; opposed to populi jussum ; i. e. , of the whole people ; vid. Bremi, Nep. , Arist. , 1, 4) : rescriptum (the letter of a prince, as a command : Cf. , post-Augustan) : a written order, literæ (e. g. , Tiberius literas ad exercitum misit) : a secret order, præceptum arcanum : in obedience to anybody’s order, jussu or auctoritate alicujus ; jubente aliquo ; jussus ab aliquo ; a quo (e. g. , Atheniensibus, a quibus profectus erat ; Nepos, Milt : 2, 3, Daehne) : without anybody’s order, injussu alicujus ; ab aliquo non jussus : ultro (of one’s own free will, opposed to alicujus jussu or jussus) : sua sponte (freely, from one’s own impulse) : to act without orders, privato, non publico, consilio aliquid facere : to give orders, mandare alicui aliquid (or followed by ut) : deferre, demandare alicui aliquid (e. g. , curam alicujus rei) : injungere alicui aliquid (to lay anything upon one) : delegare alicui aliquid (in the best age, to transfer to another what we ought to do ourselves ; in the Silver Age, also generally ; vid. Herzog, Hirt. , B. G. , 8, 22) : negotium alicui dare (to lay an obligation on one ; followed by ut) : to give orders respecting anything to anybody, rem demandare alicui, or transferre ad alterum : to fulfill or execute an order, jussum or imperatum facere ; mandata efficere, conficere, perficere, exsequi, persequi : to obey an order, alicujus præceptum observare, curare ; alicujus dicto parere ; audientem esse dicto or jussis alicujus ; imperio alicujus obtemperare ; (promptly), quod aliquis imperavit impigre facere ; (zealously), imperata enixe facere ; (punctually), imperata obedienter facere, præceptum diligenter curare : to neglect or disobey an order, imperium aspernari, contemnere ; imperium, mandatum negligere ; decreto non stare : to act contrary to orders, contra edictum facere : to exceed an order, mandatum excedere, egredi. || Means to an end [vid. MEANS] : in order to, ad. || Rank, class, ordo ; genus : of the lowest order, infimi ordinis or generis : men of all orders, omnium ordinum homines. || Body of men, society, collegium, corpus (in modern Latin usually ordo or societas) : the equestrian order, ordo equestris [Cf. , in his third edition. Georges prefers classis turmalis for an order of knighthood in our sense, ordo or regula never referring to a ” society”] : to found an order, collegium or turmalem classem (of knights) constituere : to enter an order, collegio accedere ; * classi turmali ascribi : the brothers of a (religious) order, ejusdem corporis monachi (after Livius, 6, 34) : the rule of an order, * lex collegii or * classis turmalis : the dress of an order, vestis, quam monachi gerunt, or (of knights) quam equites gerunt (after Nepos, Dat. , 3, 1) : the cross or riband of an order, * insigne or lemniscus classis turmalis : knights of the same order, * ejusdem classis equites : to receive an order, * turmalis classis insigni decorari (after Livius, 2, 6, 7) : to wear an order, turmalis classis insignia gerere (after Livius, 45, 44, 19) ; * turmalis classis insignibus decoratum esse (after Livius, 2, 6, 7) : men of the same order, ejusdem corporis homines (Livius, 5, 50) : order of the golden fleece, * classis turmalis velleris aurei : a religious order, * corpus or collegium monachorum. || In architecture : ratio : mos : genus (Vitruvius) ; e. g. , the Doric order, Doricum columnarum genus ; ratio Dorita ; mos Doricus (Vitruvius). || Orders, plural, in ecclesiastical sense, by circumlocution ; e. g. , to take orders,
be admitted to orders, * in ordinem clericorum recipi ; * consecrari ; * inaugurari : in orders, * (ritu sollemni) in ordinem clericorum receptus. ORDER, v. || To arrange, adjust, constituere (to fix or settle) : ordinare, componere (to arrange, especially from a state of disorder) : dispensare (to arrange carefully, regulate ; vid. Benecke, Justin. , 7, 6, 4) : describere (to divide, distribute duly ; e. g. , jura, rationem belli) : disponere (to put each individual into its proper place) : || To command, jubere ; imperare ; præcipere ; præscribere ; mandare, etc. SYN. and CONSTR. in COMMAND. ORDERLY, adjective, || Regular, well-arranged, compositus ; dispositus ; descriptus. || Fond of order, diligens. || Well conducted, moderatus ; modestus ; temperans. ORDERLY, s. , (In military language), * miles qui duci est a mandatis ; * miles ad præfecti mandata exsequenda paratus. ORDINAL NUMBER, numerus ordinarius (grammatical).
ORDINARILY, fere (almost always) : vulgo (by nearly everybody) : passim (in many different places). Cf. , Not communiter. As it ordinarily happens, ut fit : it ordinarily happens so, sic fere fieri solet. ORDINARY, || Common, communis ; or by circumlocution with solere, consuevisse, or assuevisse ; e. g. , the ordinary signs and (races of poison, quæ indicia et vestigia esse solent veneni : as is ordinary, ut solet ; ut assolet (as one is accustomed to do) : ut consuetudinem fert (according to custom) : ordinary life, quotidianæ vitæ consuetudo : an ordinary man, unus e (de) multis ; unus e vulgo. || Mean, low, popularis ; vulgaris ; pervulgaris ; vulgatus, pervulgatus, pervagatus ; (The words are found in this connection and order. ) communis et pervagatus ; plebeius. SYN. and PHRASES in COMMON.
ORDINATION, || Appointment, vid. || In an ecclesiastical sense, * sollemnis consecratio, inauguratio, initiatio. To receive ordination, * consecrari, * inaugurari ; * in ordinem clericorum recipi. ORDNANCE, Vid. ARTILLERY. ORDURE, stercus ; cœnum ; oletum (human excrement) : merda (of animals).
ORE, metallum ; lapis ærosus (Plinius).
ORGAN, || An instrument, instrumentum (Cicero) : || A musical instrument so called, * organum pneumaticum. The organ plays, * sonat organum pneumaticum : to play well upon an organ, organum pneumaticum scite tractare : the bellows of an organ, * follis organum pneumaticum : organ-builder, * organorum pneumaticorum artifex, architectus : organ-building, * organorum pneumaticorum construendorum ratio ; * organopœia : pipe of an organ, * fistula organi pneumatici ; also, organon (Vitruvius) : the works of an organ, * machina organum pneumatici. ORGANIC, by circumlocution ; e. g. , organic substances, gignentia, nascentia, plural, (vid. Kritz, Sall. , Jug. , 79, 6) : animantia. An organic defect or fault, vitium naturæ ; * vitium quod aliquis a natura habet. ORGANISM, natura et figura alicujus rei. ORGANIST, * organœdus. To be a good organist, * perite organo pneumatico canere. ORGANIZATION, temperatio (vid. Kuhner, Cic. , Tusc. , 1, 10, 21) ; of the body, corporis temperatio, or natura et figura corporis : corporeal and mental organization, quum corporis, tum animi temperatura. By circumlocution, the new organization of a school, gymnasii alicujus rationes de integro ordinatæ (Eichst. ) : organization of a state, disciplina ac temperatio civitatis, or simply temperatio reipublicæ (Cicero).
ORGANIZE, ordinare (to arrange) : constituere ; componere (to constitute). To organize a state, civitatis statum ordinare ; rempublicam constituere or componere, or legibus temperare : well-organized, bene constitutus, ordinatus, compositus : a well-organized state, civitas bene temperata, constituta (Cicero) ; commode administrata (after Cicero) ; civitas bonis legibus et institutis temperata (Cicero, Tusc. , 1, 1, 2) ; civitas, quæ commodius rem suam publicam administrat (Cæsar, B. G. , 6, 20).
ORGIES, orgia, plural. ORIENT, oriens. ORIENTAL, ad orientem (solem) spectans, ad orientem vergens (situate toward the east) : Asianus (belonging to Asia or the East) : Asiaticus (proper to or that has happened in Asia or the East) : or, by the genitive. Asiæ (of Asia ; e. g. , Oriental customs, Asiæ mores). Cf. , Orientalis is not classical. ORIFICE, Vid. OPENING. ORIGAN, * origanum (Linnæus).
ORIGIN, origo : ortus (of the place from which a thing comes) : primordia, plural, (primitive state or condition) : principium (beginning). Figuratively, fons : stirps ; caput ; radices, plural ; incunabula, plural. The second and third books treat of the origin of the Italian states, secundus et tertius liber continet unde quæque civitas orta sit Italica (Nepos, Cat. , 3, 3) : to have its origin in anything, originem ab aliquo habere (Plinius), trahere (Livius), ducere (Horatius) ; emanare ex aliquo fonte (Cicero) ; ortum, natum esse, proficisci ab aliqua re ; gigni ex aliqua re. ORIGINAL, adjective. , || Primitive, principalis : primus : antiquissimus(Cicero) : primitivus (Priscianus). The natural and original meaning of a word, naturalis et principalis significatio vocabuli (Quintilianus, 9, 1, 4) ; ea verbi significatio, in qua natum est (Gellius, 13, 29, 1) : an original piece, opus non aliunde expressum ; archetypum (Plinius, Ep. ) : an original letter, chirographum (Cicero, Fam. , 12, 1, 2) ; literæ autographæ (Suetonius, Oct. , 87) ; epistola autographa (ib. 71) ; * literæ auctoris manu scriptæ : original documents, literæ, tabulæ, autographæ (Suetonius) ; tabulæ authenticæ (authentic ; Ulpianus, Dig. ) : to have made an original discovery, per se invenisse aliquid. || Peculiar, proprius ; singularis ; sui similis. An original genius, ingenium plane singulare ; ingenium illustre : he is a man of original genius, plane singulari ingenio excellit homo ille : original sin, * vitiositas innata ; * pravitas insita. ORIGINAL, s. , || Properly, 1.
Of a writing, archetypum (Plinius, Ep. , 5, 10, 1 ; in Cicero, Att. , 16, 31, it is in Greek) ; of a letter, exemplar (Cicero ; opposed to exemplum, a copy) ; of a book, etc. = autograph, liber idiographus (Pand. ) ; autographum (Symmachus) : * verba scriptoris ipsa (the original text) : the Latin translation vies with the Greek original, Latina interpretatio certat cum exemplari Græco (Wolf). 2 :
Of paintings, archetypum (Plinius, Ep. ) ; * pictura, tabula picta, ab ipso auctore picta, facta. || Pattern, exemplum, exemplar (Cicero). A living original, exemplum vivum, animale (opposed to simulacrum mutum ; after Cicero, Inv. , 2, 1, mutum in simulacrum ex animali exemplo veritatem transferre) : not to equal, to come short of an original, ab archetypo labi et decidere (Plinius Ep. , 5, 10, 1) : anybody is always original (in his speeches), potest semper esse in disputando (or dicendo) suus (Cicero). || Figuratively, A person of peculiar or eccentric manners, qui suus est (Cicero, Leg. , 2, 7, 17) ; * qui suum sequitur ingenium et morem, nec ad aliorum exemplum institutum, se componit : since in everything he chose to be an original, quum in omnibus novus esse mallet et sui exempli scriptor (Eichst. ) : he is quite an original, homo ille novus est ac sui exempli (Eichst. ) ; nihil æquale est illi homini (Horatius).
ORIGINALITY, indoles nativa (Bau. ) ; forma quædam ingenii (Cicero, Brut. , 85, 294) ; inventionis vis or felicitas quædam (Eichst. ) ; proprietas (peculiarity). His speeches exhibit a kind of rough, unpolished originality, orationes ejus significant quandam formam ingenii, sed admodum impolitam et plane rudem (Cicero, Brut. , 85, fin. ).
ORIGINALLY, || At first, at the beginning, principio ; primo ; primum ; primitus. || In a singular way, * nova or singulari ratione ; mirum in modum. ORIGINATE, Vid. BEGIN. ORISONS, preces, -um, plural. ORNAMENT, s. ,
Properly, ornamentum . decus : (The words are found in this connection and order. ) decus et ornamentum : the ornaments of temples, decora et ornamenta fanorum. || Figuratively, decus ; lumen. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) decus et lumen.
Pompey the ornament of the empire, Pompeius decus imperii : Hortensius, the ornament of the state, Hortensius lumen et ornamentum reipublicæ. Rhetorical ornament, dicendi, orationis, cultus or ornatus ; dicendi, orationis, or verborum lumina ; quasi verborum sententiarumque insignia. Cf. , Fucus, pigmenta orationis, when excessive or out of taste. ORNAMENT, v. , ornare ; decorare ; exornare ; distinguere. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) distinguere et ornare. SYN. in ADORN. ORNAMENTAL, venustus ; elegans ; pulcher ; comptus. ORNAMENTALLY, ornate ; venuste ; eleganter. ORPHAN, orbus ; feminine, orba. Half orphan, orbus, orba, patre, matre : to be made an orphan, orbari parentibus. ORPHAN-ASYLUM, brephotrophium (for foundlings and orphans ; vid. Facciolati under “curotrophium”) : orphanotrophium (late) : * ædificium orbis alendis et honeste habendis (Eichst. ).
ORPHANAGE, orbitas (Plautus).
ORPIMENT, auripigmentum (Plinius).
ORRERY, cœlum gestabile (Cassiod. , Ep. , 1, 45) : sphæra, in qua solis et lunæ reliquarumque stellarum motus insunt (after Cicero, de Rep. , 1, 14, 22) : sphæra, in quam lunæ, solis, reliquarum stellarum motus illigati sunt (after Cicero, Tusc. , 1, 25, 63).
ORTHODOX, || Of persons, veræ legis Christianæ studiosus (after Ammianus, 25, 10,
5). But * orthodoxus is almost indispensable as technical term (Krebs). || Of things, * orthodoxus ; * veræ, antiquæ, publice receptæ doctrinæ or religioni conveniens. ORTHODOXY, * orthodoxia (ecclesiastical) ; * vera, recepta, antiqua doctrina or formula ; veræ, receptæ, antiquæ religionis or doctrinæ studium. A champion of orthodoxy, acer religionis receptæ or antiquæ propugnator (Bau. ).
ORTHOGRAPHICAL, By circumlocution with recte scribere ; e. g. , * recte scribendi præcepta (orthographical rules) : Cf. , not orthographicus. ORTHOGRAPHY, recte scribendi scientia (Quintilianus) ; formula ratioque scribendi (Suetonius). Muretus uses scribendi ratio, quam ὀρθογραφίαν vocant ; but orthographia was used by Suetonius, etc. Sometimes scriptura ; e. g. , hæc est vera hujus verbi scriptura. ORTOLAN, avis miliaria. OSCILLATE, perhaps (* alterno motu) inclinari retroque recellere (after Lucretius, 6, 573) : Cf. , oscillare (Festus) perhaps necessary as technical term. OSCILLATION, jactatio ; vibratio (Festus) ; motus (when the context fixes the sense) ; oscillatio (Petronius).
OSIER, vimen. An osier-bed, locus vimimbus consitus ; viminetum (Varro).
Of osiers, viminalis. OSPRAY,
OSSIFRAGE, ossifragus (Plinius) ; ossifraga (Lucretius) ; * fulco ossifragus (Linnæus).
OSSIFY, || TRANS. , in os mutare, vertere. || INTRANS. , in os transire, mutari, verti. OSTENSIBLE,
OSTENSIVE, simulatus ; fictus. OSTENSIBLY, simulate ; per simulationem ; per speciem ; e. g. , venandi (ostensively for the purpose of hunting).
OSTENTATION, ostentatio sui ; jactantia sui ; jacotio circulatoria (puffing one’s self off) : vana de se prædicatio (if exhibited in words) ; in anything, ostentatio, venditatio or venditatio quædam et ostentatio, jactatio (all with alicujus rei).
OSTENTATIOUS, gloriosus (of persons and of things ; e. g. , a letter) : vanus (empty ; of persons ; then of empty things which have a fair appearance) : vaniloquus. An ostentatious display of learning, doctrinæ suæ venditatio quædam atque ostentatio ; (of one’s art and skill), ostentatio artis et portentosa scientiæ venditatio (of quackery, Plinius, 29, 1, 8, 25).
OSTENTATIOUSLY, gloriose. κυρικιμασαηικοTo use anything ostentatiously, aliqua re ad ostentationem uti, OSTLER, stabularius (general term) ; agaso (groom).
OSTRACISM, testarum suffragia (Nepos, Them. , 8, 1) ; or simply testula (Nepos, Arist. , 1, 2) ; or testarum suffragia quod illi (Græci) ὀστρακισμόν vocant (id. , Cim. , 3, 1).
OSTRICH, struthiocamelus(Plinius) ; struthio (Capitolini, Vopisc, Lamprid. ).
OTHER, alius :
Others, other men, alii (ἄλλοι) : the others, ceteri, reliqui (ceteri, the other part with reference to the first part, the two being reciprocally opposed : reliqui, as the rest, the remainder) : no other, alius nemo. Vid. ANOTHER. OTHERWISE, aliter ; alio modo or pacto, alia ratione (in another manner, under other conditions or circumstances) : secus (not so) : contra (on the contrary). [Cf. , Alias means “at another time. “] Not otherwise, sic : not otherwise than, non secus ac, perinde (proinde) ac or atque : it cannot happen otherwise, fieri non potest aliter or fieri aliter non potest (Cf. , never fieri non aliter potest) : it could not happen otherwise than that, etc. , fieri non potuit, quin, etc. (Cf. , aliter fieri non potuit, quam ut etc. , is unclassical) : it happened otherwise, contra accidit : if it fall out otherwise (i. e. , badly), si secus acciderit (vid. Herzog, Cæs. , B. G. , 5, 57) : the matter is quite otherwise, totum contra est : to think otherwise, in alia voluntate esse (to have another opinion) : dissentire (to think differently ; from another, cum or ab aliquo) : to think otherwise than one speaks, aliud sentire et loqui ; aliud clausum in pectore, aliud in lingua promtum habere (Sallustius, Cat. , 10, 5) : he speaks otherwise than he acts, orationi vita dissentit (Seneca, Ep. , 20, 2) : Sometimes “otherwise, ” when referring to a substantive, must be rendered by alius ; e. g. , the boundary must be fixed otherwise, alius finis constituendus est. OTTER, lutra or lytra, -æ, feminine (Plinius, Vitruvius). OUGHT, v. , debeo : oportet (oportet denoting the moral duty ; debeo the individual’s obligation to perform it) : participle in dus. Sometimes decet (it is becoming), æquum est (it is fair). Cf. , “I ought to do it ” is facere debeo or me facere oportet : I ought to have done it, facere debebam or debui ; or me facere oportebat or oportuit : and Cf. , that the indicative is used, even when a conditional sentence is added with verb in imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive ; e. g. , omnibus cum contumeliis onerasti, quem patris loco, si ulla in te pietas esset, colere debebas (Sallustius, Jug. , 85) : so if participle in dus is used ; e. g. , quodsi Gnaeus Pompeius privatus esset, hoc tempore tamen erat mittendus (Zumpt, 519).
OUGHT = Any thing, aliquid ; res quæpiam ; quidpiam. OUNCE, uncia. Weighing an ounce, uncialis (Plinius) : half an ounce, semuncia : an ounce and a half, sescuncia (= sesquicuncia) : two ounces, sextans : three ounces, triens : four ounces, quadrans : five ounces, quincunx : six ounces, semis, -issis, m. : seven ounces, septunx : eight ounces, bes, bessis, m. : nine ounces, dodrans : ten ounces, dextans : eleven ounces, deunx : twelve ounces, as, assis, m. OUR, noster, -tra, -trum (Cf. , often omitted in Latin).
Our people, nostri : our countrymen, nostrates : our times, hæc tempora ; nostra memoria, ætas : for our sake, propter nos ; nostra causa ; nostri causa. OURSELVES, nos ipsi : nosmet ipsi. As reflexive, nos, when no particular emphasis is required. OUSEL, merula (Cicero).
OUT, adverb, . foras (with motion) : foris (without motion). To be out = not at home, foris esse ; domi non esse : he is not yet gone out, domo nondum excessit : this is the first time that I have been out since my illness, * ex quo convalui, primum domo effero pedem : to break out, prorumpere : to come out ; i. e. , to become known, exire in turbam or in vulgus ; emanare (in vulgus) ; exire atque in vulgus emanare ; efferri (foras, in vulgus) ; effluere et ad aures hominum permanare. But for “out, ” with verbs, vid. the verbs. OUT OF, || Beyond, away from, extra (with accusative) : out of the house, foris (without motion) : foras (with motion) : out of the country, peregre (e. g. , habitare, abire, proficisci) : to be out of bow-shot, extra teli jactum esse : to be out of one’s mind or senses, sui or mentis non compotem esse ; non compotem esse animo : non apud se esse (comedy). || Beyond ; i. e. , exceeding : it is out of my power, nequeo, non possum, non data est alicujus rei potestas or copia ; non valeo (I have not power) : out of season, alieno or haud opportuno tempore ; non in tempore ; intempestive (at an unseasonable time). || From, e or ex ; de ; rarely a or ab. The preposition remains untranslated after a Latin verb compounded with it ; e. g. , to get out of a ship, nave egredi. || By reason of, on account of, e or ex ; a or ab ; per (on account of, by reason of) : propter (because of). Sometimes the simple ablative is used ; frequently, however, with the participles ductus or adductus (led) ; motus or permotus (moved) ; inductus (induced) ; impulsus or incitatus (urged) ; incensus, inflammatus (kindled, inflamed) ; coactus (obliged, compelled) ; captus (taken) ; impeditus (hindered) ; e. g. , out of a taste for philosophy, philosophiæ studio ductus : out of shame, pudore adductus : out of fear, metu ; propter timorem ; metu coactus, permotus. OUTBID, supra or plus adjicere ; aliquo licente contra liceri ; vincere aliquem.
OUTBREAK, eruptio (act of bursting forth ; e. g. , Ætnæ) : initium : principium (beginning ; e. g. , of a war). At the outbreak of the war, bello erumpente ; bello exorto ; tumultus, tumultuatio (noisy uproar, whether of an excited multitude or of on individual ; then, like trepidatio, the alarm, etc. , caused by it). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) strepitus et tomultus.
OUTCAST, in exsllium actus or ejectus (Cicero) ; extorris ab solo patrio (Livius). An outcast, extorris patria, domo (Sallustius), or simply extorris (general term).
OUTCRY, || Loud cry, clamor. To raise an outcry, clamorem edere, tollere. || Opposition, vid. OUTDO, re or in re excellere, præstare alicui ; aliquem antecellere. OUTER,
OUTWARD, adjective, extraneus (on the outside, opposed to the thing itself within) : externus (that is outside; opposed to intestinus or post-classical internus) ; or the comparative exterior (if two things be spoken of ; e. g. , the outer part, pars exterior; opposed to pars interior). The outer circle, orbis exterior ; linea circumferens : outer goods, bona externa ; bona corporis (opposed to bona or virtutes animi) : outer means, remedia, quæ extrinsecus adhibentur (remedies) : adjumenta externa et adventicia (helps from without) : outer pomp, ambitio : outer circumstances, fortuna. OUTER LINE, linea circum currens (forming the outline of a thing) : extremitas (general term, the extremity of anything) : ambitus, -us (circumference).
OUTHOUSE, * ædificium astructum ; * pars ædium adjecta, astructa ; postica pars ædium (Livius), domus postica (Varro, ap. Non. ; of back buildings).
OUTLANDISH, externus, extraneus. OUTLAW, s. ,
proscriptus : cujus vita est addicta et proposita præmiis (that has a price set on his head ; after Cicero).
OUTLAW, v. , proscribere aliquem ; alicujus vitam præmiis proponere et addicere ; (with others), in præscriptorum numerum referre aliquem.
OUTLAWRY, proscriptio. OUTLAY, sumtus : impensa : impendium. SYN. in EXPENSE. OUTLET, area (open court) : effluvium ; emissarium (of a pond or lake) : os, ostium, caput (mouth of a river).
OUTLINE, s. , forma rudis et impolita (properly) ; extrema lineamenta, -orum ; extremæ lineæ, plural, (properly and figuratively) ; forma (properly and figuratively). To draw an outline of anything, primas lineas alicujus rei ducere ; primis lineis designare aliquid ; adumbrare aliquid (properly and figuratively). OUTLIVE, alteri superstitem esse ; superesse alicui ; aliquem vita superare : to outlive one’s faculties, vivere tamquam superstitem sui (Seneca). Vid. SURVIVE. OUTRAGE, Vid. OFFEND, HURT. OUTRAGEOUS, immodicus ; immoderatus ; immodestus. OUTRIGHT, Vid. , IMMEDIATELY, ENTIRELY. OUTSIDE, frons (the front) : pars exterior (outer part) : forma externa (outward shape) : species (outward appearance). The glittering outside of a thing, splendor et species alicujus rei : to judge anything by the outside, forma externa metiri aliquid ; omnia referre or revocare ad speciem or ad formam externam. OUTSTANDING, by in nominibus. To be outstanding, in nominibus esse : to have many outstanding debts, grandem pecuniam in nominibus habere : outstanding money or debts, quæ in nominibus sunt ; nomina, -um, neuter : to collect or call in outstanding debts, nomina sua exigere. OUTSTRIP, cursu superare or vincere aliquem.
OUTWARD, Vid. OUTER. OUTWARDLY, extra, extrinsecus (opposed to intus, intra, intrinsecus). Inwardly and outwardly, intus et extra : outwardly and inwardly, extra et intus ; extrinsecus et intra ; extrinsecus et intrinsecus. OUTWEIGH, præponderare (to exceed in value ; properly and figuratively) : superiorem esse aliquo ; vincere, superare aliquem (to exceed in value ; all these figuratively). Cato alone outweighs hundreds of thousands, unus Cato est pro centum millibus.
OUTWIT, fraudem or fallaciam alicui facere ; imponere alicui ; fucum facere alicui ; frustrari ; circumducere (comedy). SYN. in DECEIVE. OUTWORKS, propugnacula (plural).
OVAL, ovatus (Plinius) ; ex longo rotundus ; * ovo similis. An oval, figura ex longo rotunda (after Columella, 6, 29, 3) : to be oval, species est alicui rei ovata : to make oval, aliquid in ovi formam redigere (after Columella, 12, 15, fin. ).
OVEN, furnus (for baking) : fornax (for melting) : artopta (for making a kind of fine bread, Plautus, Aul. , 2, 9, 4 ; hence, bread baked in such an oven, panis artopticius, Plinius, 18, 11, 27) : clibanus (a vessel narrow at the top, broad below, with several openings to admit the heat, for baking bread and cakes) : testu, testum (an earthen dish, called by Pliny, loc. cit. , fictilis patina, which was put over the bread, and then covered with hot coals) : mouth of an oven, os furni or fornacis. OVER, preposition, || Above, super ; supra. || Beyond, trans ; ultra. || Across, trans. || More than, super quam. Cf. , Over, in compounds, is expressed in Latin by trans (singly or in composition ; Cf. , a verb compounded with trans takes either a simple accusative, or an accusative with trans repeated), citra with an accusative ex (from) with an ablative, ad (to) with an accusative ; or by adverb, superne ; huc, illuc, accusative to the sense. This preposition is often implied in the Latin verbs or phrases ; e. g. , to have a great advantage over one, aliquem longe superare ; plurimum præstare alicui. OVER, adverb, || More, supra ; plus, amplius (Cf. , et quod excurrit is late, as in Paullus, Dig. , 16, 3, 26, § 2, decem et quod excurrit ; Vegetius, Mil. , 1, 28, viginti et quod excurrit annorum pax) : a little over or under, haud multo (Cf. , not aliquanto ; i. e. , considerably) plus minusve : to have over and above, superest mihi aliquid (I have a surplus ; but relinquitur mihi aliquid, or reliquum habeo aliquid, I keep something as a remainder). || To denote a disastrous or fatal termination, with the verb to be ; e. g. , to be all over, finem habere ; desinere : it is all over with me, actum est de me! perii! occtdi! OVER, [in composition (too much)] when the particular compound is not found, may usually be translated (1) by nimium, nimis, præter or ultra modum (excessively), or (2) by the comparative or superlative of some adjective, or adverb. Thus : over frequently, nimis or nimium sæpe : over much, plus justo, nimium plus ; præter modum : to be over timid, timidiorem esse : to overdo anything, modum excedere in aliqua re : over proud, superbissimus : over bashful, ultra modum verecundus : over easy (of temper), justo facilior. OVER AGAINST, contra : adversus : exadversus : exadversum, all with an accusative ; ex adverso or exadversum, adverb, (of two sides or points opposed to each other) ; e regione, with a genitive of the place and dative of the person (of two lines parallel to each other. Cf. , The preposition e must not be omitted, for regione alone = ” in the region of, ” vid. Bremi, Suet. , Cæs. , 39. Cf. , Avoid trans, contra as unclassical) : that lies over against a place, etc. , quod contra locum est or positum est ; quod ex adverso or exadversum situm (positum) est, jacet : to stand over against, * exadversus aliquem stare, contra aliquid esse or positum esse, ex adverso positum esse (general term, the former of persons, the latter of things).
OVERAWE, timorem or pavorem alicui injicere or incutere (to strike terror into) : efficere ut aliquis aliquid, or aliquem vereatur, or revereatur (to inspire with reverence).
OVERBEARING, arrogans ; insolens ; superbus. OVERBOARD, in undis (without motion) : in undas (with motion ; e. g. , to throw overboard, in undas projicere) : to fall overboard, in mare excuti (if from the stern, e puppi, Curtius 4, 4, med. ) ; puppi excidere (Vergilius) ; in flumen excidere (Livius, if into the sea, in mare). To throw himself overboard, in undas se projicere or desilire : to throw anything overboard, alicujus rei jacturam facere. OVERBURDEN, * nimium onus imponere alicui rei ; * nimio pondere onerare aliquid. To be overburdened with business, negotiis obrutum et oppressum esse. Vid. OVERLOAD. OVERCAST, || To cloud over : the sky is overcast, cœlum nubibus obducitur or obtegitur ; nubilatur ; or nubilare cœpit. Anybody’s brow is overcast (figuratively), alicujus oculi tristitiæ quoddam nubilum ducunt (Quintilianus, 11, 3, 75). || To coat with anything, Vid. COAT. OVERCAST, adjective, || Of the sky, etc. , nubilus : obnubilus. || Of the countenance : an overcast brow, frons contracta (wrinkled with care, vexation, etc. ) : frons nubila (Mart. , 2, 11) ; vultus tristis.
OVERCAUTIOUS, nimium cautus. OVERCOME, superare ; vincere ; devincere. Vid. CONQUER. OVERDO, modum excedere in re (to exceed the proper limit) : vires nimis intendere : nimio labore frangi (work too hard).
OVERDRIVE, vehementer agitare et extendere (a beast, ἐκτείνειν, after Columella).
OVERFLOW, s. , abundantia ; affluentia. OVERFLOW, || INTRANS. , PROPR. , redundare (overflow anything that contains water, that streams over) : abundare (of things when they are already full, and their contents exceed the usual quantity) : exundare (to flow over ; of boiling water, Plinius) : restagnare (of standing waters ; also, passive = to be overflowed, late is locus restagnat, Cæsar). || IMPROPR. , To overflow with anything, se effundere or (mid. ) effundi in aliquid. To overflow with wealth, in omnium rerum affluentibus copiis vivere ; circumfluere omnibus copiis, atque in omnium rerum abundantia vivere : to overflow with joy, exsultare lætitia : triumphare gaudio : incredibili gaudio esse elatum, etc. : overflowing, effusus (e. g. , lætitia). In overflowing measure [vid. ABUNDANCE]. || TRANS. , of streams, super ripas redundare or effundi ; extra ripas dimuere ; alveum excedere : to be overflowed, superfundi and post-Augustan, effundi (e. g. , effusa loca restagnare) : inundare (e. g. , Tiberis agros inundavit). || IMPROPR. , of nations “overflowing” a country (Shens. ), inundare (Justinus) ; se superfundere in terras. OVERFLOWING, abundans ; affiuens. OVERGROW, supercrescere alicui rei ; tegere, or contegere, aliquid : to be overgrown with foliage, frondibus contectum esse : the road is overgrown with bushes, via virgultis interclusa est : overgrown with moss, muscosus : to be overgrown with anything (figuratively), vestiri, convestiri aliqua re. OVERHANG, superimminere : overhanging, superimpendens. OVER-HASTILY, nimium festinanter ; præpropere (e. g. , agere aliquid).
OVERHEAD, supra ; super. OVERHEAR, auribus accipere (Cicero) or excipere (Plinius) : we are overheard, * sunt qui sermonem nostrum, or verba nostra, auribus excipiunt. OVERJOY, perfundere aliquem suavissima, incredibili, quadam voluptate ; mirifice oblectare aliquem. To be overjoyed, gaudio triumphare ; incredibili gaudio esse elatum ; exsultare lætitia. OVERLAND (journey), iter terrestre or pedestre (Cf. , iter terrenum is not Latin) : to make an overland journey, terra iter facere. OVERLAY, || To lay over, inducere aliquid alicui rei, or super aliquid ; inducere aliquid aliqua re (e. g. , ceram parieti, or parietem cera ; aurum
tecto ; coria super lateres scuta pellibus) : illinere aliquid alicui rei, or aliquid aliqua re (e. g. , aurum marmori ; aliquid gypso) : circumlinere aliquid aliqua re (e. g. , mortuos cera). || To oppress by too much weight or power, opprimere ; obruere. OVERLEAP, transilire (properly and improperly = to pass over in silence, and to exceed, Horatius). || IMPROPR. , Vid. OVERPASS. OVERLOAD, || Properly, nimio pondere onerare (navem, plaustrum) : nimium onus imponere (plaustro). || Figuratively, obruere : to overload the stomach, obruere se (vino, cibis) ; se ingurgitare cibis (after Cicero) ; epulis obrui (Nepos) ; onerari (Sallustius) ; onerare ventrem (after Sallustius) : to be overloaded with ornament, nimis, putide, ornatum esse. OVERLOOK, || So that a thing may be seen or annoyed : (α) in a military sense, superare locum, imminere alicui loco : the tower overlooked the high ground where the spring was, turris superabat fastigium fontis (B. G. , 8, 41) : the hill overlooks the town, collis imminet urbi. (β) To give a view of, aliquem locum prospicere. || Superintend, curare et attendere aliquid ; ad aliquid advigilare. || To neglect, omit, omittere ; prætermittere ; negligere ; aliquid non animadvertere (not to notice) ; Cf. , prætervidere is barbarous. || To pass by indulgently, ignoscere alicui aliquid : connivere in aliqua re (to wink at it, Cicero).
OVERMUCH, adjective, nimius. OVERMUCH, adverb, nimis ; nimium ; plus æquo ; satis superque ; ultra quam satis est ; plus satis. OVERPASS, transire, or egredi, aliquid or extra aliquid (properly and figuratively) ; excedere (figuratively) ; migrare (figuratively) ; Cf. , transgredi means ” to pass over, cross ;” it is not at all used in a figurative sense. OVERPLUS, reliquum ; residuum ; quod restat, superat. OVERPOWER, opprimere ; obruere ; vincere ; superare (to overcome).
OVERRATE, Vid. OVERVALUE. OVERREACH, Vid. DECEIVE, CHEAT. OVERRIDE, * nimio cursu fatigare. OVERSEER, custos, curator (one that looks over, and takes care of anything) : præses, præfectus (one set over a thing) : exactor (one that sees that anything is carefully made or done) : magister, rector (a teacher, tutor) : præfectus moribus, censor (inspector of public morals) : superjumentarius (of the drivers of beasts of burden) : ædituus (of a temple) : the overseer of the roads, curator viarum : the overseer of public buildings and the police, ædilis (at Rome) : overseer of the works, in building, exactor operis : to set an overseer over anything, custodem imponere alicui rei, rarely in re (over anyone) : custodem apponere or imponere alicui (Cf. , never in aliquo ; vid. Bremi, Nep. , Cim. , 4, 1) : to make one overseer over anything, constituere, præficere aliquem curatorem alicui rei ; also simply præficere, præponere aliquem alicui rei. OVERSHADOW, rei umbras inducere (Vergilius) ; opacare (Cicero) ; inumbrare (Plinius, Vergilius, Lucretius).
OVERSHOOT, transgredi. κυρικιμασαηικο OVERSIGHT, || Care, charge, cura (care of anything) : custodia (guard, watchful oversight). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) cura custodiaque : tutela (protecting oversight) : præsidium (by a president) : præfectura morum (of the public morals) : to have the oversight of a thing, præesse, præfectum esse alicui rei ; alicui rei præsidere (as president) : curare, regere, moderari aliquid (to manage, administer, etc. ) : to intrust to any one the oversight of anything, credere alicui alicujus rei custodiam ; aliquid in custodiam alicujus concredere or committere : to commit to anyone the oversight of a person, aliquem alicujus curæ custodiæque mandare. || Want of care, negligence, imprudentia ; incuria ; negligentia. OVERSPREAD, inducere, obducere, aliquid aliqua re (to overlay) : tegere, obducere aliquid aliqua re (to cover).
OVERSTRAIN, * nimis intendere or extendere. OVERSTRAINED, nimius. OVERTAKE, || To come up to, assequi ; consequi : to overtake anybody in his flight, aliquem fugientem excipere (Cicero), or in fuga comprehendere. || To surprise, vid. OVERTASK, Vid. OVERWORK.
OVERTHROW, v. , destruere (to take asunder ; opposed to construere) : demoliri (to break down, and destroy) : diruere, proruere (to separate by throwing down, to destroy) : evertere (by digging and tearing up what is fixed in the ground ; opposed to fundare ; e. g. , urbem, rempublicam : reipublicæ fundamenta) : pervertere (by pushing down what stands fast) : subvertere (by secretly undermining ; e. g. , imperium, leges, libertatem, etc. ) : delere (blot out ; hence, deprive of its existence) : exstinguere (to put out, and so cause to cease ; hope, spem, etc. ) : tollere (to take away ; destroy, urbem, legem, etc. ) : to overthrow utterly, funditus tollere, evertere, etc. || To overthrow plans, etc. , ad vanum, or ad irritum, or ad vanum et irritum redigere (Cf. , avoid ad nihil redigere in this sense) : perimere : disturbare (e. g. , nuptias, legem) : to overthrow all a person’s plans, disturbare alicui omnes rationes : to overthrow one’s opinion, opiaione aliquem dejicere. OVERTHROW, s. , || Act of overthrowing, destructio ; demolitio ; or by the verbs. || Destruction, ruin, obitus (the mildest term ; often used for natural death) : occasus (of a person or thing). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) obitus occasusque ; obitus et occasus ; ruinæ ; occasus et ruinæ ; interitus (a ceasing to be ; of a person or thing ; stronger than occasus). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) occasus interitusque ; interitus atque obitus ; exitium (tragical end of a person or thing) : pernicies (destruction or violent end ; occasioned by a living agent).
OVERTLY, aperte (opposed to occulte) ; palam (opposed to clam).
OVERTOP, superare ; eminere. OVERTURE, || A proposal, offer, propositum ; conditio. || (In music), * dramatis musici exordium. OVERTURN, Vid. OVERTHROW, UPSET. OVERVALUE, nimis tribuere alicui rei ; nimium pretium statuere alicui rei : to overvalue one’s own powers, superbam virium fiduciam ostentare ; majora quam pro viribus agitare : to overvalue anyone, immodicum alicujus esse æstimatorem : to overvalue one’s self, immodicum sui esse æstimatorem (after Curtius, 8, 1, 22).
OVERWEENING, præfidens ; confidens ; superbus (haughty) : temerarius (rash).
OVERWHELM, opprimere ; obruere : overwhelmed with grief, mærore profligatus (Cicero).
OVERWORK (one’s self), vires nimis intendere ; nimio labore frangi. OVERWROUGHT, nimius ; arcessitus (far-fetched).
OVIFORM, ovatus : Anything is oviform, est ovata alicujus rei species : to make anything oviform, aliquid in ovi formam redigere (after Columella, 12, 15, fin. ).
OVIPAROUS, ova gignens or pariens ; oviparus (Appuleius, as translated of ὠοτόκος ; and so Anson. , Idyll. , 10, 132).
OWE, rem alicui debere. To owe money, i. e. , be in debt, in ære alieno esse : to owe much to anybody (figuratively), alicui maximam debere gratiam : to owe one’s life to anybody, alterius beneficio vivere. || Owing = Due ; a debt or sum of money owing to me, nomen (general term), or pecunia credita : debts owing to me, quæ in nominibus sunt ; nomina : to call in debts owe to me, nomina exigere : to be owing, in nominibus esse : to have large sums of money owing to him, grandem pecuniam in nominibus habere. || TO BE OWING TO, oriri or exoriri ab aliqua re ; emanare or fluere de or ex aliqua re ; proficisci ab aliqua re (to have anything for its source or origin) : fieri, effici, sequi, or consequi ex aliqua re (to be the consequence of) : It is owe to them that the populace was excited, eorum opera plebs concitata est : their introduction into the Senate was owing to him, ejus beneficio in senatum venerunt : all this is owing to you, vestra culpa hoc accidit : it is not owing to me (= my fault) that, etc. , non fit meo vitio ut, etc. : it was not owing to me that, etc. , non stetit per me, ut, etc. ; non impedivi, quin, etc. : it was all owing to him that, etc. , stetit per eum, quominus etc. OWL, ulula, noctua (both * strix passerina ; Linnæus).
Of or like an owl, nocturnus (e. g. , oculi) : owl’s eyes, nocturni oculi. OWN, adjective || Belonging to or proceeding from one’s self, proprius. But it is usually expressed by the possessive pronouns meus, tuus, suus, etc. , or by ipsius, or more strongly by meus (tuus, etc. ) ipsius, or simply by ipse ; e. g. , he had written it with his own hand, ipsius (or sua ipsius) manu scriptum erat ; ipse scripserat : I have seen it with my own eyes, ipse vidi ; præsens vidi : I quote the prince’s own words, ipsa principis verba referam : through my own fault, mea culpa : by one’s own exertions, meo (suo, etc. ) Marte (also with ut dicitur ; vid. Cicero, Off. , 3, 7, 34 ; Verro, 3, 4, 9. Cf. , Avoid proprio Marte) : with one’s own hand, manu mea (tua, etc. ) factus (made) or scriptus (written) : a letter written with one’s own hand, epistola, quam mea manu scripsi ; literæ autographæ (Suetonius, Oct. , 87) ; literæ ipsius manu scriptæ ; chirographum (one’s handwriting, autograph) with one’s own hand, by one’s own means, propriis viribus (by one’s own strength or power) ; sumtu privato (at one’s own cost or expense ; e. g. , bellum gerere ; vid. Livius, 2, 53 fy 47). || That one can use or apply to his own advantage, proprius (opposed to communis or alienus ; Cf. , in Cicero, always with a genitive, to which the passage, Cicero, Rosc. , Am. ,
8, 21, tria prædia Capitoni propria traduntur, is no objection, since Capitoni depends on traduntur : in other writers also with a dative) : peculiaris (that which one has for his own person and advantage) : privatus (that belongs to one as his private property ; opposed to publicus) : domesticus (that concerns one’s own family). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) domesticus et privatus (e. g. , domesticæ et privatæ res ; opposed to publicæ) : privus (proper to one’s self, one’s very own). Here, also, the possesive pronouns are frequently sufficient, to which, also, proprius may be added for emphasis ; e. g. , suo annulo signare ; calamitatem propriam suam queri : one’s own house, ædes peculiares (Pompon. Dig. , 15, 1, 22) : he has taken away everything that was our own, ademit nobis omnia, quæ nostra erant propria : to make anything one’s own, proprium sibi facere aliquid (so as to be able to dispose of it ; vid. Horatius, Sat. , 2, 6, 5) : sibi acquirere in aliquid (to acquire as one’s property) : discere, percipere aliquid (by learning : Cf. , in succum et sanguinem vertere is without any warrant) : a rich man who sails in his own yacht, dives, quem ducit priva triremis (poetical) : each vessel has its own lid, opercula sunt doliis priva. OWN, v. , || To possess, rem possidere, habere ; re frui. || To recognize, acknowledge, agnoscere, cognoscere (to recognize anything as being what it is) : appellare aliquem (with an accusative of the title ; to declare anyone to be such or such a person) : probare, comprobare (to approve of). To own one as his son, agnoscere aliquem filium (opposed to abdicare filium) : to own anyone as king, regem appellare aliquem (to declare anyone king) : alicui parere (to obey anyone ; opposed to detrectare alicujus imperium). || To confess, fateor (mostly implying a previous question) : confiteor, profiteor (confiteor, reluctantly, from being unable to conceal ; profiteor, freely, openly ; often joined with præ se ferre) : to own a debt, confiteri æs alienum (XII. Tabb. ap. Gell. , etc. ) ; confiteri nomen ; fateri se debere (opposed to infitiari debitum) : to own a fault or crime, confiteri peccatum (Cicero) or se peccasse. OWNER, possessor ; qui possidet, etc. OX, bos (genitive, bovis ; plural, bovum ; bobus or bubus). A young ox, juvencus : of or belonging to oxen, boarius : ox driver, bubulcus : ox tail, cauda taurina : ox tongue, (properly) lingua bovis ; (a plant) * anchusa (Linnæus).
OXALIC,
OXYDE,
OXYGEN, etc. , must be retained as technical term ; e. g. , * oxygenium. OXYMEL, oxymel (Plinius).
OYSTER, ostrea ; ostreum (poetical).
Of or belonging to oysters, ostrearius : full of oysters, ostreosus (poetical) : an oyster-bed or pit, ostrearium ; ostrearium vivarium (artificially prepared ; vid. Plinius, 9, 54, 79 ; Macrobius, Sat. , 2, 11) : the beard of an oyster, fibræ : bread eaten with oysters, panis ostrearius : the taking of oysters, ostrearum lectio (Cf. , not captura) : a dealer in oysters, ostrearius : an oyster-shell, testa : to open an oyster, testam discuneare. PABULAR, ad cibum pertinens ; or by genitive, cibi, ciborum. PABULOUS, alibilis (Varro).
PACE, s. , || Step, gait, passus, -ûs ; gressus, -ûs ; incessus, -ûs ; ingressus, -ûs. A quick, slow pace, incessus citus, tardus [vid. also, GAIT]. || Degree of celerity, by gradus. equus cui mollis est alterno crurum explicatu glomeratio (Plinius, 8, 42, 67 ; that goes with a regular and even pace) : to mend one’s pace, gradum addere (Livius), celerare (Horatius), corripere (Vergilius) : to go at a brisk pace, pleno gradu ingredi (Treb. in Cicero, Ep. ) : a sluggish pace, passus iners or lentus (Ovidius) : a quick or rapid pace, passus citus or rapidus (Ovidius) . || A measure of five Roman feet, passus, -ûs. PACE, v. , compositis gradibus ire (Vergilius) ; lento gradu incedere or ingredi : spatiari (pace about for pleasure, etc. ). PACHA, satraps ; præfectus ; purpuratus (or it may be necessary to retain the word astechnical term).
PACIFIC, pacis amator (Cicero) or cupidus (Horatius, Sat. ) ; otii studiosus ; placabilis (easily appeased) : placidus (opposed to ferox, immitis) : concors (concordant) : quietus (not warlike) : pacificus (making peace ; Cicero, Luc. , Mart. ). A pacific disposition, pacis, concordiæ, amor, or studium (Cicero) ; animus non abhorrens a quietis consiliis (Livius, 30, 30) : pacific overtures, pacis conditiones, plural. PACIFICATION, pacificatio (Cicero) ; mostly by the verbs. PACIFICATOR, pacificator (Cicero) ; mostly by the verbs. PACIFY, || To calm, tranquillize, aliquem or alicujus animum placare (to set at rest) : mitigare (to mitigate) : lenire or delinire (to assuage) : permulcere (to appease by endearment, by gentle words). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) alicujus animum lenire et placare, placare et mitigare. To pacify the anger of anyone, alicujus iram lenire, mollire, permulcere, placare, sedare : to pacify the multitude, multitudinem, plebem reprimere : to pacify a disturbance, seditionem lenire or sedare : to pacify pain, dolorem mitigare. || To appease, vid. PACK, s. , || Bundle, sarcina, sarcinula (as a burden) : fascis (general term) : manipulus (such as may be carried in the hand). || Of hounds, * canum venaticorum turba. || Of men (contemptuously), turba ; grex. PACK,
PACK UP, v. , || To collect in parcels or bundles, colligere ; componere ; in fasciculos colligare ; sarcinulas alligare. || To squeeze together, coartare. Close packing, * hominum in angusto sedentium coartatio (after Livius, 27, 46 ; of the close sitting in the theatre).
PACK OFF, amoliri se (Plautus) ; facessere ; se facessere.
Pack-off ! apage te! apage sis! facesse hinc! abis hinc! PACK-CLOTH, segestre or segestrium ; * lineum emporeticum. PACKET, || A small bundle, fasciculus (Cicero) ; sarcinula (Petronius). || A ship or boat, navis tabellaria (after Seneca, Ep. , 77, 1) ; or, by circumlocution, * navicula publica literis, sarcinis, et hominibus transportandis or perferendis. PACK-HORSE, equus clitellarius (after Columella) : jumentum sarcinarium ; or simply jumentum (Cæsar).
PACK-SADDLE, clitellæ, plural. PACK-THREAD, funiculus (Plinius) ; resticula (Varro).
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PACT,
PACTION, pactio, pactum (an agreement drawn in proper form, and which has become legal ; the former as action) : conventus ; conventum ; constitutum (the thing agreed upon ; also, before it is irrevocably binding). Vid. COMPACT.