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KNOWN, notus : cognĭtus (brought into experience, διάπυστος) : apertus : manifestus : ante pedes positus (that lies clearly before the eyes, as opposed to what is hidden, concealed, δῆλος, ἐπιφανής) : compertus : spectatus. perspectus (that one has experienced or known, γνωστός or διάπυστος ): contestatus (believed, warranted, virtus, Cicero, Flacc,., 11, 25) : nobilis (known in the world, known among men by fame, service, knowledge) : commonly known, omnibus notus ; vulgatus ; pervulgatus ; also with the addition in vulgus or apud omnes (commonly spread abroad, δημόθρους) : notus et apud omnes pervulgatus : tritus (worn out, as it were) : to make known ; i. e,.,
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(a) to bring into knowledge, palam facere, in lucem or in medium proferre : aperire : patefacere (to spread abroad the knowledge of a thing) : aperire et in lucem proferre : denunciare (to declare, announce, especially war to the people on whom it is to be brought) : prodere : memoriæ prodere (to make known to posterity). (b) To proclaim, declare publicly [vid. To PROCLAIM, To PUBLISH]. (c) To make or render famous, nobilitare (persons, places, etc. ) : in lucem famamque provehere : e tenebris et silentio proferre (of a thing, deed, etc,., which makes anybody known ; Plinius, Ep,., 9, 14, both) : to make one’s self known ; i. e,., acquire a name or reputation, famam colligere ; gloriam acquirere : to make anything known to anybody, proponere alicui aliquid (e. g,., alicujus voluntatem) : perferre aliquid alicujus notitiam (to bring to anybody’s knowledge ; Plinius, Ep. 10, 15) : certiorem facere aliquem de re or alicujus rei ; also by writing, per literas (to inform one of anything) ; by writing, per literas deferre ad alicui aliquid or ad aliquem ; aliquid perscribere : to become known ; i. e,., (a) to come to be known, palam fieri (to become openly known) : percrebrescere (to become known everywhere). (b) To be spread abroad by report, exire in turbam or in vulgus, etc. : to be known, notum : cognitum (etc,., the adjectives) esse : to be commonly known, in clarissima luce versari (of persons) : he is commonly known to be an honest man, inter omnes eum virum probum esse constat : it is commonly known, omnes sciunt : nemo ignorat : inter omnes constat. || Tried, generally allowed, etc,., cognitus : probatus : spectatus (tried, approved) : confessus (placed out of doubt, known) : a man of known integrity, homo spectatus or probatus : homo virtute cognita : vir spectatæ integritatis. || Well-known, omnibus notus (of persons and things) ; notus et apud omnes pervulgatus (of things) ; omnibus et lippis notus et tonsoribus (facetè, Horatius, Sat,., 1, 7, 3, Heind. ) ; omnibus passeribus notus (proverbially, Cicero, Fin,., 2, 23, in. ). KNUCKLE, s,., articulus (general term for the smaller joints). KNUCKLE, v,., Vid. To SUBMIT.
LA, interjection, (expressing astonishment) proh Jupiter! proh Deûm atque hominum!
LABARUM, labărum (the standard of the later, especially Christian, emperors ; Prudentius).
LABEL, s,., nota ; ritulus (with a title) ; inscriptio (an inscription). Cf,., pittacium, a label on amphoræ, only in Petronius, (tessera is a tally ; tabella, a small tablet).
LABEL, v,., * notam apponere, or titulum inscribere, rei ; * rem nota designare : quorum titulus per colla pependit (labelled), Propertius.
LABIAL, * litera labrorum.
LABOR, || Work, toil, opera, opus (the former expresses free-will and resolution, and is mostly used of the activity of free persons, whereas opus does not include the will, and is almost always used of animals, slaves, or soldiers) : labor (pains or trouble arising from exertion at the full strain of one’s powers ; hence, Livius, 21, 27, operis labore fessus ; hence, also, opera et labor are frequently connected) : occupatio (that which takes our attention) : pensum (a task, daily work, especially that of slaves spinning wool) : a day and a half’s labor, sesquiopera : literary labors, studia : sedentary labor, opera sedentaria : to undertake a labor, laborem suscipere, sibi sumere, capere, excipere (to take upon one’s self), subire or obire (to engage in) : to bestow labor upon anything, operam, or laborem in, or ad aliquid impendere, in rem insumere or consumere ; operam in re locare, ponere, in rem conferre ; operam alicui rei tribuere : to bestow much labor upon anything, multum operæ laborisque in re consumere ; multo sudore et labore facere aliquid ; desudare et laborare in re : to undergo or endure labor, laborem ferre, sustinere, sustentare : to approach a labor, ad opus aggredi (Cf,., not se operi accingere) : to keep anyone to labor, intendere alicujus laborem ; aliquem in laboribus exercere : to relieve or lighten one’s labor, levare alicui laborem : to impose a labor upon anyone, laborem alicui imponere, delegare, injungerc : to call from labor, ab opere aliquem revocare (in Cæsar, the soldiers) : to cease from labor, labore supersedere : to be in full labor, operi instare : to take or hire men to labor, conducere operas (laborers) or artifices (artisans) : to furnish men with labor, homines in operas mittere : labor did not fail them for eight months, menses octo continuos opus iis non defuit : burdened with labor, laboriosus ; negotiosus : free fin labor, otiosus : that costs much labor, laboriosus : to be engaged in daily labor, opere diurno intentum esse : labor accomplished is sweet, acti labores jucundi : not to spare one’s labor in order to, etc,., omni ope atque opera or omni virium contentione niti (or eniti), ut, etc. ; contendere et laborare, ut, etc. ; eniti et contendere, ut, etc. ; eniti et efficere, ut, etc. : to spend labor in vain, operam perdere ; oleum et operam perdere ; operam or laborem frustra sumere : it is worth the labor, operæ pretium est : it is not worth the labor, non tanti est : to enter into another man’s labors, quæ alii intriverant exedere (after Terentius, Phorm,., 2, 2, 4). || Toil, or force of nature in child-birth, laboriosus nixus ; after Gellius, 12, 1, percunctari quam diutinum puerperium et quam laboriosi nixus fuissent.
LABOR, v,., || INTR,., to wotk, toil, laborare : to labor at anything, elaborare in re (especially in order to effect) : operam dare alicui rei (to bestow pains upon) : incumbere in or ad aliquid (to lay one’s self out upon anything) : to labor zealously at anything, animo toto et studio omni in aliquid incumbere ; multo sudore et labore facere aliquid ; desudare et laborare in re : to labor too much, above one’s strength, laboribus se frangere ; laboribus confici : to labor, (be busy) day and night, labores diurnos nocturnosque suscipere ; (of literary labor) studere literis ; operari studiis literarum (Valerius, Max,., 8, 7, extr. 4) or studiis liberalibus (Tacitus, Ann,., 3, 43, 1) : to labor at a (literary) work, opus in manibus habere ; opus in manibus est : to labor for the common good, incumbere ad salutem reipublicæ ; operam reipublicæ tribuere : to labor for the destruction of any one, perniciem alicui moliri or machinari (Cf,., impera hoc tibi curæ is without good authority). || TRANS,., To bestow labor on, elaborare ; laborare (Cicero, Horatius) ; laborem in rem insumere, or ad rem impendere ; laborem in re consumere ; perpolire (to finish with care).
LABORATORY, * concameratio or locus concameratus, ubi metallorum experimenta aguntur (a chemist¡s laboratory) ; * officina medicamentorum (an apothecary’s laboratory).
LABORER, qui opus facit (general term) ; operarius ; opera rare, usually plural, operæ (handicraftsman, with reference to the mechanical nature of the work) ; if for hire, mercenarius (with reference to the terms, or motive ; plural, operæ conductæ or mercenariæ). Cf,., Cicero mostly uses operæ in a bad or contemptuous sense. An active or expert laborer, operarius navus (opposed to operarius ignavus et cessator) : an agricultural laborer, cultor agri. LABORIOUS, ||| Using labor, laboriosus (Cicero, Nepos). || Requiring labor, laboriosus, operosus, laboris plenus (full of labor) : magni, or multi, operis (that calls for much labor) : very laborious, immensi laboris, operis : a laborious work, opus operosum ; opus et labor (concrete) ; labor operosus (abstract ; exertion with labor).
LABORIOUSLY, laboriose ; operose ; magno opere, or labore.
LABORIOUSNESS, by circumlocution with the adjective.
LABORSOME, Vid. LABORIOUS.
LABURNUM, laburnum, Plinius, (cytisus laburnum, Linnæus).
LABYRINTH, labyrinthus (properly) ; difficultates summæ, res inexplicabiles, turbæ (figuratively) : to get into a labyrinth, in summas difficultates incurrere or delabi : not to be able to find one’s way out of a labyrinth, , e turbis se expedire, se evolvere, non posse.
LACE, s,., || Texture of very fine linen thread, * texta reticulata, -orum, plural : to make lace (with bobbins), * opus reticulatum et denticulatum (pistillis) texere : a lace manufactory, * officina textorum reticulatorum. || A string, linea ; linum. || A platted string for fastening clothes, * funiculus ; or we may say ligula, which Martianus has for “the latchet of a shoe. ” || A stripe worn for ornament, limbus.
LACE, v,., || To fasten with a lace or string, astringere ;
constringere. || To adorn with lace, prætexere : Cf,., segmentates probably means set or bordered with thin plates of, etc. || To beat soundly, aliquem cædere virgis acerrime.
LACEMAN, * textorum reticulatorum opifex (maker of lace) ; * qui opus reticulatum vendit (seller of lace).
LACERATE, lacerare. Vid. also, To TEAR.
LACERATION, laceratio.
LACHE, s,., NEGLIGENT.
LACK, v,., Vid. WANT.
LACK, s,., Vid. WANT.
LACK-A-DAY, eheu ; heu ; hem.
LACK-BRAIN, bardus ; stolidus (stolo, Auson. )
LACKEY, pedisequus (a pedibus, with or without servus, post-Augustan, Cf,., The reading a pedibus, Cicero, Alt,., 8, 5, is not considered genuine).
LACKEY, v,., famulari alicui.
LACK-LINEN, pannosus ; pannis obsitus.
LACK-LUSTRE, obscurus (dark) ; decolor (tarnished, discolored) ; hebes, hebetior, iners (of the eye).
LACONIC, breviloquens (of persons) ; brevis (of sentences). Cf,., Symmachus says, laconica brevitas.
LACONICALLY, paucis (sc. verbis) ; brevi ; breviter.
LACONISM, breviloquentia (Cicero) ; perhaps * astricta brevitas Laconum.
LACQUER, s,., lacca (technical term).
LACQUER, v,., * lacca obducere aliquid ; * laccam inducere alicui rei.
LACRYMAL, * unde lacrymæ prorumpunt : lacrymal fount, fons lacrymarum : lacrymal gland, glandula lacrymalis or innominata (Kraus, Med. Wörterb. ).
LACTEAL, lacteus (lacteolus : Catullus, Auson. ).
LAD, puer ; adolescens : a little lad, puerulus ; pusio.
LADDER, scalæ, plural, (Cf,., The singular, in this sense, is unusuul) : of or like a ladder, scalaris : the step or round of a ladder, gradus scalarum ; or simply scala (cf. Mart,., 7, 19, 20) : the sides of a ladder, tignum scalare.
LADE, imponere aliquid alicui rei or in rem (e. g,., imponere merces in navem) ; conjicere aliquid in aliquid (e. g,., in plaustrum) : laden, onustus ; oneratus (e. g,., with gold, auro) ; gravis (heavy with) : laden with business, negotiis obrŭtus, impeditus ; occupationibus distentus, impeditus, implicatus : laden with debt, ære alieno obrutus, oppressus ; obæratus.
LADING, onus : a bill of lading, literæ mercium vehendarum (or vectarum), ac vecturæ pretii, indices.
LADLE, trulla.
LADLEFUL, we find cochlearis mensura, and simply cochlear for a spoonful ; and so we may say, mensura trullæ, or simply trulla.
LADY, femina (in respect of sex) ; mulier (that has already attained a certain age, whether married or not) : matrōna (a married lady, of rank and character) : domina (like the English mistress or miss, and the French madame or mademoiselle ; vid. Bœttiger’s Sabina, 1, p. 37. f. : Cf,., hera means properly the mistress of a house). Of or belonging to ladies, muliebris ; matronalis.
LADY-DAY, Annunciatio angeli ad beatam Mariam (Gregorii M. Lib. Sacr. ) ; annunciatio Domini (Anastas. Lib. Pontif. ; S. Serg. ) ; annunciatio Mariæ ; festum incarnationis ; festum conceptionis Christi.
LADY-LIKE, ut matronam decet : nitidus ; elegans : venustus.
LAG, v,., tardare : morari ; moram facere : cunctari. Vid. LOITER.
LAIC, laicus (ecclesiastical).
LAIR, cubile (generally, a place for sleeping or resting on) : lustrum (the place in which an animal lives) : latibulum (a hiding-place) : Cf,., stabulum is a stall, stable, where domestic animals are kept.
LAITY, laici, plural, (ecclesiastical).
LAKE, lacus : to live near a lake, lacum incolere.
LAMB, || The young of sheep, agnus ; agna (ewe lamb) : a young lamb, agnellus : a sucking lamb, agnus lactens or nondum a matre depulsus (called by rustics agnus subrumus) : of a lamb, agnīnus : as patient as a lamb, * placidior agno : my lamb! (term of endearment) mi pulle! || The flesh of a lamb, the meat, agnina (sc. caro) : roast lamb, * assum agninum.
LAMB, v,., agnum edere (Varro).
LAMB’S WOOL, * lana agnina.
LAMBENT, qui lambit (e. g,., tactuque innoxia molli lambere flamma comas, Vergilius, Æn,., 2, 684).
LAMBKIN, agnellus.
LAME, adjective, || PROPR,., debilis (genitive, infirm, with an ablative of the part ; e. g,., lame in the hip, coxa debilis ; in the hands and feet, debilis manibus pedibusque) : claudus (lame in one foot) : mancus (especially lame in the right hand) : lame in every limb, mancus et omnibus membris captus ac debilis : to be lame, claudum esse ; claudicare. || FIG. claudicans (hobbling, limping, of a speech, etc. ) ; vanus, ineptus (foolish, silly) ; non justus, non idoneus (unsuitable) : to be lame, claudere (Cicero ; claudere, Sallustius, Gellius, So Freund).
LAME, v,., clauditatem or claudicationem afferre (to occasion lameness ; of disease, and of other things) ; aliquem or aliquid debilitare ; aliquem debilem facere ; aliquem claudum, mancum facere (of persons and things ; vid. the adjective).
LAMELY, by circumlocution with adjective.
LAMENESS, debilitas ; clauditas (in one foot) ; claudicatio (Cicero ; but rare).
LAMENT, v,., deflere ; deplorare, complorare (to lament greatly, or aloud ; complorare, especially of several) : to lament the death of anyone, complorare alicujus mortem ; de morte alicujus flere ; alicujus morti illacrimari ; alicujus mortem cum fletu deplorare : to lament a deceased person, lacrimis justoque comploratu prosequi mortuum (of hired mourners, etc,., at a funeral ; Livius, 25, 26) : to lament the living as well as the dead, complorare omnes, pariter vivos mortuosque : to lament for one’s self and one’s country, complorare se patriamque (cf. Livius, 2, 40) : to lament one’s misfortunes, deplorare de suis incommodis.
LAMENTABLE, deflendus ; flebilis ; deplorandus (much to be bewailed) ; luctuosus (mournful, full of sad events) ; miserandus ; miserabilis (miserable) : in a lamentable manner, flebiliter : a lamentable voice, vox flebilis (Cicero).
LAMENTABLY, miserabiliter ; miserandum in modum ; flebiliter.
LAMENTATION, lamentatio, lamentum ; questus, querimonia, querela : plangor, planctus ; (The words are found in this connection and order. ) plangoret lamentatio : queritatus ; vagitus ; gemitus. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) gemitus et lamentatio [SYN. in COMPLAINT]. To make lamentation, lamentari ; about anything, queri or conqueri aliquid, or de re ; to anyone, cum aliquo.
LAMMAS-DAY (August, 1), * festum Petri ad vincula ; * Petrus ad vincula ; more rarely, festum catenarum Petri : at latter Lammas (i. e,., never), ad Græcas Calendas.
LAMP, lucerna ; lychnus (Cf,., lampas, poetical) : a little lamp, lucernula (late) : a lamp-stand, lychnuchus : a lamp with two burners, lucerna bilychnis (Petronius) : to put oil into a lamp, instillare oleum lumini (Cicero) : to light a lamp, lucernam accendere (Phædrus. ) : the wick of a lamp, lamp cotton, ellychnium (Plinius) : lamp oil, * oleum quod in lumen, or in usum lumini* , uritur (after Vergilius, Æn,., 7, 13 ; Tacitus, Ann,., 15, 44, 4).
LAMP-BLACK, * fuligo pinea.
LAMPOON, s,., carmen famosum or probrosum ; carmen quod infamiam facit flagitiumve alteri (Cicero, De Rep,., 4, 10, 12) ; carmen rafertum contumeliis alicujus ; elogium (if affixed to a door ; Plautus, Merc,., 2, 3, 74) ; versus in alicujus cupiditatem facti (Cicero, Verr,., 5, 31, 81 ; all these if the lampoon is in verse) : libellus famosus (Tacitus, Ann,., 1, 72, 3 ; Suetonius, Oct,., 55) : to publish lampoons, carmina probrosa vulgare.
LAMPOON, v,., carmen probrosum facere in aliquem ; libellum ad infamiam alicujus edere (Suetonius, Oct,., 55) ; aliquem scriptis procacibus diffamare (Tacitus, Ann,., 1, 72, 3) ; malum in aliquem carmen condere (after Horatius, Sat,., 2, 1, 81).
LAMPREY, * petromyzon marinus (Linnæus).
LANCE, s,., hasta (general term) : lancea (Spanish ; and carried by the prætorians under the Roman emperors) ; cateia (of the Celts) ; gæsutn (of the Gauls) ; framea (of the Germans) ; sarissa (of the Macedonians) ; falarica (of the Saguntines ; the last five only when those nations are spoken of) : sparus (a sort of bent missile of the common people). The shaft of a lance, hastlle : the head of a lance, cuspis, spiculum, acies. To break a lance with anybody, hasta pugnare or certare cum aliquo (properly) ; certare, concertare, contendere cum aliquo (figuratively).
LANCE, v,., secare (to cut with a 1ance) ; sagitta (scalpello) venam aperire (to open a vein with a lance) ; sagitta venam percutere (to pierce with a lance).
LANCER, s,., eques hastatus (for which Cicero uses the Greek doryphorus, δορυφόρος, only Brut,., 86, 296, and there as a technical term for a celebrated statue of Polycletus) : sarissaphorus (a Macedonian lancer ; vid. LANCE). (Cf,., Lanceareus is late, and badly formed ; contatus, Vegetious).
LANCET, sagitta (in this sense by Vegetius only) : scalpellus or scalpellum (both for cutting away proud flesh, etc,., and for bleeding). To use the lancet, open a vein with a lancet, sagitta or scalpello venarn aperire ; sagitta venam percutere. Cf,., In Dict. of Antiquities,
a doubt is expressed whether scalpellum was for blood-letting, or only for opening abscesses ; sagitta is the best word.
LAND, s,., || As opposed to sea, terra : dry land, aridum : the main land, terra continens : continens : by land, terra (generally opposed to mari, classe) ; terrestri itinere, pedestri itinere, pedibus (of travellers, soldiers on march, etc. ; opposed to classe, navibus) : by land and by water [vid. WATER] : from the land (e. g,., to see anything, etc. ), ex terra : from land, a terra : to gain the land, terram capere ; ad terram pervenire : to put out from land, navem solvere ; e portu solvere ; solvere : to coast along the land, oram legere : that is (or lives) on land, terrester (opposed to maritimus). || Ground for tillage, soil, terra (soil ; general term) ; solum (surface of the soil) : ager, agellus (soil for tillage) ; arvum (that is sown ; corn land) ; seges (growing corn ; sometimes a cornfield) ; novalis ager, or simply novalis, novale (ploughed land, newly broken up) ; fundus (a landed estate) : unbroken land, ager ferus (Festi) or ager silvester (opposed to ager cultus, Columella, Præf,., 25) : uncultivated land, ager rudis : light land, levis terra (Varro, R. R,., 2, 6, fin) : rich land, ager crassus, pinguis (opposed to ager jejunus) : arable land, campus arabilis : good land, ager bene natus (opposed to ager male natus, Varro, R. R,., 1, 6, 1) : impoverished land, solum defatigatum et effetum : fruitful land, ager frugifer, ferox : to till the land, agrum colere : of or relating to land, agrarius : rich in land, agrosus. || Region, district, country, terra (belonging to the citizens of a state, etc. ) ; regio (in respect of extent and climate) ; provincia (a country subject to Roman power ; Cf,., ditio, in this sense, is not Latin) : ager (a possession of a private person, or a territory belonging to a small people) : pagus (a district consisting of several villages) : patria (native land). In connection with the name of the inhabitants, especially with the historians, “land” is expressed either by the simple name of the inhabitants, or by fines (i. e,., boundaries) : in the land of the Etrurians, in Etruscis, in Etruscorum finibus, or in agro Etrusco : the enemy’s land, terra, or ager, or fines hostium ; terra hostilis : to drive anyone out of the land, aliquem civitate pellere, expellere, ejicere.
LAND, v,., INTR. To go ashore, (e navi) exire ; (in terram) exire ; (e navi) egredi ; escendere, escensionem facere : to land at a place, egredi in aliquem locum, rarely in aliquo loco : to land there, eo egredi (but sometimes ibi, as ibi egressi). TRANS. To put ashore, exponere (the proper word of persons and things) : to land troops, milites, copias, exercitum exponere, with or without (e) navibus, in terram, in litore ; copias e classe educere.
LAND-FIGHT, prœlium terrestre or pedestre, pugna pedestris (opposed to prœlium navale, pugna navalis) : to engage in a land-fight, prœlium pedestre facere.
LAND-FLOOD, eluvies (terrarum) ; inundatio.
LAND-FORCES, exercitus terrester or pedester, copiæ terrestres or pedestres (all opposed to copiæ navales) copiæ, exercitus (opposed to classis ; vid. Curtius, 3, 4, 13) : to possess numerous land-forces, copiis pedestribus multum valere ; terra multum pollere.
LAND SLIP, terræ labes or lapsus (a falling in of the ground) ; terræ hiatus (a cleft ; Seneca, Nat. Quæst,., 6, 9, 3 ; Cicero, N. D,., 2, 5, 14) : there was a land-slip, labes facta est : there was a great or deep land-slip, hiatus vastus apertus est (Seneca, loc. cit. ) ; in infinitam altitudinem terra desidit.
LAND SURVEYOR, mensor (general term for measurer) : decempedator (one who measures a piece of land with the decempĕda, Cicero) : finitor (one who determines the boundaries in dividing property, etc. ) : metator (one who surveys and sets down landmarks, metæ ; especially of one who marks out the site of a camp or city) : geometres (land surveyor, who measures lands, woods, etc,., to determine the square superficies) : agrimensor (the agrimensores were a college of scientific land surveyors, established under the emperors).
LAND-TAX, vectīgal agrorum possessoribus impositum (Livius, 4, 36) ; solatium (land-taxlaid upon houses allowed to remain on lands taken by the state for public purposes) : having the land-tax redeemed, immunis liberque (e. g,., ager, Cicero) : ab omni onere immunis (free from all imposts, etc,., Suetonius).
LANDED (i. e,., of or relating to land), agrarius : a man of landed property, agrosus ; dives agris (Horatius) : the landed interest, * res agrariæ, plural.
LANDHOLDER, prædii or agri possessor ; dominus (in respect of those about him) : Cf,., prædator, according to Salmas,., is one who purchases lands pledged to the state. κυρικιμασαηικο
LANDING, exscensio, egressus (of persons ; a disembarking) ; appulsus litoris (general term ; a coming to shore) to effect a landing, e navi (or navibus) exire : (e) navi or navibus egredi ; in terram exire ; exire ; egredi ; escendere ; exscensionem facere : to keep back or hinder from landing, arcere aliquem appulsu litoris : aliquem navi egredi prohibere.
LANDING-PLACE, || Place where one can effect a landing, aditus (aditus portusque, Tacitus, Agr,., 24, 2) : the best landing-place is on that part of the island, eâ insulæ parte optimus est egressus (Cæsar, B. G,., 5, 8). || In stairs, * statio scalarum.
LANDLADY, hospita (at an inn ; Cicero and Ovidius) ; caupona (Lucilius, Appuleius, at a tavern) : hera (mistress of a house).
LANDLORD, || Owner of land, dominus [vid. LANDHOLDER]. || Master of an inn, hospes ; caupo (of a tavern).
LANDMARK, finis (limit, generally) ; terminus (stone, etc,., to mark a boundary) ; limes (properly, strip of unploughed land ; hence, stone, etc,., marking a landmark) ; lapis terminalis (Ammianus) ; limes in agro positus. Vid. LIMIT.
LANDSCAPE, || A portion of land seen at one view, * ruris species ; * rus amœnum ; * regio ; * regionis forma. || A picture representing a country prospect, * regio (in tabulâ) picta or depicta (as a picture of a real landscape) : forma regionis picta (a fancy piece ; Plinius, Ep. ) : a beautifully-painted landscape, forma regionis ad eximiam pulchritudinem picta (ibid. ) : landscapes, opus topium ; topia, -orum, neuter (sc. opera, in Vitruvius, 7, 5, 2 ; vid. Karl Otfried Müller’s Archæol,., § 209, 6, 4) : Cf,., topiarium opus is ornamental gardening.
LANDSCAPE PAINTER, * qui regiones, or regionum formas, pingit ; * topiorum artifex. [Cf,., not pictor topiorum].
LANDSCAPE-PAINTING, * ars regiones, or regionum formas, pingendi.
LANE, s,., angiportus.
LANGUAGE, || Gift of speech, lingua ; [vid. SPEECH]. || Style of speaking, ratio dicendi ; oratio ; dictio ; genus dicendi ; sermo : ordinary language ; the language of everyday life, sermo usitatus or quotidianus ; usitatum sermonis genus ; verba quotidiana, -orum, nominative plural : elegant or polite language, sermo urbanus : to use haughty language, superbe loqui ; superbo sermone uti. || The diction of a country, lingua ; sermo ; literæ (so far as it is synonymous with “literature”) : to know a language, linguam scire ; linguæ scientem esse : to translate into the Latin language, in sermonem Latinum, or simply in Latinum (Cf,., not in linguam Latinam), convertere : to speak a language, aliqua lingua (Cf,., not aliquo sermone) loqui or uti : to write a book in a certain language, aliquo sermone (Cf,., not aliqua lingua) librum conficere : the idiom of a language, proprietas ; idioma, -atis (Grammaticus ; Cf,., not idiotismus, which means, in writers of the Silver Age, “vulgar language”) : the use of language, loquendi usus or consuetudo ; consuetudo sermonis : a rule of language, lex dicendi : a knowledge of language or languages, linguæ (linguarum) scientia : to purify a language, sermonem expurgare ; sermonem usitatum emendare ; consuetudinem vitiosam et corruptam pura et incorrupta consuetudine emendare : one’s native language, sermo indigena (vid. Appuleius, Met,., 1, p. 102, 30) : sermo patrius (mother tongue). In certain connections lingua is sufficient ; e. g,., my, your, their language, mea (nostra), tua (vestra), ipsorum lingua ; e. g,., the inhabitants of the third part of Gaul are called, in the language of their country, Celts ; in ours, Gauls, qui tertiam Galliæ partem incolunt, ipsorum lingua Celtæ, nostra Galli appellantur (Cæsar, B. G,., 1, 1) ; so, also, sermo noster (Curtius, 6, 9, 36).
LANGUID, languidus ; languens : to grow languid, languescere (of things with or without life) : to make languid, aliquem ad languorem dare (Terentianus). Vid. FAINT.
LANGUIDLY, languide.
LANGUISH, languere (to be languid) : languescere (to grow languid) : a viribus defici.
LANGUOR, languor.
LANK, macer ; strigosus ; macilentus (Plautus).
LANKNESS, macies ; macritudo (Plautus : macor, Pacuvius ; al. macror).
LANTERN, laterna. A dark lantern * laterna furtiva or surda.
LAP, s,., gremium (the proper word) : sinus (literally, bosom ; hence, folds of a garment) : to be in anybody’s lap, esse (sedere) in gremio alicujus : to be nursed in the lap of fortune, fortunæ
filium or alumnum esse (Horatius, Sat,., 2, 6, 49 : Plinius, 7, 7, 5) ; albæ gallinæ esse filium (Juvenalis, 13, 141). Cf,., Fortunæ in gremio sedere (Cicero, Div,., 2, 41 85) properly : not to be used in a figuratively sense.
LAP, v,., || To infold, involve, involvere or obvolvere aliqua re. || To lick up, lambere (linguâ) ; lingere.
LAP-DOG, catellus (quem mulier in deliciis habet, Valerius, Max,., 1, 5, 3).
LAPIDARY, sculptor marmorum (Plinius, therefore, also, gemmarum, etc. : insignitor gemmarum, late).
LAPIDATE, s,., STONE.
LAPPET, lacinia.
LAPSE, s,., lapsus (properly and figuratively) ; casus (properly). || Of time, temporis decursus, Cicero. || In law, * devolutio (technical term).
LAPSE, v,., labi. || Of time, abire : transire : præterire : Cf,., not præterlabi. || In law, redire ad aliquem obvenire alicui ; alicui cedere.
Lapsed, caducus (technical term).
LAPWING, vanellus (Junius).
LARROARD, * sinistrum navigii latus.
LARCENY, furtum. Vid. THEFT.
LARCH, larix. Of the larch-tree, larignus.
LARD, s,., adeps suillus (Plinius) : arvina (properly, fat of rams ; hence any fat or grease) : lardum.
LARD, v,., illardare (Apicius) : * cardes adipe suillo configere.
LARDER, cella promptuaria or penaria.
LARGE, magnus ; amplus ; vastus ; ingens ; vastus et immensus ; amplus et grandis. Vid. SYN. under BIG. AT LARGE, || Without restraint, free, liber, solutus. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) liber et solutus. || Copiously, at length, copiose (Cicero) ; plurimis verbis.
LARGELY, large ; largiter.
LARGENESS, latitudo (breadth) ; amplitudo (extent, bulk) ; magnitudo (size) [Cf,., largitas (Cicero) = liberality, bounty].
LARGESS, largilio (act of giving largesses ; also largess) congiarium (to the people and soldiers ; also to artists and literary men). To give large largesses, maximas largitiones facere (Cicero) : magna rei pecuniæ præmia tribuere (alicui, Cæsar).
LARK, alauda (galerita avis, Plinius = alauda cristata, Linnæus, crested lark). To catch larks, * alaudas retibus capere or venari.
LARKSPUR, * delphinium (Linnæus) : Field-larkspur, delphinium consolida (Linnæus).
LARUM, Vid. ALARM, ALARUM.
LARYNX, arteria ; arteria aspera (Cicero) : canalis animæ (Plinius) : Cf,., animæ or spiritus meatus means respiration.
LASCIVIOUS, furens in libidinem (of men or animals) : salax (properly, of male animals) : impudicus (immodest, of persons and things, as verses, etc. ) : libidinosus (lustful) ; intemperans (immoderate in satisfying low, sensual desire) ; rebus venereis deditus (devoted to low sensuality. All three of persons).
LASCIVIOUSNESS, impetus in venerem ; or by the adjective.
LASH, PROP,., flagrum, flagellum (a heavy lash) ; scutica, or lora, -orum, nominative plural (a tighter lash, whip). FIG,., flagellum, pestis.
LASH, v,., || To scourge, properly flagris or flagellis cædere ; flagellare (post-Augustan) ; loris cædere (with the knout) : verberare. || To scourge, figuratively, verbis (Plautus) or convicio (Cicero) verberare : * acerbe, or severe, reprehendere aliquem. || To bind or tie to anything, alligare.
LASS, puella ; virgo. Vid. MAID.
LASSITUDE, lassitudo ; languor (of body or mind ; not so strong as fatigatio).
LAST, s,., (of a shoemaker) forma, or diminutive, formula calcei (Gr. καλόπους, καλοπόδιον) [Cf,., tentipellium, probably the instrument with which the shoemaker stretched the leather and put it on the last]. Stick to your last! ne sutor supra crepidam (cf. Plinius, 35, 10, 36 : no. 12, § 85) ; te memento in pelliculâ, cerdo, tenere, tua (Mart,., 3, 36, extr. ) ; quiesce in propriâ pelle (Horatius, Sat,., 1, 6, 22) ; quod sis, esse velis, nihilque malis (Mart,., 10, 47, 12).
LAST, adjective, ultimus (furthest on that side; opposed to to citimus, nearest on this side : in respect of time, that which comes last ; e. g,., ultima æstas, the last summer ; then, figuratively, i. q,., that which is the worst, etc,., or comes last under consideration) ; extremus (the extreme, at the end of a line, surface, row, collection, etc. ; opposed to intimus ; never applied to a whole, but always to a part ; e. g,., extrema epistola, not ” the last letter” but ” the last part of a letter ;” hence in respect of lime only, i. q,., the last part, opposed to the beginning ; e. g,., extrema æstas, quite the last part, the last days of summer; opposed to the first ; figuratively, i. q,., extreme, most critical, most dangerous) ; postremus (hindmost; opposed to primus, princeps ; figuratively, the worst : in respect of time it is very rare : postumus, also, in this sense is late) ; novissimus (youngest, latest ; i. e,., last that presents itself to our view : in respect of time, recent ; a word wrongly rejected by Gellius, 10, 21 ; it was used by Cicero, and frequently by his contemporaries) ; proximus (next before or after another, in respect both of place and of time) ; summus, supremus (uppermost, highest ; opposed to infimus ; the former in respect of order, the latter in respect of time ; e. g,., the last book [of a treatise], liber summus ; the last day, dies supremus). If only two are spoken of, posterior (opposed to prior), or superior (opposed to inferior), or hic (opposed to ille), or alter (opposed to alter). For the last time, (ad) ultimum ; postremum (Cf,., not postremo, i. e,., at last). The last page of a letter, pagina postrema epistolæ ; epistola extrema (Cf,., not pagina extrema epistolæ, i. e,., the last part of the page, Cicero, Att,., 6, 2, in. with Cicero, Or,., 13, 14) : the last war, bellum ultimum (with which war has ceased) ; bellum postremum (the last of several carried on successively) ; bellum novissimum (the one most recently carried on) : the last hope, spes ultima : the last will, suprema voluntas (generally) ; testamentum (the last will and testament) : to lie at the last gasp, animam agere (Cf,., rarely, and poetically, extremum trahere spiritum) : to pay the last honors to anyone, justa (Cf,., in Cicero never suprema) solvere alicui. AT LAST, postremo ; ad extremum ; denique. Vid. LASTLY.
LAST, v,., durare ; tenere (the intransitive signification of which is frequent in Latin) : the rain lasted the whole night, imber continens tenuit per totam noctem : the rain lasts, imber non remittit (vid. Livius, 40, 33) : the conflagration lasted two days and a night, incendium tenuit per duos dies et noctem unam : the frost lasts, frigora se non frangunt.
LASTING, Vid. DURABLE.
LASTLY, ad ultimum ; ad extremum ; denique postremo (the three former, of the last and last but one ; postremo, only of the last) : novissime (at last, in respect of other preceding circumstances ; vid. Hirtius, B. G,., 8, 48, Herzog) ; quod superest, quod reliquum est, quod restat, quod extremum est (in announcing a conclusion).
LATCH, s,., * pessulus versatilis.
LATCH, v,., * pessulo versatili occludere (januam).
LATCHET, corrigia (Cicero) ; habena (Gellius).
LATCH-KEY, clavis Laconica (Dictionary of Antiquities, p. 238).
LATE, adjective, serus (after the usual or proper time ; opposed to tempestivus ; the comparativeserior is sometimes used to give intensity to the signification when two things are compared, of which one is later, or much more too late, than the other ; but there is no superlative, serissimus) ; tardus (long in coming, slow in approach ; superlative tardissimus, very late, which was used instead of serissimus) ; serotinus (happening or coming late in the season ; e. g,., pluvia ; uvæ ; opposed to tempestivus) ; posterior, inferior (following in succession or time ; e. g,., later writers, scriptores ætate posteriores or inferiores ; scriptores posterioris temporis [Cf,., not serioris temporis, nor scriptores seriores or sequiores]) : ætate posterior or inferior ; ætatis inferioris (more modern or recent ; opposed to ætate prior or superior).
LATE, adv,., sero (not at proper time ; opposed to tempestive) : tarde (slowly; opposed to celeriter, sine mora, statim) : vesperi (late in the day, in the evening). Too late, sero ; post tempus ; nimis sero (far too late) : late in the day, multo ; sero (when the context fixes the sense) [Cf,., never sero diei in Cicero or Cæsar] : it was late in the day, multa jam dies erat [Cf,., not jam serum diei erat in Cicero or Cæsar] : it is too late, serum or sero est.
LATELY, nuper, nuperrime (of time just past) : modo (of the moment just past to the speaker ; more than nuper ; Cicero, Verr,., 4, 3, 6, nuper homines ejusmodl judices ; et quid dico nuper? imo vero modo, ac plane paullo ante vidimus) : novissime (very lately) : proxime (immediately before).
LATER (comparative of LATE), subsequent, insequens, insecutus (following) ; posterior (opposed to prior or superior) [Cf,., serior would here be bad Latin]. The later emperors, imperatores insecuti (who follow another, of whom one speaks at the same time) ; imperatores posteriores (generally, the later opposed to the earlier). In later time, at a later period, tempore insequente ;
tempore posteriore ; temporibus posterioribus ; posterius ; post aliquot annos ; postea ; postea aliquanto (Cf,., not serius, or seriore tempore). LATENT, latens ; occultus ; abditus (hidden, concealed).
LATERAL, a latere (at or on the side) ; lateralis, or genitive lateris (of or belonging to the side).
LATERALLY, a latere ; ex obliquo (obliquely) ; ex transverso (across).
LATH, s,., asser ; diminutive, asserculus, asserculum (Cato).
LATH, v,., * asseres disponere.
LATHE, tornus (machina tornatorum, late). To turn on a lathe, tornare ; detornare (Plinius, Gellius) ; torno facere ; ex torno perficere ; ad tornum fabricare.
LATHER, s,., * spuma saponis.
LATHER, v,., || TRANS. * sapone illinere. || INTRANS. vid. FOAM.
LATIN,
Latinus (adverb, Latine ; both also in a pregnant sense, of good or correct Latin : bene Latinus is quite wrong, although bene Latine loqui, as Cicero, Brut,., 64, 228 sq,., was in use, where bene belongs to loqui. Cf,., An old form is Latiniensis, and Latialis belongs to the Silver Age). Not good Latin, parum Latinus (e. g,., vocabulum) : good, pure Latin, Latinus ; purus et Latinus. LATIN, vid. Latinitas (Latinity grammatical and lexicographical) : oratio Latina (the Latin language, as spoken or written) : sermo Latinus, lingua Latina (the Latin language, as a dialect ; sermo Latinus, also, in respect of readiness in speaking and writing. Cf,., Latinum for sermo Latinus is barbarous) : literæ Latinæ (knowledge of Latin literature) : good Latin, sermo Latinus : pure Latin, sermo purus et Latinus ; sermo emendatus ; oratio emendata ; incorrupta Latini sermonis integritas : elegant Latin, sermo elegans ; sermonis elegantia (vid. Ernesti Lex-. Techn,., p. 143, sq. ) ; sermonis (Latini), verborum (Latinorum) elegantia (in respect of the choice of words, etc,., vid. Ernesti, loc. cit,., p. 145) : bad Latin, sermo parum or minus Latinus : your Latin is good, in te est sermo Latinus (generally) ; bene lingua Latina uteris (you speak good Latin) : to possess a great knowledge of Latin, * excellere literarum Latinarum cognitione (in respect of its literature) ; literis et sermone Romanorum valde eruditum esse (in respect of the literature and language, after Nepos, Them,., 10, 1) : to translate anything into Latin, aliquid in Latinum (sermonem) vertere, convertere ; aliquid Latine reddere ; aliquid Latinæ consuetudini tradere (so that persons in general can read and use it, Columella, 12, præ,., 7) : to translate from Greek into Latin, ex Græco in Latinum transferre : to write or compose a book in Latin, librum Latino sermone conficere (after Nepos, Hann,., 13, 2) : to understand Latin, Latine scire, linguam Latinam callere, Latinæ linguæ scientiam habere (generally) ; Latine (loqui) posse (to be able to speak Latin): not to understand Latin, Latine nescire (generally) ; Latine loqui non posse (not to be able to speak Latin) : to know, etc,., Latin well, bene, optime Latine scire (generally) ; bene, optime lingua Latina uti (to speak Latin, very well) : to speak good Latin, bene, perbene Latine loqui : to speak pure and correct Latin, pure et Latine loqui ; recte (Latine) loqui : to speak bad Latin, male, inquinate (Latine) loqui : to speak Latin, readily or fluently, commode Latine loqui (after Nepos, Them,., 10, 1) : a Latin, scholar, Latinis literis doctus, Latine doctus (that has a knowledge of the Latin language and literature) ; linguæ Latinæ peritus (that can express himself in Latin) : a good Latin scholar, bene Latine doctus (vid. above) ; bene Latine sciens (that understands Latin well) ; bene Latine loquens (that speaks good Latin) ; bonus Latinitatis auctor (a good authority for classical Latinity) : he is a good Latin scholar, in eo est sermo Latinus : an excellent Latin scholar, vir in paucis Latine doctus ; vir Latine doctissimus (vid. above) ; perbene Latine sciens, loquens : to be an excellent Latin scholar, * Latinarum literarum cognitione or laude excellere ; * admirabilem Latinæ linguæ scientiam habere : modern Latin scholars, * qui nunc Latine scribunt.
LATINITY,
Latinitas (Cicero) .
LATINIZE, i. e,., to speak or write Latin [vid. LATIN] (Latinizare, Latinare, Cœlius, Aur. ).
LATITUDE, s,., || Breadth, latitudo : in latitude, in latitudinem ; latus : figuratively, that has great latitude of meaning, (vox) late patens. || In geography, altitudo cœli ; declinatio cœli.
LATTER, s,.,
LATER, LAST.
LATTICE, cancelli, clathri (the cancelli consisted of laths or iron bars slanting upward, with others laid obliquely across them ; clathri consisted of wooden or iron bars, perpendicular and horizontal. The openings of the cancelli were larger, and shaped thus ♯ ; vid. Varro, R. R,., 33 ; those of the clathri were small, and had the shape of a square # ; the cancelli served for fences, etc. ; the clathri for smaller lattices ; e. g,., in windows, and were either moveable or fixed) : transenna (a kind of lattice-work of wire, so small that it could scarcely be seen through ; Cicero, De Or,., I, 85, extr. ).
LATTICED, cancellatus (furnished with a lattice) ; ad cancellorum, or clathrorum, speciem factus (like a lattice), clathratus.
LAUD, Vid. PRAISE, CELEBRATE.
LAUDABLE, laudabilis ; laude dignus ; laudandus ; commendabilis (Livius) : most laudable, collaudandus ; prædicandus : to be laudable, laudi esse.
LAUDABLY, laudabiliter (Cicero).
LAUDATORY, in laudem alicujus (laudatorius, Fulgent. ) : to be laudatory of anybody, laudem alicui tribuere ; laude aliquem afficere ; laudes alicujus celebrare.
LAUGH, s,., risus, -ûs. Vid. LAUGHTER.
LAUGH, v,., ridere (with the poets also, as in English, figuratively ; e. g,., to have a joyous or cheerful appearance) : risum edere (only properly) : to laugh broadly, ringi : to laugh violently, valde, vehementer ridere, miros edere risus, in risum effundi (generally) ; cachinnare, cachinnum tollere (to laugh immoderately or loudly) : to laugh at anyone, ridere aliquem or de aliquo ; irridēre aliquem (to laugh in anyone’s face) ; deridere aliquem (to laugh at anyone in the way of contempt) : I am laughed at, rideor : to laugh at anything, ridere aliquid or de re : anything is laughed at, people laugh at anything, ridetur aliquid : to laugh at or on occasion of anything, arridere (absolutely, or with an accusative of the pronoun neuter) : aliquid ridere (simply to laugh at ; Cf,., ridere ad aliquid is not Latin) ; risu aliquid excipere (to receive with laughter) : not to 1augh, non ridere ; risum tenere, continere : to make anyone laugh [vid. to excite LAUGHTER] : to laugh till one’s sides split, risu emori ; risu corruere ; risu rumpi : to laugh maliciously, in stomacho ridere (Cicero, ad Div,., 2, 16) : to laugh in one’s sleeve, in sinu or in sinu tacito gaudere (Cicero, Tusc. 3, 21, 51 ; Tibullus, 4, 13, 8) ; sensim atque summissim ridere (Gellius) ; furtim cachinnare (Lucretius) : Cf,., not cachinnari.
LAUGHABLE, ridiculus ; ridendus ; deridiculus, deridendus (that deserves to be laughed at) : jocularis (droll) : very laughable, perridiculus : to be laughable, risum movere ; ridendum esse.
LAUGHER, ridens ; risor.
LAUGHING, || PROPR,., ridens ; arridens (at anything). || FIG,., amœnus (of a landscape, etc. ) ; lætus (of a field of corn).
LAUGHINGLY, ridens, risu (with a laugh) ; jocose (Cicero), joculariter (Suetonius, jestingly).
LAUGHING-STOCK, ludibrium : to be a laughing-stock, esse ludibrio, or irrisui : to make a laughing-stock of, ludibrio aliquem habere. LAUGHTER, risus : loud, roaring laughter, cachinnatio (Cicero, Tusc,., 4, 31, 66) ; cachinnus : to raise or excite laughter, risum movere, concitare, excitare ; in anyone, alicui ; risum cielicere (of persons or things which make one laugh : Cf,., risus alicui dare or præbere is rare) : risum alicui excutere (purposely to cause one to laugh) : to endeavor to raise or excite laughter, risum captare : to split, burst, or die with laughter, risu rumpi, corruere, emori.
LAUNCH, v,.,
TRANS,.,
|| To hurl, jacere ; conjicere emittere.
|| To move (a ship) into the water, (navem) deducere.
LAUNCH FORTH, v,.,
INTRANS,.,
ferri ; profluere :
longius progredi or labi (of an orator) :
LAUNDRESS,
* mulier lintea lavans.
LAUNDRY,
* ædificium linteis lavandis.
LAUREATE,
* poeta aulicus.
LAUREL,
|| Livius-bush, laurus, -i, and -ûs :
* laurus nobilis (Linnæus) :
of the laurel, laureus, laurĭnus :
A branch or bough of laurel, a chaplet of laurel, especially as a reward of a conqueror, laurus, laurea (generally) :
corona laurea (chaplet) :
gloria, laus, honos (figuratively, fame, glory) :
adorned with laurel, laureatus, cum laurea :
to strive after the laurel, laureæ cupidum esse ; gloriæ cupidum esse ; gloriam quærere :
to acquire new laurels in war, gloriam bello augere :
to return from war covered with laurels, victoriam daram referre ex (with the name of the conquered people).
LAURELED,
laureatus (Cicero), lauricomus (of mountains), laurifer (e. g,., currus, juventa), lauriger (e. g,., Phœbus, manus, faces : are all poetical ; laurifer is found in Pliny).
LAVA,
(α) liquid, massa ardens (after Juvenalis, 10, 130) ; saxa liquefacta, nominative plural (Vergilius, Sen,., 3, 576) ; ignis irriguus (poeticè ap. Sever. in Ætna, 28) :
a stream of lava, * massæ ardentis vis ; amnis vulcanius (poetical).
(β) hard, perhaps, from the context, * massa sulphurea. κυρικιμασαηικο
LAVE,
Vid,., BATHE, WASH.
LAVENDER,
* lavendula (Linnæus) :
oil of lavender, * oleum lavendulæ :
lavender water, * decocta (sc. aqua) lavendulæ.
LAVISH, adjective,
prodigus (of persons) :
profusus, effusus (of persons and things) :
lavish of anything, prodigus, effusus, in aliqua re :
lavish expenditure, sumtus profusus :
to be lavish of, effundere ; profundere : Cf,., prodigere ; obsolete, revived after the Golden Age ; to be avoided.
LAVISH, v,.,
effundere ; profundere ; conficere, consumere ; (The words are found in this connection and order. ) effundere et consumere (to consume or destroy by lavishing) ; abligurire, lacerare (e. g,., patria bona) : Cf,., not prodigere, vid. the foregoing word.
LAW,
|| PROP,., A fixed positive rule, settled regulation.
FIG,., An impulse or force, or established mode of action, lex, regula, for anything, alicujus rei or ad aliquam aliquid dirigitur (a rule or precept for anything, never without addition of the person or thing for which it is a rule. Cf,., plural, regulæ is not Latin) :
norma (a fixed rule from which one must not depart) :
norma et regula, for anyone, alicujus :
the law of nature, lex or norma naturæ :
the eternal laws of nature, leges æternæ, quibus a Deo regitur aliquid :
it is conformable to divine (natural) and human laws, est fas et jus ; est jus fasque :
it is contrary to divine (natural) laws, non fas est :
the law of reason, norma rationis :
the law of our existence, lex vitæ or vivendi :
the law of humanity, humanitas :
to make a law to one’s self, sibi legem statuere, scribere ; sibi imperare.
|| A general definite prescript, lex (of the state) :
edictum (an edict or ordinance published by a supreme magistrate) :
institutum (an institution generally considered valid, whether through compact or by tacit agreement) :
standing or existing laws, leges et instituta :
the proposal of a law as made to the people, rogatio legis :
to plan out or design a law, legem meditari :
to draw up a law in writing, legem scribere :
to give notice of the project of a law, legem or rogationem promulgare :
to propose a law publicly in the forum, legem ferre ; respecting anything, legem ferre, or simply ferre de re (all three of the author of a law) :
to support a project of law, legem suadere :
to propose a law to the people, populum, legem rogare :
the people accepts or adopts a law, accipit legem ; rejects it, legem or rogationem antiquat :
gives it force, sancit or sciscit legem :
a law passes, lex perfertur ; lex valet (these phrases show the manner of proceeding at Rome in the enactment of laws ; vid. Schütz,., Lex. Cic,., s. v. Lex) :
to draw up a law, legem condere, scribere, conscribere :
to subject anything to a law, sub legis vincula conjicere aliquid :
to enact a law concerning anything, legem jubere or sciscere de re (of the people) ; legem or lege sancire de re (of the people and Senate) :
to make it a law, that or that not, etc. ; to command or forbid by law, that, etc. ; ferre legem, ut or ne ; lege sancire, ut or ne ; sciscere et jubere, ut or ne (of the people) :
to give law for anyone, make it a law for anyone that, etc,., legem alicui constituere, ut, etc. :
to make laws for, give laws to, a country, leges dare, constituere, alicui civitati, especially of a plenipotentiary, etc. : Cf,., legem dare, constituere, absolutely, are not Latin ; nor is legem facere (a false reading, Cicero, Phil,., 5, 3, 7) in the sense of to enact or compose a law :
to impose laws on anyone, leges alicui (populo, civitati, etc. ), imponere (of a tyrant) :
to prescribe laws to anyone, leges alicui dicere or scribere :
to carry a law into effect, legem exercere (Livius, 4, 51, not barbarous, as Bremi, Nep,., Thras,., 3, 3, supposes) :
to destroy laws, leges evertere, or pervertere, or perfringere, or perrumpere :
to disregard, violate a law, legem negligere, violare :
to evade a law, legi fraudem facere :
the law admits it so far, lege sic præfinitum est :
a book of laws, leges (scriptæ) ; codex, corpus juris (e. g,., juris Romani) :
to have the force of law, pro lege valere :
without the sanction of law, sine legibus ; legibus carens.
LAWFUL,
legitimus (general term) :
legibus constitutus (fixed by law) :
justus (in conformity to or allowed by law) :
a lawful punishment, pœna legitima or legibus constituta :
a lawful debt, debitum justum (which one is bound by law to pay) :
a lawful marriage, nuptiæ legitimæ or justæ :
children of a lawful marriage, liberi legitimi, or justa uxore nati, or matre familias orti (opposed to this, pellice orti) :
a lawful government, imperium legitimum :
in a lawful manner, lege (e. g,., agere) :
to act in a lawful manner, legibus parere, leges sequi (properly) ; officii præcepta moribus ac vita exprimere (morally speaking, to obey the laws of duty).
LAWFULLY,
legitime ; lege.
LAWFULNESS,
use the adjective, or by circumlocution ; e. g,., ex lege factum.
LAWGIVER,
Vid. LEGISLATOR.
LAWLESS,
|| Acknowledging no law, exlex ; legibus solutus ; legum vinculis exsolutus :
to act in a lawless manner, leges perfringere or perrumpere.
|| That has no laws, legibus carens (e. g,., civitas) ; sine legibus (e. g,., populus).
LAWN,
|| An open space in a wood or park, * campus gramineus ; * planities graminea ; some say saltus.
|| Fine linen, sindon ; carbasus.
LAWSUIT,
actio ; lis. Vid. SYN. and PHR. in ACTION.
LAWYER,
juris peritus ; jure consultus ; juris sciens ; in jure prudens ; juris interpres :
a great or eminent lawyer, juris peritissimus or consultissimus ; juris scientissimus :
to be an eminent lawyer, juris intelligentia præstare ; magnam prudentiam juris civilis habere :
to be reputed or accounted an eminent lawyer, valde juris consultum videri. Vid. also, ADVOCATE.
LAX,
|| PROPR,., laxus ; remissus.
|| FIG,., laxus ; remissus (not strict) ; dissolutus (of loose morals : also with reference to passing over faults; opposed to vehemens, asper ; e. g,., dissolutus in prætermittendo [Cicero, Verr,., 2, 5, 3] :
and of discipline, customs, etc. ) :
negligens :
officii negligens (careless of duty) :
indulgens :
perindulgens (of parents, etc. ).
LAX, s,.,
Vid. DIARRHŒA.
LAXATIVE, adjective
|| That relaxes, laxans ; laxandi vim habens.
|| Purgative, alvum solvens, resolvens, movens (Cf,., laxativus very late).
LAXATIVE, s,.,
medicamentum catharticum :
to give a laxative, cathartica dare ; dejectionem alvi ductione moliri ; purgatione alvum sollicitare (to purge by laxatives) :
a laxative should be employed, dejectio a medicamento petenda est :
to act as a laxative, alvum movere, ciere, solvere, ducere, subducere ; alvum purgare.
LAXITY,
perhaps remissio (slackness; opposed to contentio or intentio, properly and figuratively) :
negligentia (e. g,., of our institutions, institutorum nostrorum in disciplina puerili, Cicero) :
remissio animi ac dissolutio (used by Cicero of a tame want of spirit, but applicable to any sluggishness of mind) :
lenitas (mildness, as preventing the due correction of offences ; opposed to severitas, Cicero, Cat,., 2, 4) :
or by circumlocution with adjective. Cf,., Laxitas
in this sense, Arnobius ; Cicero uses the word in the sense of spaciousness, roominess) :
laxity of moral sentiment, animus dissolutus :
laxity of conduct, mores dissoluti.
LAY, v,.,
|| To put, place, set, ponere (general term) ; locare, collocare (to give a definite plan to anything, with choice or purpose) :
to lay in or upon, ponere, collocare in aliqua re ; imponere alicui rei, in aliquam rem, or in aliqua re ; ponere super aliqua re ; e. g,., wood upon the hearth (lignum super foco) :
to lay under, supponere, subjicere alicui rei or sub aliquid :
to lay to, apponere, applicare, admovere alicui rei or ad aliquid :
to lay wood on the fire, alimentum dare igni ; material igni præbere ; flammam materia alere :
to lay the hand on the mouth, manum ad os apponere :
to lay one’s self down, cubare, decumbere (in order to sleep) ; accumbere (in order to take food ; vid. Bremi, Suetonius, Cæsar, 72) :
to lay one’s self down on or in anything, recumbere in aliqua re ; se abjicere in aliquid (Cf,., not in aliqua re ; vid. Cicero, De Or,., 1, 7, extr. ) :
to lay a foundation, fundamenta agere (Cicero) or jacere (Cicero), properly ; facere fundamenta, figuratively (Cicero) :
to lay an ambush, insidias locare, collocare, ponere [[and vid. AMBUSH] :
to lay a plot, moliri aliquid, [vid. PLOT] :
to lay siege, obsidere (inchoative : obsidere = obsessam tenere) ; obsidionem (urbi) inferre ; operibus cingere :
to lay violent hands on, manus alicui afferre ; on one’s self, necem sibi consciscere :
to lay waste, vastare devastare ; populari :
to lay a shoot, etc,., propagare :
to lay to heart, aliqua re moveri or commoveri ; de aliqua re laborare ; aliquid ægre ferre ; aliquid in pectus, or in pectus animumque, demittere.
|| To beat down, as corn or grass, sternere.
|| To keep down, keep from rising, sedare :
to lay the dust (humum conspergendo) sedare pulverem (Phædrus).
|| To give or offer, as a wager, sponsionem facere (Cicero ; with one, cum aliquo) pignore certare or contendere (cum aliquo, Nepos, to lay a wager).
|| To exclude (an egg) from the body, (ovum) parere, gignere (Cicero), lacere (Varro), edere (Plinius), ponere, eniti (Columella).
|| To spread (a snare), tendere (e. g,., rete, plagas), properly and figuratively ; (avibus) pedicas ponere (Vergilius).
LAY ASIDE,
deponere, abjicere :
to lay aside prejudice, opinionem sibi excutere radicitus. Vid. also, To LAY BY.
LAY BY,
reponere, seponere ; condere, recondere ; servarc, reservare.
LAY DOWN.
|| PROPR,., to put down, ponere ; deponere :
to lay one’s self down, decumbere.
|| FIG,., to give up (an office), abdicare munus or (usually) se munere ; abire magistratu or honore ; abscedere munere (Livius, 9, 3) ; magistratum deponere (of magistrates).
|| FIG,., to advance (an opinion), sententiam dicere.
LAY HOLD OF,
prehendere, apprehendere, comprehendere aliquem or aliquid, by anything, aliqua re :
to lay hold of with the hands, prehendere or comprehendere aliquid manibus :
to lay hold of anyone by the hand, manu prehendere aliquem.
LAY IN,
colligere (to get together) ; condere, recondere (to store).
LAY ON,
imponere.
LAY OPEN,
|| PROPR,., and FIG,., patefacere ; detegere ; retegere.
LAY OUT,
|| To expend [vid. EXPEND].
|| To plan ; vid. ARRANGE, PLAN.
LAY UP,
|| To store, recondere ; reponere ; reservare.
|| To confine ; vid. CONFINE.
LAY UPON (as a burden, duty, etc. ),
imponere (taxes, burdens, business) ; injungere (to enjoin) :
irrogare (to adjudge, a punishment, also a tax) ; imperare (to command to furnish ; e. g,., corn, money ; all with alicui aliquid).
LAY, adjective,
laicus (ecclesiastical).
LAYER. || A row, stratum ; stratura (laid upon anything ; e. g,., of dung, earth, ap. Pallad. ; vid. Schneider, Ind. ad Scriptt. R. R,., s,., v. ) ; tabulatum (when several things lie one on another) ; ordo (general term for row ; e. g,., lapidum) tractum, tracta (of a cake consisting of several layers) : to make a layer, straturam, tabulatum facere : to put down a layer ; e. g,., of gravel, aliquid glarea substruere. || A shoot or twig laid for propagation, propago (general term) tradux ; viviradix (with the root) ; malleolus (without the root, especially of the vine) ; surculus (a set or slip) : to propagate by layers, propagare ; traducere (of the vine) : Cf,., not immittere, i. e,., to suffer to grow; opposed to amputare.
LAYMAN, laicus (ecclesiastical).
LAZARETTO, * valetudinarium militare.
LAZILY, ignave ; pigre ; segniter ; socorditer (Livius). SYN. in IDLENESS.
LAZINESS, ignavia ; pigritia ; inertia ; segnitia ; desidia ; socordia ; (The words are found in this connection and order. ) tarditas et ignavia ; socordia atque ignavia ; languor et desidia
[SYN. in IDLENESS] ; fuga laboris : to lead a life of laziness, vitam desidem degere ; propter desidiam in otio vivere ; nihil agere.
LAZY, ignavus ; piger ; socors ; segnis ; deses ; iners [SYN. in IDLENESS] : a lazy fellow, homo deses ; homo desidiosus, or iners et desidiosus ; cessator (a lazy slave, who neglects his work) : to be too lazy to do anything, pigrari aliquid facere (Cicero) : to be lazy, ignavum esse ; laboris fugientem esse : to be abominably lazy, inertissimæ esse segnitiæ : to be growing abominably lazy, socordiæ se atque ignaviæ tradere ; languori se desidiæque tradere : don’t be too lazy to send me all the news, quidquid novi scribere ne pigrere (Cicero) : lazy in doing anything, piger ad aliquid faciendum (e. g,., ad literas scribendas) : lazy in anything, piger ad aliquid [vid. IDLE] : to lead a lazy life, vitam desidem degere.
LAZY-BONES, Vid. lazy fellow in LAZY.
LEAD, s,., plumbum ; plumbum nigrum (opposed to plumbum album or candidum ; i. e,., tin) ; * Saturnus (with chemists) ; perpendiculum (a plummet) : of lead, plumbeus (Cf,., plumbatus, post-Augustan) ; rich or abounding in lead, plumbosus : occupied or concerned with lead, plumbarius : to fasten with lead, plumbare (to solder) ; plumbo vincire (to bind or surround with lead) ; ferruminare plumbo (to close a hole with lead ; e. g,., in a cup, scyphum) ; to solder with lead all round, circumplumbare.
LEAD, s,., ductio, ductus (guidance) ; administratio (management) ; imperium (command) : under the lead of anybody, ductu alicujus ; duce, imperatore aliquo (as a general) ; duce magistro, auctore aliquo (as a teacher or instructor) : Cf,., præsidium, in this sense, is without authority ; but we may say, to take the lead in anything, alicui rei præsidere, or præesse : to take the lead in society, præire aliis exemplo ; auctoritate sua valere apud alios.
LEAD, v. || To determine the course or motion of a person or thing, (α) without allusion to the place whence, etc,., ducere, agere (generally, to put in motion, to drive forth) : to lead by the hand, manu ducere : to lead an army, exercitum ducere (Cf,., ductare is antiquated ; vid. Quintilianus 8, 3, 44) ; exercitui præesse : to lead a dance, choros ducere : to lead a procession, pompam ducere ; pompæ ducem esse : (β) with specification of the place whence, whither, through which, etc,., ducere ; abducere (to lead off or away) ; deducere (to lead down or away from one place to another) ; educere (to lead out from) ; from a place, country, etc,., ex, etc. ; to a place, in, etc,., adducere ad or in (to lead or bring to a place) ; perducere ad or in (to lead or bring to a place appointed) ; inducere in, etc. (to lead into a place) ; producere ad or in, etc. (to look forward, look out to a place ; e. g,., copias in aciem, copias pro castris) : to lead through a forest, traducere sylvam : to lead to prison, to execution (or, to death) ; ducere in carcerem(in vincula) ; ad mortem ducere (vid. Cicero, Verr,., 2, 12, extr. ; Suetonius, Calig. 27 p. in. ) : to lead into the right way, ducere in viam : to lead back into the right way, reducere in viam ; erranti alicui monstrare viam (both properly and figuratively). Hence figuratively, a road leads to a place, via fert aliquo (is in the direction of it) ; via ducit aliquo (conducts safely to it, poetical) : to lead to anything, i. e,., to cause or occasion it, causam, fontem esse alicujus rei ; e. g,., avarice leads to many vices, * avaritia causa (fons) multorum vitiorum ; or * ex avaritia manent (fluunt) multa vitia. || To induce, adducere : to be easily led to believe, facile adduci (Cf,., not induci) ad credendum ; facile ad credendum impelli : I shall not be easily led to believe that, hoc quidem non adducar ut credam : non facile adducar (Cf,., not inducar) ad credendum. || To rule, guide, manage, regere, moderari, moderatorem esse alicujus rei, gubernare, (The words are found in this connection and order. ) regere et moderari, regere et gubernare, gubernare et moderari [vid. GUIDE] ; administrare (to have the management of anything) ; alicui rei præesse (to preside over ; e. g,., negotio, ludis) ; principem esse alicujus rei (to be the chief ; e. g,., conjurationis) : to lead the public counsels, publici consilii auctorem or moderatorem esse : to be led by anyone, alicujus consilio regi ; aliquem or alicujus auctoritatem sequi ; alicui parere, obtemperare [vid. LISTEN] : to be led by anything, aliquid sequi ; aliqua re moveri (e. g,., by moral good, honesto). || In music, præire voce (in singing) ; præire ac præmonstrare modulos (in instrumental music).
LEADEN, plumbeus (properly and figuratively) ; plumbatus (properly post-Augustan).
LEADER, dux (general term) : auctor, princeps (that lakes the lead in anything) : qui præest alicui rei (a president) : dux belli, imperator, prætor (a leader in war) : prætor (of generals who were not Romans, especially of Greeks ; e. g,., στρατηγός) ; doctor, magister, auctor (alicujus rei, instructor, teacher) : caput, signifer, fax (head of a party, leader of a conspiracy, etc. ) : the leader in a civil war (who gave the signal for rising), tuba belli civilis (Cicero, ad Div,., 6, 12, 3).
LEADING, adjective, primus (first) ; primarius (chief in rank, etc. ) : the leading point, caput ; primum ; maximum. Vid. CHIEF.
LEADING, s,., ductio, ductus (a leading, leading forth ; the former of the act, the latter of the thing ; also in the sense of command) ; deductio (a leading away to a place ; e. g,., domum) : administratio (management ; e. g,., of a war) : under the leading of anyone, aliquo duce ; alicujus ductu.
LEADING-STRINGS, * fascia, qua infantis gradus instabiles adjuvantur ; * fascia, qua infantes nondum firmo poplite sustentantur.
LEAF, s,., (Α) PROPR,., Of a tree, folium : the leaves, folia, frons, frondes (foliage) : to come into leaf, folia emittere : in folia exire ; frondescere : to be in leaf, frondere : to have many leaves, in frondem luxuriare : full of leaves, foliosus, frondosus : like a leaf, foliaceus : to take off leaves, nudare (arborem) foliis (to deprive of leaves) detrahere folia (arboris), stringere, destringere (to strip off) ; pampinare vites, or vineam (of a vine) : to be lighter than a leaf, folio facilius moveri (Cicero, Att,., 8, 15, 2) : (Β) FIG,., (α) A leaf of paper, scida or (not so good) scheda (properly a strip of papyrus, of which several were pasted or fastened together to form a sheet ; then a strip, or sheet, of paper) ; plagula (a sheet of paper consisting of strips of papyrus fastened together, twenty of which formed a roll [scapus], Plinius, 13, 12, 23) ; pagina (one side of a sheet, a page, which was usually the only one written on by the ancients ; then, by metonymy, for the whole leaf) : on the back of a leaf, in aversa charta (Mart. ; cliarta, paper, generally) : to turn over the leaves of a book, librum evolvere (Cf,., folium, in this sense, isnol Latin ; vid. Lindemann, vit. Duumvv,., p. 28) : FIG,., I shall turn over a new leaf today, hie dies aliam vitam defert, alios mores postulat (Terentianus) : (β) of metal, etc,., bractea (a thin plate of metal) ; lamina (a thicker leaf of metal ; e. g,., the blade of a saw ; then, also, a thin piece of wood for veneering ; vid. Plinius, 9, 11, 13 ; 16, 43, 83) ; tabula (the leaf of a table) : leaves of a door, januæ fores, or valvæ.
LIAF, v,., frondescere (Cicero) ; folia mittere (Columella).
LEAFLESS, foliis carens (having no leaves) ; foliis nudatus (having the leaves stripped off).
LEAFY, frondosus (Varro and Vergilius) ; frondeus (Vergilius and Plinius) ; frondifer, frondicomus (poetically, Lucretius, Prudentius).
LEAGUE, s,., || A treaty, etc,., fœdus (a covenant) ; societas (stale of being in league) ; concilium (assembly of persons joined in league ; then those leagued together ; e. g,., concilium Achaicum or Achæorum) : to make or enter into a league, societatem facere, inire, coire : to join a league, enter a league, se applicare ad societatem, ad societatem accedere ; there is a league between you and me, societas mihi vobiscum convenit : violator of a 1eague, fœdifrăgus ; fœderis ruptor or violator ; apud quem nihil societatis fides sancti habet : to violate a league, fœdus violare, rumpere or frangere ; (The words are found in this connection and order. ) fœdus violare frangereque. || A measure of
about three hundred English miles, leuca (Ammianus ; Fr. lieue).
LEAGUE, v,., societatem facere, inire, coire ; fœdus facere cum aliquo, or icere, ferire (Cicero), componere or pangere (Vergilius).
LEAGUER, obsidio ; obsidium.
LEAK, s,., rima : to spring a leak, rimas agere.
LEAK, v,., transmittere humorem ; perfluere (Terentianus, Eun. 1, 2, 25) : laxis laterum compagibus omnes (naves) accipiunt inimicum imbrem rimisque fatiscunt (leak, Vergilius).
LEAKAGE, * liquor per rimas elapsus.
LEAKY, rimosus ; rimarum plenus ; fissus rimosusque : to become leaky, rimos agere : to be leaky, (omnibus) compaginibus aquam accipere ; plurimis locis laxari cœpisse (to open in many places) ; sentinam trahere : a ship is leaky, alveus navis haurit aquas (poetically) : leaky ship, quassæ naves.
LEAN, adjective, exilis (applicable to any material body, as thin, poor, weak ; opposed to uber) : macer (dry, lean ; opposed to pinguis ; especially of animal bodies). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) macer et exilis : gracilis (thin, especially of animal bodies : opposed to opimus, obesus) : tenuis (thin, applicable to bodies of any kind ; opposed to crassus). OBS,., exilis and macer relate to thinness with reference to poverty of internal substance ; gracilis and tenuis have reference to external form, either indifferently or with praise (the last two are thin rather than lean). To grow lean, macescere, emacescere : to make lean, facere maciem : to make anybody lean, facere (ut) macrescat aliquis : somewhat lean, macilentus : a lean and hungry soil, solum sterile, exile, or aridum : an extremely lean man, homo vegrandi macie torridus (Cicero).
LEAN, v,., || TRANS,., to cause anything to recline against another, acclinare, applicare aliquid alicui rei or ad aliquid : to lean a ladder against a wall, scalas ad murum applicare. || INTRANS,., to slope, fastigatum esse : acclivem or declivem esse : to lean against anything, acclinari alicui rei, se acclinare alicui rei, ad or in aliquid, applicari, or se applicare alicui rei, or ad aliquid : to lean upon, alicui rei, or in aliquid, or in aliquo inniti, alicui rei or in aliquid incumbere (to support one’s self on anything) ; reclinari in aliquid (to lean with one’s back against or on anything) : to lean upon a staff, baculo incumbere, inniti : to lean upon the elbows, in cubitum inniti : to lean upon anybody, se acclinare in aliquem (Ovidius, Met,., 5, 72) ; niti aliquo, inniti in aliquem.
LEANNESS. || Thinness, macies (as state) ; macritudo (as permanent condition, Plautus) ; macritas (as property) ; gracilitas (slenderness). || Barrenness, sterilitas.
LEAP, s,., saltus : to take a leap, saltum dare (Ovidius) ; saltu uti (Cicero).
LEAP, v,., exsilire ; exsultare : to leap with joy, gaudio exsilire ; gaudio or lætitiâ exsultare : my heart leaped (for joy), cor meum cœpit in pectus emicare (Plautus, Aul,., 4, 3, 4) : to leap down, desilire ex or de re (Cf,., rarely with a simple ablative in prose ; vid. Drak. Liv. 35, 34, 10) : to leap to or upon, assilire ad aliquid, or alicui rei (assultare post-Augustan).
LEAP-YEAR, annus intercalaris (Plinius).
LEARN, v,., discere (general term) : Cf,., ediscere, in this sense is poetical : cognoscere (to endeavor to gain an insight into) : to learn by heart, ad verbum ediscere (librum, versus, etc. ) ; memoriæ mandare, tradere, infigere : to learn an art, a language, etc,., artem, linguam, etc,., discere (Cf,., not ediscere) : to learn accurately or thoroughly, peruiscere : to be still learning (in addition), addiscere (Cf,., never = to learn) : to learn quickly, celeriter arripere aliquid : to learn slowly, tarde percipere aliquid : to learn anything from or of anyone, discere aliquid ab aliquo or apud aliquem : to be quick at learning, facilem cognitionem habere ; facilem esse addiscendum : to have learnt anything, aliquid didicisse, aliquid cognitum or perceptum habere (to have attained a knowledge of) ; doctum esse aliquid (to have been taught anything) : I never leave you without having learned something, numquam accedo, quin abs te doctior abeam. Cf,., To learn, followed by an infinitive when employed as an expletive, is frequently omitted in Latin ; as, he did this that they might learn to fear him, fecit hoc, ut euin revererentur.
LEARNED, || That possesses learning ; of persons, doctus, doctrinâ instructus (well taught in anything) ; eruditus, literis eruditus, eruditione ornatus (of scholastic or literary attainments). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) doctus atque eruditus ; literatus (especially in philology and history) ; literis tinctus (well read). Very learned, perdoctus ; per eruditus ; doctus atque imprimis eruditus ; mire or doctissime eruditus ; exquisitâ doctrinâ pereruditus ; præclarâ eruditione atque doctrinâ ornatus ; in quo sunt plurimæ literæ : to be very learned, multa doctrina esse : tolerably learned, satis literatus : not very learned, mediocriter a doctrina instructus : a learned man, vir doctus ; homo eruditus, etc. ; literator (originally = homo literatus ; in the Silver Age, sometimes one who possessed slightly the property of the literatus ; vid. Suetonius, Gramm,., 4 ; sometimes a person engaged in teaching language, vid. Gellius 16, 6) : a thoroughly learned man, vir perfecta eruditione ; vir perfecte planeque eruditus : a generally learned man, homo omni hberali doctrina politus ; homo omni doctrina eruditus : to be the first among learned men, doctrinæ studiis principem esse : the learned world, docti homines, or simply docti (opposed to agrestes) ; eruditi homines, or simply eruditi ; homines studiosi literarum : the life of a learned man, vita literata (Cf,., docta is not Latin) : to be learned in anything, aliquid intelligere, callere, cognitum or perceptum habere ; multum in aliqua re versatum esse (to be conversant with) : not to be learned in anything, aliquid ignorare or nescire ; in aliqua re rudem, or peregrinum, or hospitem esse ; alicujus rei ignarum or imperitum esse. || That relates to learning, literatus ; literarius (post-Augustian) : learned materials, materia studiorum : a learned conversation, sermo qui de artium studiis atque doctrina habetur : to propose learned questions, * subtilius quærere de re : learned leisure, otium literatum (Cf,., doctum is not Latin) : the learned languages, linguæ veterum (Cf,., linguæ doctæ, doctorum, or literatorum, not Latin).
LEARNEDLY, docte ; erudite.
LEARNER, discens ; discipulus.
LEARNING, doctrina (general term as the quality of persons ; also that which persons know, the thing itself) : eruditio (as the property of persons, with reference to general knowledge ; whereas doctrina refers rather to accurate and scientific attainments) : disciplinæ (single branches of 1earning, the sciences) : literæ (learning, so far as it is derived from written sources) : scientia literarum or honestarum artium (knowledqe of books or literary documents, of the fine arts ; only subjectively, of the knowledge which a person possesses : Cf,., It would not be good Latin to use scientia without these genitives of the object, nor to use scientiæ for disciplinæ : scientia means “knowledge, ” and hence can never be used without something to render it more definite. In like manner, literatura is bad Latin ; it was used by the ancients only for “a writing with letters ;” the signification of learning was attached to it from a false reading in Cicero, Phil,., 2, 45, 116 ; vid. Orelii, N. cr. ) : humanitas (liberal education, so far as it relates to literature and the sciences). Studies which presuppose varied learning, studia quæ in quâdam varietate literarum versantur. Without any learning, omnis omnino eruditionis expers et ignarus.
LEASE, s,., conductio (in respect of the party who takes the lease, Cicero, Cœcin,., 32, 94) : locatio (in respect of the party who grants the lease, Cicero, Att,., 1, 17, 9) : syngrapha (as the written signed document). To grant a lease, locare ; elocare : to take a lease, conducere ; redimere : to have on lease, conduxisse, conductum habere : to make void a lease, locationem inducere.
LEASE, v,., || To let on lease. Vid. LEASE, s.
LEASE, v. || To glean, spicas legere.
LEASH, s,., || A thong, lorum ; habena (thong by which a dog, etc,., is held) ; copula (by which several dogs, etc,., are lied together). || Several animals held together by a thong, (canes) copulâ inter se juncti ; (canes) copulati.
LEASH, v,., * loro ducere. * copulare ; * copula inter se jungere.
LEASING, || Gleaning, spicilegium.
LEAST, adjective, minimus (smallest) : infimus (lowest) : ultimus (last). Not the least doubt, ne minima quidem dubitatio : it is not the least praise, non ultima or infima laus est : not in the least, nihil (in no respect) ; ne minima quidtm re (not even in a trifle) ; minime (bi ; no means) : least of all, omnium minime (Livius).
AT LEAST, minimum (opposed to summum : Cf,., Not ad minimum) : certe (without doubt) : quidem (truly, at all events) : saltem (to denote a descending from the greater to the less ; it has always a diminutive force) : tamen (yet ; limits a foregoing assertion or opinion). κυρικιμασαηικο
LEATHER, corium (thick leather) : aluta (soft, thin leather). To dress leather, coria perficere (Plinius) : of or relating to leather, coriarius (Plinius) : as hard as leather, * duritie corio similis.
LEATHER-DRESSER, coriarius (Plinius ; coriorum confector late).
LEATHER-SELLER, * qui coria vendit or venditat.
LEATHERN, * e corio factus ; scorteus (made of hides or skins ; hence scortea, sc. vestis, a leathern gar ment, Mart,., Seneca).
LEAVE, s,., || Permission, concessio : permissio (concessu, petmissu in ablative only) : potestas : copia : arbitrium : licentia [SYN. in PERMISSION]. To give anybody leave, veniam, potestatem, licentiam alicui dare ; to do anything, alicujus rei or aliquid faciendi potestatem alicui facere or concedere ; licentiam alicui permittere, ut, etc. : permittere, concedere alicui ; to do anything, aliquid : to give children leave to play, pueris ludendi licentiam dare ; to give anybody free leave, infinitam alicui licentiam dare : to ask or apply for leave, veniam petere : to obtain or get leave, veniam accipere, impetrare ; datur alicui potestas, copia ; fit alicui potestas : to have obtained leave, habere potestatem, concessam licentiam ; mihi licet, permissum or concessum est : by your leave, permissu, or concessu, tuo ; si per te licitum erit : by your good leave, pace tua ; pace quod fiat tua ; bona venia tua liceat ; bona, venia me audies (if leave to speak is the thing meant) ; bona hoc venia tua dixerim (apologetic form for a frank declaration) : without my leave, me non concedente, me non consulto : me invito (if it had been applied for) : leave of absence, commeatus, -ûs (properly of soldiers, but also as a general term) : to apply for leave of absence, commeatum petere : to grant leave of absence, commeatum dare alicui. || Farewell : to take leave (of visitors, etc. ), salvere aliquem jubeo ; alicui valedicere (Silver Age) : to take a final leave, supremum valedicere (†) : to lake French leave = to go away without taking leave of anybody, aliquem insalutatum relinquere (cf. Vergilius, Æn,., 9, 228) ; clam se subducere de circulo ; (also) = to do anything without permission, * venia a nullo data facere aliquid ; veniam non petere : to take leave of the world (i. e,., to die), renuntiare vitas (Suetonius, Galb,., 11).
LEAVE, v. || To quit, desert, forsake, linquere (this word belongs, strictly speaking, to poetry, or a poetical style ; Cicero uses it only when his style assumes a poetical or impassioned character, as in his speeches) : relinquere (to leave behind, a place or person) : derelinquere (to desert, abandon) : cedere aliquo loco, or ex aliquo loco (to retire from a place with reason) : decedere aliquo loco, de or ex aliquo loco (to go from a place where one’s business still lies) : discedere ab aliquo or loco, a or e loco (to go away, separate one’s selffrom a person or place) : excedere loco, or e loco (to go from the neighborhood) : digredi ab aliquo, or de aliqua re (to depart from) : egredi loco, or a or ex loco (to go out of) : deserere (to desert, leave improperly). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) relinquere et deserere ; deserere et relinquere ; destituere (to leave in the lurch) ; destituere et relinquere [vid,., also, ABANDON] : to leave a province, e provincia discedere (to go away for a time, with intention to return) : decedere provincia, or de provincia (to leave entirely, to retire from the government of a province) : decedere ex provincia (the same ; but with more immediate reference to the act of quitting the country) : to leave school, scholam egredi (to go out of the school) : divertere a schola et magistris (to cease to go to school) ; to leave house and home, de bonis suis decedere : the soul leaves the body, animus post mortem (e) corpore excedit. || To reject [vid. REJECT]. || To bequeath, legare [vid. BEQUEATH]. || To permit, sinere, permittere (permitte me in meam quietem, leave me to, Apul. ).
LEAVE OFF, desinere aliquid, or with infinitive ; desistere aliqua re ; ab or de aliqua re, or with infinitive ; absistere aliqua re, or with infinitive (not used by Cicero) ; mittere, with infinitive ; finem facere aliquid faciendi, or alicujus, or alicui rei ; conquiescere ab aliqua re ; omittere, intermittere aliquid ; cessare, with infinitive [SYN. in CEASE] : to leave off a garment, vestem deponere : to leave off bad habits, vitia ponere or exuere. Cf,., Sometimes the meaning is expressed by de in composition ; e. g,., to leave off raining, depluere.
LEAVE OUT (i. e,., to omit, pass over), omittere ; prætermittere ; præterire ; silentio præterire (to pass by in silence).
LEAVE TO, permittere aliquid alicui or alicujus arbitrio ; remittere, whether, si ; also, by a turn with videre ; e. g,., whether pain be an evil, I leave to the Stoics, sitne malum dolere, Stoici viderint : that is left to you, de hoc tu videris.
LEAVEN, s,., fermentum.
LEAVEN, v,., fermentare : leavened bread, panis fermentatus (Celsus).
LEAVINGS, reliqua, plural ; reliquiæ ; quod superest, restat, or reliquum est.
LECHEROUS, lascivus ; libidinosus.
LECTURE, s,., schola, auditio (the former with reference to the lecturer, a lecture delivered ; the latter with reference to the auditory, a lecture heard. Cf,., Lectio, recitatio, collegium, in this sense, are not good words). To enter on a course of lectures, * scholas academicas instituere ; scholarum initium facere : there is no lecture today, * hodie scholæ non habentur : to deliver a lecture, scholam or prælectionem habere : to attend anybody’s lectures, ad scholas alicujus venire, audire aliquem , alicui operam dare : to lecture on anatomy, de anatomia scholam habere.
LECTURE, v,., || To delixer a lecture, acroasim facere : to lecture on a subject, legere, prælegere aliquid ; scholas habere de re ; scholis præcipere aliquid, or de re : to lecture on the Stoic philosophy , scholam Stoicam explicare. || To instruct insolently and dogmatically, * meliora edocere aliquem , or, from context monere, docere, edocere only.
LECTURER, acroama, -atis, neuter ; prælector (one who comments on a poet, etc,., Gellius) Cf,., Not anagnostes, which means a person who reads to others at table.
LEDGE, ora.
LEDGER, * codex major.
LEECH, || A blood-sucker, sanguisuga (vid. Plinius, 8, 10, 10) ; hirudo (properly and figuratively) ; hirūdo medicinalis (Livius) : leech a leech sucks, hirudo sanguinem exsugit, extrahit (Plautus) ; hirudo plena cruoris (Horatius, A. P. ; that has sucked to the full). || A physician, vid.
LEEK, porrum ; allium.
LEER, s,., oculi obliqui ; oculi limi.
LEER, v,., oculis obliquis, or limis, aspicere, or intueri aliquid.
LEERING, pætus, pætulus. Cf,., Not strabo, which means squinting.
LEES, fæx ; sedimentum ; crassamentum (when thick).
LEFT, participle adjective, reliquus.
LEFT, adjective, sinister (on or from the left side, ἀριστερός) ; lævus (opposed to right ; hence also = awkward, unskilful, the Greek λαιός ; in the prose of the golden period more rare than sinister) : Cf,., scævus (σκαιός) in its proper signification, left, is obsolete. The left hand, sinistra maims ; læva manus ; or simply, sinistra (opposed to dextra) : to the left, ad sinistram ; ad lævam ; sinistrorsus ; sinistrorsum (toward the left side) ; a sinistra parte ; a sinistra ; sinistra ; læva : (on the left side).
LEFT-HANDED, manu sinistra promptus ; after manu non minus sinistra quam dextra promptus, Celsus 7, præf,., p. 409, Bip. (scævola, in classical writers, is only a surname). To be left-handed, sinistra manu esse agiliore ac validiore (Suetonius, Tib,., 68).
LEG, crus (from the knee to the ankle, the shin, κνήμη ; of which the larger bone is called tibia, the smaller sura ; vid. Celsus, 8, 1 : femur, femen, from the hip to the knee, the thigh-bones ; the former the outer one, the latter the inner one) : thin legs, crura gracilia ; crurum gracilitas : crooked legs, crura depravata. That stands badly on his legs, male pedatus (Suetonius, Oth,., 12) : to put one off his legs, supplantare aliquem (ὑποσκελίζειν ; also figuratively).
LEGACY, legatum : to have a legacy in anybody’s will, legatum habere in alicujus testamento (Petronius) : to leave a legacy, legatum alicui scribere or ascribere.
LEGAL, secundum leges ; legibus constitutus (according to law, fixed by law) : legitimus (lawful ; also, of or relating to law ; e. g,., a legal impediment, legitimus impedimentum, Cicero ; legal authorily, imperium, potestas, etc,., Cicero) : to institute legal proceedings against anybody ; vid. “to go to LAW with : ” anything is not legal, aliquid leges vetant (Cicero).
LEGALIZE, legibus constituere.
LEGALLY, lege ; secundum leges ; ex legibus.
LEGATE, legatus.
LEGATEE, legatarius (Suetonius).
LEGEND, (1) Inscription on a coin, * inscriptio marginis. (2) A narrative ; (a) history of a saint, * vita hominis saneti ; * res ab nomine sancto gestæ. As technical term, also, * legenda. (b) Generally, a fabulous history, fabula.
LEGENDARY, fabulosus.
LEGERDEMAIN, præstigiæ ; circulatoriæ præstigiæ (Tertullianus) ; fallacia (trickery, generally) : to practise legerdemain, præstigias agere.
LEGIBLE, * quod legi potest ; clarus. Cf,., Not legibilis.
LEGIBLY, * ita ut commode legi possit : to write legibly, * clare scribere.
LEGION, || PROPR,., legio : a small legion, legiuncula (Livius). || FIG,., numerus ingens ; magna vis.
LEGIONARY, legionarius.
LEGISLATION, legis latio (the proposing a law by public proclamation) : legum datio (the giving of laws by a person with absolute power ; e. g,., a governor ; vid,., Cicero, Rull,., 2, 22, extr. ) ; also by circumlocution with leges condere or scribere ; e. g,., legibus condendis operam dare.
LEGISLATIVE, qui leges scribit or condit (that prepares laws) ; qui civitati leges dat (that enacts laws).
LEGISLATOR, legis or legum lator (one who proposes a law to the people : the author of a law, or one who uses his influence in its favor, is called legis auctor) ; legum inventor, conditor, or scriptor, or qui leges condit, or scribit (one engaged in framing laws) qui disciplinam alicujus populi astringit legibus, qui civitatem legibus devincit, qui civitati leges dat or constituit (one that furnishes a code of laws).
Lycurgus was the Lacedæmonian legislator, a Lycurgo est disciplina Lacedæmoniorum astricta legibus (Cicero, Brut,., 10, 40) ; Lycurgus Lacedæmoniis leges scripsit (after Cicero) : a wise legislator, legum scriptor peritus et callidus (Cicero, Dom,., 18, 17).
LEGISLATURE, qui leges condunt, or civitati dant ; * magistratus legibus scribendis (after decemviri legibus scribendis, Livius).
LEGITIMATE, || Lawful [vid. LAWFUL]. || Born in wedlock, certus (whose origin is certain; opposed to spurius) ; legitimus, justa, uxore, or matre familias natus, or ortus (born in lawful wedlock; opposed to nothus, pellice ortus). || Genuine, verus ; sincerus ; germanus.
LEGITIMATELY, secundum leges ; ex legibus.
LEISURE, otium : tempus otii : tempus labore (poetical laboris) or negotiis vacuum : tempus vacuum : * facultas vacui ac liberi temporis (the power of employing one’s time as one likes). Perfect leisure from all public duties, omnium munerum vacatio : literary leisure, otium literatum : having or being at leisure, otiosus : vacuus negotiis : vacuus : to have plenty of leisure, multum otii habere : otio abundare or diffluere : to have no leisure time, temporis vacui nihil habere : to have leisure for anything, otium habere ad aliquid : I have no leisure for a thing, aliquid faciendi otium non est : to be at leisure, vacare : vacuum esse (to have one’s time free, opposed to occupatio, which compels one to work) ; otiari : otiosum esse : otium habere, otium est alicui (to be at leisure; opposed to negotia, which oblige one to work) ; feriari : ferias agere (to enjoy a holiday; opposed to working all day) ; cessare (to make a half-holiday, and enjoy a short cessation; opposed to previous activity) ; nihil agere (to be doing nothing; opposed to activity in general) : when I am more at leisure , quum plus otii nactus ero ; si plus otii habuero : I have not leisure enough to undertake such a task, occupata opera tanta res suscipi a me non potest : to get leisure, otium nancisci : in otium venire : otium alicui contingit : when I get any leisure, ubi quid otii datur : all the leisure time that is left from my public duties, quantum mihi otii respublica tribuet : to spend one’s leisure time in anything, otium conferre ad aliquid ; otium consumere, collocare, or conterere in aliqua re : how could I employ my present leisure better? ubi enim melius uti possumus hoc otio? leisure hours, tempus ab opere or negotiis vacuum : otium : tempora subsiciva (when one is occupied with what is not his chief business : labor in such hours, operæ subsicivæ).
AT LEISURE, negotiis vacuus (generally, free from business) ; otiosus (that has time for his favorite pursuits) ; nullis occupationibus implicatus (not concerned in business) ; munerum publicorum expers (that bears no public office) ; liberatus muneribus (set free from office) ; ab omni munere solutus et liber (that has no office) qui domi deses sedet (that spends his time idly, without any business or labor) ; nihil agens (generally, that does nothing) : to be at leisure, vacare negotiis ; otiosum esse ; otiari ; sedere.
LEMON, * citrus limon (Linnæus).
LEMONADE, * aqua limonata.
LEND, mutuum (Cf,., not mutuo) dare (to grant a loan, the value of which is to be returned, as a matter of business ; e. g,., money, corn) : commodare : accommodare (to oblige with the use of anything) : aliquid alicui utendum dare or tradere (to allow him the use of it) : credere alicui aliquid (to trust him with it ; to give him
money as a deposit, the restoration of which on demand is confidently expected). To lend money on interest, credere alicui pecuniam : dare alicui pecuniam fenori : pecuniam apud aliquem occupare (with or without fenore [vid. INTEREST] : to lend money on a note of hand, per syngrapham alicui pecuniam credere.
LENDER, qui mutuum dat, etc. ; fenerator (a lender of money). Cf,., Not commodator (Pand. ).
LENGTH, longitudo (extent both in space and in time) ; proceritas (extension in height, tallness) ; longinquitas, diuturnitas (long duration) : the length of a field, striga (opposed to scamnum, the breadth) : the length of a journey, longitudo itineris ; longinquitas viæ (poetical) ; length and shortness of notes, longitudines et brevitates sonorum : in length, in longitudinem, per longitudinem (in space : Cf,., in longum is not classical) : in, with, through length of time, temporis longinquitate (e. g,., occidere) : in or with length of time this and that takes place, tempus diesque or dies tempusque facit aliquid, etc. (e. g,., with length of time we become more steady) ; constantiores nos tempus diesque facit : with length of time, perhaps, anger will cool, dies tempusque forsan leniet iram : to draw out in length, tendere, extendere (of space) : ducere, producere, trahere, extrahere (of time).
AT LENGTH, || At last, tandem (in speaking of things which have been long expected or wished) ; demum (of things which are late or behind their time) : then at length, tum demum : now at length, nunc demum : Cf,., denique, postremo mean “lastly. ” || Copiously, diffusely, lata ; fuse ; (The words are found in this connection and order. ) fuse lateque ; copiose.
LENGTHEN, || To make longer, aliquid longius facere ; aliquid producere. To lengthen a syllable, syllabam producere (grammatical). || To prolong, producere ; prorogare ; trahere (Cf,., not prolongare) : to lengthen one’s life, alicui vitam producere.
LENGTHWISE, in longitudinem (Cicero) ; in longitudine (Cæsar).
LENIENCY, lenitas ; animus lenis or mitis ; ingenium lene ; clementia ; indulgentia. SYN. in MILDNESS.
LENIENT, lenis ; mitis ; mollis ; clemens ; indulgens. SYN. in MILD.
LENIENTLY, leniter ; molliter ; clementer. To act leniently toward anybody, leni ingenio esse in aliquem.
LENIFY, lenire, mitigare, mitiorem facere (to assuage) ; mollire, molliorem facere (to soften) ; levare, (to lighten).
LENITY, lenitas ; clementia ; indulgentia.
LENS, vitreum lenticulari forma (after Appuleius, Flor,., 2, p. 346, 26) ; or, perhaps, lenticula (after Celsus, 2, 17, extr. ).
LENT, jejunia annua. To keep Lent, jejunia annua celebrare, (Claudius, ad Christ,., 45, 21 : feriæ esuriales, facetê, Plaut,., Capt,., 3, 1, 8). κυρικιμασαηικο
LENTICULAR,
LENTIFORM, lenticulari forma (lenticularis, Appuleius).
LENTIL, lens (Plinius, Vergilius, etc. ) ; lenticula (Celsus).
LENTISK, lentiscus.
LEONINE, leoninus.
LEOPARDUS, leopardus ; * felis leopardus (Linnæus). Cf,., Pardus is a male panther. //
LEPROSY, lepra (Plinius) ; scabies (Tacitus, Hist,., 5, 4, 2 ; cf. Horatius, A. P,., 453, scabies mala, which some understand of the leprosy) ; elephantiasis (a very bad kind of leprosy) : to be afflicted with leprosy, lepra laborare, tentari : to cure the leprosy, lepram emendare (Plinius).
LEPROUS, leprosus ; elephantiacus (Firmianus, Math. ). To become leprous, elephantiaca contagione maculari ; lepra infici.
LESS, minor, neuter, minus. To make less, minuere ; imminuere : to grow less, minui ; imminui : much less ; vid. MUCH LESS.
LESSEE, conductor. Vid. LEASE.
LESSEN, || TRANS,., minuere ; deminuere partem alicui rei, or aliquid de aliqua re ; imminuere. || INTRANS,., minui, or minuere ; imminui. Vid. ABATE.
LESSON, || Instruction of a teacher, schola (Cf,., not lectio). Figuratively, to read anybody a lesson, aliquem verbis castigare ; aliquem verberare (Quintilianus, Cic,., in Ep,., 16, 26, in. ) ; alicui verberationem alicujus rei dare (ib,., 27, in. ). || Task given to a pupil for an exercise, discenda or ediscenda, plural ; or, perhaps, pensum.
LESSOR, locator.
LEST, ne : after verbs signifying to fear, to care, ne non, or, more rarely, ut ; after verbs signifying to provide, or the like, quominus ; vid. Grotefend, § 238, c ; Zumpt, § 543 ; Krebs, § 439 : lest any, ne quis. Cf,., For ne, ut ne is found with no perceptible difference of meaning, Zumpt. Grotefend thinks that Cicero uses ut ne in the following cases : (1) When the negative does not so much belong to the whole clause as to a particular part of it ; e. g,., the verb, or quis, quid. (2) When a demonstrative pronoun or pronominal adverb is expressed or implied in the preceding clause. (3) When without ut, ne would stand by a word to which ne is often appended, as non, an. It is not found after caveo, vito, etc. He says that ut ne is found, though less commonly than in Cicero, in Plautus, Terentianus, Ovidius, etc. ; but four times (and that in doubtful passages) in Livius, and not at all in Cæsar and Tacitus.
LET, v,., || To occasion, or suffer to happen, (a) generally, facere (followed by a subjunctive with or without ut ; only in the poets and Silver Age with an accusative and infinitive) : dare alicui (to grant to anyone, especially of the gods, διδόναι : followed by an accusative and infinitive, or, after the Greek manner, by a dative and infinitive).
Livius, the honey boil up three times, mel ter inferveat facito : let me appear just and holy, da mihi justum sanctumque (or, according to the other reading, justo sanctoque) videri (Horatius, Ep. 1, 16, 61) : (b) in thought, i. q,., to put or suppose a case, facere, fingere (in classical prose followed by an accusative and infinitive. ) ; e. g,., lest the soul not exist after death, fac animos non remanere post mortem : lest a man be just turning philosopher, not yet have become one, finge aliquem nunc fieri sapientem, nondum esse : (c) by charge, command, etc,., jubere (followed by an accusative and infinitive : κελεύειν : vid. COMMAND) ; curare (followed by a participle of the future passive ; to take care that anything is done) ; alicui negotium dare ut, etc. (to give to anyone charge to accomplish anything) : to let a letter be forwarded to anyone, literas ad aliquem perferendas curare. The English term let us, as a request, is expressed by the first person plural of the subjunctive ; e. g,., let us go, eamus : let us briefly explain, breviter explicemus. Cf,., It would not be Latin to prefix age, agite, when a speaker himself gives the explanation. ) To this belongs also to let when used elliptically, and i. q,., (a) to cause that anything go forth ; e. g,., to let blood, sanguinem mittere. (b) to let be, let alone, give up, missum facere ; mittere ; omittere ; auferre ; relinquere ; e. g,., let those things alone! missa istæc fac! mitte, omitte hæc! letyour grief go! omitte tristitiam tuam! let your anger go! iram fac missam ; noli iræ indulgere! let your trifles go! aufer ridicularia (comedy)! (c) to cause a person or thing to remain any where, relinquere aliquem, aliquid. || Not to hinder, to allow, permit, sinere (regularly followed by a subjunctive with or without ut ; not to hinder) : pati (with accusative and infinitive, to suffer, not to forbid) : concedere (with accusative and infinitive, to permit, allow ; then also i. q,., to concede, grant, in which sense sinere perhaps does not occur ; the passage in Cicero, Tusc,., 5, 37, 107, is corrupt ; vid. Orelli) : permittere alicui (to permit, allow any one ; followed by ut or an infinitive). To let anyone go, sinere abeat (not to hinder his departure ; different from aliquem dimittere,
i. e,., to cause anyone to go away, to dismiss him) : let me come to you, me patiaris ad te venire (suffer that I, etc. ; different from me ad te arcesse, voca ; i. e,., call me to you) : only let the master come! sine herus adveniat (comedy). The English turm to let one’s self is to be rendered in Latin, (a) by the passive of the accompanying verb, when it represents the subject as suffering, so far as this depends on his will ; e. g,., to let one’s self be carried off : rapi : patiently to let one’s self be blamed, patientius reprehendi ; vid. Ramsh,., § 162, 2, Not. 2. (b) or by the passive of the accompanying verb, or by posse followed by an infinitive present passive of the accompanying verb, when it denotes possibility, feasibility ; e. g,., to let one’s self be moved (i. e,., to be able to be moved), moveri posse : let not yourself, cave (foil by a subjunctive, with or without ne ; e. g,., let not yourself desire or wish, cave ne cupias : let not yourself be persuaded, cave, ne tibi ille persuadeat. To this belongs also to let when used elliptically in various relations, as, (a) To LET OUT, etc. (i. e,., to suffer to go out, etc. ), aliquem exire pati ex loco ; aliquem emittere ex loco : not to let out, etc,., aliquem ex loco exire, egredi prohibere : figuratively, to let out, i. e,., to divulge, evulgare (to make public) ; enunciare (to tell what ought to be kept secret) : not to let out anything, or the report of anything, alicujus rei famam comprimere, supprimere. (b) To LET THROUGH, admittere per, etc. (e. g,., per fenestram). (c) To LET IN, admittere in, etc. ; aliquem inire locum pati ; intromittere ; recipere ; excipere (to receive, entertain) ; infundere, ingerere (to suffer to flow in) ; immittere, demittere (to sink in, as a beam, etc. ) not to let in (e. g,., into a town), aliquem introitu prohibere ; alicui introitum præcludere : not to let into the house, aliquem janua prohibere ; aliquem excludere. (d) To LET (GO) OVER, admittere aliquem ad aliquid (e. g,., aliquem ad capsas suas). (e) To LET ALONE, sinere aliquem (e. g,., let me alone!) sine me, or simply sine (in conversation, comedy) ; also omitte me (let me go). || To put to hire, locare ; elocare.
LET, Vid. HINDERANCE.
LETHARGIC, adjective, somniculosus ; veternosus ; lethargicus.
LETHARGY, s,., inexpugnabilis pæne somni necessitas (Celsus) ; veternus, lethargia, lethargus (technical term for the disease).
LETTER, || A character of the alphabet, litera ; literæ forma (e. g,., eburnea) : the letters, literarum notæ (Cicero, Tusc,., 1, 25) : a large letter, litera grandis (opposed to litera minuta ; vid. Plautus, Bacch,., 4, 19, 69 ; Cicero, Verr,., 4, 24, 74) : with clear letters, literate (Cicero, Pis,., 25, 61) : capital letter, principium nominis (the initial ; vid. Plautus, Trin,., 4, 2, 7, Ce est principium nomini). || That which is written, scriptum (opposed to sententia, as Auct,., ad Her,., 1, 11, 19 ; or opposed to voluntas scriptoris auctoritasque, as Cicero, Cæcin,., 23, 65) : according to the letter, i. e,., literally, ad verbum ; ad literam : the letter of a law, verba ac literæ legis : to keep to the letter, scriptum sequi (opposed to scriptum negligere) : the letter is of most avail, scriptum plurimum valet : letter and spirit [vid. SPIRIT] : to write not a single letter, nullam literam scribere (as an author). || An epistle, literæ (Cf,., literæ, in this sense, like all other words found only in the plural, must have a distributive numeral, if any ; e. g,., twelve letters, duodenæ literæ ; not duodecim literæ, which would mean twelve letters of the alphabet. We should say duodecim epistolæ, but not duodecim literæ, in this sense) : epistola (as directed to a person at a distance and sent by a messenger) : codicilli (directed to a person present, or in the neighborhood, a note, presents) : tabellæ (the leaves of a 1etter or note, by metonymy, for a letter or note). A letter in one’s own handwriting, literæ alicujus manu scriptæ ; chirographum an important letter, letter full of intelligence, liber gravis ; epistola gravis et rerum plena : to write a letter, epistolam scribere, exarare (with the stilus) : to write (send) a letter to anyone, dare literas ad aliquem ; literas mittere alicui or ad aliquem (Cf,., not scribere ad aliquem) : to write a very full or long letter to anyone, epistolam efficere ad aliquem : to address a letter to anyone, alicui inscribere epistolam : to answer a letter, rescribere literis or ad literas (epistolam) ; literis or epistolæ respondere : to conclude a letter, epistolam concludere : to conclude a letter with anything, epistolam claudere aliqua re (e. g,., hoc mandato) : to fold a letter, epistolam complicare : to seal a letter, epistolam signare, obsignare, signo suo or annuli sui sigillo imprimere : to put money into a letter, * pecuniam cum epistola conjungere ; * pecuniam in eundem fasciculum, in quo est epistola, addere : to receive a letter from one person to another, epistolam accipere ab aliquo ad aliquem : to deliver a letter to the party to whom it is addressed, perferre literas (epistolam) ad aliquem (Cf,., not dare literas ad aliquem, which means “to write or send a letter”) : to inclose one letter in another, epistolam cum altera conjungere ; epistolam alteri jungere ; epistolam in eundem fasciculum addere (Cf,., not epistolam in alteram includere) : a letter inclosed, literæ adjectæ, or adjunctæ (not inclusæ) : to interchange letters with any one, cum aliquo per literas colloqui or agere : letter-paper, plagula or charta epistolaris (Mart,., 14, 11, title) ; a letter-carrier, tabellarius ; qui literas perfeit ; epistolarum diribitor (one who delivers letters from the post-office) : letter-box (in a post-office), * receptaculum epistolarum : a letter-drawer or case (for keeping letters in), scrinium epistolarum (Plinius).
LETTERS, s,., plural = learning, literæ, humanitatis studia (Cicero) : a man unacquainted with letter, homo literarum et politioris humanitatis expers (Cicero, Or,., 1, 60) : men of letter, homines periti et humani (Cicero) : man of letter, literatus (learned, erudite) ; eruditus ; homo doctrina, atque optimarum artium studiis, eruditus (Cicero) : the world or republic of letter, docti homines, or simply, docti ; eruditi homines, or simply, eruditi (i. e,., the learned). Cf,., Not vitas literata or erudita ; nor respublica literaria, orbis literatus.
LETTER, v,., inscribere ; literis incidere.
LETTER-WRITING, epistolarum commercium (Velleius, 2, 68) ; epistolarum consuetudo (Cicero, Fam,., 4, 13, 1) ; absentium amicorum colloquium (id. ) ; mutuus epistolarum usus (Muret. ) ; officium epistolarum literarum (Wyttenback).
LETTERED, || Learned, literatus ; vid,., also, “man of letters” in LETTERS. || Marked with letters ; by circumlocution with inscribere ; literis incidere.
LETTUCE, lactuca (Plinius) ; diminutive, lactucula (Suetonius).
LEVANT, oriens.
LEVEE, salutatio matutina (or, from the context, salutatio only) ; officium : when the levee was over, ubi salutatio defluxit.
LEVEL, adjective, planus ; æquus ; (The words are found in this connection and order. ) planus et æquus ; æquatus ; libratus (Vitruvius).
LEVEL, s,., || A plain surface, aoquum ; æquus et planus locus. || A mechanical instrument, libella, libra. || Equality, æqualitas.
LEVEL, v,., æquare : coæquare : exæquare (to make even with the rest of the ground) : complanare (to make flat by digging, etc. ) : sternere (as the wind does the sea, poetical). To level mountains, montes coæquare ; montium juga fossuris complanare ; montes in planum ducere [Cf,., montem subvertere (Sallustius, Cat,., 13, 1) is not to be imitated] : to level the soil, solum exæquare.
LEVELLER, librator (Plinius, Ep. ).
LEVELLING, libratio, perlibratio (Vitruvius).
LEVER, vectis (Cæsar).
LEVERET, lepusculus (Cicero).
LEVITE,
Levita.
LEVITICAL,
Leviticus.
LEVITY (of conduct), petulantia ; levitas.
LEVY, s,., delectus ; conquisitio militum (by force). A strict levy is enjoined, acer delectus denunciatur : by a very strict levy to raise as many as thirty thousand men, intentissima conquisitione, ad triginta millia peditum conficere.
LEVY, v,., || To raise troops, etc,., delectum habere ; milites legere, scribere, conscribere ; milites contrahere (by force) ; mercede conducere milites ; milites conquirere or conquirere et comparare ; militum conquisitionem habere (for pay). To levy an army, copias, exercitum mercede conducere ; copias, exercitum colligere, conficere, comparare (to gather, bring together) : to levy corn, etc,., frumentum, commeatum imperare : to 1evy a supply of provisions, frumenti vecturas imperare, describere (in a country) alicui : to levy contributions (in the states), civitatibus pecuniarum summas imperare ; tributa indicere, imperare. || To tax proportionately, in omnes civitates pro portione pecunias describere.
LEWD, libidinosus ; furens in libidinem ; salax impudicus (of persons or things ; e. g,., versus : the former only of persons).
LEWDNESS, impetus ad venerem ; libido.
LEXICOGRAPHER, * lexicographus ; * lexici conditor or auctor.
LEXICON, * lexicon (λεξικόν, list of names and words in alphabetical order) ; * onomasticon (a collection of words and names arranged according to their matter : Cf,., dictionarium, barbarous, of the Middle Ages). A large, copious lexicon, thesaurus verborum : a small lexicon, * index verborum : to undertake a Latin lexicon, lexici Latini curam suscipere : to write or compile a lexicon, * lexicon condere, conficere : he is to me a living lexicon, mihi, quoties aliquid abditum quæro, ille thesaurus est (Plinius, Ep,., 1, 22, 2).
LIABLE, obnoxius : to be liable to anything, alicui rei obnoxium esse.
LIAR, homo mendax ; mendax. Call me 1iar, if, etc,., mentiar, si, etc. : a liar ought to have a good memory, mendacem memorem esse oportet (Quintilianus, 4, 2, 91 ; Appuleius, Apol,., p. 318, 32).
LIBATION, libatio ; libamen ; libamentum.
LIBEL, s,., libellus famosus ; libellus ad infamiam alicujus editus. If it is verse, vid. LAMPOON. To publish a libel against anybody ; Vid. To LIBEL.
LIBEL, v,., libellum ad infamiam alicujus edere (Suetonius) ; aliquem scriptis procacibus diffamare (Tacitus) ; carmen probrosum facere in aliquem ; malum carmen condere in aliquem (Horatius ; these two if the libel is in verse).
LIBELLER, libelli famosi scriptor ; qui libellum (or -os) ad infamiam alicujus edit or edidit (after Suetonius) ; maledĭcus conviciator (foul-tongued abuser).
LIBELLOUS, * quod infamiam facit flagitiumve alteri (after Cicero) ; * in infamiam alicujus scriptus, editus, etc,., famosus ; refertus contumeliis ; in cupiditatem alicujus factus (after Cicero) ; maledicus ; contumeliosus ; probrosus ; ignominiosus ; injuriosus. A llibellous letter, literæ in aliquem contumeliosæ ; epistola plena omnium in aliquem probrorum. A llibellous publication, libellus famosus (Tacitus, Suetonius).
LIBERAL, || Bountiful, largus (that gives largely from his own property) ; largitor (the largus, with a selfish or unworthy end in view) ; liberalis (the largus, when he gives from good motives and with a noble end in view ; opposed to prodigus, vid. Cicero, Off,., 2, 16, 55) ; beneficus, benignus (the former, kind in deed ; the latter, kind in disposition, but frequently for beneficus ; cf. Cicero, Deiot,., 9, 26) ; largus, beneficus, liberalis ; munificus (that makes presents to others without reckoning on a return). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) largus et liberalis ; liberalis et munificus ; liberalissimus munificentissimusque ; beneficus liberalisque liberalissimus et beneficentissimus. Not liberal, restrictus (Cicero, Off,., 2, 18, 62 ; ad Div,., 3, 8, 8) : too liberal, prodigus, effusus, profusus (that knows not how to observe moderation in giving) : to be liberal toward anyone, largum, liberalem, beneficum esse in aliquem : to be very liberal, magna esse liberalitate : liberal in money, liberalis pecuniæ : to be liberal with anything, largam alicujus rei copiam concedere : to be liberal from another person’s property, largiri ex or de alieno : to be liberal in anything, sumtibus non parcere in re : in a liberal manner, large ; liberaliter. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) large liberaliterque benigne ; munifice. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) munifice et large : to be too liberal in praising anyone, * præter modum aliquem laudare ; * nimium esse in alicujus laudibus ; tribuere alicui laudem immodicam (after Pseudo-Cicero ad Brut,., 1, 15, med. ) : to be too liberal in decreeing honors, in decernendis honoribus nimium esse, et tamquam prodigum. || Generous, ingenuous, ingenuus ; liberalis : bonus. The liberal arts, etc,., artes or doctrinæ ingenuæ, liberales, bonæ. || Plentiful, amplus ; largus ; benignus (Horatius).
LIBERALITY, || Bounty, largitas, largitio (the former as property of the largus, the latter as that of the largitor ; cf. Cicero, De Or,., 2, 25, 105) ; liberalitas : beneficentia : benignitas : munificentia [SYN. in LIBERAL] ; jactura (connected with sacrifices ; vid. Matthiæ, Cic, Manil,., 23, 67). || Prodigal, profuse bounty, effusio (toward anyone) in aliquem (Cicero, Att,., 7, 3, 3, etc. ; also plural, Cicero, Off,., 2, 16, 56) : to waste one’s property by excessive liberality, inconsulte largiendo patrimonium elfundere. || Generosity, noble disposition, liberalitas ; ingenium liberale (Terentianus) ; mens liberalis (Cicero).
LIBERALLY, large : liberaliter. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) large liberaliterque ; munifice ; largiter ; cum maxima largitate (Cicero). To give liberally, munifice et large dare.
LIBERATE, liberare re, or a re ; exsolvere re ; eximere re, or ex or de re ; levare re ; extrahere ex re ; eripere ex or a re. To liberate from slavery, servitute liberare or excipere ; servitio eximere ; e servitute iu libertatem restituere or vindicare.
LIBERATED, participial adjective, liberatus ; liber ; solutus. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) solutus ac liber. A liberated slave, manumissus, manumissa (that is no longer a slave) ; libertus, liberta (in respect of a former master) ; libertinus, libertina (in respect of condition : post-Augustan writers are not careful in distinguishing between libertus and libertinus, but this is not to be imitated). The condition of a liberated person, libertinitas (Jurisconsulti).
LIBERTINE, s,., || A freedman, libertinus, etc. || A dissolute person, homo dissolutus ; homo libidinosus or intemperans.
LIBERTINE, adjective, dissolutus ; libidinosus ; intemperans. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) libidinosus et intemperans.
LIBERTINISM, licentia morum ; vita dissolutior.
LIBERTY, libertas ; Vid,., FREEDOM.
LIBIDINOUS, libidinosus ; lascivus.
LIBRARIAN, bibliothecæ custos or præfectus ; qui bibliothecæ præest ; bibliothecarius (Aurelius, ap. Frontin. ad M. Cæs,., 4, 5) ; qui supra bibliothecam est (Vitruvius, 7, præf. 5) ; a bibliothecæ (inscriptions). To be a librarian, bibliothecæ præesse ; supra bibliothecam esse : to be anyone’s librarian, bibliothecam alicujus tractare ; esse a bibliotheca alicujus (inscriptions) : the office of a librarian, bibliothecæ cura.
LIBRARY, bibliotheca (the collection or the place). A respectable, good library, bona librorum copia (poetically) : a small library, bibliothecula (Symmachus, Ep,., 4, 18) : a costly library, bibliotheca multorum nummorum : to form a library, bibliothecam instituere : to form a perfect library, bibliothecam supplere : to arrange a library, libros disponere ; bibliothecam ordinare (Suetonius, Gramm,.,
12) : to be over a library, bibliothecæ præesse ; bibliothecam tractare : we sat down in the library of the Lyceum, in bibliotheca, quæ in Lyceo est, assedimus : to shut up one’s self in one’s library, abdere se in bibliothecam.
LIBRATE, Vid. BALANCE, v.
LIBRATION, Vid. BALANCE, s.
LICENSE, || Exorbitant liberty, contempt of restraint, licentia ; licentia liberior or effusa ; libertas nimia (Cicero). || Permission, licentia ; venia ; vid. LEAVE.
LIC ENSE, auctoritatem alicui dare or tribuere.
LICENTIATE, * licentiatus.
LICENTIOUS, intemperans ; dissolutus ; effrenatus (poetically, effrenus) ; lascivus ; petulans ; effusus.
LICENTIOUSLY, intemperanter ; effrenate ; effuse ; præter modum (excessively).
LICENTIOUSNESS, immoderatio ; intemperantia ; effrenatio ; lascivia ; petulantia ; licentia ; animi effusio ; gestientis animi elatio voluptaria (Cicero, Fin,., 3, 10, 35).
LICK, lambere (to touch with the tongue) : lingere (to taste with the tongue) : lambitu detergere (to wash or clean by licking, Aurelius Victor, De Orig,., 20, 3) : ligurire (to lick slightly or daintily) : to lick beforehand (in order to taste), prælambere (Horatius, Sat,., 2, 6, 109) : to lick out or away, lingere, delingere, elingere (to lick up, away, out) ; lingua delere (to lick out with the tongue ; e. g,., writing, Suetonius, Cal. 20) : to lick the dishes, catillare (Plautus, Casin,., 3, 2, 2 : Auct. ap. Non,., 563, 7).
LICKERISH, * cuppediarum studiosus (after Suetonius, Cæs,., 46) : a lickerish person, cuppes (the proper word, Plautus) ; homo fastidii delicati (of a nice or pampered appetite) : not to be lickerish, nihil morari cuppedia.
LICKERISHNESS,
LICKEROUSNESS, cuppedia ; liguritio ; intemperantia or intemperies gulæ ; also gula only.
LICORICE, gly̆cyrrhiza (Greek-Latin) ; Latin radix dulcis ; (liquiritia, Vegetius, De Re Vet. ).
LID, operculum : eyelid, palpebra.
LIE, s,., mendacium (as a thing; opposed to verum) : vanitas (falsehood, as a property or state; opposed to veritas) : a white lie (falsely so called), mendaciunculum (opposed to mendacium magnum), mendacium modestum (opposed to mendacium impudens) : an unblushing lie, a bold lie, mendacium confidentissimum : to forge a lie, mendacium componere (Cf,., struere is rather poetic) : to utter pure lies, mera mendacia fundere (comedy) : to beware of telling a lie, sibi a mendacio temperate : to come off with a lie, mendacio defungi : to catch anyone in a lie, manifesto modo prehendere aliquem mendacii (Plautus Bacch,., 4, 4, 45) ; manifestum mendacii aliquem tenere (Plautus, Truc,., 1, 2, 30) : to stand in a lie, stare a mendacio contra veritatem (Cicero, Inv,., 1, 3, 4) : to convict anybody of a lie, mendacii aliquem coarguere : to give anybody the lie, falsi, or mendacii, aliquem arguere.
LIE, v. i. e,., to utter falsehoods, mentiri (knowingly, ψεύδεσθαι ; absolutely, or followed by an accusative, or in re, or de re, properly and figuratively) ; mendacium dicere (to utter a lie, ψεῦδος λέγειν, generally ; but usually to tell an untruth unknowingly) ; ementiri (to invent or utter in a lying manner, followed by an accusative or absolutely) ; falsa pro veris dicere, falsa dicere (to say what is false as true ; to offend against truth, whether knowingly or not) ; falsa fateri (to make a false confession) ; fallere (figuratively to deceive) : to lie not even in jest, ne joco quidem mentiri :
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to lie as one pleases, libero mendacio uti : can an honorable man lie? num cadit in bonum virum mentiri? he lies as often as he opens his mouth, totus ex mendaciis factus est or constat : he lied in that, hoc or in ea re mentitus est.