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MORTGAGE, hypothecam obligare (Pand. ) ; dare aliquid hypothecæ (Jurisconsulti) ; pignerare, oppignerare (domus, agrum) : to be mortgaged, hypothecæ nomine obligatum esse (Pand. ).
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MORTGAGEE, creditor hypothecarius (Ulpius). MORTIFICATION, || Act of mortifying ; by the verbs. || Subduing of passions, libidinum coercitio, refrenatio (Seneca). || Disappointment, vexation, ægritudo ; molestia ; mæror.
MORTIFY, INTRANS. , mori ; emori ; præmori. TRANS. , || To subdue (passions or appetites), corporis libidines coercere, refrænare : * se ipsum or corpus suum castigare. || To vex, ægritudinem or mærorem afferre alicui ; molestiam alicui afferre or exhibere : to be mortified at, ægritudine or molestia affici ex aliqua re.
MORTISE, s. , cardo femina (cardo mascula, the tenon, Vitruvius). MORTISE, v. , tignum immittere ; tignum injungere in asserem.
MORTMAIN, quod alienari non potest (after Cicero). MORTUARY, adjective, funebris.
MOSAIC, opus museum (inscription, or simply museum, Plinius, or musivum, Spart. ) : opus tessellatum (with small dice and stones, especially of colored marble, as a pavement, also lithostrotum : Cf. , opus sectile denotes work in larger pieces of colored marble) : a mosaic pavement, pavimentum tessellatum ; pavimentum tessellis or vermiculatis crustis or crustulis stratum or exornatum ; asarotum (Statius).
MOSQUE, * ædes Turcica.
MOSQUITO, culex pipiens (Linnæus). MOSS, muscus : villi arborum (growing on trees). To clear trees of moss, arbores emuscare (general term) ; arboribus museum abradere : arbores interradere (by scraping it off). A moss rose, * rosa muscosa.
MOSSY, muscosus (full of, or covered with, moss) : musco similis (like moss) : a moss seat, sedes musco strata.
MOST, adverb, plurimus : the most, plural, plurimi ; plerique (Cf. , plurimi as superlative of multi, in opposition to pauci, the greatest quantity, mostly adjective, with a genitive ; but plerique (οἱ πολλοί) the greater part, the majority, mostly substantive and of persons, not with a genitive. In Tacitus, and even in Sallustius, we find plurimi usually for the most, and plerique for many, with a substantive in the same case ; vid. Zumpt, § 109, Ramsh. , § 42, Bremi ad Nep. , Præf. , 1, Herzog, ad Cæs. , B. G. , 4, 5 ; Fabri, Herz. , Kritz, ad Sall. , Jug. , 6, 1, Grysar, p. 121) : for the most part, maximam partem, maxima ex parte : at most, summum ; quum plurimum (Livius, 33, 5, 9, trium aut, quum plurimum, quatuor ramorum vallos cædit ; Cf. , ad summum is not Latin ; vid. Handrianus, Tursell. , 1, p. 132, sq. ). MOST, adverb, plurimum, maxime.
MOSTLY, || For the most part, maximam partem ; maxima ex parte. || Most frequently, generally, plerumque (opposed to semper) : plurimum ; vulgo (with reference to a number of subjects, by which a thing is done or in which it has place) ; fere (commonly). MOTE, atŏmus, -i, feminine ; corpus individuum, or individuum et solidum (Cicero) ; corpus insecabile (Vitruvius, Quint. ). PROV. , to see a mote in another’s eye, and not to see a beam in one’s own, Vid. BEAM.
MOTH, tinea : moth-eaten, tineis perforatus.
MOTHER, || Properly, mater : matrix (only of animals ; Cf. , Procreatrix for mater does not occur in the proper sense, nor is genitrix so used in classic prone ; hence both must be avoided) : to become a mother, partum edere ; by anyone, gravidum fieri ex or de aliquo ; matrem fieri de aliquo (Ovidius, Met. , 3, 270) : to be a mother, peperisse : to be the mother of three children, trium liberorum matrem esse ; tres liberos peperisse : children of one mother, liberi eadem matre nati ; liberi uterini (Code Justinian, 5, 61, 2) : that has a mother still alive, matrimus : on the mother’s side, maternus : that has lost his mother, matre orbus. || Figuratively, producer, nourisher, mater (general term) ; parens, procreatrix, genitrix (parens to be used when the substantive is masculine in Latin) : the earth is the common mother of all mortals, terra est communis mater omnium mortalium : philosophy is the mother of all sciences, procreatrix quædam et quasi parens omnium artium est philosophia : frugality is the mother of virtues, genitrix virtutum frugalitas : honor is the mother (promoter) of the arts, honos alit artes.
MOTHER-TONGUE, sermo patrius ; sermo, qui natus est nobis, sermo nativus (general term) ; sermo noster, lingua nostra (Cf. , lingua materna and sermo maternus are not Latin ; and lingua patria ; lingua vernacula, sermo vernaculus do not occur) : to use or speak one’s mother-tongue, sermone patrio uti ; sermone eo uti qui natus est nobis ; sermonem patrium dicere : to write in one’s mother-tongue, librum sermone eo, qui natus est nobis, conficere (after Nepos, Hann. ).
MOTHERLESS, matre orbus : to become motherless, matre orbari.
MOTHERLY, maternus ; or, by the genitive, matris.
MOTION, s. , || Movement, motus (in almost all the senses of the English word) : motio (a putting in motion) : agitatio (a moving to and fro) : jactatus, jactatio (a fluctuating motion ; e. g. , of the sea) : concussus, concussio (a violent shaking motion) : machinatio (artificial motion) : motion of the body, corporis motus ; agitatio motusque corporis (of the body and of the hands), corporis motio et gestus : to be in motion, moveri ; agitari (to be driven backward and forward) : to be in constant, perpetual motion, semper esse in motu ; sempiterno motu præditum esse (e. g. , of the heavenly bodies) : to set in motion [vid. To MOVE, properly] : to put in quick or rapid motion, incitare ; concitare (to urge on) : jactare (to throw about) : to receive motion from without, pulsu externo agitari ; from within, motu cieri interiore ; cieri et agi motu suo ; per se ipsum et sua sponte moveri : to have a certain and uniform motion, motu quodam certo et æquabili uti. || Impulse, motus ; impulsus : of one’s own motion, mea (tua, etc. ) sponte. || Proposal made, consilium ; conditio ; actio : to make a motion, conditionem ferre, proponere ; ferre aliquid (ad populum) : referre aliquid (ad senatum) : postulare de re (before a court of justice) : to make a motion for a law, ferre legem, rogationem : to make a motion for peace, de pace agere ; pacis auctorem or suasorem exsistere : to oppose a motion, actioui summa vi resistere ; adversus actionem summa ope anniti : to support a motion, suffragari alicui.
MOTIONLESS, (properly and figuratively) immobilis ; immotus ; stabilis ; fixus (properly) ; motu carens.
MOTIVE, adjective, qui movet, etc.
MOTIVE, s. , causa, ratio (Cicero) ; consilii motus (Plinius, Ep. ) : an external motive, impulsus externus, or simply impulsus, stimulus (Cicero) ; si requirit, quæ causa nos impulerit, ut hæc tam sero literis mandaremus (if any one ask what motive induced, Cicero, N. D. , 1, 4, 7) : quasi moventia proponere (as motives, Cicero, Tusc. , 5, 24, 68). MOTLEY, || Dappled, coloris maculosi (Columella) ; coloris disparis ; maculis albis (Vergilius). || Diversified, mixtus, varius.
MOTTO, sententia ; dictum (Cicero) : his motto was, hoc dictum usurpare, or in ore habere, solebat : I take it as my motto, meum illud verbum facio (Tacitus). MOULD, s. || Soil, terra, humus : rich mould, terra gravis, humus pinguis : light mould, terra facilis, humus levis : loose mould, terra resoluta ; humus soluta : fine mould, humus minuta, tenera. || A damp concretion, situs ; mucor (mustiness) : putredo (rottenness, Cf. , late) : to smell of mould, situm redolere : to contract mould, situm ducere. || Form, forma (Plinius ; formæ in quibus æra funduntur) ; formula (Ammianus) : to be cast in the same mould, una forma percussos esse (Seneca, Ep. , 34).
MOULD, v. , || Properly, To fashion, form, fingere, effingere, confingere, formare, figurare, aliquid (ex argella, e cera, ex aliqua materia). ||Figuratively, fingere ; effingere ; formare.
MOULDER, in pulverem abire, dissipari, dispergi.
MOULDY, situ corruptus ; mucidus (musty) : putridus (rotten) : to grow mouldly, situ corrumpi ; mucorem contrahere ; mucescere ; putrescere : to be mouldly, situ corruptum esse ; mucere.
MOULT, plumas ponere or exuere.
MOULTING, defluvium plumarum (after Plinius, defluvium capillorum). MOUND, tumulus, grumus (tumulus, like oxOos, means either a natural or artificial elevation ; grumus only an artificial elevation, like χῶμα) : agger (properly, earth heaped up) : tumulus terrenus (Cæsar, B. G. , 1, 43). MOUNT, v. , INTRANS. , scandere (to ascend a steep place) : sublime ferri ; sublimem abire (in the air ; the latter only of living creatures) : pennis se levare ; pennis sublime efferri (of birds). TRANS. , scandere aliquid, or in aliquid (e. g. , muros ; in aggerem) : conscendere (with an accusative ; e. g. , equum, navem) : ascendere aliquid, or in aliquid (e. g. , murum, navem, or in navem) : escendere in aliquid (e. g. , in rostra, in concionem, in malum) : inscendere in aliquid (e. g. , in arborem, in currum) [SYN. in CLIMB] : to mount a horse, conscendere equum ; ascendere in equum : to cause the cavalry to mount, equiti admovere equos : not to suffer one to mount (of a horse), non patientem esse sessoris (Suetonius, Cæsar, 61) ; sessorem repudiare (Seneca, Const. , 12, 3) ; insurgere in omnes, et conscendere conatus ferocia exterrere (Curtius, 1, 4, 13) : to mount the rostra, escendere in rostra or in concionem ; ascendere in rostra : to mount the throne, * in regiam sedem escendere (properly) ; regnum adipisci ; regnum occupare (figuratively, the latter especially
contrary to right). MOUNT,
MOUNTAIN, mons : jugum (mountain height) : collis, clivus (collis in respect of its height, clivus in respect of elevation) : of or on a mountain, montanus : full of mountains, montuosus or montosus : on this side of a mountain, cis montanus : on the other side, transmontanus : at the foot of a mountain, in or sub radicibus montis : to be inclosed by high mountains, undique altissimis montibus contineri : the top or summit of a mountain, montis vertex, culmen, or cacumen ; montis jugum (the top of a chain of mountains) : a chain of mountains, montes continui (poetical) ; continua or perpetua montium juga ; juga velut serie cohærentia ; perpetuo jugo juncti colles ; saltus montibus circa perpetuis inter se juncti ; jugum, quod montes perpetuo dorso inter se jungit (vid. Herzog, ad Cæsar, B. G. , 7, 44) : valley in the mountains, montium intervallum : a mountain stream or torrent, torrens monte præcipiti devolutus (Livius, 28, 6) ; flumine montano rapidus torrens (a rushing torrent, Vergilius, Æn. 2, 305). Proverbially, to remove mountains, montes sua sede moliri (Livius) : the sermon on the Mountain, * oratio a Christo de monte habita.
MOUNTAIN-ASH, * sorbu* aucuparia (Linnæus). MOUNTAINEER, homo montanus (Cf. , monticola is poetical) : plural, montani with or without homines.
MOUNTAINOUS, montosus, montuosus : a mountainous country, regio montosa ; loca montuosa (plural) ; montana (plural).
MOUNTEBANK, circulator (general term, Seneca, Celsus) ; pharmacopola, circumforaneus (a quack doctor).
MOURN, lugere ; in luctu esse squalere ; in luctu et squalore esse (with reference to Roman customs) : (Cf. , the degrees of mourning are thus stated by Cicero, luget senatus ; mæret equester ordo ; tota civitas confecta senio est ; squalent municipia, Mil. , 8, 20) ; mærere aliqua re or aliquid, is to feel inward grief, which displays itself on the countenance and by gestures ; lugere, so to mourn as to adopt the conventional signs or emblems of mourning.
MOURNFUL, || Sorrowful, tristis ; mæstus. || Causing sorrow, tristis, miserandus, commiserandus, miseratione dignus (of persons and things. Cf. , Miserabilis in this sense is not found in the best prose) : dolendus, lugendus (of things = deserving of pity). || Expressive of sorrow, lamentabilis ; lugubris.
MOURNFULLY, || Sorrowfully, mæste ; mæsto, tristi animo. || In a mournful manner, miserabiliter ; flebiliter ; lamentabili voce (with mournful tones) ; lugubriter (Appuleius). MOURNING, || Sorrow, grief, luctus ; mæstitia mæror. A house of mourning, domus lugubris (general term) ; domus funesta (in which a corpse lies). || The outward signs, garb, etc. , of sorrow, vestis or cultus lugubris ; squalor ; sordes. To be in mourning, pullatum or sotdidatum esse squalere : many noble families were in mourning, multæ et claræ lugubres erant domus : in mourning, sordidatus ; pullatus ; atratus ; veste lugubri vestitus : to put on mourning, vestem mutare ; vestem lugubrem sumere or induere : to leave off mourning, ad vestitum (suum) redire (opposed to vestem mutare) ; luctum deponere or finire ; vestem lugubrem deponere or exuere.
MOUSE, mus. A little mouse, musculus : a field-mouse, shrew-mouse, sorex, -icis, mouse (the first syllable is long in Seren. , Samm. , short in Auct. Carm. , de Philom. ) : of a mouse, murinus : mouse-color, color murinus (Plinius) : mouse-skin, pellis murina (Justinus) : all is as quiet as a mouse, altum est silentium ; nulla exauditur vox.
MOUSE-EAR, the proper word, auricula muris ; (a plant), * myosotis (Linnæus). MOUSE-HOLE, cavum muris (Horatius). MOUSE-TRAP, muscipula ; muscipulum (Varro, Phædrus) : a mouse-trap that is set, muscipula contenta.
MOUTH, || Of men or animals, os (properly) : rostrum (an instrument for gnawing ; hence snout, beak ; also, in contempt or facete for the human mouth) : rictus oris, or simply rictus (an opening of the mouth, an open mouth) : hiatus oris, or simply hiatus (a wide opening of the mouth, as in yawning) : With open mouth, hians : to open the mouth (in order to speak), os aperire (poetical) : to open the mouth wide, rictum diducere (in astonishment, laughter, or speaking ; poetical) : hiare (general term) : oscitare (in yawning) : to open anyone’s mouth (in order to put anything into it), alicui os diducere : do not open your mouth too wide (in laughing, speaking), sint modici rictus (Ovidius, A. A. , 3, 283) ; observandum est ne immodicus hiatus rictum distendat (Quintilianus, 1, 11, 9) : to distort the mouth, labra distorquere (ib. ) : to make a mouth at anything (contemptuously), rictu oris ductuque labrorum contemni a se aliquid ostendere (Gellius, 18, 4) : to look at a horse’s mouth, equi dentes inspicere. Proverbially, don’t look a gift horse in the mouth, equi donati dentes non inspiciuntur (Hieronymus) : to stop a person’s mouth, linguam alicui occludere ; os alicui obturare (comic) : to snatch a thing out of one’s mouth, aliquid alicui ab ore rapere ; præripere alicui aliquid ; ex ore or ex faucibus eripere alicui aliquid (e. g. , bolum, orationem ; comic) ; eripere alicui aliquid (e. g. , responsionem, comic) : you take the word out of my mouth, istuc ibam (comic) : to put anything into one’s mouth (figuratively ; i. e. , to introduce him as saying), aliquem aliquid loquentem facere : anything makes one’s mouth water, aliquid salivam mihi movet (also, figuratively in epistolary style, as Seneca, Ep. , 79, 6, Ætna tibi salivam movet) : to have anything in one’s mouth, aliquid in ore habere (properly, of food ; and figuratively, of speech) : aliquid loqui (figuratively, of speech, ἐρεῖν τι ; e. g. , omnia magna loqui ; nihil nisi classes loqui et exercitus) : to be in ererybody’s mouth, in omnium ore or in omnium ore et sermone esse, omni populo in ore esse, per omnium ora ferri (of persons or things, in good or bad sense) : omnium sermone vapulare (of persons, in a bad sense) : tota urbe or tota regione percelebrari (of things, to be spread abroad) : to have a thing from a person’s own mouth, coram ex ipso audivisse aliquid ; aliquo auctore cognovisse aliquid : to speak through the mouth of anyone, alicujus ore loqui : not to shut one’s mouth (i. e. , to speak boldly), libere loqui : to speak whatever comes into one’s mouth, garrire or loqui quidquid in buccam venerit (vid. Cicero, Att. , 1, 12, extr. ) : out of the abundance of the heart the mouth speaketh, omne supervacuum pleno de pectore manat (Horatius, A. P. , 337) : to keep the mouth shut (figuratively), tacere ; linguam compescere : to proceed out of the mouth (of words, speech), ex ore alicujus exire, excidere, or mitti. || An opening, place of egress, etc. , os, ostium (e. g. , of a river, etc. ) ; caput (one of several mouths of a river) : the mouth of a gutter, drain, nares canalis : the mouth of a cannon, * os tormenti bellici : mouth of a hive, foramen quo exitus et introitus datur apibus (Columella, 9, 7, 5). MOUTHFUL, offa, frustum, bolus (Plautus, Terentianus), buccea (Suetonius). MOVABLE, mobilis (properly and figuratively) : agilis (properly and figuratively) : mollis (flexible). A movable feast, dies sacrincii non status ; sacrificium non statum (cf. , Flor. , 1, 13 ; Cicero, Tusc. , 1, 47, 113) : movables, res moventes ; res, quæ moveri possunt or quæ ferri agique possunt ; ruta cæsa, ruta et cæsa (the proper word, not fixtures) ; supellex (household furniture). MOVE, v. , || Properly, TRANS. , movere, commovere, ciere (to put in motion) : agitare (to move to and fro) : versare (to turn round) : quatere (to shake) : moliri (with exertion) : rotare, circumagere (to move in a circle ; rotare is rather poetical) : To move the bowels [vid. PURGE]. Proverbially, to move heaven and earth, * cœlum et terram movere, ut aiunt Angli (after Acheronta movebo ; Vergilius). INTRANS. , movere ; se commovere ; moveri ; commoveri (to put one’s self in motion, or to be in motion) : incitari (to be put in quick motion ; opposed to retardari) : ferri (to be moved involuntarily, with violence ; opposed to labi ; especially of the heavenly bodies) : micare, vibrare (to move tremulously, e. g. , of light). To move in a circle, in orbem circumagi : to move about a thing, ambire aliquid ; versari circum aliquid (e. g. , about an axis) : ferri circum aliquid ; volvi circum aliquid (to turn itself about, etc. ) : to move as one pleases, ut quisque vult ita uti motu sui corporis : to move spontaneously, cieri et agi motu suo ; sua vi moveri ; per se ipsum et sua vi moveri ; per se ipsum et sua sponte moveri : not to move from the spot, ex loco se non commovere. || Figuratively, movere, commovere (general term) : afficere aliquem or alicujus animum (to put into a certain state of mind) : flectere alicujus animum (to cause one to alter his mind) : vincere, expugnare (to induce compliance at last ; with precibus, precibus lacrimisque, etc. ) : To move one to anything, aliquem ad aliquid adducere, impellere (general term) ; aliquem ad aliquid inducere (especially to lead astray, seduce) : persuadere alicui, ut, etc. (Cf. , never with the accusative) : to endeavor to move, sollicitare, ad aliquid or with ut, etc. : to move one to pity, aliquem ad misericordiam adducere or allicere : to move to laughter, risum alicui movere : to move to tears, movere or elicere alicui lacrimas : not to be moved by anyone’s tears, alicujus lacrimas repudiare. || To make a motion ; Vid. MOTION.
MOVE, s. , [Vid. MOTION]. To make a move, movere :
to make the first move (at play), prior calculum moveo (Quintilianus 11, 2, 38). MOVED = Affected, impelled, motus or commotus (aliqua re) ; adductus (induced), impulsus (impelled) aliqua re.
Moved by anyone, aliquo auctore (by persuasion) : aliquo suasore (by advice) : aliquo impulsore (by urgency). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) aliquo auctore et suasore ; aliquo suasore et impulsore. κυρικιμασαηικο MOVEMENT, motus ; motio ; agitatio [Vid. MOTION]. The movement party, qui rebus novis student. || In music, * locus, * pars, * membrum (Bau. ). MOVING, adjective = Affecting, animum movens, commovens (general term) : miserationem or misericordiam movens (exciting compassion) : gravis (impressive) : vebemens (powerful). A moving speech, oratio gravis, vehemens, ardens : a moving spectacle, species flebilis ; spectaculum luctuosum.
MOW, s. , meta ; acervus (e. g. , fœni ; Cf. , not fœnile, which is = a hay-loft, Columella) : to make (hay) mows, fœnum in metas exstruere (Columella, 2, 18, 2). MOW, v. , (fœnum) secare, demetere, succidere, cædere ; (prata) desecare ; absolutely, metere.
MOWER, falcator, messor (one who mows corn) : fœniseca, fœnisector (Columella), fœnisex (Varro, one who cuts grass). MOWING, fœnisicium (Varro ; hay-harvest). MUCH, adjective, multus ; largus (copious, abundant). (Cf. , This word must often be rendered in Latin by the neuter multum and a genitive : multus is used as an adjective when it is convertible into many ; as a substantive, with a genitive, when it may be represented by the English great or large. ) I want much money, mihi multum pecuniæ opus est : to bestow much pains upon anything, multum et industriæ in aliqua re ponere, collocare (Cicero) : the thing costs much pains, res est multi, magni, laboris : to have much leisure, otio abundare : so much, tantus : I have not so much leisure, tantum otii mihi non datum est : thus much I had to say, write, hæc hactenus ; hæc sunt quæ dicenda putavi ; hæc habebam, quæ dicerem, scriberem : to eat too much, modum excedere in edendo : nimium esse in edendo : not to be of much consequence, parvi esse momenti.
MUCH, adverb, multum ; magnopere ; with comparatives also multo, longe. Too much, nimium ; nimis plus æquo ; satis superque : by how much, quanto : by so much, tanto.
MUCH LESS, multo minus : nedum (sometimes with ut ; e. g. , at the best times they could not endure the tribunitial power, much less in these, with these customs, etc. , optimis temporibus non potuerunt vim tribuniciam sustinere, nedum his temporibus, his moribus, etc. : a satrap could never bear his expense, much less could you, satrapa nunquam ejus sumtus efficere queat, nedum (ut) tu possis ; sometimes ne is used for nedum, with a conjunctive following ; vid. , Cicero, ad Div. , 9, 26, 2 ; Sallustius, Cat. , 11, 8, Fabri ; Liv. , 3, 52, 9, Gronov. ) : to give nothing to a friend, much less to an enemy, nihil amico, multo minus alicui inimico aliquid donare. For “not. . . much less, ” we may use circumlocution with non modo non, or (if both propositions have a common verb) simply non modo. . . sed ne quidem ; e. g. , such a man will not dare to think, much less to do a wrong thing, talis vir non modo facere sed ne cogitare quidem quidquam audebit, quod non honestum sit (cf. Zumpt, § 724). Or we may say tantum abest ut in either of the following forms : Demosthenes himself does not please me, much less can I admire my own writings, tantum abest, ut nostra miremur, ut nobis non satisfaciat Demosthenes ; or, scarcely could we resist sleep, much less could you, excite us, tantum abfuit ut inflammares nostros animos, somnum vix tenebamus. MUCH MORE, multo magis (with reference to degree = in greater measure) : potius (with reference to choice = rather) : quin, quin etiam, potius (denoting climax) : imo, imo vero (introducing a correction or exceptional clause or remark).
MUCID, mucidus. To become mucd, mucescere (Plinius) ; mucorem contrahere (Columella).
MUCIDNESS, mucor, -oris.
MUCILAGE, mucus ; pituita (phlegm). MUCILAGINOUS, muculentus (Prudentius) ; mucosus (Celsus, Columella). MUCK, fimus ; stercus, -o̅bris.
Muck-heap, sterquilinium.
MUCK-WORM, || Properly, * scarabæus stercorarius (Linnæus). || Figuratively, homo sordidus or tenax.
MUCKY, stercoreus (Plautus).
MUCOSY, mucosus ; mucidus.
MUD, lutum (mud consisting of loosened earth and water) : cœnum (dirt, filth ; with the idea of impurity and disagreeableness) : limus (of a river, etc. ) : to roll in the mud, volvi in cœno : covered with mud, oblitus cœno.
MUD-WALL, lutamentum (Cato). MUDDLE, || To render turbid, (aquam) turbare (Ovidius), obturbare (Plinius), turbulentam facere (Phædrus). || To make half-drunk, inebriare ; vino aliquem deponere (Plautus). To be muddled, vino madere.
MUDDY, lutosus, lutulentus, cœnosus, limosus. SYN. in MUD.
MUFF, * tegumentum manuum ex pellibus factum ; * tegumentum manuum pelliceum (Kraft). Cf. , Manica is a long sleeve, and pellis manicata a garment of fur with such sleeves.
MUFFIN, * libum quod muffin dicitur.
MUFFLE, involvere (opposed to aperire). To muffle the head, caput involvere, velare, tegere, obtegere.
MUFFLER, tegumentum, involucrum, velamentum.
MUG, Vid. CUP.
MUGGY (Of weather), humidus.
MUG-WORT, * Artemisia (Linnæus). MULATTO, hi̅brida.
MULBERRY, morum.
Mulberry-tree, morus (Plinius). MULCT, Vid. FINE.
MULE, mulus (Cicero) ; feminine, mula.
MULETEER, mulio (Cæsar). MULL, (vinum) * coquere.
Mulled wine, vinum candens.
MULLEN, * verbascum (Linnæus). MULLET, mullus (Cicero) ; * mullus barbatus (Linnæus). MULLIGRUBS, tormina, -um, plural, (Plinius).
MULLION, by circumlocution, * ea pars fenestræ quæ mullion dicitur. (We do not read of anything corresponding to this in ancient writers. ) MULTANGULAR, multangulus (Lucretius) ; polygonius (once, Vitruvius). MULTIFARIOUS, varius, multiplex. (Cf. , Multifarius obsolete, revived by the grammarians ; but multifariam, adverb, is found in the best classics, yet not often. ) MULTIFARIOUSLY, varie ; vario modo ; multifariam (classical, but rare). MULTIFORM, multiformis (classical, but rare) ; * multas formas habens ; multis formis.
MULTILATERAL, multa, complura, latera habens ; in geometry, also, polygonius (Vitruvius). MULTIPLE, * numerus alium numerum multoties continens (Lünem. ). MULTIPLICATION, multiplicatio (Columella), or by a verb.
MULTIPLY, || TRANS. , multiplicare. To multiply three by four, tria quater multiplicare ; tria quater ducere (Cf. , not ter quater sumere) : to multiply a number by itself, numerum in se (Cf. , not inter se) multiplicare : to multiply these sums by each other, has summas in se or inter se multiplicare : the breadth multiplied by the length gires 1500 feet, latitudinem cum longitudine multiplicando efficiemus pedes mille et quingentos. || INTRANS. , crescere ; augeri ; augescere ; auctibus crescere or augeri. MULTITUDE, multitudo (general term) : magnus numerus (great number) : acervus (a heap of things lying together) : turba (a confused multitude or heap ; of persons or things) : nubes (a great or dense multitude of things or living creatures like a cloud ; but Cf. , since regard must always be had to the shape of a cloud, it is not Latin to say nubes exemplorum for multa exempla or magna copia exemplorum) : silva (a mass of materials from tuck one can make a choice ; but only of mental operations ; e. g. , silva rerum et sententiarum ; silva observationum ; silva virtutum et vitiorum), vis (a number of persons or things, considered as containing power or energy) : caterva, agmen (a band, troop of persons) : copia (sufficiency of things needful or useful ; hence of persons only when they are considered as means or instruments ; e. g. , armatorum, virorum fortium copia) : frequentia (a number of persons present ; also, of things) : vulgus (the common people) : sexcenti is often employed in Latin to denote an indefinitely large number ; e. g. , I received a multitude of letters at once, sexcentas literas uno tempore accepi : an innumerable multitude, multitudo, copia incredibilis ; vis magna : one of the multitude (of people), unus e or de multis : to have a multitude of, abundare, redundare, affluere aliqua re ; plenum esse alicujus rei.
MULTITUDINOUS, numerosus, creber, magno numero.
MUM, s. , * cerevisiæ genus pinguius.
MUM, interjection, tace! plural, tacete! favete linguis! silentium tene! plural, teneate! MUMBLE, mussare, mussitare, murmurare.
MUMMERY, || Properly, incessus personatus (Ban. ). || Figuratively, nugæ ; ineptiæ ; ludi ; somnia ; tricæ ; gerræ.
MUMMY, || A dead body preserved by embalming, mortuus arte medicatus (Mela, 1, 2, 75) ; corpus defuncti odoribus illitum (Lactantius 2, 4, 9) ; sceletus (Properly, a shrivelled corpse ; Appuleius). || Gum, gummi, indeclinable (Plinius) ; gummis (Columella). To beat one to mummy, aliquem probe percutere, plagis irrigare (Plautus).
MUMP, v. , Vid. NIBBLE, MUMBLE, CHEAT.
MUMPISH, morosus ; difficilis.
MUMPS, || A disease, angi̅na (Celsus). || Sullenness. animus tristis, morosus ; tristitia ; stomachus.
MUNCH, manducare ; or, more fully,
* porcorum manducantium sonos imitari.
MUNDANE, mundanus. Vid. WORLDLY.
MUNICIPAL, municipalis.
MUNICIPALITY, municipium (a free town, having its own laws and magistrates, and also the right of Roman citizenship). MUNIFICENCE, munificentia ; beneficentia ; benignitas : liberalitas ; largitas.
MUNIFICENT, largus (opposed to parcus, tenax, restrictus) : liberalis (opposed to sordidus) : beneficus (benevolent) : munificus (generous) : benignus (kind). MUNIFICENTLY, munifice ; benigne ; liberaliter ; large (Cicero) ; benefice (Gellius). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) large liberaliterque ; munifice et large.
MUNIMENT, Vid. FORTIFICATION, DOCUMENT.
MUNITION, instrumenta et apparatus belli (Cicero) ; apparatus bellicus (Livius) ; copia earum rerum quæ pertinent ad usum belli (after Cæsar). MURAL, muralis.
MURDER, s. , cædes (general term) : homicidium (of any person) : parricidium (of persons sacred and inviolable, as of parents, brothers or sisters, princes, etc. ) : The murder of anyone, cædes, occisio, cædes et occido alicujus, cædes qua aliquis occisus est (Cf. , interfectio alicujus is not classical) : nex alicujus (violent death) : scelus alicujus interfecti, mors per scelus alicui illata (crime committed on anyone) : to commit murder, cædem, homicidium facere ; parricidium committere ; parricidio se obstringere : to commit a murder on anyone, cædem alicujus facere, efficere, or perpetrare ; mortem per scelus alicui inferre ; necem alicui inferre, offerre ; alicui vim afferre (to offer violence to) : aliquem interficere or occidere (to kill) : to commit murder after murder, cædem cæde accumulare (Lucretius, 3, 71) : to accuse of murder, aliquem cædis arguere : to acquit of murder, aliquem cædis absolvere.
MURDER, v. , interficere, occidere (to kill) : necare aliquem, necem inferre alicui, vim alicui afferre (with violence) : trucidare aliquem (to slaughter, like cattle) : jugulare aliquem (to cut the throat, and so to kill) : aliquem tollere de or e medio (general term, to remove). To seek to murder anyone, alicujus vitæ insidiari ; vitam alicujus ferro atque insidiis appetere ; alicui interitum appetere.
MURDERER, homici̅da (general term) : parricida (of a person naturally sacred and inviolable, as of a father, mother, brother or sister, magistrate, prince, etc. ; where perspicuity requires it, also with a word denoting the individual on whom the murder is committed ; as parricida liberum, Livius, 3, 50 ; parricida regis, patriæ, exercitus, Curtius, 6, 9, 30 ; parricida parentis sui, Curtius, 8, 7, 2) : sicarius (an assassin) : percussor (one who smites ; sometimes as a milder expression for sicarius ; vid. Cicero, Rosc. Am. , 33, 93) : auctor necis (the originator of a murder ; opposed to conscius necis, i. e. , one privy to it). The murderer of anyone, alicujus interfector (never, except where the context determines the sense, used without a word denoting the individual murdered. Cf. , We find occisor alicujus only in Plautus, Mil. , 4, 2, 64 ; interemtor and peremtor are of later origin, and therefore to be avoided) : the murderer of a brother, fratrici̅da ; of a mother, matrici̅da.
MURDEROUS, sanguinarius (bloodthirsty) : eruentus (bloody) : capitalis (even to death ; e. g. , hostis, inimicus, odium) : internecinus (that ends in the destruction of one party or of both ; the proper word of a war ; in later writers also, figuratively, of a disease, etc. ).
MURIATIC, muriaticus (Plautus, Pœn. , 1, 2, 32, adjective, from muria).
Muriatic acid, * acidum muriaticum (technical term).
MURKY, obscurus, tenebricosus, caliginosus. A murky night, nox obducta (Nepos) : a murky sky, cœlum caliginosum.
MURMUR,
MURMURING, || A low sound, and frequently repeated, murmur (Livius) ; parvæ vocis murmura (Ovidius, Met. , 12, 52) ; murmuratio (the act of murmuring ; Plinius).
Murmuring of water, placidæ aquæ sonitus (Tib. ) ; of leaves, etc. , susurrus. || Complaint, fremitus ; querela.
MURMUR, v. , || To make a low and frequent sound, murmurare ; susurrare (to whisper, purl ; of persons or of water) : fremere (as a token of satisfaction, or the contrary) : mussare, mussitare (to speak in a low tone ; these three only of persons) : cum murmure labi (of water). To murmur among one another, inter se commurmurare : to murmur to one’s self, secum commurmurari. || To complain, queri de aliqua re ; non sedate, non æquo animo, ferre aliquid ; fremere.
MURMURER, qui murmurat, etc.
MURRAIN, lues pecuaria.
MUSCADEL, uva apiana (Plinius).
MUSCLE, || (In the body), musculus (Celsus ; torus, a projecting fleshy part of the body, brawn ; in the sense of muscle it is poetical). The muscles of the upper arm, lacerti. || A shell-fish, conchylium.
MUSCULAR, musculosus (Columella, ; Celsus) ; torosus (Columella) ; robustus (strong).
Muscular strength, vires corporis ; lacerti.
MUSE, s. ,
Musa : Fond of the Muses, Musis amicus (Horatius) : not fond of the Muses, aversus a Musis (Cicero).
MUSE, v. , meditari secum. To muse upon anything, meditari aliquid ; cogitare aliquid or de aliqua re ; commentari aliquid or de aliqua re ; agitare aliquid mente ; volutare aliquid animo, secum animo.
MUSEUM, * museum (Ern. , a repository for curiosities) : supellex, copia, thesaurus (contents of the repository).
MUSHROOM, bole̅tus ; fungus (toadstool, fungus). || As a term of reproach, fungus.
MUSIC, || As an art, ars musica (seldom simply musica, musicæ, feminine) : musica, musicerum, neuter ; studium musicum ; studium artis musicæ. To study music, ad studium musicum se applicare ; musicis or studio artis musicæ se dedere : to learn music, * artem musicam discere ; fidibus (canere) discere (on a stringed instrument) : to understand music, fidibus scire (Terentianus) ; musicis eruditum esse (opposed to imperitum esse artis musicæ ; musica non callere) : a teacher of music, qui artem musicam docet (theoretically) ; qui fidibus canere docet (practically, a music master). || Anything produced by the art, (a) a musical composition, modi musici ; in connection, also, modi only. To compose music, modos facere ; modos musicos componere (after Quintilianus, 1, 12, 14) : (b) the sound of musical instruments, cantus ; concentus (of several).
MUSICAL, || Relating to music, musicus ; aptatus ad usus canendi (e. g. , an instrument, organ). || Skilled in music, musicus ; musicis eruditus ; artis musicæ peritus (after Plinius). To be musical, fidibus scire (Terentianus) ; callere, cognitam habere, artem musicam ; intelligere artem canendi (opposed to alienum esse, abhorrere, a musicis, ab arte musica ; imperitum, rudem, esse musicorum, musices) : a musical ear, sensus artis musicæ ; judicium rei musicæ ; elegantia musica (Bau. ) : to have a musical ear, eleganti, recto, vero artis musicæ sensu, judicio valere ; or in connection, aures eruditas or teretes habere (opposed to torpere ad sensum sonorum, modorum melicorum ; nil videre in re melica ; Bau. ).
MUSICALLY, musice (Cicero) ; e lege concentus ; e formula canendi ; melice (Bau. ) ; * arti musicæ or melicæ convenienter.
MUSICIAN, symphoniacus (general term, one of the orchestra) : fidĭcen (on stringed instruments) : tibi̅cen (on the flute or clarionet) : cornĭcen (on the horn). MUSK, * moscbus.
MUSKET, * sclopetum (tubus ignivomus, Wyttenback) : barrel of a musket, tubus, canna, sclopeti.
Musket-shot, * ictus sclopeti ; (as a measure of distance), * quantum fert sclopetum : musket-ball, * glans (cf. Cæsar, B. G. , 5, 43) : to discharge a musket, * glandem sclopeto expellere : butt-end of a musket, * sclopeti manubrium : the firelock of a musket, * sclopeti igniarium : the stock of a musket, * sclopeti lignum.
MUSKETEER, * miles sclopeto armatus.
MUSLIN, sindon (Freund) or byssus (Böttiger, Sabina, ii. , p. 105. Vid. Dictionary of Antiquities. , Byssus).
MUST, s. , (New wine), mustum.
MUST, v. , is variously expressed : (1) by the participle future passive, to denote obvious necessity ; e. g. , we must die, moriendum est : we must confess that every animal is mortal, omne animal confitendum est esse mortale the person by whom anything must happen is expressed by the dative ; rarely by a or ab, and that only when a second dative would occasion obscurity ; e. g. , every one must use his own judgement, suo cuique judicio utendum est : you must consult respecting the property of many citizens, aguntur bona multorum civium, quibus a vobis consulendum est (here a vobis, on account of quibus, in Cicero, Manil. , 2, 6 ; on the contrary, ib. , 22, 64, two datives) : If the verb be transitive, the object is added in the accusative, chiefly by unclassical authors, especially by Varro ; but by classical writers it is changed into the nominative, theparticiple being in the same gender ; e. g. , we must strike into this path, hæc via (nobis) ingredienda est (not hanc viam ingrediendum est) : the orator must regard three points, tria videnda sunt oratori. (2) By oportet (impersonal, δεῖ), to denote necessity which proceeds from grounds of reason, or from the laws of justice, equity, or prudence. Sometimes an accusative with an infinitive fallows ; sometimes a simple subjunctive (especially
if ambiguity is to be avoided) ; vid. Zumpt, § 625 ; Grotef. , § 151, obs. 2 ; e. g. , this man must be bad, hunc hominem oportet esse improbum (I have my reason for believing it to be so) : this must (from internal reasons) and ought (on account of external advantage, etc. ) to take place, hoc fieri et oportet et opus est : we must despise nothing in war, nihil in bello oportet contemni : there are things which one must not do (ought not to do), even if they are permitted, est aliquid quod non oporteat, etiamsi licet : he who does not know the way to the sea must take a river as his guide, viam qui nescit, qua, deveniat ad mare, eum oportet amnem sibi quærere : you must love myself, not my property, if we are to be good friends, me ipsum ames oportet, non mea, si veri amici futuri simus. (3) By debere (ὀφείλειν), to specify the necessity which marks a moral obligation, ” ought, ” in a subjective sense ; e. g. , you must honor him as your own father, eum patris loco colere debes : we were moved by the misery of our allies ; what must we do now under our own sufferings? sociorum miseria, commovebamur quid nunc in nostro sanguine facere debemus? Since debere does not differ much from officium, the Latins frequently say for “a person must, ” officium est, and without officium, simply est alicujus (but with this difference, that alicujus officium est is = it belongs to a person’s obligations ; whereas est alicujus is = it is suitable to anyone) ; e. g. , a foreigner must mind only his own business, peregrini officium est (i. e. , peregrinus debet) nihil præter suum negotium agere : a good orator must have heard and seen much, est boni oratoris (i. e. , bonus orator debet) multa auribus accepisse, multa vidisse. κυρικιμασαηικοThis omission of officium is quite common in the expressions, I, thou, you must, meum, tuum, vestrum est. (4) By putare and existimare in rhetorical style, when the speaker courteously declines to anticipate the judgement of the hearers, but leaves it to them to draw their own conclusions ; e. g. , see to what a pass it must come with the state, videte quem in locum rempublicam perventuram putetis (Cicero, Rosc. , Am. , 53, 153 ; cf. Manil. , 9, 26) : how many islands must be abandoned? quam multas existimatis insulas esse desertas? (Cicero, Manil. , 11, 32). (5) By opus est (impersonal, χρῆ), to denote subjective need, or that from the doing of which one expects advantage. It is followed either by the accusative and infinitive, or, if the person who must do anything be named, by ut with a subjunctive, or by the ablative of the perfect participle passive ; e. g. , if anything take place which you must know (i. e. , which it is your advantage to know), I will write, si quid erit, quod te scire opus sit, scribam : I must wash myself, mihi opus est, ut lavem : I found that I must look after Hirtius, opus fuit Hirtio convento (cf. Grotef. , § 175, b ; Zumpt, § 464, Obs. 1). Also, “must have or use anything ” may be translated by mihi opus est, either impersonally with the ablative, or personally with the nominative of that which one must have ; e. g. , we must have a leader and guide, dux et auctor nobis opus est : we must use your influence, auctoritate tua nobis opus est (cf. Grotef. , § 175, a ; Zumpt, § 464. (6) By necesse est (impersonal, ἀνάγκη ἐστί), to denote strict or extreme necessity. It is followed either by an accusative and infinitive, or by a simple subjunctive ; e. g. , the mortal body must perish some time or other, corpus mortale aliquo tempore perire necesse est : virtue must abominate and hate vice, virtus necesse est vitium asperneturet oderit : man must die, homini necesse est mori. Also by necesse est we can express our “must necessarily have ;” e. g. , buy not what you want, but what you must necessarily have, emas non quod opus est, sed quod necesse est. (7) By cogi, to denote necessity arising from the will of voluntary agents ; e. g. , he found that he must take away his own life (they forced him to do it), coactus est ut vita ipse se privaret : the Campanians found that they must rush out at the gates, coacti sunt Campani portis egredi. Also, the active cogere may be used in expressions such as ” not as he would, but as he found that he must, by the will of the soldiers, ” non ut voluit, sed ut militum cogebat voluntas. (Cf. , Avoid the use of cogi, with reference to necessity arising from circumstances. ) (8) By facere non possum, or simply non possum followed by quin, etc. ; or by fieri non potest, followed by ut non, etc. ; or by non possum non, followed by an infinitive, in the sense of ” not to forbear or abstain from, ” of internal necessity ; e. g. , I must cry out, non possum, quin exclamem : I must thank you, non possum, quin tibi gratias agam : you must have known him, fieri non potest, ut eum non cognoris : I must confess that my joy is crowned, etc. , non possum non confiteri, cumulari me maximo gaudio, quod, etc. (9) Sometimes there is no occasion for the adoption of any word or phrase distinctly corresponding to our “must ;” e. g. , Catulus found that he must yield to his obstinacy, ejus pertinaciæ cessit Catulus (Nepos, Han. , I, extr. ). Cf. , Observe, moreover, the following forms of expression in which the Latin idiom differs from the English : (a) You must (as an emphatic demand), either by the simple imperative or by fac ut, etc. ; e. g. , if you are not satisfied with this, you must accuse your own injustice, hæc si vobis non probabuntur, vestram iniquitatem accusatote : you must keep up good spirits and good hope, magnum fac animum habeas et bonam spem : you must not (as an emphatic warning), fac ne, etc. (cause that not, etc. ) : cave ne, etc. (take care that not, beware of, etc. ) : noli, with an infinitive (be unwilling) ; e. g. , you must not wish, cave ne cupias : you must not forget that you are Cicero, noli te oblivisci Ciceronem esse : you must not wish for an impossibility, nolite id velle, quod fieri non potest. (b) If it must be so (in the future), si res ita feret.
MUSTACHE,
MUSTACHIO, s. , (mystax, Greek) ; Latin, barba labri superioris (vid. Plinius, 6, 28, 32). To wear a mustache, barbam abradere præterquam in labro superiore (cf. Cæsar, B. G. , 5, 14). MUSTARD, sinapi (genetive and dative, sinapis ; accusative and ablative, sinapi ; the nominative, sinape is rare) : puls e sinapi facta (mustard prepared for use at table) : a mustard plaster, sinapismus.
MUSTER, s. , || Review, lustratio ; recensio ; recensus ; recognitio. || Assembly, vid.
MUSTER, v. , Vid. ASSEMBLE.
MUSTINESS, mucor.
MUSTY, mucidus. To be musty, mucere (Cato).
MUTABILITY,
MUTABLE,
MUTATION, Vid. CHANGEABLENESS, CHANGEABLE, CHANGE.
MUTE, adjective, mutus : Vid. DUMB.
MUTE, s. , excrementum, fimum, fimus (avium).
MUTE, v. , fimum reddere or edere.
MUTILATE, mutilare ; demutilare ; truncare ; detruncare.
Mutilated, mutilus ; mutilatus ; truncatas ; detruncatus ; truncus : mutilated images, truncata simulacra deorum (Livius) : a mutilated speech, oratio trunca : to be mutilated (of books or writings), multis partibus mancum et mutilum esse (Muret. ).
MUTILATION, || Act of mutilating, mutilatio : detruncatio. || State of being mutilated, imminutio corporis (Cicero, Fin. , 5, 17, 47) ; debilitas (Cicero, Celsus).
MUTINEER, conjuratus ; homo seditiosus.
MUTINOUS, seditiosus ; turbulentus.
MUTINOUSLY, seditiose ; turbulente ; turbulenter.
MUTINY, s. , factio ; seditio ; motus ; consensionis globus (Nepos, Att. , 8, 4). To raise a mutiny, seditiosa consilia agitare ; seditionem concitare, or simply concitare. Vid. SEDITION.
MUTINY, v. , imperium auspiciumque abnuere (of soldiers refusing to obey) : the troops mutinied, seditio in castris orta est (Cæsar) ; seditio facta est : to endeavor to make the troops mutiny, seditionem ac discordiam concitare (Cicero).
MUTTER, muttire (whence mussare and mussitare ; i. e. , to speak softly and gently, in broken words, not = to mutter ; vid. Ruhnken, Ter. , Andr. , 3, 2, 25) : hiscere (to open the mouth in order to speak). Vid. also, MERMER.
MUTTON, (caro) verveci̅na : roast mutton, assum verveci̅num.
MUTUAL, mutuus ; e. g. , amor mutuus ; or, with verbs, by mutuo (mutually), or by inter se (one another).
MUTUALLY, mutuo : Cf. , not vicissim, in vicem, etc. Vid. ALTERNATELY.
MUZZLE, s. , || Mouth, os. || Fastening for the mouth, fiscella, capistrum (a halter or head-stall ; used by Virgil for a muzzle).
MUZZLE, v. , fiscella capistrare (Plinius).
MY, meus. (Where the reference of the object to the person is natural and self-evident, and where there is no opposition to things ivch belong to others, the possessive is untranslated in Latin ; e. g. , I have seen my brother, fratrem vidi. ) I am my own master, meus sum ; mei juris sum : it is my duty, meum est : lying is not my habit, mentiri non est meum : dissimulation is not in my way, simulatio non est mea : she became mine, nupsit mihi ; earn in matrimonium duxi : for my part, quod ad me attinet (as far as I am concerned) ; mea causa, meam ob causam, propter me (on my account, for my good) : meo nomine (with regard to my person, on account of my person ; vid. Zumpt, § 679) : meis verbis (in my name ; e. g. , salute him ; where Cf. , meo nomine
would not be Latin) : per me licet, per me, non impedio, non repugnabo (I have no objection) : for my part you may do it, id mea, voluntate facere potes.
MYRIAD, decem millia.
MYRMIDON, satelles ; satelles et administer ; minister et adjutor.
MYRRH, myrrha.
Myrrh-tree, myrrha : seasoned or mixed with myrrh, myrrhatus : perfumed with myrrh, myrrheus : made of or with myrrh, myrrhinus.
MYRTLE, myrtus, myrti or myrtûs, feminine, (also, a myrtle-tree) : a myrtle grove, myrte̅tum : of myrtle, myrteus (myrtinus, late) ; myrtaceus (Celsus) : like myrtle, myrtuosus (Plinius) : a myrtle leaf, folium myrtaceum (Celsus) : of the color of myrtle blossom, myrteolus (Columella) : a wreath of myrtle, corona myrtea.
MYSELF, ego ipse : egomet.
MYSTERIOUS, arcanus (Cf. , mysticus in this sense occurs only in poets and later writers) : A mysterious thing, res arcana : a mysterious person, homo occultus ; homo tectus et occultus.
MYSTERY, mysterium ; arcanum ; occultum ; res occulta, recondita ; secretum : (plural) mysteries, mysteria, mysterorum, neuter (μυστήρια, the celebrated Grecian mysteries ; Cf. , never figuratively, for secrets, general term) : silenda, silendorum, neuter (of a secret society, as the Free-masons ; vid. Livius, 39, 10, 5) : To initiate into mysteries, mysteriis initiare : to celebrate mysteries, mysteria facere : that is a mystery to me (I do not understand it), hæc non intelligo.
MYSTIC,
MYSTICAL, adjective, mysticus (poetical). MYSTIC, s. , * homo mysticus ; * homo studio mystico deditus ; * homo mystico sensu et studio imbutus.
MYSTICALLY, mystice (Solinus).
MYSTICISM, * sensus mysticus ; * studium mysticum (Eichst. ).
MYSTIFICATION, fraus importuna or jocosa ; ludificatio callida ; astute et dolose factum.
MYSTIFY, aliquem fallere (general term) : alicui imponere (to impose on him) : jocosâ or ludicrâ fraude decipere aliquem : callide, or jocose ludere, or deludere aliquem : joculariter imponere alicui.
MYTH, fabula.
MYTHIC, mythicus, or, in pure Latin, fabularis (that belongs to fable or myth ; mythicus, in Plinius, 7, 53, 54 ; fabularis in Suet. , Tib. , 70) : fabulosus (belonging to myth or fable ; e. g. , gods). A mythic dress, * fabularum integumenta : the obscurity of the mythic period, * fabulosi temporis caligo : the history of the mythic period, historia fabularis (Suetonius, Tib. , 70).
MYTHOLOGICAL, mythicus : ad fabulas de diis deabusque pertinens, spectans ; fabulosus.
MYTHOLOGY, * mythologia (grammatical) ; fabulæ de diis deabusque ; also simply fabulæ ; fabulæ fictæ ; (as a science) historia fabularis (Suetonius, Tib. , 70). N.
NAB, Vid. CATCH.
NACKER, concha margaritarum (Plinius) ; * mytilus margaritifera (Linnæus). NADIR, * nadir (technical term). NAG, equulus ; equuleus (Cicero) ; mannulus (Plinius, Ep. ). NAIL, s. , || On the finger or toes, unguis. Long nails, ungues eminentes (Ovidius, A. A. , 1, 519 ; et nihil emineant ungues, i. e. , one ought not to have long nails) : dirty nails, ungues sordidi (loc. cit. , et sint sine sordibus ungues) : to pare the nails, ungues recidere, or resecare, or subsecare : to bite the nails, ungues rodere (Horatius, Sat. , 1, 10, 71) : to move not a nail’s breadth, aliquo loco non unguem latum excedere : to swerve not a nail’s breadth from anything, transversum unguem ab aliqua re non recedere. || A small spike or stud, clavus. A large nail for fastening beams, clavus trabalis : shoe nails, clavi caligares : to drive a nail, clavum figere or defigere in aliqua re ; clavum adigere in aliquid : you have hit the right nail on the head, rem acu tetigisti (Plautus, Rud. , 5, 2, 19) : to be a nail in one’s coffin, causam mortis esse. || A measure of length, * digiti duo cum quadrante.
NAIL, v. , clavis affigere aliquid : clavis firmare or munire aliquid ; to anything, alicui rei or ad aliquid ; clavis configere aliquid aliqua re (to fasten anything with nails). NAILER, * clavorum faber.
NAIVE, simplex ; lepidus (with natural grace, or drollery). NAIVELY, sine arte ; aperte.
NAIVETÉ, simplicitas : lepos (natural grace). NAKED, nudus (like γυμνός, uncovered and unprotected) : apertus (without covering ; opposed to tectus : post-Augustan, inopertus) : non tectus (post-Augustan, intectus). Half naked, seminudus : a naked sword, ensis nudus.
NAKEDNESS, circumlocution by adjective, under NAKED ; for nuditas is found but once (Quintilianus, 10, 2, 23), and is a doubtful reading.
NAME, s. , || Any appellation, nomen (properly, an audible mark of distinction ; hence a name of a person or thing, to distinguish from others of the same kind, a proper name, especially the name of a family or race) : vocabulum (so far as it serves to denote an object or relation of it ; hence, in grammar, nomen appellativum) : cognomen (a family name ; also = the later agnomen).
Names of towns, oppidorum vocabula : a proper name, proprium vocabulum : if the thing have not its own name and term, si res suum nomen et proprium vocabulum non habet (Cicero, De Or. , 3, 40, in. ) : non idem oppidum et Roma, quum oppidum sit vocabulum (i. e. , nomen appellativum), Roma nomen (i. e. , nomen proprium) (Varro, L. L. 10, 2, § 20) : to call anything by its name, aliquid nomine signare, notare, or vocare : to give a name to a thing, alicui rei nomen or vocabulum imponere ; alicui rei nomen invenire : to give a name to anyone, alicui nomen ponere or imponere, dare or indere : to give to a thing or person a name from a thing or place, denominare aliquem or aliquid a or ab, etc. : to give to a thing the name of a deity, aliquid dei nomine nuncupare : to call a thing after anybody’s name, aliquid ab nomine alicujus appellare (followed by the name in the accusative ; e. g. , Livius 1, 1, extr. , Æneas ab nomine uxoris Lavinium appellat) : to take, adopt, or assume the name of anyone, nomen alicujus sumere : to call anything by a mild name, aliquid molli nomine appellare : to call anybody by a name, aliquem nominare ; aliquem nomine or nominatim appellare (Cf. , but not appellare aliquem alone) : to call to or upon anybody by name, aliquem nomine vocare, or (loudly) clamare : to call a thing by its right name, rem suo nomine appellare : to call up by name, aliquem nominatim evocare ; aliquos per nomina quotidie citare : to receive a name, nomen accipere (with a genitive of the name received) : to derive a name from a person or thing, nomen trahere ab aliquo or ab aliqua re ; cognomen or appellationem ex re trahere ; ex re nomen capere or invenire (invenire, accidentally) ; inditur alicui nomen ab aliqua re (a person takes a name from anything) : to get a name of account of anything, propter aliquid nomen reperire (accidentally) : to have a name from, etc. , denominatum esse or nomen habere a re ; nomen tenere ab aliquo (poetical) ; nomen or cognomen adeptum esse ab aliqua re or ab aliquo (poetical) ; nomen traxisse ab aliqua re : to bear the name of anybody, alicujus nomen ferre : to have a false name, falsum nomen possidere : to have no name, nomine vacare : I bear the name of, est mihi nomen (usually followed by the name in the dativeor nominative, more rarely in the genitive) ; e. g. , I bear the name of Caius, est mihi nomen Caio, Caius, or Caii : they gave him the name of, ei inditum nomen (with a dative of the name) : ei dixere nomen (with an accusative of the name) : by name, nomine (with a nominative or ablative, rarely a genitive, of the name) : alicui est (erat) nomen (with a dative, etc. , of the name ; vid. above) ; e. g. , a guest, by name Camelus, quidam hospes, nomine Camelo or Cameli, or cui erat nomen Camelo (or Camelus, more rarely Cameli) : a certain man, Cassius by name, quidam Cassius quoque nomine : under a strange name, sub alieno nomine (e. g. , libellum edere, Suetonius, Oct. , 55) : to borrow money in the name (i. e. , on the credit) of anyone, alicujus fide pecuniam mutuam sumere : in the name of (i. e. , by commission from) anyone, alicujus verbis : alicujus nomine (in alicujus verbis the words are put in the mouth of him who is to convey them : in alicujus nomine the person commissioned to act for another chooses his own words). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) alicujus verbis et alicujus nomine : he sent a slave to the king to tell him this in his name, servum misit ad regem, qui ei nunciaret suis verbis : to accuse anyone in his own name (on his own authority), aliquem suo nomine accusare : to entreat a person in the name of another, aliquem alicujus nomine rogare : in the name of the state, publice (opposed to privatim) : in the name of God, cum Deo (with God), quod bene vertat (may it turn out well) : in name (i. e. , in appearance), verbo tenus ; verbo (Cf. , not nomine) : in name, not in reality, verbo, non re or revera : under the name of a thing, nomine alicujus rei (also = under the pretext of) : sub titulo alicujus rei, specie alicujus rei (under the pretext ; Cf. , prætextu is not classical) : bearing many names, multa or complura nomina habens (Cf. , multi nominis is not classical). || Reputation, fame, fama (general term) : nomen (in respect of celebrity) : existimatio (opinion which others have of us, especially good opinion) : to have a great name, magnum nomen or magnam famam habere : to acquire a name, nomen consequi ; famam colligere : to seek a name,
famæ servire : to make a name for one’s self by anything, per aliquid nomen assequi : a good name, bona fama ; bona existimatio ; laus : to hurt one’s good name, alicujus existimationem offendere or (more strongly) violare ; de alicujus fama detrahere : to have a good name, bene audire (opposed to male audire). || Nation, people, nomen (vid. Herzog, Sall. , Cat. , 52, 22, and Cæsar, B. G. , 2, 28 ; Bremi, Nep. , Hann. , 7, 3) : gens ac nomen : to be an enemy of the Roman name (i. e. , of every thing which is called Roman), nomini Romano inimicum or infestum esse.
NAME, v. , || To give a name to, nominare aliquid ; nomen alicui dare, indere, ponere, imponere (to impose, assign) : nomen invenire alicui rei (to invent) : nomine or appellatione notare aliquid (to make known or designate) : to name things aright, res suis certis ac propriis vocabulis nominare (to call them by the names which they already hare) : res notare propriis appellationibus (to give them suitable names) : to name a thing anew, res nominibus notare novis : every mishap which we are accustomed to name a calamitas, omnis casus, in quo nomen poni solet calamitas : to name after a thing or a place, denominare a re or a loco ; after anyone, ab alicujus nomine appellare : to be named after anything, a re (or ab aliquo) nomen, ex re cognomen or appellationem trahere ; ex re nomen capere, reperire, invenire ; a re denominatum esse or nomen habere : to be named after anyone, ab aliquo nomen tenere (poetical) : to be named, nominor (with name in nominative) : nomen habeo (with name in genitive) : nomen mihi est (with name in nominative or dative, rarely in the genitive) : vocor, appellor (I am named with name in nominative) : to be named from anything, nomen a re habere, or duxisse, traxisse, or invenisse. || To call or mention by name, nominare (to call a thing by its own name ; also, to give it a name) : appellare (to address, to entitle ; also, to mention a thing with the addition of a name) : vocare, dicere (to call, vocare ; properly, to call to anyone by name then, like dicere, to name an object according to what it is : Cf. , vocare usually with a substantive ; dicere with an adjective) : nomen alicui dare, or indere, or imponere (to give a name to) : to name each thing by its own name, suo quamque rem nomine appellare : I need not name anyone, neminem necesse est nominare : without naming an authority, sublato or demto auctore : without naming, sine nomine : to name a person or thing so and so, aliquem or aliquid vocare, appellare (with an accusative of the predicate) : aliquid dicere (with an accusative of the predicate) : to name one thing or person after another, ex aliqua re or ex aliquo nominare aliquid or aliquem : they name me (i. e. , I have the name), mihi est nomen , (with a nominative or dative, or, more rarely, a genitive of the name [vid. NAME]
Named, nomine (with an ablative, genitive, or nominative of the name) or alicui est nomen (of persons = by name, if the real name of anyone follow) : qui (quæ, quod) dicitur or vocatur (with a nominative of the predicate) : quem vocant (with an accusative of the predicate ; of persons or things, if a single predicate follow it = so called ; for which Cf. , ita dictus would be bad Latin). || To nominate, fix, appoint, constituere. To name a period or day, diem constituere, præstituere (to agree upon in common) : diem, dicere, condicere, also simply condicere (to name a term for deciding a suit at law) : to name a place (e. g. , for an interview), locum dicere, locum colloquio statuere. NAMELESS, Properly, || Without a name, nomine vacans (that has no name) : sine nomine or sine auctore (without a voucher, without mentioning an author ; both usually with a participle from the context : Cf. , not anonymus. To be nameless, vacare nomine (to have no name). Figuratively, || Unknown, ignobilis (ignoble) : obscurus (of obscure origin) ; e. g. , Lacedæmonius quidam, cujus ne nomen quidem proditum est. || Unspeakable, ingens, immensus (great, immense) : infinitus (infinite, endless) : incredibilis (incredible).
NAMELY, || As a particle of explanation, for the filling up of a foregoing general idea : In this case it is usually not translated, but the word following stands in apposition ; e. g. , if you would root out avarice, its parent must be rooted out, namely, luxury, avaritiam si tollere vultis, mater ejus est tollenda, luxuries (vid. Ramsh. , § 95, 4). Sometimes it is expressed by is est or qui est ; as, that most moving eloquence, namely, the natural, * maxime illa movens eloquentia, quæ est naturalis, or naturalis ea est. For greater emphasis, we may use dico or inquam (where the context allows the first person of the verb) ; e. g. , the earlier orators, namely, Crassus and Antonius, superiores oratores, Crassum dico et Antonium : for the rest, namely, ourselves, eat birds, nam cetera turba, nos, inquam, cœnamus aves (see Ramsh. , § 95, 4). In subjoining a special idea as an explanation to a general one, we find et or que (affixed) ; e. g. , at certain times, namely, when duties or urgent circumstances require it, it will often happen that, etc. , temporibus quibusdam, et aut officiis debitis aut rerum necessitatibus, sæpe eveniet, ut, etc. (Cicero, De Fin. , 1, 10, 33). The disease, namely, the plague, morbus pestilentiaque (Livius, 41, 21, 11 ; vid. Ramsh. , § 188, 2 ; Drakenb. , Livius, 6, 16, 8). [Cf. , In this sense we rarety find scilicet and videlicet ; never nempe or nimirum. ] || For subjoining a whole proposition, which serves as an explanation or confirmation of the preceding, nam, enim, etenim [vid. FOR], quidem (in order to bring out more prominently a word going before, especially the pronouns) : nimirum (stronger than the foregoing = evidently, as is well known, etc. ) ; Cf. , but we can never so use nempe, scilicet, and videlicet : nempe = “surely, forsooth” is sarcastic or ironical ; vid. Zumpt, § 278.
NAMESAKE, eodem nomine (general term, but especially of the same sur- or family name ; Cicero, Verr. , 4, 46, 103) : eodem cognomine, or (poetical and post- Augustan) cognominis, adjective (of the same family name or title) : cognominatus (synonymous ; e. g. , cognominata verba ; Cicero). NAP, s. , somnus brevis. To take a short nap, brevissimo uti somno (Seneca, Ep. , 83, 6) ; exiguum dormire (Plinius) ; leviter dormire (Seneca, Ep. ) : to take a nap after dinner, meridiari (Cf. , with later writers, also, nieridiare) : meridie conquiescere (to be accustomed to take a nap after dinner) : to take a short nap after dinner, post cibum meridianum paullum conquiescere (Suetonius, Oct. 78, in). NAP, v. , facilem capere somnum. Vid. the substantive.
NAPE, cervix.
NAPKIN, mantele or mantile (a linen cloth, which served sometimes as towel or table-cloth, as well as napkin ; for, as the ancients had no forks, it was necessary to wipe the fingers during the meal, and afterward to wash the hands : the mantele was furnished by the host) : mappa (the proper napkin, shorter than the mantele ; this was brought by the guest : Attulerat mappam nemo, dum furta timentur ; Mantile e mensa surripit Hermogenes Mart. ) : a twisted napkin, obtorta mappa.
NARCISSUS, narcissus (Plinius). NARCOTIC, somnifer (Plinius, Ovidius) ; somnificus (Plinius). NARD, nardus, nardi, feminine (Plinius) or nardum, nardi, neuter [Cf. , The ancients applied this name to several odoriferous plants of different kinds ; as, the Gallic or Celtic (Valeriana Celtica, Linnæus) ; the Cretan (Valeriana Italica, Linnæus) ; the Arabian (probably Andropogon Schœnanthus, Linnæus) ; the Italian, our Lavender (Lavendula spica, Linnæus) ; and especially the Indian nard, nardus Indica, or spica nardi, from which the precious nard-oil was prepared : this last is Valeriana Jatamansi, according to Jones, Asiatic Researches, vols. ii. and iv. Vid. especially Plinius, 12, 12, 26] : of nard, nardinus (Plinius) : nard-oil, nardinum (Plinius) : κυρικιμασαηικοnard unguent, unguentum nardinum (Plinius) ; nardus (Horatius). NARRATE, narrare, referre, aliquid. To narrate in order or at length, enarrare, denarrare aliquid : to narrate minutely or circumstantially, pluribus verbis aliquid exponere ; (pluribus) persequi aliquid ; plura persequi de aliqua re. Vid. RELATE. NARRATION,
NARRATIVE, narratio ; relatio (e. g. , in chronicles, etc. , post-Augustan) ; rei gestæ expositio. To give a narrative, narrare alicui aliquid or de aliqua re ; exponere, explicare to give a full narrative) : enarrare (to give a full and orderly narrative) : also, pluribus verbis exponere ; rem ordine enarrare ; cuncta, ut sunt acta, exponere ; enarrare alicui rem, quo pacto se habeat.
NARRATOR, narrator ; auctor ; explicator rerum gestarum.
NARROW, adjective, angustus (not wide ; opposed to latus) : artus (more correct than arctus, confined, limited ; opposed to laxus) : contractus (contracted, more cognate with angustus than with artus ; hence (The words are found in this connection and order. ) contractus et angustus ; e. g. , Nilus) : perangustus (eery narrow).
Narrow meaning of a word, * angustior vocis notio : to make narrow, angustum reddere ; angustare ; coartare ; contrahere : to become narrow, in artius coire : the limits of the world are too narrow for him, orbis terrarum eum non capit (after Curtius, 7, 8, 12) : a narrow road, angustum iter : a narrow entrance, artior introitus : a narrow escape, mostly expressed by vix, ægre
: I had a very narrow escape of being, nihil ægrius factum est, multo labore meo, quam ut, etc. (Cicero) : or by propius nihil est factum, quam ut, etc. (e. g. , occideretur, Cicero) : or non multum or paullum (not parum) abfuit, quin : a narrow mind, angustus animus (Cicero) : narrow-minded, tenuis animi ; angusti animi et parvi ; pusilli animi et contracti : he is narrow-minded, ejus animus invidiæ angustiis continetur.
NARROW, v. , coartare ; in angustum adducere contrahere or concludere (Cicero). NARROWLY, || Contractedly, arte ; anguste. || Closely, carefully, studiose ; summo studio. To examine a thing narrowly, intentis oculis aliquid intueri ; intueri aliquid acri et attento animo ; aliquid studiose intueri (Cicero). NARROWNESS, angustum ; angustiæ, plural.
NARWHAL, * monodon, * monoceros (Linnæus). NASAL, quod ad nasum or nares pertinet ; or by the genitive of nasus or nares. NASCENT, nascens (at its birth; opposed to jam adultus, Cicero, Brut. , 7, 27) : qui (quæ, quod) crescit, augetur, or incrementa capit.
NASTINESS,
NASTY, Vid. DIRT, DIRTY.
NATAL, natalis ; natalicius.
NATION, gens (φῦλον, the most comprehensive term) : natio (ἐθνος, a people of the gens) : populus (δῆμος, the inhabitants a place, considered with regard to their social and political relations). Cf. , A civilized natio sometimes forms part of a natural gens ; sometimes gens, politically, forms part of a populus. Cf. , Gens and natio are often used promiscuously by Roman writers : we find, also, (The words are found in this connection and order. ) gentes nationesque ; populi nationesque ; populi et gentes. Cf. , In the historical style we often find nomen for gens or populus ; i. e. , nomen Romanum, Latinum. Gens is rarely combined with nomen. A foreign nation, populus externus ; gens, natio, extera (Cicero) : an ancient nation, gens antiqua : a great, powerful nation, populus magnus, opulentus, potens : a warlike nation, gens bellicosa, fera, fortis ; populus fortis : a free nation, populus invictus, liber.
NATIONAL, gentis proprius (peculiar to a nation, Tacitus, Germ. , 10, 3) : domesticus (opposed to externus, adventicius ; e. g. , mos) : Cf. , popularis (of the mass ; e. g. , Cicero, De Orat. , 1, 23, 108 : sensus popularis, of the great mass ; not = national talent : carmen populare, common among the people). It is national, est gentis proprium (peculiar to this people) : gentis est insigne (a characteristic of this people ; Tacitus, Germ. , 38, 2 : both with an infinitive) : national character, * ingenium alicujus nationis proprium ; civitatis, populi alicujus, mores : national guard, cives evocati, qui excubias in urbe militum vice agunt (after Suetonius, Galb. , 10) : national hatred, odium gentile : national debt, * æs alienum publice apud cives contractum : national talent, * ingenium alicujus gentis or alicujus populi proprium (Cf. , not sensus popularis ; vid. above) : national custom, mos alicujus gentis proprius (peculiar to a nation ; after Tacitus, Germ. , 10, 3) ; mos domesticus (a native, domestic custom) : it is a national custom, est gentis proprium (with an infinitive) : national pride, * nimia domesticorum , admiratio : to possess national pride, * præ sua gente alias contemnere : a national temple, templum, quo omnes alicujus gentes nationes conveniunt : national dress, mos vestis proprius gentis (mos vestis, Justinus, 1, 2, 3) : national assembly, * conventus, quo omnes civitates legatos mittunt (Cf. , comitia = an assembly for an election) : it is a national trait to, etc. , est gentis proprium (with an infinitive ; Tacitus, Germ. , 10, 3). NATIONALITY, mores populi or civitatis (of the people) : mores domestici (native) [Cf. , not sensus popularis]. The nationality of the Greeks, mores Græcorum : to retain nationality, * mores suos et instituta servare : the greater number lose their nationality with other people, multitudo in populi unius corpus coalescit (Livius, 1, 8). NATIONALIZE, civitate donare aliquid (e. g. , orationem, Quintilianus) : aliquid ad civium cognitionem transferre (e. g. , ideas, Cicero). NATIVE, indigena ; vernaculus (e. g. , legio vernacula, Cæsar, ; vocabula vernacula, Varro) : nativus. The natives, indigenæ ; in ea terra nati (Cicero) : one’s native land, patria (Cicero) ; terra patria (Vergilius) ; solum patrium, natale. Also by circumlocution, solum in quo quis ortus et procreatus est (Cicero, Legg. , 2, 2, 4). Vid. also, NATURAL, INNATE.
NATIVITY, || Birth, ortus : the place of one’s nativity, locus quo (urbs in qua) aliquis genitus est ; urbs patria [vid. BIRTH]. || Position of the heavens at the moment of one’s birth, thema, -ătis, neuter (θέμα, τό), or pure Latin, positus siderum et spatia (Suetonius, Oct. , 94, extr. ; Ruhnken, Tac. , Ann. , 6, 21, 3) : sidus natalicium (the constellation under which anyone is born ; Cicero, De Divin. , 2, 43, 91) : genitura : nascentia (the hour of birth, Suetonius, Oct. , 94, extr. ; Cal. , 57 ; Ammianus, 29, 1. nascentia, * Vitruvius 9, 6, 2 [9, 7, 6]) : to cast a nativity, animadvertere et notare sidera natalicia ; fata per genituras interpretari (as the business of astrologers, according to Ammianus, loc. cit. ) : from the context, also, positus siderum et spatia dimetiri : to cast a nativity for anyone, prædicere et notare vitam alicujus ex natali die (after Cicero, De Divin. , 2, 42, init. ) : to ask anybody to cast one’s nativity, aliquem consulere de genitura, or, from the context, consulere aliquem only (vid. Suetonius, Cal. , 57 ; Oct. , 94, extr. ) : one who casts nativities, genethliacus (γενεθλιαλόγος, Gellius, 14, 1) ; or, pure Latin, natalium peritus (Seneca, N. Q. , 2, 32, 7) : fatorum per genituras interpres (Ammianus, 29, 1) : Chaldæus or mathematicus : a casting of nativities, prædictio et notatio vitæ cujusque ex natali die (as an act) : natalicia prædicta, -orum, neuter (as a thing ; both Cicero, De Divin. , 2, 42, 88, sq. ) : genethlialogia (γενεθλιαλογία, as a science, Vitruvius, 9, 6, 2, or 9, 7, 6). || The festival of the Nativity, Christi natalitia.
NATURAL, naturalis (in almost all the senses of the English word ; opposed to artificiosus, and also opposed to arcessitus or quæsitus ; opposed to fucatus ; and opposed to adoptatus) : ab ipsa natura factus, effectus, or profectus (proceeding from nature itself ; opposed to artificiosus) : nativus (so constituted by nature ; opposed to artificiosus ; opposed to quæsitus) : naturaliter iunatus or insitus, innatus atque insitus (innate, of properties ; opposed to arcessitus, quæsitus) : proprius et naturalis (peculiar to nature) ; to anyone, alicujus : vivus (living, as if alive, e. g. calor ; then = not made, etc. , by art ; e. g. , water; opposed to spring water ; a hedge; opposed to maceries, a wall) : simplex, sincerus (simple, without addition ; also = inartificial, upright ; of persons ; opposed to fucatus) : verus (true ; opposed to simulatus, of speech, etc. ). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) sincerus atque verus (opposed to fucatus et simulatus) : a natural right, naturæ jus aliquid (Cicero, Legg. , 1, 14, 40 ; different from jus naturale = natural right ; i. e. , the whole compass of all natural rights ; opposed to jus chile ; vid. Cicero, Sext. , 42, 91) : a natural impulse, naturalis cupiditas or appetitus : natural understanding, naturæ hahitus bonus (opposed to doctrina, after Cicero, Arch. , 7, 15, but not natura sine doctrina) : natura mentis (natural quality of the understanding, Quintilianus, 10, 2, 5) : prudentia communis (common prudence, Cicero, Fin. , 4, 27, extr. ) : natural aptitude, facultas a natura profecta : to have a natural inclination to anything, a natura proclivem esse ad aliquid : a thing is natural to anyone, aliquid alicui naturaliter innatum or natura insitum est ; aliquid proprium et naturale alicujus est : it is natural to us, that, etc. , natura nobis hoc datum est, ut, etc. : a natural reason, cause, causa, ratio, naturalis, or ab ipsa rerum natura profecta : whatever lakes place must have some natural cause, quidquid oritur causam habeat a natura necesse est : a natural son, filius naturalis (opposed to filius adoptatus) : filius non legitimus, filius pellice ortus, filius nothus (not born in lawful wedlock. Cf. , Filius naturalis occurs in this sense first in the Pandects) : a natural father, pater naturalis (opposed to pater adoptator) : pater non justus or non legitimus (of a child not burn in lawful wedlock ; opposed to pater justus, legitimus) : a natural death, mors naturalis (opposed to arcessita or violenta) : natural religion, insita dei vel potius innata cognitio (vid. Cicero, N. D. , 1, 17, 44) : to be a natural consequence of anything, ex ipsa rei natura sequi : this is a natural consequence, hoc aliter fieri non potest : it is natural, necesse est (necessary) : par est (fitting, agreeable to order) : this is quite natural, hoc non mirandum est ; hoc ex naturæ legibus fit : to speak in a natural manner, loqui ut natura fert : to represent anything in a natural manner, ad verum exprimere aliquid ; alicujus rei imaginem exprimere, quæ veluti in rem præsentem perducere audientes videatur (after Quintilianus, 4, 2, 123) : quite natural! minime mirum id quidem! a collector of natural specimens, * qui rerum naturalium exempla undique conquirit : natural parts or talents, natura, naturæ habitus (the natural constitution of a mind) : ingenium (mental
abilities, natural endowments). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) natura atque ingenium ; indoles (natural parts or talents, in a moral point of view, and so far as they are capable of improvement) : naturne dotes or munera (gifts or endowments of nature) : naturæ instrumenta, -orum, neuter (means furnished by nature ; all the expressions opposed to literæ, disciplina) : good natural parts or talents, naturæ bonitas ; naturale quoddam bonum ; ingenii bonitas, (more strongly), excellens ingenii bonitas ; natura admirabilis ; natura eximia et illustris : to have or possess (good) natural parts or talents, ingenio valere ; bona indole præditum esse ; naturæ muneribus ornatum esse, (more strongly), præstantissimo ingenio præditum esse ; excellentis ingenii magnitudine ornatum esse : to have a natural talent for anything, alicujus rei gerendæ a natura adjumenta habere : a natural appearance, quod in rerum natura fit ; ostentum ; prodigium ; portentum : a natural fault or defect, vitium naturæ or a natura profectum ; damnum naturæ (as Livius, 7, 4, damnum naturæ alere et fovere, to cherish a natural defect) : natural history, historia naturalis or naturæ (with the ancients of wider signification than with us) : a natural philosopher, physicus (φυσικός, as an explorer of nature) : Empedocles was a celebrated natural philosopher, Empedocles in naturalis philosophiæ studio floruit (Gellius, 17, 21) : natural philosophy, physica, -orum, neuter (φυσικά) ; or pure Latin, philosophia naturalis (the latter, Gellius, 17, 21) : a natural production, quod terra gignit or parit ; quod gignitur in or e terra : the natural beauty of a country, amœnitas : a natural state, status naturæ : natural impulse, natura.
NATURAL, s. , Vid. IDIOT.
NATURALISM, || (Philosophical), * ratio eorum, qui naturam deum faciunt or qui mundum deum censent ; * ratio eorum, qui omnem vim divinam in natura sitam esse censent. || (Theological) rationalism, * præcepta eorum, qui solam rationem in rebus divinis ducem este sequendam dicunt ; * naturalismus (technical term). NATURALIST, || (Philosophical), * qui mundum deum censet ; * qui naturam deum facit ; qui omne, quod infinitum est, deum esse vult ; * qui vim quandum eamque animalem, qua omnia regantur, statuit ; * qui omnem rem divinam in natura sitam esse censet. || (Theological), * qui solam rationem in rebus divinis ducem esse sequendam dicit ; * naturalista (technical term). NATURALIZE, || Properly, * ascribere aliquem numero indigenarum ; * jura indigenæ alicui deferre or concedere ; or, in the ancient sense, donare aliquem civitate (Cicero, Cæsar) ; civitatem alicui dare, impertire (Cicero) ; civem aliquem facere (Nepos). || Figuratively, civitatem donare (Quintilianus) : to neuter a word, verbo civitatem dare (Suetonius, Gramm. , 22) ; hoc verbum Latino sermone satis tritum est (Cicero, Divin. , 2, 4, 11, is naturalized). NATURALLY, || Founded in nature, according to nature, naturaliter ; natura ; secundum naturam ; naturæ convenienter (Cicero). || Without art, simpliciter ; sine arte ; sine studio ; facile ; naturali or nativa ratione (after Cicero). || According to one’s natural character, with natural ease ; e. g. , he does everything naturally, a natura ad omnia factus videtur ; omnia facile, prompte, expedite agit ; nulla in re laborat. || According to the truth of nature, like nature, ad veritatem, vere (e. g. , aliquid effingere, exprimere, imitari). || Necessarily, necessario ; or with necesse est, res aliter fieri non potest ; qui aliter fieri potuit? || According to the course of nature, by circumlocution ; e. g. , this happens naturally, sic natura fert ; hoc plane respondit ordini, legibus, naturæ (after Cicero) ; opposed to hoc fit præter naturam, contra leges naturæ, contra consuetum ordinem naturæ ; hoc monstri simile est (after Cicero). || In concessions (with irony), minime mirum id quidem.
NATURE, || System according to which things exist, natura (answering to the English word in all its senses) : indoles (natural peculiarity) : natura rerum, mundus (the universe, world) : agri, campi, rus (the fields, etc. ; opposed to town, art ; Cf. , in this sense not natura) : by nature, natura ; naturaliter : proper or peculiar to nature, naturalis ; proprius et naturalis : according to the nature of anybody, alicui innatus or insitus : fortified by nature, natura or naturaliter munitus : according to nature, secundum naturam (opposed to contra naturam) : naturæ convenienter (e. g. , vivere) : the nature of a thing, natura or ratio rei : such is the nature of the thing, ita fert natura rei : the nature of men, hominis natura : to become a second nature, ex consuetudine in naturam vertere ; jam naturæ vim obtinere : to put off one’s nature, versare suam naturam : nature assisted itself (in a disease), morbus sua sponte decessit : to live in a state of nature (without laws), libere or sine legibus vivere : to remain true to nature, nihil a statu naturæ recedere : it is all neuter with him, nihil arti debet : to paint or draw from nature, ex rebus veris exempla sumere (of painters or writers) : ad exemplum animale pingere aliquid (to paint anything after a living model) : animate and inanimate nature, animalia inanimaliaque (nominative, plural) : a thing required by nature, res quam natura desiderat ; res necessaria : an investigator of nature, physicus (φυσικός) ; or pure Latin, speculator venatorque naturæ (Cicero, N. D. , 1, 30, 83) : inquisitor rerum naturæ (Seneca, N. Q. , 6, 13, 2) : investigator earum rerum, quæ a natura involutæ videntur (Cicero, Univ. , 1, init. ) : an investigation of nature, investigatio rerum naturæ (after Cicero, Fin. , 5, 4, 10) : a gift of nature, donum or munus naturæ (general term) : conformable to nature, naturæ conveniens or congruens : naturæ or ad naturam accommodatus (opposed to naturæ or a natura alienus) : to be conformable to nature, naturæ convenire ; secundum naturam esse : conformably to nature, secundum naturam (opposed to contra naturam ; e. g. , vivere) : a law of nature, lex naturæ or naturalis (general term), ratio profecta a rerum natura : it is a law of nature, hoc natura præscribit ; est (autem) a natura comparatum ut (subjunctive) : to act contrary to nature, contra legem naturæ facere : right of nature, naturæ jus (a single right) : jus naturale (compass of all the rights of nature ; opposed to jus civile) : the kingdom of nature, i. e. , the whole visible world, rerum natura ; mundus : a state of nature, status naturæ : an impulse of nature, natura : contrary to nature, naturæ or a natura alienus : in a manner contrary to nature, contra naturam : a call of nature, desiderium naturale corporis ; naturæ necessitas : to comply with a call of nature, necessitati parere. || Natural quality, natura, indoles, ingenium (essential, proper quality) : constitutio (imparted by forming, training or education) : affectio (the state or condition of a thing, especially in relation to another ; e. g. , of the soul to external objects) : habitus (the internal or external state or condition of a thing) peculiar nature, proprietas : good nature, bonitas : ill nature, asperitas (roughness) : nature of the soil, soli natura, or ingenium : nature of the body, corporis affectio, constitutio : nature of the weather, mind, affectio cœli, animi : according to the nature of the place, ex loci natura ; uti loci natura fert according to the nature of the thing, pro re ; pro re nata : according to the nature of circumstances, ut res dant sese (vid. Ruhnken, Ter. , Heaut. , 5, 1, 43) : according to the nature of the times, pro tempore ; pro temporis ratione : according to the nature of time and circumstances, prout res ac tempus se daret : of like nature, similis : of a different nature, diversus (ab). || Natural character, natura. indoles, ingenium : animus (the three first, the original cast of the individual’s mind ; animus, his whole moral and intellectual nature) : mores (his moral nature) : vita (his kind of life) : persona (the part he plays, as it were, on the theatre of civil life, Cicero, Læl. , 1, 4 : Quintilianus, 10, 1, 55). Cf. , All these expressions denote only a part of the whole nature : to denote the whole, join indoles animi ingeniique (Livius, 10, 17) ; natura et mores ; mores naturaque ; ingenium ac mores ; vita moresque ; mos et natura (e. g. , of a people, gentis) : goodness of nature, bonitas : a gentle, kind, affable nature, comitas ; humanitas ; ingenium lene, liberale : a harsh, inexorable nature, ingenium durum atque inexorabile : an affable, gentle nature, mores faciles : a noble nature, animus magnus, excelsus, altus ; altitudo animi : a fickle nature, ingenium mobile : of a mild nature, mitis ingenio.
NATURED, Good natured, bona natura or indole præditus ; benignus ; comis : ill-natured, malignus ; morosus.
NAUGHT,
NAUGHTY, Vid. BAD.
NAULAGE, naulum (Juvenalis). NAUSEA, nausea (Cicero) : to suffer from nausea, nausea premi (Celsus) ; nausea tentari (after Cicero) ; nauseæ molestiam suscipere (id. ) : nausea aliquem torquet (Seneca). NAUSEATE, || Properly, nauseare (Cicero). || Figuratively, fastidire, (Suetonius) ; nauseare (Phædrus. ) ; alicui fastidium alicujus rei creatur ; aliquis sentit alicujus rei fastidium (after Plinius) ; me capit alicujus rei tædium (Livius) ; venit mihi aliquid in tædium (Plinius). NAUSEOUS, || Properly, qui nauseam facit. || Figuratively, fastidiosus ; fastidium creans ; qui fastidio est ; qui fastidium affert or movet.
NAUTICAL,
nauticus.
NAVAL, navalis : a naval engagement, navalis pugna (Cicero) ; navale prœlium (Quintilianus) ; proelium maritimum (Gell. ). NAVE, || Of a wheel, modiolus (Plinius). || Of a church, spatium medium (Vitruvius) : in the Latin of the Middle Ages, also, navis.
NAVEL, umbilicus (Celsus). NAVEW, (a sort of turnip), napus (Columella) ; * brassica napus (Linnæus). NAVIGABLE, navigabilis, navis patiens (Livius, ; navigations patiens, Justinus) : the river is not navigable, fluvius non perfert navem (Livius, 10, 2) : the Tiber is navigable, and conveys all kinds of produce to the city, Tiberis navium patiens omnesque fruges devehit in urbem (Plinius, Ep. , 5, 6, 12) : navigable for barges, etc. , onerariarum navium capax : the river is not navigable for ships of great burden, graves naves fluvius non perfert : to endeavor to make a river navigable, * id agere, in eo laborare, ut fluvius navium fiat patiens, or ut fluvius navigabilis fiat.
NAVIGATE, navigare in loco or per locum, also simply locum (to sail, sail through. Cf. , The simple accusative with navigare, usual only with poets, and in post-Augustan prose, occurs in Cicero, Fin. , 2, 34, 112, quum Xerxes maria ambulasset, terram navigasset). NAVIGATION, navigatio ; navigiorum cursus, or simply cursus (sailing, course) : the art or science of navigation, ars navalis (Plinius) ; disciplina navalis ; rerum nauticarum scientia (Cicero), rerum nauticarum scientia atque usus (Cæsar, B. G. , 3, 8) : to obstruct navigation, præcludere navigationem.
NAVIGATOR, nauta (Cicero) ; navigator (Quintilianus). NAVY, classis (fleet), res navalis, or nautica ; res nauticæ (plural) ; res maritima (Velleius, men, and all things belonging to a fleet). NAY, adverb, || No, Vid. || Not only so, but more, præterea ; vid. MOREOVER.
NEAL, (* ferrum, etc. ), igne excandefacere, mollire.
NEAP, humilis ; demissus ; depressus (post-Augustan). NEAP-TIDE, * æstus minor.
NEAR, adjective || Close, nigh, propinquus, comparative propinquior and (usually) propior, superlative proximus (in all the senses of the English word) : vicinus (of place and resemblance ; also, but rarely, of time) : finitimus with a dative, similis with a dative or genitive, non alienus with a and an ablative (of resemblance) : a near relative, propinqua cognatione conjunctus : to anyone, cum aliquo ; genere alicui propinquus ; propinqua cognatione alicui junctus or aliquem contingens : a very near relative, proximus cognatione or propinquitate ; arta propinquitate conjunctus : a near friend, familiaris ; intimus ; quo familiariter or intime utor : a near connection, societas propior ; necessitudo (between relatives, colleagues, etc. ) : to be near, prope esse (general term) : propinquum or vicinum esse (as to place, time, resemblance) : non longe abesse, in propinquo adesse, subesse (as to time and place, to be nearer ; propius abesse) : appetere (to draw near, of time) : to be very near, supra caput esse, in cervicibus esse, in capite et in cervicibus esse (of place or time, persons or events ; vid. Herzog, Sall. , Cat. , 52, 22) : imminere, instare (of time) : to be near to death, morti vicinum esse ; in vitæ discrimine versari ; the moment is near in which, etc. , prope adest, quum, etc. : to lie near, prope or propinquum jacere or situm esse, prope esse, non longe abesse, subesse (properly) ; facile inveniri posse (figuratively, to be easy to be found, of arguments, etc. ) : facile intelligi posse (figuratively, to be easily understood) : to come near, prope accedere, appropinquare (Cf. , the former properly and figuratively ; the latter only properly) : non multum abesse a, etc. , simile esse alicujus (figuratively, of resemblance) ; e. g. , prope accedere ad veritatem ; a veritate non multum abesse ; veri simile esse : to be near to anyone, non longe abesse ab aliquo (propertly) : alicui propinquum esse genere, propinqua cognatione aliquem contingere (as to relationship) : familiariter or intime uti aliquo (as a friend) : usu cum aliquo conjunctissimum esse, magna mihi cum aliquo necessitudo est, summa necessitudine me aliquis contingit (general term ; of connection, as a college friend) : I was near = upon the point of, etc. , in eo erat (Cf. , in eo eram is not good), ut, etc. (I intended) : prope erat or fuit, ut, etc. : propius nihil factum est, quam ut, etc. ; non multum, or non longe, or paullum (Cf. , not parum) abfuit, quin (Cf. , not ut), etc. (all = little was wanting, it nearly came to pass that, etc. ) ; e. g. , in eo erat ut urbs caperetur ; prope fuit ut dictator ille idem crearetur ; propius nihil est factum, quam ut occidcretur ; haud multum abfuit, quin interficeretur : to draw near (of place), prope accedere ; appropinquare, (propius) accedere ad with an accusative : to draiv near a town (of a general at the head of an army), exercitum ad urbem (propius) admovere ; (of time, etc. ), prope adesse, subesse ; appropinquare, appetere : the moment draws near when, etc. , prope adest, quum, etc. : to draw near to the eightieth yeat (of one’s age), prope ad octogesimum annum pervenisse : to come near (i. e. , resemble), prope accedere ad aliquid ; accedere ad similitudinem alicujus rei :
NEAREST, proximus (in all the senses of the English word) ; to, a (ab) with an ablative ; or by the dative (Cf. , never post) : secundus ab aliquo (next in order or rank) : alicui or alicujus simillimus (nearest in resemblance) : * the nearest way, proxima via ; brevissima via : the nearest towns, proxima oppida : let us go to my house ; it is the nearest place where you can change your clothes, eamus ad me ; ibi proximum est ubi vestem mutes : the nearest relative, proximus cognatione, propinquitate, or genere ; arta propinquitate conjunctus ; proxima cognatione aliquem contingens or cum aliquo conjunctus : near connections (i. e. , friends and relatives) : proximi (vid. commentators on Cicero ad Div. , 12, 27, in. , and on Sall. , Cat. , 14, 2). || Parsimonious, parcus : tenax : (The words are found in this connection and order. ) parcus et tenax : restrictus : (The words are found in this connection and order. ) restrictus et tenax : malignus. Very near, præparcus : to be near, parce vivere : parcum et tenacem esse : parce ac tenuiter vivere.
NEAR, adverb and preposition by the ellipsis of “to. ” || Of place, prope followed by a or ab with an ablative, or by an accusative (Cf. , only in Nepos ; also by a dative, Hann 8, 3) : propter (in the neighborhood of) : ad (by, at ; all these denote nearness, general term) : juxta (close to) : secundum (along by, denoting direction to a place) : to sit near to anybody’s house, prope ab alicujus ædibus sedere : near to a bank, prope ripam (not far from it) : secundum ripam (along, by it ; e. g. , to sail) : nearer to, etc. , propius ad aliquem or aliquid, or simply propius aliquem or aliquid ; or propius ab aliqua re (Cf. , Only in Nepos, with dative, Hann. , 8, 3) : very near to, proxime followed by a or ab with an ablative, or by an accusative. || Of time, prope ad, or simply prope with an accusative ; e. g. , prope ad annum octogesimum pervenerat. || Of number, ad followed by an accusative, or (with the historians) adverbially, with the case which the accompanying verb requires (about, denoting the highest number ; vid. Herzog, Cæs. , B. G. , 2, 33 ; Bremi, Suet. , Cæs. , 20 ; e. g. , near two hundred men, ad ducentos homines : after near four thousand men had been killed, occisis ad hominum millibus quatuor) : circiter (about, denoting a proximate number ; Cf. , not admodum, which is used to denote the whole sum). NEARLY, prope, pæne (almost, but not quite) : fere, ferme (with omnes, etc. : prope, pæne make a positive assertion ; fere, ferme, decline doing this ; it being either enough for the speaker’s purpose, or all that his knowledge allows him to do, to state that the assertion is, at least, approximately or generally true) : tantum non (μόνον οὐ, ὀλίγου δεῖ : an elliptical form used by Livy and later writers = “only this is wanting, that not, ” etc. ) : propemodum (what is not far removed from the right measure ; “almost what it should be”) : When nearly = “within a little, ” it may be translated by haud multum or non longe abfuit, quin, etc. (not ut) ; prope erat or factum est, ut, etc. ; propius nihil factum est, quam ut, etc. : the left wing was nearly defeated, prope erat, ut sinistrum cornu pelleretur. NEARNESS, || Vicinity, propinquitas vicinia (neighborhood). || Par simony, parsimonia : tenacitas : malignitas. SYN. in PARSIMONY.
NEARSIGHTED, || Properly, (myops, Ulpianus) : by circumlocution, e. g. , to be nearsighted, non longe prospicere posse ; oculi non longe conspectum ferunt (after Cicero, and Livius). || Figuratively, parum intelligens ; non longe prospiciens ; parum perspicax. NEAT, adjective, nitidus (the proper word, Herzog, Quint. , 10, p. 105) : comtus (both words, either of appearance, or of style, etc. ). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) nitidus et comtus ; lepidus (pretty, full of humor ; e. g. , dictum, puella) : elegans (elegant in appearance and in manner) : a neat little gentleman, ad unguem factus homo (Horatius, Sat. , 1, 5, 32) : juvenis barba et coma nitidus, totus de capsula (Seneca, Ep. , 115, 2) : neat behavior, morum elegantia.
NEAT, s. , || A single head of cattle, bos ; taurus : but Cf. , rarely used in this way except in phrases, such as neat’s tongue,
neat’s foot, lingua bovis ; pes bovis, tauri. || Horned cattle, pecus bubulum ; boves (plural) ; armenta boum.
NEATHERD, bubulcus.
NEATLY, nitide ; comte ; lepide ; eleganter.
NEATNESS, concinnitas ; elegantia : or use the adjectives.
NEBULA, nebula ; nubecula (a small cloud). NEBULOUS, nebulosus.
NECESSARILY, necessario ; very seldom necessarie (e. g. , demonstrari = irresistibly) : ex necessitate (of necessity). “Necessarily” is often best translated by necesse est, with a verb in the subjunctive, ut being omitted ; luxury necessarily begets avarice, ex luxuria exsistat avaritia necesse est. This was necessarily so, aliter hoc fieri non poterat.
NECESSARY, || (With a substantive), necessarius : a necessary thing, necessitas, res necessaria. || (Without a substantive) it is necessary, opus est (there is need of : Cf. , the person who has need of a thing is in the dative ; the thing needed in the nominative or ablative ; also, with an infinitive, which is then the casus subjecti ; the genitive occurs twice in Livy, 22, 51 ; 23, 21, and sometimes, but very rarely, in the poets ; vid. Ramsh. , §142 ; Zumpt, §464 ; Krebs, §392 ; Wyttenb. , §255, 314, 324) : necesse est ; necessarium est, oportet [vid. MUST] : usus est (Cf. , almost only in the poets ; once in Livy, rarely in Cæsar, ; vid. Ramsh. , § 142, 2, n. 3 ; Zumpt, §464, 2 ; Herzog, ad Cæs. , B. G. , 4, 2) : also by attinet ; e. g. , it is not necessary to say, nihil attinet dicere : it is not necessary that you should wait, nihil opus est, exspectare te (Cicero) : it is not necessary, nihil est, non est quod (Cf. , not non opus est quod) : to consider necessary, necesse habere : I thought it necessary to do, etc. , hoc faciendum putavi : not to find anything necessary, supersedere posse aliqua re ; or with an infinitive ; e. g. , loqui apud vos supersedissem (Livius). Cf. , Avoid the Grecism, opus habere ; which occurs only once, Columella, 9, 1, 5. κυρικιμασαηικο NECESSARY, s. , res necessaria : necessitas : necessaries, res quibus homines utuntur ; res quibus carere non possumus ; ea quæ natura desiderat : necessaries of life, res ad vitam necessariæ ; usus vitæ necessarii : quæ sunt ad vivendum necessaria ; quæ ad victum cultumque pertinent.
NECESSITATE, Vid. COMPEL.
NECESSITOUS, Vid. POOR.
NECESSITY, || State of being necessary, necessitas (Cicero) ; necessitudo (of moral or abstract necessity; Sallust uses this word to denote ” force of circumstances ;” vid. Herzog, ad Sall. , Cat. , 17, 2, and ad Cæs. , B. C. , 1, 8) : hypothetical necessity, necessitudo cum adjunctione (opposed to necessitudo simplex, Cicero, Inv. , 2, 57, 172) : unavoidable necessity, necessitas fatalis ; fati necessitas (Cicero) : to impose the necessity, place anybody under the necessity, in necessitatem imponere, afferre (Cicero) ; injungere (Hirtius) ; cogere, adigere, compellere aliquem (Cicero) ; aliquem in eam necessitatem adducere ut (Livius) : you have placed me under the sad necessity, vos me invitum, nolentem, coëgistis, or eo compulistis : to make a virtue of necessity, facere de necessitate virtutem (Hieronymus, in Ruf. , 3, n. 2 ; Ep. 54, n. 6) : I see no necessity, non video, non invenio, aliquid cogat, eo compellat : to see, show, the necessity of, videre, ostendere, aliter fieri, evenire, non potuisse : Peripatetici perturbari animos necesse esse dicunt (maintain the necessity of the passions, Cicero) : from necessity, necessitate coactus (Cicero) ; necessario, necessaria re coactus (only in Cæsar, ; vid. Held. ad Cæs. , B. C. , 1, 40) ; also coactus only (Cicero) : ex necessitate (Tacitus) : to yield to necessity, neeessitati parere, servire : without any necessity, nulla necessitate premente (Cicero) ; nulla re cogente ; sine necessitate ; sine justa or idonea causa : in case of necessity, si opus fuerit ; si usus fuerit ; si quando usus sit ; si res postularit ; necessitate cogente (after Cicero) : only in an extreme case of necessity, non nisi summa necessitate cogente, nisi summa necessitas urgeat : necessity is the mother of invention, ingeniosa rerum egestas (Claudius). || Poverty, vid. POVERTY.
NECK, || Of men and animals, collum ; cervix (Cf. , in prose, before the time of Augustus, almost always cervices (plural) : gula, faux or usually plural, fauces (the throat ; the latter properly, the upper, narrower part of the gula) : caput (the head and neck) : to break anybody’s neck, cervices alicujus frangere (Cf. , but gulam frangere, Sallustius, Cat. , 55, 4, is unusual ; and collum alicui torquere is = to take a firm hold of the neck and turn it a little [as a means of compulsion], Livius, 4, 53) : to pay with one’s neck, capite luere : to risk one’s neck for the avarice of another, avaritiæ alicujus pœnam collo et cervicibus suis sustinere (Cicero, Verr. , 5, 42, in. ) : his neck is in danger, caput ejus agitur. || Of things without life, collum, cervix (of a bottle, etc. ) : os (the opening of a bottle, etc. ) : neck of land, lingua (Livius, Ovidius) ; lingula (Cæsar).
NECKCLOTH, focale (Heindorf, Horatius, Sat. , 2, 3, 255, says only for sick or weak persons) : Cf. , not strophium or mamillare.
NECKLACE, monile (neck-ornament, mostly with gold and precious stones, for women and children) : torques, catella (golden chains for the neck, the former a twisted chain, the latter composed of rings ; both given as reward to brave soldiers) : pearl necklace, vid. PEARL.
NECKWEED, cannabis (Plinius) ; cannabus (Varro).
NECROLOGY, || An account of the dead, * vitæ mortuorum or defunctorum (of several), * narratio de vita et factis mortuorum hominum : to write a necrology, vitam defuncti hominis narrare (Tacitus, Agr. , 1). || A register of deaths, * index mortuorum.
NECROMANCER, qui inferorum animas elicit, qui animas or mortuorum imagines excitat (general term, after Cicero, Vatin. , 6, 14 ; Ennius ap. Cic. , Tusc. , 1, 16, 37) : qui jubet manes exire ex sepulchris (after Ovidius, Met. , 7, 206) : qui infernas umbras carminibus elicit (with Tacitus, Ann. , 2, 28, 2, one who uses incantations ; by later writers called theurgus, θεουργός) : eliciendi animulas noxias et præsagia sollicitare larvarum gnarus (Ammianus, 28, 1, p. 394, ed. Gronov. ) : exorcista (one who drives out evil spirits). NECROMANCY, ars eliciendi, etc. [vid. NECROMANCER] (necromantia, Lactantius Pliny says necromantia Homeri, to denote that part of the Odyssey in which Ulysses is described as entering the regions of the dead, and conversing with the shades. ) NECTAR, nectar (Cicero) : of nectar, nectareus (Ovidius). NECTAREAN, nectareus (Ovidius). NECTARINE, persicum duracinum (Plinius). NEED, s. , necessitas : necessitudo : opus, usus [SYN. and PHR. in NECESSITY] : desiderium (with desire) : to feel the need of a thing, aliqua re or alicujus rei indigere (to have need of) : aliquid desiderare (to be unwilling to be without). NEED, v. , || TRANS. , To be in want of, egere aliqua re, more rarely alicujus rei (to have need of anything, be in want of it) : indigere aliqua re or alicujus rei (to feel the need or want of anything) : opus or usus est aliqua re (there is neuter of a thing, circumstances make a thing necessary. Cf. , For this only Columella, 9, 2, 1, has opus habeo aliqua re) : desiderare aliquid (to desire anything absent, to be unwilling to be without it) : requirere aliquid (to find a thing requisite or necessary) : not to need anything, to be able to do without it, aliqua re carere, facile supersedere posse. ||INTRANS. , to have occasion to, is usually rendered in Latin by est, quod ; opposed to non est, cur ; nihil est, nihil habeo, quod, followed by a subjunctive ; e. g. , you need not fear, nihil est, quod extimescas ; nihil habes, quod timeas : they need not diminish their hope, non est, cur spes eorum infringatur.
NEEDFUL, Vid. NECESSARY.
NEEDLE, acus, -ûs : a very fine needle, * acus pusilla, minuta : to thread a needle, * filum in acum inserere or conjicere : the prick of a needle, vulnus acu punctum (Cicero) : to seem like the prick of a needle, acu punctum videri : to live by one’s needle, acu victum quæritare (after Terentius) : a needle-case, theca acubus servandis : needle-maker, acurarius (inscriptions). NEEDLE-FULL, acia (Celsus). NEEDLE-WOMAN, puella or mulier quæ acu victum quæritat (vid. Terentius, Andr. , 1, 1, 48) ; * femina acu opus faciens.
NEEDLE-WORK, || The art, ars acu pingendi. || Work executed with the needle, opus acu pictum or factum. A piece of needle-work (as a picture), pictura acu facta (after Cicero, Verr. , 4, 1, 1) : to do apiece of needle-work, acu pingere : Vid. also, EMBROIDERY.
NEEDLESS, quod non opus est ; supervacaneus (superfluous). It is needless, non opus est ; nihil necesse est nihil attinet : to take needless trouble, acta agere : it will not be needless, non alienum, or abs re, fuerit.
NEEDLESSLY, sine causa ; præter rem or necessitatem (after Cicero). NEEDLESSNESS, nulla necessitas.
NEEDS, adverb, necessarie very seldom ; mostly necessario ; ex necessitate (from necessity) :
Mostly by necesse est. Vid. NECESSARILY.
NEEDY, egens, indigens (Cicero) ; egenus (Livius) ; inops (opposed to copiosus, opulentus) ; tenuis (opposed to copiosus, dives, locuples) ; calamitosus (opposed to felix, beatus) : To succor the needy, opus
ferre indigentibus (Cicero) : to give to the needy, indigentibus impertiri de re familiari (Cicero). NEFARIOUS, nefarius, improbus, scelestus. Vid. WICKED.
NEGATION, negatio (also = negative word) : infitiatio ; recusatio (refusal). NEGATIVE, adjective, negans : privans (depriving, privative ; of parts of speech. Cf. , negativus, privativus only in the later grammarians). A negative, vocabulum negans : a negative particle, particula negans : a negative answer (to a question), infitiatio ; (to a request) recusatio : to give a negative answer (to a question), infitiari ; regare ita esse ; (to a request) recusare : to have received a negative answer (to a request), repulsam ferre (Cicero) ; also with negare ; e. g. , he gave me a negative answer, negavit se hoc facturum (after Cicero) : to meet a charge with a negative, causam infitiatione defendere (Cicero) : a negative proposition, enunciatum (sententia or enunciatio) negans.
NEGATIVELY, infitiando, negando (Cicero).
NEGLECT, v. , negligere aliquid (not to trouble one’s self about a thing, out of thoughtlessness or carelessness) : deesse alicui rei (not to show proper attention to a person or thing, to fail in one’s duty) : deserere aliquid (to desert or abandon from want of favor or good-will) : derelinquere aliquem or aliquid (to give up or abandon entirely : intermittere aliquid is = to leave off for a time). To neglect the fire, ignem negligentius habere (Paullus, Dig. ) : to neglect one’s person, se negligere (opposed to se colere) : to neglect it utterly, corpore esse inculto atque horrido (Cicero) : to neglect one’s duty, etc. , deesse officio, dignitati, muneri : to neglect one’s affairs, rem familiarem negligere.
NEGLECT, s. , neglectio (the act of neglecting) : indiligentia (habit of neglecting) : neglectus (state of a thing neglected) : [Cf. , But it must frequently be rendered by the verbs ; e. g. , to the neglect of all other things, rebus omnibus posthabitis, or postpositis, or relictis : to the neglect of all other business, omnibus negotiis omissis : to the neglect of friendship, neglecta amicitia. ] NEGLECTFUL, Vid. NEGLIGENT.
NEGLIGENCE, negligentia (want of attention and observation) : indiligentia (want of accuracy) : incuria (want of proper care), alicujus rei : [Cf. , More frequently by the verbs. ] Vid. also, CARELESSNESS.
NEGLIGENT, negligens (remiss ; opposed to diligens ; of persons : Cf. , post-classical, of things) ; in anything, alicujus rei, aliqua re or in aliqua re (Cf. , post-classical, de aliqua re or circa aliquid) : dissolutus (loose, dissolute ; of persons). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) negligens ac dissolutus ; dissolutus et negligens in aliqua re : indiligens (not sufficiently exact, inattentive, heedless ; of persons) : neglectus, negligenter factus (or with any other participle which the context furnishes ; negligently done, of things) : parum accuratus (on which sufficient care or accuracy has not been bestowed ; of things). [Cf. , Not incuriosus (or the adverb, incuriose) in classical prose. ]
Negligent in one’s calling, qui officium facere immemor est, nisi adeo monitus (of a slave ; Plautus, Pseud. , 4, 7, 2) : negligent in one’s domestic affairs, negligens, dissolutus, or dissolutus ac negligens in re familiari (from the context also simply negligens et dissolutus) : a negligent exterior (in dress, etc. ), cultus corporis parum accuratus (after Gell. , 1, 5) : hair negligently dressed, capillus negligenter circum caput rejectus.
NEGLIGENTLY, negligenter ; indiligenter ; dissolute ; incuriosius (Tacitus). NEGOTIATE, agere de aliqua re (to treat with anybody on any subject ; e. g. , de conditionibus pacis) : postulare conditiones alicujus rei (to demand the terms on which it will be granted) : pacisci aliquid (to conclude a compact about anything ; e. g. , pacem, to negotiate a peace) : conciliare aliquid (to bring anything about, by smoothing down difficulties, etc. ; e. g. , nuptias) : to negotiate anything with anybody, agere cum aliquo de aliqua re (general term) : colloqui cum aliquo de aliqua re (by verbal conference) : colloqui per internuncios cum aliquo et de aliqua re mentionem facere (by envoys, etc. ; vid. Nepos, Alc. , 5, 3). They set about negotiating the terms of a peace, colloquium fuit inter ipsos de pacis legibus. Vid. , also, NEGOTIATION.
NEGOTIATION, actio, de aliqua re ; colloquium (conference) : Often by circumlocution with the verb. To enter into a negotiation respecting anything, postulare conditiones de aliqua re : to carry on a negotiation, conditiones ferre et audire ; conditiones agitare, tractare, agere cum aliquo : to break off a negotiation for peace, infecta pace dimittere legatos ; dimittere pacis internuncios ; conditiones de pace ineunda propositas dirimere, abrumpere : during these negotiations, dum hæc aguntur (Livius) : to settle by negotiation, conditionibus disceptare aliquid ; per colloquium aliquid componere.
NEGOTIATOR, qui de aliqua re agit (general term) : internuncius (one who carries messages between two parties) : interpres (a mediator, who transacts with another person in the name and by the authority of a third party, with a view to settle differences, etc. ; post-Augustan) : intercessor (one who interposes in order to hinder or accomplish anything) : conciliator alicujus rei (one who brings about an union ; e. g. , nuptiarum) : pactor alicujus rei (one who concludes a bargain). NEGRO, Æthiops, Afer ; feminine, femina Æthiops, Afra ; Æthiops servus, or serva, feminine (as a slave). NEIGH, v. , hinnire ; hinnitum edere (Justinus). to neigh after or at, adhinnire alicui rei (Plinius), ad aliquid (Cicero). NEIGHING,
NEIGH, s. , hinnitus, -ûs.
NEIGHBOR, || One who lives or is near us, vicinus (general term, but especially in respect of house or premises) : qui accolit propinquus ædibus nostris (near one’s house) : accŏla, finitimus, confinis (separated merely by a boundary : Cf. , avoid congruus as unclassical, and affinis as extremely rare) : propinquus, proximus (one who stands, sits, etc. , next) : consessor (at table, etc. ) : A good neighbor, bonus vicinus (poetical) : the next neighbor, proximus vicinus : the neighbors, vicini ; vicinitas ; finitimi, etc. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) vicini et finitimi (vicini in respect of place, finitimi in respect of boundary) : to be a neighbor, vicinum esse ; in propinquo habitare. || Another person, anyone besides ourselves, alter (Cf. , not alius in the singilar) ; plural alii ; homines ; also, homo, collective (not proximus in this sense). That does nothing for the sake of his neighbor, qui nihil alterius causa facit : all prefer their own welfare to that of their neighbors, omnes sibi melius esse malunt quam alteri : the love of one’s neighbor, humanitas.
NEIGHBORHOOD, || Vicinity, vicinia ; vicinitas (relation of the neighbors to each other) : in the neighborhood, in vicinia ; prope ; in propinquo : in this neighborhood, hie viciniæ : in this immediate neighborhood, hic proximæ viciniæ : into this neighborhood, huc viciniæ : [Cf. , all three in the comic writers ; but not to be rejected. ] : from the neighborhood, ex propinquo ; ex or de proximo. || The neighbors together, vicinitas ; vicini.
NEIGHBORING, || Of persons, vicinus (with reference to house and premises) : finitimus (on the confines) : confinis (reciprocally of those who are on the confines of each other). || Of places, propinquus ; adjacens (Livius) ; conterminus (rather poetical, Tacitus) ; contiguus (Ovidius). NEIGHBORLY, adjective, * vicinis conveniens or dignus.
NEIGHBORLY, adverb, more vicinorum ; * ut decet vicinos ; ut convenit vicinis.
NEITHER, conjunctive, nec ; neque : neither – nor, nec – nec ; neque – neque.
NEITHER, pronoun, neuter.
Neither party, or “neither” with reference to two parties, neutri, plural : to neither side, neither way, in neutram partem (e. g. , moveri) : neutro (after verb of motion ; e. g. , inclinari). Cf. , “The other, ” after “neither, ” is alter (though neuter might sometimes be expected ; Krebs says that he knows no instance of it) ; e. g. , debemus neutrum eorum contra alterum juvare (Cæsar, B. C. , 1, 35 : ut neutra lingua alteri officiat, Quintilianus, 1, 1, 14 ; so Livius, 21, 46, 4) : to neither side, neutro : to be on neither side, medium se gerere (Livius) ; in neutris partibus esse ; neutram partem sequi (Suetonius) ; non alterius utrius partis esse (Cicero, Att. , 10, 1, 12) ; se medium partibus præstare (Velleius) ; neutri parti se adjungere (Livius, 35, 48). Vid. “to be NEUTRAL. ” NEOLOGIST, * nova dogmata in rebus divinis sequens, amplectens ; “qui majorum dogmata deserit ; or as technical term * neolŏgus.
NEOLOGY, * neologia (technical term) ; or * nova dogmata in rebus divinis sequendi studium, cupiditas.
NEOPHYTE, neophy̆tus (Tertullianus). NEPENTHE, lenimenturn (Plinius) : nepenthes (Plinius ; a plant with exhilarating properties). NEPHEW, || Brother’s son, fratris filius (Cicero) ; nepos ex fratre (Tacitus). || Sister’s son, sororis filius (Cicero) ; nepos ex sorore (Tacitus). Cf. , Nepos by itself denotes preperly, “a grandson. ” NEPHRITE, * lapis nephriticus.
NEPHRITIC, adjective, renalis ; or by the genitive renum, plural.
Nephritic pain, renum dolor (Scribonius, Larg. ; e. g. , renum dolore vexari) : nephritic colic, passio renalis
(Cœlius, Aur. ) : nephritic stone, calculus renum.
NE PLUS ULTRA, summum ; perfectissimum ; quo magis, melius, perfectius esse, fieri, fingi, nihil potest (after Cicero) ; or by circumlocution ; e. g. , nihil illo est excellentius in virtute (Nepos) ; mulier est omnibus simulacris emendatior (Petronius, 126, 13).
NEPOTISM, * nepotismus(technical term) ; * studium cognatos fovendi et augendi or ad honores extollendi.
NERITE, * nerĭta (Linnæus). NERVE, nervus (properly and figuratively). Full of nerve, nervosus.
NERVOUS, || Of or belonging to the nerves, nervosus.
Nervous system, nervi (the nerves, as Celsus, 1, præf. , p. 23, Bip. , validi nervi an infirmi ; i. e. , a strong or weak nervous system) : a nervous disease, nervorum morbus (not morbus nerveus) : nervous fever, febris nervosa. || Strong in nerve, nervosus (properly ; then figuratively = strong, powerful ; of style, of an orator, etc. Cf. , Only in very late Latin for powerful or vigorous in body) : lacertosus, robustus, validus (muscular, robust, strong in body ; of men and animals) : quibusdam nervis intentus (figuratively, strong, vigorous ; of style, etc. ) : vibrans (figuratively, of style, of ideas). In a nervous manner, nervose (e. g. , dicere). || Weak in the nerves, æger nervis (Tacitus, Ann. , 15, 45, 3) : nervis infirmis (after Celsus, 1, præf. , p. 23, Bip. ) : * nervis infirmis or resolutis laborans. A nervous state of body, nervorum valetudo (Suetonius, Vesp. , 7) ; nervi infirmi (Celsus 1, præf. , p. 23, Bip. ; opposed to nervi validi) : a nervous frame, corpus propter nervorum valetudinem collapsum (after Suetonius, Vesp. , 7, and Vergilius, Georg. , 3, 485).
NERVOUSNESS, nervorum resolutio (Celsus) : nervorum remissio (Scribonius, Larg. , 101) ; nervorum valetudo (Suetonius, Vesp. , 7, propter nervorum valetudinem ; i. e. , from nervousness).
NEST, nidus (properly ; also, facetiously for a human habitation ; poetically, for the young birds in a nest, but nowhere for the eggs) : gurgustium (contemptuously for a poor, mean dwelling). To build a nest, nidum facere, fingere, or confingere, fingere et construere : nidum texere ; nidificare. nidulari (post-Augustan) ; upon the ground, nidum ponere in terra ; nidum ponere (Horatius, Od. , 4, 12, 5) : under a roof, nidum suspendere tecto (Vergilius, Georg. , 4, 307) : to rob a nest, implumes aves detrahere nido (Vergilius, Georg. , 4, 513) ; ova incubanti avi subducere : to keep the nest, nidum servare (Horatius, Ep. , 1, 10, 6 ; also, facetiously = to keep the house). NESTLE, nidum ponere (to build a nest any where, e. g. , in terra) : nidulari (Gellius). To nestle in anybody’s bosom, lap, etc. , recubare in sinu alicujus (Livius) ; in gremio alicujus sedere (Cicero) : an infant nestling in his mother’s bosom, puer lactens matris in gremio sedens (after Cicero, who has Fortunæ and adds mammam appetens). NET, s. , rete or (of a less size) reticulum (general term). To make a net, rete or reticulum texere. Especially (a) for the hair, reticulum ; (b) for catching fishes, rete (general term) ; funda, jaculum (a cast-net) : verriculum, everriculum (a drag-net). To throw or cast a net, rete jacere : to draw out a net, rete educere (foras). (c) For catching birds and other animals, rete (general term) ; plaga (for larger animals ; as boars, deer, such as were used in hunting ; for this purpose several nets were necessary ; hence usually the plural : Cf. , cassis is poetical). To set or place nets, retia or plagas pandere, or tendere : to surround with nets, plagis sepire aliquid ; plagas or retia prætendere alicui rei (Cf. , plagis ambire aliquid is poetical) : to lay a net for anyone (figuratively), plagas alicui texere or intendere : they lay nets for me, fiunt mihi insidiæ : to drive into nets (or into a net), in plagas compellere (properly) ; in plagas conjicere (also figuratively) : to fall into a net, in plagas cadere or incidere (properly and figuratively) ; in insidias incidere (figuratively) : to entangle one’s self in a net, se impedire in plagas (properly and figuratively). (d) A net-like membrane in or on the animal body, septum, quod membrana quadam superiores partes præcordiorum ab inferioribus diducit ; also, perhaps, membrana præcordiorum (the diaphragm, διάφραγμα ; vid. Celsus, 1, præf. , p. 21, Bip. , and Plinius, 11, 37, 77, who calls it præcordia, perhaps by mistake) : peritonæum (περιτόναιον, explained, Vegetius, 2, 15, 3, by membrana, quæ intestina omnia continet) : omentum (the omentum, ἐπίπλοον) : * retina (of the eye ; technical term).
NET-WORK, reticulum.
NET, v. || To make net-work, texere ; nectere.
NET, v. || To make clear gain : Vid. CLEAR. v.
NETHER, inferior.
NETHERMOST, infimus ; imus.
NETTLE, s. , urtica ; * urtica urens (Linnæus, stinging-nettle). Blind or dead nettle, urtica foliis non mordentibus (Plinius) ; urtica morsu carens (vocatur lamium, Plinius) * lamium (Linnæus) : nettle-rash, * febris urticata ; * purpura urticata ; * urticatio (med. ). NETTLE, v. , Vid. CHAGRIN.
NEUTER,
NEUTRAL, medius, neutrius partis ; (The words are found in this connection and order. ) medius et neutrius partis ; qui est in neutris partibus ; non in alterius ullius partem inclinatus (general term) : otiosus (that remains quiet). To be neutral, medium esse ; in neutris partibus esse ; neutram partem sequi ; non alterius ullius partis esse : to be perfectly neutral, nullius partis esse :
Warning ; Any kind of reproduction of this page will be very severely accused by tokyomaths. comto remain neutral, mediis consiliis stare, medium se gerere, neutri parti se adjungere (general term) ; toto bello abesse et neutris auxilia mittere (with reference to belligerents) : to desire to be or remain neutral, medium esse velle : to suffer no one to be or remain neutral, media tollere : it is impossible to remain neutral any longer, medios esse jam non licebit.