en_la_42

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INUNDATE, Vid. To DELUGE, To FLOOD.  

INUNDATION, Vid. FLOOD, DELUGE.  

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INURE, Vid. To ACCUSTOM (trans. ), To HABITUATE.  

INURN, in urnam condere (Suetonius, Cal. , 15).

INUTILITY, inutilitas.  

INVADE, To invade a country, terram invadere : in terram irruptionem facere (general terms) : in terram infundi or influere (of a vast host, inundating, as it were, the country) ; with an army, terram invadere cum copiis ; copias in fines hostium introducere (to march into his country) or impressionem facere in fines hostium.  

INVADER, by circumlocution with verbs in INVADE.  

INVALID, s. , morbosus : valetudinarius : ad ægrotandum proclivis (general term, of persons often attacked by sickness ; on the last, cf. Cicero, Tusc. , 4, 12, 47 and 28). To be a great invalid, valetudine minus prosperâ uti ; semper infirma, atque etiam ægra valetudine esse. [Vid. SICK, SICKLY. ] || A disabled soldier or sailor, ad munera corporis senecta debilis : annis et senecta debilis : mancus (cladus) ac debilis : ad arma inutilis, all with miles or nauta (as the case may be). A hospital of invalids, domus, in qua milites (nautæ) manci ac debiles aluntur.  

INVALID, adjective, irrītus (not being good in law ; opposed to ratus ; e. g. , a will) : vanus (vain, null, without effect ; of things). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) irrītus et vanus (e. g. , a will) : parum idoneus (not fit or good enough for the purpose ;  e. g. , bail, witness, excuse). To render anything invalid, aliquid irrĭtum facere (e. g. , a will) : aliquid rescindere et irrĭtum facere (to annul, to cancel ; e. g. , a testament, an agreement ; also to quash an indictment). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) rescindere et irritum facere ; or ut irritum et vanum rescindere (a will) : refigere (properly ; to pull down what has been posted up ; hence to cancel, inasmuch as the public notice is taken down again ; e. g. , a law, legem). To declare anything invalid, aliquid tollere et irrĭtum esse jubere : to consider anything invalid, aliquid pro irrito habere. An invalid will, irrĭtum or inutile testamentum.  

INVALIDATE, irrĭtum facere (to take away its legal power ; e. g. , a will) : rescindere (rescind, cancel ; a will, a compact, a verdict, decree, etc. ). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) rescindere et irrĭtum facere : ut irritum et vanum rescindere (a will) : refigere (properly ; to unfix ; then to annul, its public proclamation being withdrawn ; e. g. , legem).

INVALIDITY, by circumlocution ; e. g. , * efficere, ut testamentum irritum fiat.  

INVALUABLE, Vid. INESIMABLE.  

INVARIABLE, Vid. UNCHANGEABLE.  

INVARIABLENESS, Vid. UNCHANGEABLENESS.  

INVARIABLY, Vid. UNCHANGEABLY, ALWAYS.  

INVASION, irruptio : incursio : incursus. To make an invasion, irruptionem or incursionem facere in, etc. Vid. To INVADE.  

INVECTIVE, invectio (only in plural, invectiones, Cicero, Inv. , 2, 54) : convicium : maledictum : probrum [SYN. in ABUSE = railing language]. To break into invectives, ad verborum contumeliam descendere. To use invectives against anybody, invĕhi in aliquem (in Nepos ; also with Greek accusative, multa, nonnulla, etc. , invehi in aliquem) ; aliquem conviciis insectari or incessere ; aliquem maledictis insectari. To load anybody with invectives, omnibus maledictis aliquem vexare ; omnia maledicta in aliquem conferre.  

INVEIGH (against anybody or anything), invĕhi in aliquem or in aliquam rem (often with vehementer or vehementius ; petulanter, aspere ; acerbe et contumeliose, etc. ) : insectari aliquem vehementius : to be fond of inveighing against, libenter invĕhi in aliquem. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) acerbius in aliquem invĕhi insectarique vehementius.  

INVEIGHER, by circumlocution with verbs in INVEIGH.  

INVEIGLE, Vid. ENSNARE.  

INVENT, in venire, reperire (to find out ; the former accidentally or as general term = εὑρεῖν ; the latter, after reflection, search, etc. ; = ἀνευρεῖν) : excogitare (to strike out by thinking, Cicero) : cogitatione assĕqui, in venire (to find out, to discover) : fingere : comminisci (to invent, to contrive, to design) : coquere : concoquere (to design, brood over or hatch, as it were) : machinari (to contrive cunningly) : ementiri (to invent falsely). Vid. To DISCOVER, To FIND OUT, To CONTRIVE.  

INVENTION, || Discovery, vid. || Fiction, vid. It’s all a pure invention! fabulæ!  

INVENTIVE, ingeniosus : sollers : acutus [SYN. in INGENIOUS]. An inventive mind, ingenium ad excogitandum acutum.  

INVENTOR, inventor, feminine, inventrix (repertor is †, and post-Augustan) : auctor (the original introducer, etc. , who is therefore looked up to as an authority) : architectus or quasi architectus (the original builder, as it were ; hence, the inventor of something that may be considered constructive ; e. g. , beatæ vitæ, Cicero). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) princeps et architectus (Cicero). The inventors of sculpture, fingendi conditores : an inventor of new words, inventor novorum verborum. Vid. DISCOVERER.  

INVENTORY, repertorium : inventarium (the latter a common expression ; repertorium. . . quod vulgo inventarium appellatur, Ulpianus, Digests, 26, 7, 7, in. ) : res acceptæ et tradendæ (the articles as set down in an inventory ; after Cicero, Verr. , 4, 63, 140). An inventory of the furniture of a tavern, instrumentum cauponium (Marcellinus, Digests, 33, 7, 17, § 2). To take an inventory, repertorium or inventarium facere.  

INVENTRESS, inventrix.  

INVERSE :

Inverse proportion, * ratio in versa (arithmetical technical term).

INVERSELY, retro (backward) : inverso ordine.  

INVERSION, inversio (but only in the sense of “irony” or allegory) : inversus ordo.  

INVERT, invertere (e. g. , ordinem verborum ; to read them backward ; opposed to dicere recte ; also improperly ; inversus annus = that has run its course, and turned, as it were, Horatius). [Vid. To CHANGE. ]To invert the order of words, invertere ordinem verborum : to read words in inverted order, invertere ordinem et idem quasi sursum versus retroque dicere.  

INVEST, || Clothe with, (1) PROPR. , [vid. CLOTHE]. (2) With an office, munus alicui dare, mandare, deferre ; muneri aliquem præficere : to invest anybody with the chief command, summam imperii ad aliquem deferre : to be invested with an honorable office, honore affectum esse ; with a priesthood, sacerdotio pæditum esse : to invest with full power, infinitam licentiam alicui dare ; alicujus arbitrio rem gerendam tradere or committere (the last two of a particular affair). || To adorn, grace, etc. , vid. || To place money at interest, pecuniam collocare (e. g. , to invest it in land, in agris ; in the purchase of estates, in emptiones prædiorum, Gaius, Digests, 17, 1, 2 ; in an estate, in aliquo fundo, in solo ; with anybody, apud aliquem ; at a high rate of interest, graviore fenore, Suetonius) : pecuniam occupare, with or without fenore ; apud aliquem or in aliqua re ; safely, pecuniam fundare aliqua re (Horatius, Ep. , 1, 15, 46). || Besiege, circumsedere : in obsidione habere or tenere : corona cingere, circumdare : corona mœnia aggredi. Vid. BESIEGE.  

INVESTIGATE, indagare : investigare (to follow the traces of anything till it is discovered) : exquirere (to search out) : perquirere (to search thoroughly) : percunctari (to use all the means in one’s power to get at accurate information ; especially with reference to the truth of news, reports, etc. ) : sciscitari (to be longing to know anything) : odorari (litrally, to scent out : hence to hunt out sagaciously, etc. ; to try to find it out by inquiries ; anything, de aliqua re). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) investigare et scrutari : indagare et pervestigare : indagare et odorari : percunctari et inrerrogare. To investigate the true grounds of anything, veram rationem alicujus rei exsequi ; the truth, quid verum sit, exquirere.  

INVESTIGATION, indagatio : investigatio (the tracing out) : spectatio : cognitio (the examination, trial, etc. ). The investigation of truth, investigatio veri : veri inquisitio atque investigatio (where inquisitio means the examination, in each case, of what is true ; investigatio, the pursuing the often obscure traces of truth, Cicero, Off. , 1, 4, 13) : cognitio veri (the sifting of the truth). To give one’s self entirely up to the investigation of anything, totum se in aliqua re exquirenda collocare.  

INVESTITURE, by circumlocution with * muneris alicujus insignia sollemni ritu tradere. To receive investiture from anybody, ab aliquo accipere suæ potestatis insigne (Gerhard of Reicherspeg ; ap. Gibbon, chapter 69, note 40).  

INVESTMENT, || Act of besieging a town. [Vid. SIEGE, BLOCKADE. ] || Act of laying out money in the purchase of property ; by circumlocution with verbs under to INVEST (since, though collocatio and occupatio are both classical, they are not classical in this sense). To make a profitable investiment, pecuniam in aliqua re bene collocare.

INVETERATE, inveteratus (grown
old, and therefore not easy to change) : confirmatus (having gained strength, and therefore power of resistance, etc. ) : penitus defixus (fixed deeply ; e. g. , a fault) : penitus insitus (deeply implanted ; e. g. , an opinion) : vetus (old). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) vetus atque diuturnus. To become inveterate, inveterascere (Cicero) ; inveterare (e. g. , malum, Celsus). An evil that has become inveterate, inveteratio (Cicero, Tusc. , 4, 37).

INVIDIOUS, invidiosus (both of persons and things likely to excite envy ; e. g. , possessiones invidiosas habere : the persons who would be likely to feel the envy are sometimes expressed by ad aliquem : triumphum accipere, invidiosum ad bonos, Cicero). To be invidious, invidiæ alicui esse.  

INVIDIOUSLY, invidiose (e. g. , dicere aliquid, Cicero).

INVIGORATE, corroborare : firmare : confirmare (to strengthen ; e. g. , corroborare aliquem assiduo opere ; aliquid corroborat stomachum : corpus cibo firmare ; valetudinem firm or confirmare ; memoriam firmare ; confirmare alicujus animum or aliquem animo) : reparare : reficere, relaxare (to refresh, relax). To invigorate one’s self, se corroborare : se confirmare : se recreare : se or vires reficere.  

INVINCIBLE, invictus (unconquerable ; of persons. Cf. , insuperabilis and inexsuperabilis, in this sense, are poetical only) : inexpugnabilis (impregnable ; of places) : quod superari non potest (figuratively, insurmountable ; e. g. , obstacles, impedimenta).

INVINCIBLY, by circumlocution with adjectives in INVINCIBLE.  

INVIOLABILITY, sanctitas (holiness ; vid. INVIOLABLE) : alicujus rei inexpiabilis religio (e. g. , of sepulchres).  

INVIOLABLE, inviolatus (Cf. , inviolabilis † only) : sanctus (that is placed under the protection of a deity, holy, venerable ; e. g. , of the person of a tribune, etc. ).  

INVIOLABLY, inviolate (without violating it ; e. g. , memoriam alicujus servare, Cicero ; jusjurandum servare, Gellius, 7, 18) : sancte : summa fide (conscientiously, with great fidelity ; e. g. , servare aliquid).  

INVISIBILITY, by circumlocution with adjectives in INVISIBILE.  

INVISIBLE, invisibilis, or nulli cernendus, or quod cernere et videre non possumus : quem (quam, quod) non possunt oculi consequi (that one cannot see : invisibilis, found as early as Celsus, præf. , p. 121, ed. Bip. , may be used where conciseness of expression would be injured by circumlocution ; especially as Cicero, makes use of adjectives in ” bilis, ” and has even formed some new ones) : quod sub oculos non cadit : quod oculorum aciem fugit : quod sensum oculorum effugit (that escapes the eye). An invisible solar eclipse, * defectus solis, quem in his terræ partibus cernere et videre non possumus : the invisible world, * orbis rerum cœlestium circumfusus terrestribus visusque nostros fugiens : to behold with the mind’s eye what is invisible, in conspeetu pæne animi ponere, quæ cernere et videre non possumus : to be invisible, cerni et videri non posse (general term, unable to be seen), sub oculos non cadere : oculorum aciem fugere : oculorum sensum effugere (not to be discernible by the eye) : se non aperire (not to rise, of stars), non comparere (not to appear or show itself ; of persons, and also of inanimate beings) : in conspectum non venire (not to make one’s appearance ; of persons only). To become invisible, obscurari (to be eclipsed, of stars) : to make one’s self invisible, clam abire : clam se subducere.  

INVISIBLY, by circumlocution, * ita ut sub oculos non cadat : * ita ut non compareat : * ita ut videri non possit.  

INVITATION, invitatio. By your invitation, invitatus or vocatus a te ; invitatu or vocatu tuo : to dine with anybody by his own invitation, cœnare apud aliquem vocatu ipsius : to accompany anybody to a party without an invitation, umbram sequi aliquem : to accept an invitation, promittere alicui ad cœnam : promittere apud aliquem (not condicere ad cœnam = invite one’s self) : to refuse an invitation, abnuere : a note of invitation, literæ : libellus (Tacitus, Dial. , 9, 3) : to receive a note of invitation, per literas invitari ab aliquo : to send out one’s invitations or cards of invitation, libellos dispergere (Tacitus, Dial . , 9, 3) : to give anybody a pressing invitation to stay, familiari invitatione retinere aliquem.

INVITE, invitare aliquem ad aliquid (of every kind of invitation given by one’s self ; both of persons and things) : vocare aliquem ad aliquid (the proper word of an invitation to a party by a slave called vocator : then of inviting to a participation in anything, ad bellum, quietem, etc. ). To invite anybody to dinner, invitare or vocare aliquem (with or without ad cœnam) : to invite anybody to my house, aliquem invitare domum meam : to invite anybody (who is about to go) to stay, aliquem invitatione familiari retinere : to invitemyself to dine with anybody, condicere alicui ad cœnam ; condicere alicui : to invite one to the enjoyment of a country life, ad fruendum agrum invitare (e. g. , of old age ; vid. Cicero, Cat. , 16, 57) : to invite one to read it by its agreeable style, jucunditate quadam ad legendum invitare. || Incite, attract, invitare aliquem (e. g. , somnos, Horatius ; luxuriam, Velleius, ; assentationem, Cicero) : allicere : allectare (allure). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) invitare et allectare : allectare et invitare (aliquem ad aliquid).

INVITING, Either amœnus (of beautiful landscapes, countries, etc. ), gratus (e. g. , gratumAntium), or by circumlocution with jucunditate quadam invitare aliquem ad faciendum aliquid ; dulcedine quadam commovere aliquem ; sensus permulcere voluptate, etc.  

INVOCATION, invocatio : imploratio (in an imploring manner) : testatio (the calling to witness).

INVOICE, * mercium index or libellus.  

INVOKE, invocare : implorare (to implore). To invoke the Muses, invocare Musas : the gods, invocare or implorare deos ; invocare atque obtestari deos ; comprecari deos (especially for help) ; Deum testari ; Deum invocare testem (to call God to witness) : anybody’s protection or aid, implorare fidem alicujus ; invocare subsidium alicujus ; auxilium alicujus implorare et flagitare : the protection of a judge, ad judicis opem confugere : anybody’s compassion, alicujus misericordiam implorare, or implorare et exigere.  

INVOLUNTARILY, imprudenter : per imprudentiam, or adjective, imprudens (unconsciously, inadvertently) : temere : inconsulte ac temere : temere ac fortuito : ultro : sponte (of one’s own accord). Sometimes by coactus, etc. , or by non voluntate ; or by nescio quo pacto (e. g. , nescio quo pacto ab eo, quod erat a te propositum, aberravit oratio) : he uttered that exclamation (made that remark, etc. ) quite involuntarily, excidit ei nolenti dictum illud.  

INVOLUNTARY, invitus et coactus (not willingly, by compulsion; opposed to voluntate) : non voluntarius (not done of one’s own accord, or from choice, etc. ; e. g. death).

INVOLUTION, involutio (once only, Vitruvius, 10, 11). by circumlocution.  

INVOLVE, involvere aliquid aliqua re (not aliquid in aliqua re : also used figuratively, but not in the notion of containing anything undeveloped ; for which use inesse in aliqua re ; contineri aliqua re) : implicare or impedire (of involving in what embarrasses, etc. ; properly and figuratively, aliqua re) : illaqueare (figuratively) in aliqua re. To involve anybody in dangers, aliquem periculis illaqueare ; in war, aliquem bello implicare : to be involved in a war, bello implicari or illigari ; bello implicitum, illigatum, or occupatum esse : with anybody, bellum gerere cum aliquo : to be involved in a lawsuit, lite implicari ; in causam deduci ; with anybody, lites habere cum aliquo : in disagreeable business, molestis negotiis implicari : to involve one’s self in anything, implicari or se impedire aliqua re (properly and figuratively) ; se illaqueare aliqua re (figuratively) ; se immiscere alicui rei : to be involved in debt, ære alieno obrutum, oppressum, or demersum esse : to involve a contradiction, inter se pugnare, repugnare, discrepare, vr dissidere.  

INVULNERABLE, invulnerabilis (“Seneca, Benef. , 5, 5, in. , etc. ). To be invulnerable, vulnerari non posse.  INWARD, Vid. INTERIOR.  

INWARDLY, intus (within) : interius (opposed to exterius) : intrinsecus (on the inside ; opposed to extrinsecus, exterius ; e. g. , intrinsecus et extrinsecus picare, Columella, ; aliquid intrinsecus perungere aliqua re, Varro) : ex interiore parte : ab interioribus partibus (opposed to extrinsecus, ab exterioribus partibus). Sometimes plane : omnino : penitus (quite) : Cf. , intra and intro unclassical in this sense.

Inwardly and outwardly, intus et extra ; intrinsecus et extrinsecus ; intrinsecus et exterius : outwardly and inwardly, extra et intus ; extrinsecus et intra ; extrinsecus et intrinsecus. To rejoice inwardly in sinu (tacito) gaudere (cf. Cicero, Tusc. , 3, 21, 51 : Tib. , 4, 15, 8).  

INWARDS,

INWARD, adverb, introrsus : introrsum. Bent inward, incurvus.   

INWRAP, involvere in aliqua re. Vid. “WRAP UP in. ”  

IRASCIBLE, Vid. IRRITABLE.  

IRE, Vid. ANGER, WRATH.  

IREFUL, Vid. ANGRY, WRATHFUL.  

IREFULLY, Vid. ANGRILY, WRATHFULLY.  

IRIS, || The plant, hyacinthus : vaccinium
(* iris germanica, Linnæus ; cf. Voss. , Virg. , Ecl. , 10, 39). || In the eye, * iris (as technical term).  

IRK, Anything irks me, tædet or pertæsum est me alicujus rei ; or tædium me tenet alicujus rei ; satietas or tædium alicujus rei me cepit.  

IRKSOME, fastidium creans or afferens (producing disgust, etc. ) : quod tædium affert : tædium afferens (causing weariness, etc. , Livius) : odiosus (hateful, etc. ; of persons and things) : molestus (fell as annoying, vexatious, etc. ) : operosus : laboriosus (laborious). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) operosus ac molestus (e. g. , labor, Cicero) : odiosus ac molestus (Cicero) : laboriosus molestusque (Cicero).

IRKSOMENESS, tædium (disgust at what one feels to be long and wearisome : in prose first in Livius, ; Cicero, uses satietas) : satietas (disgust from having had too much of anything, from having been employed about it too long, etc. ; in physical or moral sense) : fastidium (disgust, loathing ; with reference to objects of physical or moral taste). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) fastidium quoddam et satietas (these are all subjective ; i. e. , refer to the sense of irksomeness fell by the person) : gravitas (objectively ; the oppressive nature, etc. , of anything) or diuturnitas et gravitas alicujus rei (its long continuance and oppressive nature ; e. g. , belli, Livius).

IRON, s. , ferrum : as adjective, ferreus (made of iron ; properly and improperly). An iron tool, ferramentum : a vein of iron, vena ferri : iron mine, metallum ferrarium or ferri ; ferri fodina or ferraria (these, too, as pit) : a plate of iron, lamina ferri : covered with an iron plate, lamina ferratus : iron wire, * filum ferreum : iron color, ferrugo : iron-works, fabrīcæ ferrariæ : iron filings, ramenta ferri ; scobs ferri delimata : as hard as iron, ferreus, adamantinus, or perdurus (general term for very hard) : an iron frame (i. e. , body), corpus ferreum : a taste of iron, sapor ferrugineus : iron furnace, fornax ferraria : the dross of iron, scoria ferri : impregnated with iron [vid. CHALYBEATE]. Prov. To strike whilst the iron is hot, utendum est animis, dum spe calent (Curtius, 4, 1, 29) ; matūra, dum libido manet (Terentius, Phorm. , 4, 5, 14). || Irons [vid. CHAINS]. || Irons (surgical, for correcting distortions, etc. ), serperastra (to straighten the leg, depravata crura corrigere). || IMPROPR. , Made of iron, ferreus :

I must have been made of iron, ferreus essem : Oh! thou iron- hearted man, O te ferreum!  

IRON, v. , * vestes ferro calefacto premere. || Put in chains, vid. CHAIN.  

IRON-BAR, vectis (as lever).  

IRON-MONGER, negotiator ferrarius (inscriptions, as dealer in iron) : faber ferrarius (as smith ; ferramentarius, very late).  

IRON- MOULD, * macula ex rubigine concepta.   IRON-STONE, * lapis ferrarius.  

IRONICAL, * ironicus.  

IRONICALLY, ironice (Asconius, ad Cicero, 1 Verr. , 15) : * urbanâ quadam dissimulatione : * per ironīam dissimulantiamque (both after Cicero ; cf. quotations in IRONY).

IRONY, ironīa (εἰρωνεία, borrowed from the Greek by Cicero, and retained by later writers as the most suitable expression [Quintilianus, 9, 2, 44) : Cicero, De Or. , 2, 67, init. , explains it as, urbana dissimulatio, quum alia dicuntur, ac sentias). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) ironīa dissimulantiaque (Cicero) : ea dissimulatio, quam Græci εἰρωνείαν vocant (Cicero, Acad. , 2, 5, extr. ) : inversio (the use of a word in a meaning which is the opposite of its real meaning, Cicero, De Or. , 2, 65). One who uses irony, simulator (= εἴρων, Cicero, Off. , 1, 30, 10, of Socrates).

IRRADIANCE,

IRRADIATION, Vid. RADIANCE, RADIATION.  

IRRADIATE, [vid. To ILLUMINATE, To ENLIGHTEN, To DECORATE] : Cf. , irradiare, poetical (Statius) and post-classical.  

IRRATIONAL, rationis expers (not gifted with reason) : brutus (without the faculty or capacity of perception) : mutus (mute, unreasonable, inasmuch as speech implies reason ; all three of animals) : demens (senseless, and also of things that none but a senseless person would do) : insanus (mad, deprived of right reason, insane ; of men ; then also denoting excess ; e. g. , moles, montes). An irrational animal or being, bestia (opposed to homo).

In an irrational manner ; vid. IRRATIONALLY.  

IRRATIONALLY, nulla ratione : dementer : dementi ratione (senselessly) : insane (madly, comedy).

IRRECLAIMABLE, Vid. INCURABLE.  

IRRECONCILABLE, implacabilis (alicui or in aliquem) : inexpiabilis. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) implacabilis inexpiabilisque (Cicero) : inexorabilis (all three of persons and things : in or adversus aliquem). To be anybody’s irreconcilable foe, implacabili odio persēqui aliquem ; vid. IMPLACABLE.  

IRRECONCILABLY, implacabili odio (of persons entertaining irreconcilable hatted).

IRRECOVERABLE, irreparabilis : irrevocabilis (not to be recalled ; both ; e. g. , tempus). Vid. IRREPARABLE.  

IRRECOVERABLY, Vid. IRREPARABLY.  

IRREFRAGABLE, qui (quæ, quod) vim affert in docendo (e. g. , ratio, Cicero, Acad. , 2, 26, 117) : ad pervincendum idoneus : firmus ad probandum (adapted for convincing ; e. g. , proof, argumentum) : gravis (weighty, and thus also convincing, argumentum ; cf. Cicero, Rosc. Com. , 12, 36, argumentum gravissimum et firmissimum ; i. e. , the most irrefragable proof). To prove by irrefragable arguments, necessarie demonstrare (Cicero, Invent. , 1, 29, in. ).

IRREFRAGABLY, necessarie. To prove irrefragably, necessarie demonstrare (Cicero).

IRREGULAR, enormis (e. g. , vicus ; irregularly built, Tacitus, post-Augustan) : anomālus (irregular in declension or conjugation) : non constans (inconsistent) : incompositus (not regularly or decorously arranged) : inusitatus (unusual ; e. g species alicujus rei) : infrequens (rare ; e. g. , an irregular attendant at church, after Horatius, infrequens cultor Dei) : abnormis (only Horatius, of a wise man ; abnormis sapiens : in prose, qui non est ad alicujus normam, after Cicero, Amic. , 4).

Irregular soldiers, troops, milites disciplina militari non assuefacti (not accustomed to discipline, after Cæsar, B. G. , 4, 1) : milites tumultuarii : cohortes tumultuariæ : exercitus tumultuarius (collected in haste).

IRREGULARITY, enormitas (Seneca, Const. , 18, 1) : inconstantia (unsteadiness, inconsistency ; mentis, Cicero) : minus apta compositio (want of symmetrical arrangement ; of the body) : anomalĭa (in declension or conjugation ; explained by Gellius, inæqualitas conjugationum).

IRREGULARLY, contra regulam (against the rule or rules) : non constanter (in an irregular, inconsistent way) : minus frequenter (not very often) : Cf. , enormiter, Seneca, and Plinius.  

IRRELEVANT, aliēnus (foreign to ; in this sense the dative is best : illi causæ, Cicero ; quibus omnibus, Quintilianus). Very irrelevant, maxime alienus :

I did not consider it irrelevant to, etc. , haud ab re duxi (referre, etc. , Cicero).

IRRELIGION, impietas erga Deum (or deos) : Dei or deorum negligentia. κυρικιμασαηικοThe irreligion of the age, hæc, quæ nunc tenet seculum, Dei (or deorum) negligentia.  

IRRELIGIOUS, impius erga deos (for Christians, erga Deum) : negligens religionis : contemnens religionis : contemptor religionum : negligens deorum ac religionum (the three first with reference to outward worship ; the last also, with reference to the sentiments, belief, etc. , of the person).

IRREMEDIABLE, Vid. INCURABLE.  

IRREMEDIABLY, Vid. INCURABLY.  

IRREMISSIBLE, Vid. UNPARDONABLE.  

IRREPARABLE, irreparabilis : irrevocabilis (not to be recalled, irrevocable ; both, e. g. , tempus : fluunt dies et irreparabilis vita decurrit, Seneca, Ep. , 123, 9). An irreparable loss, damnum, quod nunquam resarciri potest.  

IRREPARABLY, ita ut resarciri non possit (e. g. , damnum).

IRREPREHENSIBLE, non reprehendendus : non vituperandus : probus : ab omni vitio vacuus : integer : sanctus. An irreprehesible course of life, summa morum probitas, vitæ sanctitas. To lead an irreprehesible life, sancte vivere.  

IRREPROACHABLE, Vid. IRREPREHENSIBLE.  

IRREPROACHABLY, Vid. BLAMELESSLY, UNBLAMABLY.  

IRRESISTIBLE, cui nulla vi resisti potest : invictus (unconquerable ; insuperabilis and inexsuperabilis are poetical in this sense). Almost irresistible, cui vix ullo modo obsisti potest : irresistible prayers or solicitations, preces, quibus resistere non possŭmus : irresistible eloquence, * eloquentia omnium animos permŏvens ; * incredibilis vis dicendi : to sway the mind in an irresistible manner, in omnium animos penetrare (of a speech, etc. , after Cicero, Brut. , 38, 142) : to draw anybody into anything in an irresistible manner, aliquem rapere ad aliquid ; aliquem præcipitem agere ad aliquid : an irresistible necessity, inexpugnabilis necessitas (e. g. , dormiendi, Celsus) : an irresistible argument, argumentum firmissimum : ratio quæ vim affert in docendo : to establish anything by irresistible arguments, necessarie demonstrare.  

IRRESISTIBLY, by circumlocution, * ita ut nulla vi resisti possit : * ita ut vix ullo modo obsisti
possit. Vid. “in an IRRESISTIBLE manner. ” 

IRRESOLUTE, dubius : incertus (with reference to a particular time) : mutabilis, or varius et mutabilis (changeable) : * in sententia parum firmus : * parum firmus proposito (firmus proposito, Velleius) or infirmus, infirmior only. To be irresolute dubitare, hæsitare, incertum esse (at a particular time).

IRRESOLUTELY, dubitanter (doubtingly).  

IRRESOLUTION, dubitatio (doubt) : inconstantia mutabilitasque mentis (Cicero, Tusc. , 4, 35, 76) : instabilis animus († Vergilius). Vid. HESITATION.  

IRRETRIEVABLE, Vid. IRREPARABLE, IRRECOVERABLE.  

IRRETRIEVABLY, Vid. IRREPARABLY.  

IRREVERENCE, irreverentia (Tacitus) : reverentia nulla (alicujus rei, †) : inverecundum animi ingenium (as habit of mind, Cicero). To show irreverence, reverentiam non præstare (alicui) ; reverentiam non adhibere (adversus aliquem).

IRREVERENT, inverecundus : parum verecundus.  

IRREVERENTLY, parum verecunde : Cf. , irreverenter, Plinius.  

IRREVOCABLE, irrevocabilis : in perpetuum ratus (settled or fixed for ever) : immutabilis (immutable) : quod revocari non potest (Livius, 44, 40. ). Anything is irrevocable, aliquid (or quod dixit or fecit aliquis) ut indictum or infectum sit revocari non potest (after Livius, 5, 15).

IRREVOCABLY, in perpetuum : in æternum.  

IRRIGATE, irrigare (the proper word ; jugera quinquaginta prati, Cicero) : Cf. , rigare only poetical : aquam ducere or derivare (to conduct water by artificial courses, etc. ; the land irrigated must be expressed by the accusative with in).

IRRIGATION, irrigatio (irrigationes agrorum coupled with derivationes fluminum, Cicero, Off. , 2, 4).

IRRIGUOUS, irriguus.  

IRRISION, irrisio (Cicero).

IRRITABlLI IY, iracundia : animus alicujus irritabilis : animus (ingenium, etc. ) præceps in iram.  

IRRITABLE, irritabilis (Cicero, Horatius) : iracundus : ad iram proclivis : præceps in iram. to be irritable, facile irritari ; facile et cito irasci (Cicero). Anybody is of an irritable temperament, aliquis eo est habitu, ut facile et cito irascatur (after Cicero, Top. , 16, 62).

IRRITATE, || To make angry, aliquem iratum reddere : iram, bilem, or stomachum alicui movere : concitare (to excite ; e. g. , animum injuriis, Cicero) : Cf. , irritare aliquem absolutely, in the sense of “irritating” is not classical ; but irritare aliquem or alicujus animum ad aliquid (e. g. , animos ad bellum, etc. ) is. To be irritated, iratum fieri ; ira incendi ; (ira) excandescere : he employed all possible means of  irritating the soldiers, quibuscunque irritamentis poterat, iras militum acuebat (Livius). || IMPROPR. , To irritate wounds, vulnera inflammare ; the nerves, motum excitare in nervis (cf. Cicero, De Or. , 1, 46, 202 : nimium or vehementiorem might be added).

IRRITATION, || As state, ira, etc. [Vid. ANGER. ] His irritation is subsiding, ira discedit, defervescit, deflagrat : in a moment of irritation, ira victus ; or only per iram ; ira. || As act (1) of making angry, irritatio animi alicujus (the exciting or irritating anybody’s mind), or by circumlocution with verbs under IRRITATE. (2) As act of physically exciting anything (e. g. , wounds, nerves, etc. ), inflammatio (of a wound : it is not found in this sense, but inflammare is, and inflammatio is used by Cicero).

IRRUPTION, irruptio (of enemies, wild beasts, etc. ) : incursio (a sudden irruption of enemies into a territory). To make an irruption, irruptionem facere (Cicero) ; incursionem (hostiliter. Livius) facere (into a territory, in fines).

ISINGLASS, ichthyocolla.  

ISLAN D, insula : Small island, parva insula : a group of islands, insulæ complures : also insulæ only, if the group is named ; e. g. , Strophades insulæ. Full of islands, * insularum plenus.  

ISLANDER, insulanus (Cicero) : insulæ incola. The islanders, also insula (vid. Nepos, Milt. , 7, 1).  

ISLE, insula.  

ISLET, parva insula.  

ISSUE, || Act of flowing out, fluxio (act of flowing, Cicero) : profluvium (poetical and post-Augustan) : profusio (post-Augustan) : eruptio (medical technical term [as concrete term] for any discharge of morbid matter, Plinius). An issue of blood, profusio sanguinis (Celsus) ; profluvium sanguinis (Lucretius, Columella) ; fluxio sanguinis (Plinius). || An artificial issue (chirurgeneral technical term), * fonticulus. To open an issue, * fonticulum aperire, quo corruptus humor exeat ; or * fonticulo aperto evocare corruptum humorem (evocare corruptum humorem, Celsus). || The sending forth an order, etc. , pronunciatio (Cæsar, B. C. , 2, 25, fin. : of course, it must be one that is proclaimed) : promulgatio (publication, etc. ). || Event, exitus : eventus. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) exitus eventusque : eventus atque exitus [vid. EVENT] : finis (the end). || Act of issuing money, provisions, etc.

Issue of money, erogatio pecuniæ (vid. erogare in ISSUE), or by circumlocution. To diminish the issues of corn, frumentum parce et paullatim metiri (Cæsar, B. G. , 7, 71). ||Offspring, vid.  

ISSUE, v. ,

INTRANS. , To flow forth, effluere : emanare : profluere (forth) : diffluere (in different directions) : prosilire : emicare (mostly poetical ; to gush forth, of blood, etc. ). || To go forth or out, exire : egredi : excēdere. A work has issued from the press, liber emissus est [vid. To Go]. Troops issued from the town, copiæ, etc. , ex oppido eruptionem fecerunt (Cæsar) : erumpere (to burst forth ; of troops ; e. g. , from the camp, ex castris, Cæsar). || End (intrans), vid. || TRANS. , emittere (to send forth ; e. g. , a book). To issue orders, edere mandata (Livius) ; an edict, edictum proponere, or simply edicere (with ut, ne) : to issue the corn in smaller rations, frumentum parcius metiri (Cæsar) : to issue circular letters, literas circum (with accusative of persons to whom they are sent) dimittere : to issue money, erogare pecuniam (i. e. , to take it from the treasury upon, an application of the people, etc. , and pay it away for public works, etc. ). A coinage has been issued, and is in general circulation, pecunia in communem usum venit.  

ISTHMUS, isthmus (Cicero, De Fat. , 1, 7) : fauces (general term for narrow pass, etc. ; e. g. , Corinthus posita in angustiis atque in faucibus Græciæ, Cicero)  

IT, [Vid. HE. ] Cf. , When “it” is used as the representative, as it were, of a coming sentence introduced by “that, ” or of an infinitive mood, etc. , it is not translated : “it is strange, “, etc. mirum est : so in “it is long since, ” etc. , diu est, quum, etc.  

ITALICS, * literæ tenuiores et paullum inclinatæ : * literæ cursivæ : * literæ Italicæ, quæ vocantur.  

ITCH, s. , prurigo : pruritus : formicatio. [SYN. in To ITCH. ] Having the itch, pruriginosus.  

ITCH, v. , prurire (general term) : formicare (as if ants were running over the part that itches) : verminare (” vermina = dolores corporis cum quodam minuto motu, quasi a vermibus scindatur, ” Festi, Mart. , 14, 23). My skin itchs, cutis prurit mihi (also, improperly, of one who is going to be beaten) ; cutis formicat : my ear itchs, auris verminat mihi. || IMPROPR. , Itching ears, * aures nova semper sitientes : to please itching ears, perhaps aures alicujus quasi voluptate titillare (Cicero, after levitatem alicujus quasi voluptate titillare, Cicero). || To long, vid.  

ITCHY, pruriginosus : scabiosus (scabby).  

ITEM, æra (plural), or singula æra. What, is it your way, I would ask, to dispute the whole amount after allowing the particular items, of which it is made up? quid tu, inquam, soles. . . si singula æra probasti, summam, quæ ex his confecta sit, nonprobare? (Cicero, ap. Non. , 3, 18. )  ITERATE, Vid. To REPEAT.  

ITERATION, Vid. REPETITION.  

ITINERANT, Vid. WANDERING.  

ITINERARY, itineris descriptio : itinerarium (Vegetius, Mil. , 3, 16).

ITSELF, Vid. HIMSELF.  

IVORY, ebur : as adjective, eburneus (eburnus is poetical ; eboreus, post-Augustan).

Inlaid or ornamented with ivory, eburatus (e. g. , sella, lectica).

Ivory letters, eburneæ literarum formæ (Quintilianus, ; given then, as now, to children).

IVY, hedera (* hedera helix, Linnæus) : helix (the barren ivy). Of ivy, hederaceus : covered with ivy, hederosus (†) : crowned, adorned, etc. , with ivy, hederatus (e. g. , of a cup on which ivy leaves are carved). An ivy leaf, hederaceum folium : a crown of ivy leaves, hederacea corona.  

JABBER, blaterare : crepare (on crepare, vid. Heindorf, ad Hor. , Sat. , 2, 2, 33) : strepere (properly of geese, but also of men) : garrire (chatter). Vid. GABBLE.  

JABBERER, blatero (Gellius, who says the ancients called homines in verba projectos by this name ; also, lingulacas and locutuleios).

JABBERING, strepitus : blateratus (late ; cf. JABBER).

JACK, || Pike, vid. || The male animal, mas : masculus (opposed to femina). || Boot-jack, * furca excalceandis pedibus. || A support to saw wood on, machina serratoria (Ammianus, 23, 4, init. ). || Meat-jack, ergata (-æ, m. ) versandis verubus. || To be a jack of all trades (proverbially), ad omnia
aptum esse.  

JACKAL, * canis aureus (Linnæus) : * jackalius (Horatius, Smith) : Cf. , crocotta or crocuta, probably the Hyæna, Freund.  

JACK-A-LANTERN, perhaps * ignis fatuus.  

JACKASS, asinus.  

JACK-BOOTS, * calceamenta veredariorum or * calceamenta maxima.  

JACKDAW, monedula : * corvus monedula (Linnæus).

JACKET, tunica manuleata (Plautus, Pseud. , 2, 4).

JACK-PUDDING, sannio.  

JADE, s. , || Sorry mare, equa strigosa. || Contemptuous term for woman, puella (mulier, etc. ) proterva or protervior : an old jade, vetula.  

JADE, v. , Vid. To FATIGUE.  

JAG, serratim scindere (Appuleius, Herb. , 2) :

Jagged leaves, folia serrato ambitu ; folia serratim scissa.  

JAIL, Vid. PRISON.  

JAILER, carceris custos (Cf. , not carcerarius).

JAKES, latrina (= lavatrina : cf. Suetonius, Tib. , 58 ; and Dict. Antiquities, p. 137, a) : Cf. , fortca (Juvenalis, 3, 38) has, probably, a different meaning ; vid. Freund. Vid. PRIVY.  

JALAP, jalapa (root of the * convolvulus jalapa).

JAM, s. , savillum (= suavillum, a sort of fruit marmalade. Vid. Böttiger’s Sabina, 1, p. 107 ; Freund makes it “a cheese-cake”).

JAM, v. , Vid. To SQUEEZE.  

JAMB, postis.  

JANGLE, Vid. To BRAWL, To QUARREL.  

JANGLER, Vid. QUARRELLER.  

JANISSARY, * janissarius : * statarius miles Turcicus. The Janissaries, or corps of Janissaries, * milites Turcarum statarii ; * cohortes prætoriæ or prætorianæ imperatoris Turcici. The general or commander of the Janissaries, janissariis or cohortibus prætoriis præfectus.   JANUARY,

Januarius (mensis). On the first of January, Kalendis Januariis (Cf. , Januarius being an adjective).

JAPAN, s. , * lacca.  

JAPAN, v. , * lacca obducere aliquid : * laccam inducere alicui rei.  

JAPANNER, by circumlocution. Vid. To JAPAN.  

JAR, v. , || absonum esse : dissonare : discrepare (not to harmonize). || To disagree with, etc. Vid. To DISAGREE ; “to be INCONSISTENT with. ”  JAR, || Earthen vessel, olla (e. g. , for keeping grapes in). An earthen jar, olla fictilis : fictile (neuter adjective ; e. g. , balsamum novo fictili conditur, Plinius). || A jarring note, etc. , vox absona or dissona [SYN. in DISCORDANT]. || Ajar, semiapertus (half open ; e. g. , fores portarum, Livius : semiadapertus [5 syllables] ; e. g. , janua, Ovidius, is poetical).

JARGON, perhaps sermo aliqua barbarie infuscatus (after Cicero, Brut. , 74) : quidam barbarus sermo. Some jargon or other, nescio quid inexplanabile (e. g. , loqui ; but very late ; Martisalis, Capell. ). A mixed jargon, quædam mixta ex varia ratione linguarum oratio (Quintilianus, 8, 8, 59). To speak an unintelligible jargon, barbare loqui ; * pessime Latine loqui (of barbarous Latin) : one who speaks an unintelligible jargon, barbarus lingua.  

JARRING, s. , Vid. QUARREL, STRIFE.  

JARRING (partly as adjective). Vid. DISCORDANT.  

JASPER, iaspis.  

JAUNDICE, ictĕrus (ἴκτερος, as technical term of modern medicine ; cf. Plinius, 30, 11, 28) ; pure Latin, morbus regius or arquatus ; fellis suffusio ; suffusio bilis luridæ ; bilis suffusa. The white jaundice, * icterus albus : the black jaundice, * icterus niger.  

JAUNDICED, ictericus : arquatus : felle or bile suffusus. || IMPROPR. , To see anything with a jaundiced eye, aliquid præjudicati afferre (aliquo or ad aliquid ; to be prejudiced against it) ; alicui invidentem aliquid (omnia, etc. ) male interpretari (to put a bad construction on what he does).

JAUNT, s. , excursio (shorter or longer run into the country, etc. , post-Augustan, Plinius, Scæv. ; but excurrere classical, in this sense) : iter (journey).

JAUNTINESS, The nearest words are pernicitas (quickness of gait, etc. ) ; alacritas, etc.  

JAVELIN, pilum : jaculum. [SYN. in SPEAR. ] To hurl a javelin, pilum conjicere : jaculum mittere.  

JAW, mala (the upper jaw) : maxilla (the under jaw). || IMPROPR. , fauces or os ac fauces. To snatch anybody from the jaws of anybody or anything, ex alicujus or alicujus rei (ore ac) faucibus eripere aliquem (Cicero).

JAY, * corvus glandarius (Linnæus).

JEALOUS, Vid. ENVIOUS.  

JEALOUSY, Vid. ENVY.  

JEER, v. , To jeer at anybody or anything, ludibrio (sibi) habere, irridere (to laugh in a man’s face ; therefore insolently, or from love of mischief, etc. ) ; also, per jocum irridere (e. g. , deos, Cicero) : deridere (to laugh down, scornfully ; in a spirit of pride and contempt) : cavillari (in an ironical, teasing way) ; all aliquem or aliquid : illudere (to jest at ; e. g. , hujus miseri fortunis ; also, in aliquem) : ludificari (in this sense it is better to use it absolutely ; e. g. , aperte ludificari : ludificari aliquem is rather “to put a trick on him”‘) : irrisu insectari (to persecute with mockery, etc. ; only a person) : sugillare (properly, to beat black and blue ; then to jeer bitterly, so as to leave the person no peace, or to attack anything incessantly) : to jeer at anybody with bitter mockery, acerbis facetiis irridere : to jeer at religion, deridere res divinas. To be jeered by everybody, omnium irrisione ludi ; by the senators, patribus risui esse (Livius).

In a jeering manner, ab irrisu (e. g. , linguam exserere, Livius).

JEER, s. , jocus : jocatio. [Vid. JEERING, s. ] Amid the jeers of the auditors, cum irrisione audientium : amid the jeers of those who had seen it with their own eyes, multum irridentibus, qui ipsi viderant (Terentianus).

JEERER, irrisor (Cicero) : derisor (post-Augustan) : cavillator. SYN. in To JEER.  

JEERING, derisus (derisio late) : irrisio : irrisus : cavillatio : sugillatio. SYN. in To JEER.  

JEERINGLY, ab irrisu (e. g. , linguam exserere, Livius) : per ludibrium (e. g. , pontifices consulere) : ad ludibrium (e. g. , aliquem regem consalutari jubere, as a joke, in fun) : per ridiculum (in joke, opposed to severe).

JEJUNE, jejunus. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) frigidus et jejunus : aridus : exilis : exiliter scriptus. SYN. in DRY.  

JEJUNENESS, jejunitas. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) jejunitas et siccitas : inopia et jejunitas (both Cicero) : exilitas (Cicero).

JELLY, * jus gelatum.  

JEOPARDY, Vid. DANGER, PERIL.  

JERK, v. , projicere (general term).

JERK, s. , jactus (general term). Vid. THROW, s.  

JERKIN, thorax (laneus, etc. ). A buff jerkin, * lorīca e corio bubulo facta or confecta.  

JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE, * Helianthus tuberosum (Linnæus).

JESSAMINE, * jasminum (Linnæus).

JEST, v. , Vid. To JOKE.  

JEST, s. , Vid. JOKE.  

JESTER, Vid. JOKER.  

JESTING, s. , jocatio. || (As adjective) Anything is a jesting matter, aliquid jocus or ludus est : does this seem to you a joking matter? itane lepidum videtur?  

JESTINGLY, joco (opposed to serio), or per jocum (e. g. , dicere aliquid) : jocose : joculariter (Suetonius, Plinius).

JESUIT, * Jesuita ; * Loiolæ discipulus. The order of Jesuits, * ordo Jesuitarum.  

JET, s. , gagates, -æ (γαγάτης).

Jet black, coracino colore (of a raven-like blackness, Vitruvius, 8, 3, 14) : niger tamquam corvus (Petronius, 43, 7 ; both of living things) : nigerrimo colore (of a deep bright black ; of persons or things) : nigerrimus : perniger : omnium nigerrimus (very black ; of things ; perniger, Plautus, Pœn. , 5, 12, 153) : piceus : picinus (pitch-black).

Jet d’eau, aqua saliens : aquæ salientes.  

JET, v. , Vid. To JUT.  

JETSAM, jactūra.  

JETTY, moles (lapidum, general term) : * moles in mare procurrens.   JEW,

Judæus ; feminine, Judæa, mulier Judaica. A persecutor of the Jews, * populi Judæi vexator : religionis Judaicæ insectator (after Eutropius, 10, 16 [8], extr. ).

JEWEL, gemma. A dealer in jewels [vid. JEWELER] : jewel-box, perhaps dactyliotheca (δακτυλιοθήκη, little case or box for rings and other ornaments ; cf. Böttiger’s Sabina, 2, p. 133).

Jewels (collectively), * ornatus gemmatus.

Jewel made of paste, facticiæ gemmæ (Plinius).

JEWELER, gemmarius (inscriptions). To be a jeweler, gemmas vendere or venditare.  

JEWESS,

Judæa : mulier Judaica.  

JEWISH, judaicus.  

JIG, v. , Vid. To DANCE.  

JIG, s. , citatum tripudium (Catullus, 63, 26).

JILT, s. , * puella, quæ amantem or sponsum ludificata est ; or (of the habit) quæ amantes iudificari solet (after ludincatus est virginem, Terentius, Eun. , 4, 4, 50) : * puella varia et mutabilis.  

JILT, v. , amantem or sponsum ludificari (sponsum, if betrothed).

JINGLE, v. , (A) || INTRANS. , tinnire (the proper word ; tintinnare, præ-classical ; tintinare, Catullus) [vid. To RING]. || TRANS. , tinnitum ciere (†), or by circumlocution. (B) || IMPROPERLY, Jingling (poets), tumidi et corrupti et tinnuli (Quintilianus ; of orators).

I am very anxious to see whether Dolabella will let us hear his
money jingle, exspecto maxime, ecquid Dolabella tinniat (Cicero).

JINGLE, s. , || PROPR. , tinnitus (general term) : sonitus (general term). || IMPROPR. , Of verses, etc. , tinnitus (e. g. , calamistros Mæcenatis aut tinnitus Gallionis, Tacitus). A jingle (= a trifle in rhyme), nugæ canoræ (Horatius) : a mere jingle of words, inanis verborum sonitus (Cicero, De Or. , 1, 12, 51). || Of money : anybody lets us hear the jingle of his money (i. e. , pays anybody money due to him), aliquis aliquid tinnit (Cicero).

JINGLING, tinnītus, -ûs. Vid. JINGLE, s.  

JOB, s. , Vid. BUSINESS.  

JOB, v. , cocanari (Quintilianus, Decl. , 12, 21 , but the reading doubtful) : pararium or nummularium esse.  

JOBBER, cocio (for which, according to Gellius, arilator was the term used by the old writers ; Gellius, 16, 7, 12) : nummularius (with reference to money transactions) : pararius (Seneca, Benef. , 2, 23) : intercessor (intermediate person, through whom money was borrowed, etc. ).

JOB-HORSE, equus conducticius (with reference to the horse itself) : equus conductus (with reference to the hirer) : * equus meritorius : equus vectigalis (as a source of profit to the person who lets it out ; vectigalis, Cicero, Phil. , 2, 25, 62, acceding to Manutius’s explanation).

JOCKEY, s. , cursor (as general term for “racer ;” e. g. , “racer in a car ;” Ovidius, Pont. , 3, 9, 26) : agāso (as groom, stableboy).

JOCKEY, v. , Vid. To CHEAT, To DEFRAUD.  

JOCOSE, jocosus (of persons or things) : jocularis : jocularius (of things) : ridiculus (laughable ; of persons or things) : ridendus (at which one must laugh ; of things) : Cf. , joculator, Cicero, Att. , 4, 16, 3, is a very uncertain reading : (hilarus et) ad jocandum promtus (cheerful ; fond of cutting jokes ; e. g. , animus). To be very jocose, multi joci esse.  

JOCOSELY, jocose : joculariter : joco : per jocum.  

JOCOSENESS, hilarus animus et ad jocandum promtus (as general character) : joci, qui admixti sunt alicui rei (the jocoseness anybody has indulged in, in a speech, etc. ).

JOCULAR, Vid. JOCOSE.  

JOCULARITY, Vid. JOCOSENESS.  

JOCULARLY, Vid. JOCOSELY.  

JOCUND, Vid. CHEERFUL, MERRY.  

JOCUNDLY, Vid. MERRILY.  

JOG, v. , || TRANS. , latus alicujus fodicare (Horatius, Ep. , 1, 6, 51) : fodere aliquem (Terentius, Hec. , 3, 5, 17, die jussisse te [aside]. Noli fodere : jussi) : κυρικιμασαηικο* digito or cubito fodere aliquem or alicujus latus : vellere alicujus latus digitis († to jog repeatedly, for the purpose of reminding anybody, Ovidius, A. A. , 1, 606). || INTRANS. , To jog on, lente gradi : lente ac paullatim procedere (Cæsar) : repere (to creep). Then after dinner we jogged on three miles more, millia tum pransi tria repsimus (Horatius).

JOG, s. , || Push, shake, pulsus : * cubiti pulsus ; or * pulsus lateris (i. e. , on the side), or by circumlocution with verbs under To JOG. || A jog-trot, lentus gradus.   JOGGING, pulsatio.  

JOHN, Johannes (ecclesiastical).

JOIN, v. , || Connect together, jungere (absolutely ; or inter se ; or aliquid cum aliqua re) : conjungere (to join together, absolutely ; inter se ; cum ; the dative ; and, in figuratively meaning, ad ; both jungere  and conjungere, properly and improperly. The participles junctus, conjunctus are sometimes found with ablative only ; vid. Zumpt, §474 ; Garat. ,   Cicero, Phil. , 5, 7, 20) : connectere cum aliqua re (by a knot ; and figuratively, of an intimate union) : copulare (aliquid, inter se ; dative, or cum aliqua re ; to join as if by a cord, strap, etc. ). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) (inter se) jungere et copulare (Cicero) : continuare (to join so that there may be no break or interval ; domos, etc. ; absolutely, or with dative) : obstringere (to bind tightly together) : devincire (to join indissolubly) : committere (to bring into connection ; e. g. , ripas ponte) : adjungere aliquid alicui rei or ad aliquid (join one thing to another ; properly and figuratively) : comparare (to couple together several things in equal proportions) : colligare (to tie together) : conglutinare (to glue together, cement ; properly and figuratively) : coagmentare (e. g. , opus, Cicero ; opposed to dissolvere). To join together with (= by means of) anything, conjungere aliqua re (e. g. , calamos cerā) : to join battle, prœlium or pugnam committere : to join house to house, domos continuare (so fundos, agros, etc. ) : to join their forces, jungere copias ; arma consociare : vires conferre.  

JOIN, || INTRANS. , Unite one’s self to anybody, se jungere : se conjungere (general terms ; also of two divisions of an army) alicui or cum aliquo.

Join a person, se comitem or socium adjungere alicui ; se comitem addere alicui († i. e. , on a single occasion, as companion) ; se ad aliquem jungere (Cicero ; to attach one’s self to his party, court his acquaintance, etc. ) : se conjungere cum copiis alicujus ; arma consociare cum aliquo (to join anybody as his ally) ; signa conferre ad aliquem (especially on the battle-field). To join in affinity with anybody (Bible), affinitatem jungere cum aliquo. || To be contiguous to, continuari alicui rei ; alicui rei continuatum et junctum esse (Cicero). Vid. CONTIGUOUS.  

JOINER, lignarius (sc. faber) : intestinarius (who inlays cabinets, etc. ).

JOINT, commissura (general term for every kind of joining ; also of the limbs of the human body) : artus : articulus (joint by which the limbs are connected with each other, or with the rest of the body ; artus, singular, not found till the late poets of the Silver Age. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) commissuræ et artus) : vertebra (joint that facilitates the motion of the limbs, especially of the joints of the spine ; cf. Plinius, 11, 46, 106) : spondylus (joint of the spine and neck) : colligatio : verticula (joint in carpentry, architecture, machinery, etc. ; colligatio, as simply joining ; verticula, as facilitating motion, turning ; cf. Vitruvius 10, 1, 2 ; 10, 8, 1) : cardo (hinge-joint) : nodus : articulus : geniculum (joint or knot in plants).   

JOINTED, vertebratus (Plinius) : articulos habens (Plinius, 16, 24, 36 ; Cf. , articulatus only of “articulate” words) : geniculatus : verticulis conjunctus (Vitruvius ; SYN. in JPOINT. Georges gives verticulatus, which is not in Freund) : intercardinatus (mutually joined together by hinge-joints, trabes, Vitruvius, 10, 21).

JOINT-HEIR, Vid. CO-HEIR.

JOINTLY, unā (together in one place ; hence in union with each other : jointly with, una cum) : conjunctim (in common ; together as a body ; e. g. , auxilia petere).

JOINT-STOCK COMPANY, societas (Cicero, Fam. , 13, 9, 2 ; Rosc. Com. , 11, 32).

JOINT-STOOL, * scabellum versatile, or intercardinatum, or vertebratum : * sella castrensis.  

JOINTURE, s. , * annua, quæ viduæ præbentur.  

JOINTURE, v. , * viduæ reditum annuum assignare.  

JOIST, s. , lignum transversarium.  

JOIST, v. , aliquid materia jugumentare (Vitruvius, 2, 1, 3). || Agist (local), alienum pecus in suo fundo pascere (after Varro, R. R. , 1, 21).

JOKE, s. , jocus (in plural, joca, the usual form, in Cicero, Sallustius ; joci in Livius, and following prose writers). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) ludus et jocus (ludus, relating to playful actions) : facetiæ (facetious sallies, etc. ) : sales (pungent witticisms) : logus or logos (puns, etc. ; omnes logos, qui ludis dicti sunt, animadvertisse, Cicero, ap. Non. , 63, 18) ; ridicule dicta ; jocationes. A little joke, joculus : a dull joke, jocus frigidus : to cut dull jokes, in jocis frigidum esse (Quintilianus) : a rude joke, jocus illiberalis : a saucy joke, jocus petulans : in joke, per jocum : per ludum et jocum : per ridiculum : joco : joculariter (e. g. , objicere alicui aliquid).

In joke or in earnest, per jocum aut severe : do you say this in joke or in earnest? jocone an serio hoc dicis? to say anything in joke, jocari aliquid ; dicere aliquid per jocum : it was only a joke, jocabar : to be cutting jokes, joculari (* Livius, 7, 10, extr. ) ; joca agere ; with anybody, cum aliquo : to cut jokes on one another, inter se jocularia fundere or ridicula jactitare (Livius, 7, 2) : to cut a joke, jocari : joco uti ; about anything, jocari in aliquid : not to understand a joke, jocum (or quod per jocum dictum est) in serium convertere : to deal in rude jokes, * illiberaliter jocari : to convey truths under the form of jokes, ridicula sententiose dicere : the Greeks make a joke of swearing and giving false witness, Græcis jusjurandum jocus est, testimonium ludus : does that seem to you a good joke? itane lepidum videtur ?

I now come to your jokes, nunc venio ad jocationes tuas (Cicero).

JOKE, v. , jocari : joco uti : joca agere (with anybody, cum aliquo) : joculari (* Livius) ; ridicula dicere ; at anything, jocari in aliquid ; at anybody, jocosa dicta jactare in aliquid. [Vid. “to cut JOKE(S). “]”Joking apart, amoto or remoto joco ; amoto ludo(†) ; omissis jocis ; extra jocum : but let us have done with joking, sed ridicula missa (sc. faciamus).

JOKER, joculator (Cicero, Att. , 4, 16) : homo jocosus, jocularis, facetus, etc. To
be a joker, multi joci esse.  

JOLE, || Cheek, vid. || Head of a fish, caput piscis.   JOLLILY : Vid. GAYLY, MERRILY.   JOLLITY, Vid. GAYETY, MERRIMENT.  

JOLLY, Vid. GAY, MERRY.  

JOLT, v. , || TRANS. , quassare : concutere : jactare. || INTRANS. , jactari (to be tossed about) : * quasi saltuatim moveri : cum crebris offensibus (Lucretius) moveri.  

JOLT, s. , offensus (Lucretius).

Jolts, jactatio.  

JOLT-HEAD, Vid. BLOCKHEAD.  

JOLTING, s. , jactatio (cf. Livius, 29, 32).

JONQUILLE, * narcissus jonquilla (Linnæus).

JOT, pĭlus (single hair). Not a jot, nihil sane (for sane with non and nihil = valde) : not a jot (the) less, ne pilo quidem minus (Cicero) : not a jot, ne pilum quidem (Cicero).

JOURNAL, ephemeris, -idis, feminine (ὲφημερίς), or, pure Latin, commentarii diurni (a day-book in which payments, receipts, etc. , were set down, and whatever happened to or was done by any of the family ; but Plinius, 29, 1, 5, also mentions an ephemeris mathematica, a sort of astronomical calendar, in which the lucky and unlucky days were set down) : commentarii (writings hastily drawn up ; e. g. , memorandums of remarkable subjects, comments, remarks, etc. ) : libelli (general term for small works published) : acta diurna, or populi Romani (the minutes or reports of what took place each day in the Senate or assembly of the people at Rome). Hence “a political journal” may be translated by ephemeris or acta diurna ; an amusing or instructive one, by libelli.  

JOURNALIST, * qui ephemeridem (or acta diurna, etc. ; cf. JOURNAL) scribit.  

JOURNEY, iter. Sometimes via (the way or road) : profectio (the setting out on a journey) : peregrinatio (the journey to or residence in a foreign country). To make preparations for a journey, iter parare or comparare ; profectionem parare or præparare ; parare proficisci ; itineri se præparare : anybody has a long journey before him, instat alicui iter longum (Cicero) : to set out on a journey, iter facere cœpisse (Cicero) ; proficisci ; viæ or in viam se dare ; viæ se committere ; iter ingredi or inire : to be on a journey, esse in itinere ; in a foreign land, peregrinari, peregrinatum abesse : to take small journeys, minuta itinera facere (Suetonius, Oct. , 82) : to undertake long journeys, * longinqua itinera suscipere : to undertake journeys into a foreign land, peregrinationes suscipere : to continue one’s journey, iter pergere ; iter reliquum conficere pergere : to finish one’s journey, iter conficere : to suspend one’s journey, profectionem intermittere : to give up a (proposed) journey, itineris consilium, or (with reference to the setting out) profectionis consilium abjicere : had you a good journey? bene ambulasti? (Plautus, Truc. , 2, 4, 18). A good journey ! bene ambula! bene rem gere! (together in Plautus, Mil. , 3, 3, 62. ) 

JOURNEY, v. , [Vid. To TRAVEL, and “to take a JOURNEY. “]

I am journeying to Rome, iter est Romam : where are you journeying to? quo cogitas? quo tendis? quo iter inceptas? (Plautus, Curc. , 1, 2, 28).  

JOURNEYMAN, in diem se locans : mercenarius : operarius ; plural, operæ mercenariæ, or simply operæ. To hire journeymen, operas (mercenarias) conducere : he was a journeyman, ei opera, vita erat (Terentius, Phorm. , 2, 3, 16).

JOVIAL, Vid. GAY, MERRY.  

JOVIALLY, Vid. MERRILY, etc.  

JOVIALNESS, hilaritas.  

JOY, v. , Vid. ” to DELIGHT (in), ” To REJOICE.  

JOY, s. , gaudium (joy as an inward state of mind) : lætitia : hilaritas : alacritas (joy as manifesting itself outwardly ; lætitia, chiefly in an unwrinkled forehead, and a mouth curled for smiling ; hilaritas, in eyes quickly moving, shining, and radiant with joy ; alacritas, in eyes that roll, sparkle, and announce spirit. The gaudens, the lætus, the hilaris, derive joy from a piece of good fortune ; the alacer, at the same time, from employment or action, Döderlein). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) gaudium atque lætitia : voluptas (mental or bodily pleasure). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) lætitia ac voluptas : deliciæ (in the tense of “joy, ” “delight, ” is poetical). To be the cause of joy to anybody, gaudium or lætitiam alicui afferre : your doing this has caused me a lively joy, magnum mihi gaudium attulisti, quod, etc. : anything fills me withj. , magna lætitia, magno gaudio me afficit aliquid ; aliquid summæ mihi voluptati est ; magnum gaudium, magnam lætitiam voluptatemque capio (percipio) ex aliqua re : anything has filled me with joy, aliquid me lætitia extulit (Cicero). To heighten anybody’s joy, to cause it to overflow, etc. , gaudio aliquem cumulare ; cumulum alicui gaudii afferre (both when a circumstance before mentioned had given the person much joy, which the one now mentioned heightens). To be beside one’s self with joy, efferri lætitia ; lætitia exsultare (Cicero) ; gaudio exsilire, exsultare ; lætum esse omnibus lætitiis (from the comedy of  Cæcilius. , but often used by Cicero) ; nimio gaudio pænue desipere ; præ gaudio, ubi sim, nescio : to sing for joy, lætitia excirari ad canendum : all received him with joy, eum advenientem læti omnes accepere. || Tears of joy, elicitæ gaudio lacrimæ. To shed tears of joy, gaudio lacrimare, lacrimas effundere :

I shed tears of joy, gaudio lacrimæ mihi manant, or cadunt, or eliciuntur ; præ lætitia lacrimæ præsiliunt mihi (Plautus, Stich. , 3, 2, 13).

JOYFUL, hilarus or hilaris (cheerful) : lætus (glad, joyful). A joyful mind, animus lætus, hilaris, bonus : a joyful look, oculi læti or hilari : a joyful countenance, vultus lætus (Ovidius, Fast. , 4, 343) : a joyful life, vita hilara : a joyful day, dies hilaris, lætus. To be joyful, lætum, hilarum esse : to be joyful in consequence of anything, aliqua re gaudere (to rejoice) or lætari (to be glad) : in a joyful manner, læte : hilare or hilariter : animo læto (hilari). || That causes joyfulness, renders joyful (as news, a message, occasion), lætus : jucundus (pleasant, delightful).

JOYFULLY, alacri animo : hilare.  

JOYFULNESS, Vid. JOY.  

JOYLESS, tristis : mæstus : abjectus or abjectior : afflictus : fractus : demissus fractusque : fractus et demissus. || Of things, voluptate carens. voluptatis expers. A joyless life, * vita sine lætitia ac voluptate peracta.  

JOYOUS, Vid. JOY.  

JOYOUSLY, hilariter : alacriter.  

JUBILANT, by circumlocution with clamore et gaudio : clamore læto.  

JUBILATION, clamor et gaudium (Tacitus) : clamor lætus (†).

JUBILEE, sacrum sæculare : sollemnia sæcularia : sacra sæcularia : The year of jubilee, annus sæcularis. Cf. , To mark the fiftieth anniversary, semisæcularis may be used ; * sacrum semisæculare ; sollemnia semisascularia. The year of jubilee, annus semisæcularis. || IMPROPR. , * festi dies lætissimi.  

JUCUNDITY, jucunditas.  

JUDAICAL, Vid. JEWISH.  

JUDAISM, * judaismus.  

JUDAIZE, * a Judaica disciplina esse :

Judaicam disciplinam sequi, etc. (Cf. , judaizare. Vulgate, Gellius, 1, 13).  

JUDGE, judex : qui judicat : qui judicium exercet (general terms) : recuperator (judge named by the prætor, when the dispute is about the restoration of property) : quæsitor (in a criminal cause) : arbiter (arbitrator) : summus magistratus (the highest magistrate ; e. g. , amongst the Jews). A sworn judge, judex juratus (the sworn judges at Rome for criminal causes, more nearly answering to our jury, were judices selecti or turba selectorum, chosen from senators, knights, and the tribuni ærarii). To be a judge, judicem esse ; in any matter, de aliqua re ; judicem sedere ; judicium exercere ; judicio præesse : to appoint anybody a judge, aliquem judicem constituere : to have anybody for judge, aliquem judicem habere : to bring a cause, etc. , before a judge, rem ad judicem deferre. || IMPROPR. , || Critic, one who pronounces a sound judgement on any subject, judex criticus, or criticus only, or, from context, judex : æstimator (so far as he estimates the value of a production) : existimator (so far as after such valuation he pronounces his sentence : existimator est judex ; æstimator qui pretium constituit, res inter se componit, ut quid præferendum, quid posthabendum sit, intelligat ; Gronov. ). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) æstimator et judex. A judge of poetry, judex poetarum : carminum æstimator : a judge of the arts, artium judex : an accomplished and critical judge of the arts, subtilis judex et callidus (Horatius, Sat. 2, 7, 101).

JUDGE, v. , judicare (aliquid or de aliqua re, or de aliquo) : dijudicare aliquid (to judge anything decisively ; to decide anything) : facere judicium alicujus rei, or de aliqua re, or de aliquo (to pronounce an opinion) : æstimare aliquid : existimare de aliquo or de re (the former is to value, estimate ; existimare, on the other hand, after having properly weighed the value of anything, to form and pronounce a judgement in accordance with it respecting its various relations). To judge according to equity, ex æquo judicare : to judge with impartial strictness, acrem se præbere alicujus rei judicem : to judge impartially, sine odio et sine invidia judicare : to judge of others by one’s self, de aliis ex se conjecturam facere ; ex se de aliis judicare (after Nepos,
Ep. , 6, 2). To judge for one’s self, suo judiciouti ; suum judicium adhibere : let others judge for themselves, hoc alii videant.

I am not able (authorized, etc. ) to judge of this, hoc non est mei judicii (because it does not become me) ; hoc procul est a meojudicio (I do not understand such matters). || To deem ; to think, vid.  

JUDGEMENT, s. , (I. ) judicium (properly, a judicial decision founded upon positive enactments ; hence general term, a decision grounded upon a deliberate view or estimate) : arbitrium (properly, the sentence of an umpire, founded upon a sense of right or equity ; hence general term for the decision of one’s judgement, free choice, etc. ) : decretum (the final decree of the emperor, after an appeal to him) : sententia (an opinion which one forms or pronounces, either in common life or as a senator or magistrate). Often rendered by circumlocution with sentire (e. g. , negligere quid quisque de se sentiat ; judices quod sentiunt, libere judicant) : existimatio (an opinion formed upon a deliberate estimate of the value of anything). An impartial judgement, judicium liberius : to pronounce judgement, sententiam dicere (to declare one’s opinion, whether as writer, senator, or even as judge) ; sententiam pronunciare (of the presiding judge, after the investigation and individual votes ; sententias ferre is of the individual votes of the jurymen, etc. ) : to form a judgement, facere judicium alicujus rei, de aliqua re, de aliquo : to give or deliver a judgement, sententiam ferre de aliquo or de aliqua re (Cf. , judicia ferre, for sententias ferre, Cicero, Fragm. Or. in Tog. Cand. , is unusual) : to give judgement against anybody in a capital cause, condemnare or condemnare capitis : to reverse a judgement, rem judicatam labefactare : in my judgement, meo judicio ; quantum ego judico ; ex (or de) mea sententia ; ut mihi quidem videtur : to form one’s own judgement, suo judicio uti (opposed to aliorum judicio stare). (II) To sit in judgement, judicium facere (to appoint a judicial investigation, in a single instance) : jus dicere, agere (general terms) : judicium exercere (to conduct a trial ; of the presiding judge) : quærere et judicia exercere ; conventum agere (of an appointed judge, like our judge of assize, at certain times and at certain places ; e. g. , of a governor in a province) : to sit in judgement on anybody, judicium facere de aliquo ; on anything, jus dicere de re ; cognoscere de re (to institute an investigation) : it is not for me to sit in judgement upon anybody or anything, est aliquid non mei judicii ; non mea est de aliquo æstimatio (because it does not become me) ; aliquid procul est a meo judicio (because I do not understand it) : to form a favorable judgement of anybody, bonum judicium facere de aliquo ; bene existimare de aliquo ; an unfavorable one, male existimare de aliquo : to form the same judgement of anything as some one else, de aliqua re idem sentire, quod aliquis : to form one’s judgement of anything by anything, judicare, æstimare aliquid re or ex re ; existimare ex re, de re [SYN. in JUDGE] ; pendere, pensare aliquid ex re ; ponderare aliquid re (to weigh one thing according to the value of another) ; metiri aliquid re (as it were, to measure out anything as the rule or measure of anything, and to estimate its value accordingly) : aliquid referre ad rem (to bring anything into comparison with something else ; e. g. , alienos mores ad suos referre). The day of judgement, summum judicium, quod Deus faciet in hac terra (after Lactantius, 2, 12, 19) : extremum judicium (Lactantius, Div. Inst. , 7, 26). || Discriminating intelligence, judicium (e. g. , judicium habet aliquis ; judicium non deest alicui). A man of great judgement, vir acri magnoque judicio ; qui habet intelligens (peracre, subtile, etc. ) judicium. Vid. PRUDENCE, WISDOM.  

JUDICATURE, jurisdictio or jurisdictionis potestas. A court of judicature, vid. COURT.  

JUDICIAL, judicialis (e. g. , jus, causa, consuetudo, genus dicendi, etc. Cicero) : judiciarius (e. g. , lex, controversia, Cicero) : forensis (that takes place in the forum, etc. ). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) judicialis et forensis. [Vid. FORENSIC. ]

Judicial or forensic eloquence, eloquentia or rhetorice forensis : a judicial sentence, sententia. || A judicial blindness, * mens a Deo suarum injuriarum ultore occæcata : * ea cæcitas cordis, quæ non tantum peccatum est, sed et pœna peccati (after St. Augustin).

JUDICIALLY, jure : lege (conformably to right, to law ; e. g. , to proceed judicially against anybody, lege agere cum aliquo ; jure or lege experiri cum aliquo). To declare or profess judicially, profited apud judicem or coram judice : to depose judicially, * apud judicem (or magistratum) deponere.  

JUDICIARY, judiciarius.   

JUDICIOUS, prudens : prudentiæ plenus : sapiens : homo or vir acri judicio : qui habet intelligens judicium : intelligens.  

JUDICIOUSLY, prudenter : sapienter. Very judiciously, magno consilio : how judiciously, quanto consilio : zealously rather than judiciously, majore studio quam consilio (Sallustius). To act judiciously, prudenter facere.  

JUG, s. , urceus (general term) : hydria, or, pure Latin, situlus, situla (water-jug). Vid. EWER.  

JUGGLE, s. , præstigiæ (also improperly, a juggle of words, præstigiæ verborum, Cicero).

JUGGLE, v. , præstigias agere.

If = cozen, etc. , vid.  

JUGGLER, præstigiator (general term, a juggler, so far as he deceives people ; vid. Ruhnken, Sen. Ep. , 45, 7) : circulator or planus (an itinerant juggler, who earns a livelihood by all kinds of sleight of band, juggling, etc. Respecting circulator, vid. Ruhnken, Sen. , Benef. , 6, 11, 2 ; respecting planus, vid. Eichstaedt ap. Schmid, Hor. , Ep. , 1, 17, 59. Circulator is frequently used as a charmer of serpents ; vid. Celsus, 5, 27, No. 3 ; Paullus, Digests, 47, 11, 11). Particular kinds of jugglers among the ancients were pilarius (one that practised with cups and with balls, Quintilianus, 10, 7, 11) : ventilator (a conjuror ; one who caused pebbles, dice, etc. , to disappear from before the eyes of the spectators, or passed them from one hand into the other without being seen ; Gr. ψηφοπαίκτης or ψηφοκλέπτης, Quintilianus, l. c. ).

JUGGLING, præstigiæ.  

JUGGLINGLY, per præstigias (Cicero) : quasi præstigiis quibusdam (Cicero).  

JUGULAR, The jugular vein, vena jugularis (medical technical term. Kraus, “Medic. Lex. “).

JUICE, succus (al. sucus : general term for juice ; e. g. , of meat ; of the juices that form the sap of trees, etc. ) : virus (the glutinous and biting juice of certain plants ; of snails, etc. ; the poisonous juice of serpents) : sanies (literally, bloody matter : then, from their resemblance to this in substance or color, the juice of the spider, the purple-fish, olives, etc. ) : mellīgo (the juice of flowers ; also the yet unripe juice of berries, grapes, etc. ). The juice of the grape, succi uvæ (general term) ; melligo uvæ (of the unripe grape). The juice of the purple-fish, ostreum (ὄστρεον), or, pure Latin, sanies purpurea : the nutritive juices secreted from food, secretus a reliquo cibo succus is, quo alimur : to draw up the juices of the earth, succum ex terra trahere.  

JUICELESS, * succo carens : exsuccus (Quintilianus, but improperly = “dry, ” of an orator, etc. ).

JUICINESS, succositas (very late, Cœlius, Aur. Acut. , 2, 29, or by circumlocution).

JUICY, succi plenus : succosus (Celsus, Columella) : succidus (Varro, Appuleius, etc. ).

JUJUBE, zizyphum (Plinius). The jujube-tree, zizyphus (Columella) : * zizyphus jujuba (Linnæus).

JULEP, * julapium (technical term Kraus, Med. Lex. ).

JULY,

Julius mensis : Quintilis mensis (in the time of the Republic).

JUMBLE, v. , to jumble together, confundere (e. g. , vera cum falsis). This jumbling together of, etc. , hæc conjunctio confusioque (e. g. , virtutum, Cicero). Vid. To CONFOUND, To HUDDLE.  

JUMBLE, s. , confusio. Vid. HODGE-PODGE, MIXTURE.  

JUMP, s. , Vid. LEAP, s.  

JUMP, v. , [Vid. LEAP, v. ] To jump down, desilire ex or de re (in prose rarely with simple ablative ; vid. DRAK. Livius, 35, 34, 10) : to jump down from a horse or carriage, desilire ex equo, de rheda.  

JUMPER, Vid. LEAPER.  

JUNCTION, || Act of joining, junctio : conjunctio (as act) : junctura (place of joining ; joint). To effect a junction, jungere copias : arma conjungere : vires conferre (to join two armies ; said of two generals). To effect a junction with anybody, se conjungere cum copiis alicujus (Cæsar, B. G. , 37, etc. ). || Of a river, confluens (e. g. , Mosæ et Rheni, Cæsar ; also, plural, confluentes ; e. g. , ubi Anienem transiit ad confluentes, etc. , at its junction with the Tiber, Livius).

JUNCTURE, || Junction, vid. || Critical point of time, etc. , tempus : tempora. At this juncture, his rebus ; quæ quum ita sint or essent (this being so, under these circumstances) : in hoc or in tali tempore (at this critical or perilous time : in this meaning the preposition is regularly expressed).

JUNE, (mensis)

Junius.  

JUNIOR, minor natu. Cf. , Not junior, with reference to the comparative age of persons ; though juniores
may, as a class, be opposed to seniores.  

JUNIPER, juniperus, feminine.  

JUNK, navigium : navicula : navigiŏlum : scapha : cyrnba : linter. SYN. in SHIP.

JUNKET, s. , Vid. FEAST, s.  

JUNKET, v. , Vid. To BANQUET, To FEAST.  

JUNTO, Vid. COUNCIL, CABAL.   JURIDICAL, juridĭcus (post-Augustan, Plin , Jurisconsulti).  

JURISDICTION, jurisdictio : jurisdictionis potestas. To be subject to anybody’s jurisdiction, sub alicujus jus et jurisdictionem subjunctum esse (Cicero, Agr. , 2, 36, in. ) : it belongs to my jurisdiction, jurisdictio mea est : this comes within my jurisdiction, hoc meum est ; hujus rei potestas penes me est. A doubt as to whose the jurisdiction is, juris dubitatio (= dubitatio, penes quem sit jus).

JURISPRUDENCE, prudentia juris (e. g. , juris publici, Cicero ; juris civīlis, Nepos) : scientia juris (as possessed by an individual, Cicero, Brut. , 41, 152, etc. ). To have a great knowledge of jurisprudence, juris intelligentiâ præstare ; magnam prudentiam juris (civīlis) habere.  

JURIST, juris (seldom jure, Cicero, Fam. , 3, 1) consultus : juris perītus or jure peritus (both Cicero ; also, -ior, -issimus, both juris) : prudens in jure (in plural, from context, prudentes only) : Cf. , juris sciens is post-classical.  

JUROR, judex selectus : unus ex judicibus selectis (Horatius). To challenge a juror, judicem rejicere.  

JURY, perhaps judices selecti : turba selectorum (chosen, at Rome, from the senators, knights, and tribuni ærarii) : juratores (sworn valuers of anything, Plautus).

JUST,

Justus (in all the relations of the English word ; of persons and things ; e. g. , of judges, complaints, tears, punishments, etc. ) : æquus (equitable, fair ; of persons) : legitfromus (in conformity with the laws, etc. ; of things). To prefer a just claim to anything, jure suo or recte postulare aliquid. The just mean, mediocritas illa, quæ est inter nimium et parum. || Exact, accurate, vid.  

JUST, s. , certamen equitum hastis concurrentium. Vid. TOURNAMENT.  

JUST, v. , concurrere (cum aliquo, contra aliquem , alicui, or absolutely).

JUST, adverb, || Just now, jam (e. g. , hæc, quæ jam posui) : vixdum : vix tandem (of a wish long felt, and now at length gratified ; vix tandem legi literas dignas Appio Claudio) : tantum quod : modo. || But just. . . when, vix or vixdum. . . quum : commode or commodum. . . quum ; tantum quod. . . quum [vid. examples under HARDLY] : to be just going to do anything, jam facturum esse aliquid. || Only ; this and no more (in wishes, commands, permissions, etc. ), modo : quæso (I beg).

Just let me, sine modo. Do just stay, mane modo : do just go, abi modo. || Exactly, plane : prorsus : omnino (in all) : ipse (itself ; used with numerals in exact designations of time, etc. ; e. g. , triginta dies erant ipsi, quum has dabam literas, per quos, etc. : just at the right moment, tempore ipso, Terentianus). || Just so (in ansivers), ita est ; ita, inquam ; ita enim vero ; sane quidem ; or by repetition of the verb that makes the question ; e. g. , deditisne vos, etc. ? Dedimus. || Just as if, perinde ac si ; perinde quasi ; less commonly proinde ut or ac [vid. Pr. , Introd. ii. , 369] ; non secus ac si ; similiter, ut si or ac si ; juxta ac si (all with subjunctive).

JUSTICE, justitia (the proper word ; in itself, or as the property of a person, where it is = love of justice) : æquitas (equity, especially as a property of a person or thing) : jus (right, the compass of that which is held as just).

Justice demands that, etc. , æquum est (it is right), followed by an infinitive, or by an accusative and infinitive : to exercise justice, justitiam exercere or colere : to see that justice is done to anybody’s deserts, alicui fructum, quem meruit, retribuere : to give up anybody to justice, * aliquem judicibus tradere.  

JUSTICIARY, (summus) judex.  

JUSTIFIABLE, quod excusari potest : cujus rei ratio reddi potest. Sometimes, justus.   JUSTIFIABLY, excusate : excusatius (post-Augustan, Quintilianus, 2, 1, 13 ; Plinius, Ep. , 9, 21, 3 ; Tacitus, Ann. , 3, 68) : juste : legitime : jure ; justo jure ; or by circumlocution, * ita, ut defendi or excusari possit : cum causâ (= cum justâ causâ, Cicero, Verr. , 2, 1, 8).

JUSTIFICATION, || Excuse, etc. , purgatio : excusatio [SYN. in EXCUSE] : satisfactio (a justification received as satisfactory by the person to whom it is addressed). [Vid. EXCUSE. ] || As theological technical term, justificatio.  

JUSTIFIER, by circumlocution with verbs under JUSTIFY.  

JUSTIFY, || To clear from blame, excuse, purgare aliquem or aliquid : excusare aliquem or aliquid [SYN. in To EXCUSE] ; aliquem culpâ liberare : ab aliquo culpam demovere. To justify anybody in any matter, aliquem purgare de re (in Livius, 27, 28, alicujus rei) : culpam alicujus rei demovere ab aliquo : aliquem defendere de aliqua re. To justify himself, se purgare or excusare ; to anybody, se purgare alicui (Cæsar, B. G. , 1, 28) ; to anybody’s satisfaction, satisfacere alicui : for the purpose of justifying themselves, sui purgandi causa. || To think one’s self justified in doing so and so, putare aliquid sibi licere, etc. || To pronounce just, justum declarare aliquem (Cf. , but justificare as technical term, to avoid ambiguity).

JUSTLE, (inter se) collidi (of things) : concurrere (inter se). To justle against anybody, offendere aliquem : incurrere or incurrere atque incidere in aliquem.

JUSTLY,

Juste : jure : legitime : jure et legitime : jure suo (with full right ; e. g. , repetere aliquid) : recte (properly, rightly) : merito (deservedly). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) merito ac jure (e. g. , laudari, Cicero) : recte ac merito (e. g. , commoveri, Cicero). Very justly, justissimo : jure optimo : meritissimo.  

JUSTNESS : Vid. JUSTICE.  

JUT OUT, prominere : projici : projectum esse (e. g. , of a town running out into the sea, in altum) : procurrere, excurrere (ab aliqua re – in aliquid ; of peninsulas, etc. , running out into the sea).

JUVENILE, juvenīlis : puerilis (the best word, since juvenis = young man).

JUVENILITY, juvenilitas (Varro, ap. Non. ). Vid. YOUTHFULNESS.  

JUXTAPOSITION, by circumlocution.  

KALE. Sea-kale, * crambe maritĭma (Linnæus).

KALI, * salsola kali (Linnæus).

KANGAROO, * halmatūrus (Illig. ).

KAW, crocire : crocitare.  

KAWING, crocitus, -ûs.  

KEEL, || To put a new keel to a ship, navem novâ fundere carinâ (vid. Ovidius, Pont. , 4, 3, 5) : navis carinam denuo collocare (vid. Plautus, Mil. , 3, 3, 41).

KEEN, Vid. EAGER, ACUTE, SHARP, CUTTING.  

KEENLY. Vid. EAGERLY, ACUTELY, SHARPLY, DEEPLY.  

KEENNESS, Vid. EAGERNESS, ACUTENESS, SHARPNESS.  KEEP, || INTRANS. , Not to spoil, durare (to last ; of fruit, poma ; opposed to poma fugiunt, do not keep) : vetustatem ferre or pati (of wine, etc. ) : ævum pati (of fruits ; Columella) : not to keep, vetustatis impatientem esse (of fruits, etc ; Columella) : that does not keep, fugax (of fruit) ; fugiens (of wine). To make anything keep well, perennitatem alicui rei afferre (Columella). || To keep doing anything, non desistere aliquid facere, or sometimes quin faciam aliquid. || To keep on, tenere : durare : non remittere.

It kept on raining the whole night, imber continens tenuit per totam noctem. || To keep up with, cursum alicujus adæquare (Livius). || To keep close to, non discedere a (e. g. , a alicujus latere). || To keep out of anybody’s sight, se occultare alicui or a conspectu alicujus. ||TRANS. , To preserve, retain, tenere (to hold and not let go ; also, to keep a military post, etc. ) : retinere (to keep back, retain) : continere (to keep together ; e. g. , copias [in] castris ; persons in their allegiance, aliquos in officio) : servare : reservare (to preserve, not suffer to perish, not wear out) : asservare (to watch or guard carefully, a corpse at a place, etc. ) : conservare (to preserve in its condition, leave uninjured) : condere : recondere (to heap or pile up fruits, etc. ) : reponere : seponere (to lay by, lay aside for future use). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) condere et reponere ; reponere et recondere : to keep anything for future use, servare or reponere in vetustatem (e. g. , vinum) ; recondere in annos (e. g. , corn, frumenta) : to keep the town for Cæsar, urbem Cæsari servare (Cæsar) : to keep anything in writing, literis custodire : to have anything kept, aliquid repositum et recondirum habere : to give anything to anybody’s keeping [vid. KEEPING]. || To protect, guard, vid. || To observe laws, etc. , vid. || IMPROPR. , To keep one’s self for other times, aliis temporibus se reservare (Cicero). κυρικιμασαηικοTo keep anything in mind or memory, aliquid memoria tenere, custodire : alicujus rei memoriam conservare, retinere (to retain the recollection of anything) : to keep anything secret, celare, supprimere aliquid (to keep anything to one’s self ; i. e. , not to tell it abroad) ; tenere (to keep to one’s self ; i. e. , not to say what one feels disposed to say, Cicero, De Or. , 2, 54, fin. ) ; continere (Cicero, De Or.
, 1, 47; opposed to proferre, enunciare) : tacite babere : secum habere : tacere, reticere : integrum sibi reservare (to keep entirely to one’s self, not to communicate to another) : not to keep anything to one’s self, aliquid haud occultum tenere ; aliquid proferre, enunciare, effutire (to spread abroad, blab) : to keep that to yourself (i. e. , tell it no further), hæc tu tecum habeto ; hoc tibi solum dictum puta.

Keep that to yourself, tibi habe (from the form used in divorces, res tuas tibi habe ; used when we surrender our right to another person ; often ironically or contemptuously ; e. g. , quamobrem tibi habe sane istam laudationem, Cicero, Verr. , 4, 67 : so clamare cœperunt, sibi ut haberet hereditatem. Cf. , In this form the dative of the pronoun must not be omitted, Zumpt ad Cicero, Verr. , 4, 8, 18). To keep (any) accounts, tabulas conficere (of a tradesman).

I tell it to you as a secret, therefore keep it as such, secreto hoc audi tecumque habeto.

I cannot keep anything to myself, plenus rimarum sum, hac atque illac perfluo (Com. , Ter. , Eun. , 1, 2, 25). To keep one’s word, fidem servare, conservare, or præstare : not to keep one’s word, fidem fallere, mutare, frustrari, frangere, violare : both parties kept their word or promise, utrisque fides constitit : to call upon anybody to keep his word, * postulare, ut aliquis fidem datam exsolvat or servet. To keep hounds, canes aleread venandum. To keep a mistress, countenance, a secret, silence, a resolution ; vid. the substantives. To keep one’s bed, continere se in lectulo (Cicero) ; in lecto esse ; lecto teneri ; lecto affixum esse (†) : to keep the house, domi manere, remanere. ; servare domi (Bentl. , Ter. , Eun. , 4, 7, 10 : al. domum) ; servare in ædibus (Plautus) ; propter valetudinem domo non exire (from illness). To keep anybody in prison, aliquem in custodiâ retinere. A kept mistress, mulier, quæ cum aliquo vivere consuevit. To keep a feast, celebrare (e. g. , a birthday, etc. ; of the persons who attend the celebration) ; diem prosequi (cf. Nepos, Att. , 4, extr. ). || To keep back, (1) To keep secret, vid. above. (2) To hold back [vid. HOLD]. || To keep down, depressum tenere (properly) : comprimere (improperly ; e. g. , anybody’s ambition, alicujus ambitionem) : reprimere (to repress ; e. g. , iracundiam). || To keep from. To keep anybody from anything, prohibere aliquem aliqua re (less commonly, ab aliqua re) ; arcere aliquem (ab) aliqua re : dehortari (to keep him from it by exhortation). Cf. , All these are followed by ne, quominus, or infinitive, in the sense of “to keep from doing anything ;” vid. Zumpt, § 343 : avocare, abducere aliquem ab aliqua re (to call or bring him back from an object he is pursuing). To keep the enemy from laying waste the country, hostem prohibere populationibus. Even fear cannot keep you from the commission of the foulest crimes, ne metus quidem a fœdissimis factis te potest avocare. To keep one’s self from doing anything, tenere se ab aliqua re facienda or quin aliquid faciat ; or continere se a re (facienda), quin, etc. [Vid. REFRAIN]. || To keep in ; [vid. To RESTRAIN]. To keep a horse in, equum sustinere or retinere. || To keep in repair, tueri (tecta, or sarta tecta ædium ; vias). || To keep off, prohibere (to keep at a distance) ; defendere (to repel) ; aliquid ab aliquo and aliquem ab aliqua re (vid. Herzog, Cæsar, B. G. , 1, 34 ; Zumpt, §469) : arcere aliquem re or ab aliqua re (to check, hinder from going further) : propulsare aliquid ab aliquo, or aliquem aliqua re, or ab aliqua re (to keep off with all one’s power) : to keep off the war from the borders, defendere bellum [vid. Herzog, loc. cit. ) : the toga keeps off the cold, toga defendit frigus : to keep off the heat of the sun, nimios defendere ardores solis. || To keep out (= not allow to come in), aliquem aditu arcere ; aliquem introitu prohibere ; alicui introitum præcludere (general terms) ; aliquem janua prohibere ; aliquem foribus arcere ; aliquem excludere (not to allow to enter the door ; excludere = “to shut the door in his face”) : arcere (to keep off or out what would be unpleasant or injurious ; e. g. , to keepout the rain, pluvias aquas arcere ; the sun, solem). || To keep up, sustinere or sustentare. To keep anybody up, sustinere aliquem a lapsu (who was near falling). To keep up anybody’s spirits, alicujus animum excitare ; aliquem erigere. || To keep anybody back from anything, arcere aliquem re and a re ; propulsare aliquem or aliquid a re (to drive back) : defendere, prohibere aliquem and aliquid (to keep off) ; avertere aliquem and aliquid a re (to turn away) ; retardare aliquem (e. g. , a scribendo).

KEEP, s. , arx : locus munitissimus.  

KEEPER, custos (general term ; portæ, pontis, hortorum) : The keeper of the great seal, * signi reipublicæ (or signi regii) custos.

Keeper of a prison [vid. JAILER]. || Game-keeper, vid.  

KEEPERSHIP, custodia : cura.  

KEEPING, conservatio (a preserving) : repositio (a laying by for a fixed use ; fœni, ligni, Pallad. , 1, 32). To give anybody anything in keeping, alicui aliquid ad servandum dare : deponere aliquid apud aliquem (to deposit with anybody, as money, a will, etc. ) : to have given a person anything in keeping, aliquid apud aliquem depositum habere : a giving in keeping, depositio : a thing given in keeping, depositum : one that gives a thing in keeping, depositor (Ulpianus, Digests, 16, 3, 1, §37).

KEEPSAKE, * donum memoriæ causa datum or acceptum.  

KEG, doliolum (Livius, Columella).

KEN, v. , Vid. To DESCRY.  

KEN, s. , Vid. VIEW, SIGHT.  

KENNEL, || Dog-kennel, stabulum canum (for several ; e. g. , for hounds) : tugurium canis (for one ; e. g. , for a chained dog. †). || Gutter, vid.  

KENNEL, v. , condere se cavo (Phædrus, lib. , 2. Fab. , 4) : stabulari (general term).

KERCHIEF, Vid. HANDKERCHIEF, NECKERCHIEF.  

KERNEL, nucleus (of fruits, whether large or small, eatable or not) : os : lignum (the hard part of a fruit, as distinguished from the flesh or soft part) : granum (little hard kernel of corn, small grapes, etc. ) : medulla (eatable part of the kernel, whether of fruits or corn) : semen (kernel as seed).

KESTREL, tinnunculus (Columella, Plinius) : * falco tinnunculus (Linnæus).

KETTLE, ahenum (general term). Tea-kettle, * ahenum theæ.  

KETTLE-DRUM, * tympanum equestre (if belonging to the band of a cavalry regiment) : * tympanum æneum (as made of brass).

KETTLE-DRUMMER, perhaps tympanista, -æ, m.  

KEY, clavis. Little key, clavicula. To be under lock and key, sub clavi esse ; or (according to the ancient custom) sub signo et claustris esse : Cf. , claves dare was to give a wife the keys as a sign of authority ; hence, claves adimere, to take them away, was, she was separated from her husband. False or skeleton keys, claves adulterinæ (according to some, also, claves Laconicæ ; vid. Dict. of Antiquities. ). Latch-keys, claves Laconicæ : to take out the key, clavem eximere or abducere : to demand the keys of a town or fortress, claves portarum poscere (with Livius, 27, 24). || Entrance to anything : figuratively (α) Key of a country, janua (Cicero, Mur. , quum eam urbem sibi Mithridates Asiæ januam fore putasset, qua effracta et revulsa tota pateret provincia) : claustra (bars ; and, figuratively, strong-holds). To be the key of Greece, Græcias januam esse, or Græciæ claustra tenere (Cicero, contr. Rull. , 32, 87, Corinthus. . . posita in angustiis atque in faucibus Græciæ, sic ut terra claustra locorum teneret, etc. ). (β) To anything else, janua (e. g. , frons, quæ est animi janua, Quintilianus, Cicero, Petit. Cons. , 11). To supply the key to anything, rem explanare or explicare : to have found the key to anything, rem intelligere. || Wharf  [vid. QUAY]. || Power of the keys (ecclesiastical), clavium potestas (Augustinus). The power of the keys was bestowed upon Peter, as the representative of the Church, * claves regni cœlorum traditæ Petro, Ecclesiæ personam gestanti (after Augustinus).

KEY-HOLE, clavi immittendæ foramen (Appuleius) : * foramen clavis.  

KEY-STONE, medium saxum (of an arch. Seneca, Ep. , 90, 32).

KIBES, pernio : perniunculus (from frost ; both Plinius ; but, according to Georges, the meaning is doubtful) : ulcus, quod fit ex frigore hiberno (general term) ; also, vitium frigoris.  

KICK,

INTRANS. , calcitrare : recalcitrare (to kick out backward, like a horse, † Horatius) : also, calces remittere (Nepos). || TRANS. , calce ferire aliquem (Quintilianus, Ovidius) : calce petere aliquem († Horatius, Sat. , 2, 1, 55). To run at anybody, and kick and beat him (repeatedly), verberare aliquem , incursare pugnis calcibus (Plautus).

Kicked and beaten, concisus pugnis et calcibus (Cicero). To kick anybody out of doors, aliquem ejicere foras ædibus ; aliquem protrudere foras.  

KICK, s. , calcitratus (a kicking out ; e. g. , mulæ, Plinius) : calcis ictus (blow with the heel).

KID, s. , hædus : diminutive, hædulus.

Kid-leather, hædīna pellicula (Cicero) : pellis caprina or capræ.  

KID, v. , parere : fetum edere (both general terms).

KIDNAP, * homines (pueros, etc. ) furari.  

KIDNAPPER, plagiarius (one who steals and sells free men) : venaliciarius
: venalicius (general terms for dealer in slaves).

KIDNEY, ren ; mostly in plural, renes. Disease of the kidneys, renium morbus (†) : renium dolor (pain in the kidneys). To have a disease of the kidneys, ex renibus laborare ; renium dolore vexari ; renes alicujus morbo tentantur (†).

KIDNEY-BEAN, phaseolus or faseŏlus : * phaseolus vulgaris (Linnæus).

KILDERKIN, doliolum.  

KILL, interficere : perimere (the most general expressions for putting to death, in whatever manner, and from whatever motive, fame, veneno, suspendlo, ferro, suppliciis, dolo, like κτείνειν ; but interficere as a usual, perimere as an old, forcible, poetical expression) : interimere (involves the accessory notion of privacy, as to remove out of the way, ἀναιρεῖν) : necare (with in justice, or, at least, cruelty ; to murder. φονεύειν)occidere : jugulare : trucidare : obtruncare : percutere (denote a sanguinary death-blow ; occidere, by cutting down, especially of the soldier, in honorable, open battle ; jugulare, by cutting the throat or neck, or, rather, by a skillfully-directed thrust into the collar-bone, especially the business of a bandit, after the pattern of the gladiator, like σφάξαι ; obtruncare means to butcher, massacre, and cut to pieces, after the manner of the awkward murderer ; trucidare, to slaughter as one would an ox, after the manner of the blood-thirsty miscreant ; percutere, to execute, as a mere mechanical act, after the manner of the headsman, or other executioner of a sentence of condemnation, or, at least, of a death-warrant, Döderlein) : conficere (to make an end of ; only of those who offer resistance) : enecare (* strengthened necare) : tollere : e medio tollere (to make away with him) : vitam adimere alicui : aliquem vita or luce privare (to take away his life).

I know by whose contrivance, but not by whose hands he was killed, cujus consilio occisus sit invenio ; cujus manu percussus sit, non invenio (Cicero) : to wish to kill anybody, alicujus vitæ insidiari ; vitam alicujus ferro atque insidiis appetere ; alicui interitum parare ; aliquem or alicujus occidendi consilium inire : to conspire together to kill anybody, de aliquo interficiendo conjurare : to kill one’s self [vid. “to commit SUICIDE”]. || IMPROPR. , To kill the time, horas or tempus perdere. || PROV. To shoot at the pigeon and kill the crow, ferire, quem nolueris : to kill two birds with one stone, de eādem fidelia duos parietes dealbare (= to do two things at once ; Curio ap. Cicero, Fam. , 7, 29, fin. ) ; una mercede duas res assĕqui ; uno saltu duos apros capere (= to gel two advantages by one stroke ; Cicero, Rosc. Am. , 29, 80 ; Plautus, Cas. , 2, 8, 40).   KILLER, interfector (e. g. , tyranni) : occīsor (only Plautus) : percussor alicujus (he who strikes the death-blow).

KILN, fornax. Lime-kiln, fornax calcaria : brick-kiln, * fornax lateraria.  

KIMBO, To set one’s arms a-kimbo, alas subniti (Plautus, Pers. , 2, 5, 6) : with one’s arms a-kimbo, ansatus (as a jocular description, Plautus, Pers. , 2, 5, 7) ; alis subnixis (ib. , 6).

KIN, s. , Vid. RELATIONSHIP, RELATION.  

KIND, s. , || Class, including several individuals which agree in certain frequently accidental properties, genus (a kind, genus) : species (a single class of a kind) : in logic, species, pars (opposed to genus ; vid. Cicero, De Invent. , 1, 28, 42) : of the same kind, ejusdem generis ; congĕner : to arrange each after its kind, singula generatim disponere : to degenerate from its kind, degenerare : Theocritus is wonderful in his kind, admirabilis in suo genere Theocritus : of this kind, ejusmŏdi ; hujusmŏdi : of such a kind, talis : of that kind, illius modi : of all kinds, omnis generis.  

KIND, adjective, benignus (in disposition and deed) : beneficus (beneficent, mild) : liberalis (liberal) : comis (complaisant, polite, courteous) : humanus (philanthropic, affable, engaging) : clemens : lenis (merciful, mild ; vid. GRACIOUS) : propitius (that wishes well ; of the gods, and, though seldom, of superiors toward inferiors). A kind face, vultus hilaris, familiaris : a kind invitation, invitatio benigna, familiaris : to be kind to every body, erga omnes se affabilem præstare ; unumquemque comiter appellare (in addressing him). That is very kind of you, facis amice! Will you be so kind as ? etc. : vid. “have the GOODNESS to”, etc.  

KINDLE, properly accendere : inflammare (to set on fire ; both words as well for the purpose of lighting, as for consuming) : incendere : inflammare et incendere : succendere (to kindle, set on fire, for the purpose of consuming ; succendere, to kindle below) : alicui rei ignem injicere, inferre (to set fire to anything) alicui rei ignem subjicere, subdere (to set fire under) : incendium excitare in aliquid (all for the purpose of destroying anything by fire). To kindle a fire, ignem accendere (Vergilius, Æn. , 5, 4) : ignem facere (to make a fire, as Cæsar, B. C. , 3, 30, ignes fieri prohibuit, he allowed no fires to be made). Vid. To LIGHT ; and for the improper sense, To INFLAME.  

KINDLY, benigne : liberaliter. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) benigne ac liberaliter : comiter : clementer : leniter : indulgenter (with indulgence ; e. g. , habere aliquem) [SYN. in KIND, adjective]: humane or humaniter : officiose : blande. To greet anyone kindly, benigne aliquem salutare : to address kindly, comiter, blande appellare : to answer kindly, alicui respondere liberaliter : to invite kindly, benigne aliquem invitare : to invite anyone kindly to stay (when about to go away), familiari invitatione aliquem retinere : to receive anybody kindly, vultu hilari or familiari aliquem excipere ; as one’s guest, aliquem comi hospitio accipere.  

KINDNESS, benignitas animi : benignitas (kind disposition, which also, manifests itself by actions) : humanitas (philanthropic, well-wishing feeling, which shows itself in behavior toward others) : comitas (complaisance, courteousness, friendliness) : clementia : lenitas (gentle, merciful disposition ; vid. GRACE) : indulgentia (sparing and indulgent behavior) : beneficentia (goodness, beneficence, mildness) : liberalitas (kindness shown in acts of liberality). To show a kindness to anybody, alicui benigne facere : to show much kindness to anybody, plurimum benignitatis in aliquem conferre : to have enjoyed much kindness from anybody, magna alicujus liberalitate usum esse : to treat anybody with kindness, benigne or comiter aliquem tractare ; leni ingenio esse in aliquem : in kindness, bona cum gratia (as Terentius, Phorm. , 4, 3, 17) ; cum gratia (as Terentius, Andr. , 2, 5, 11) ; or per bonam gratiam (as Plautus, Mil. , 4, 3, 33) : to admonish anybody in kindness, amice admonere aliquem : to do a kindness to anybody, alicui benigne facere. Will you have the kindness? vid. GOODNESS.  

KINDRED, Vid. RELATION.  

KINE, vaccæ : boves. Vid. COW.   

KING, rex (also, as in English, may be used for any kind of president or representative of a king ; thus, in Latin, rex mensæ, the president of a feast ; rex sacrorum, or sacrificus, or sacrificulus, the sacrificing priest, who superintended the sacrifices previously made by the king : Cf. , but regulus never occurs in this sense) : rēgulus (a petty king, prince). The king of kings, rex regum (thus the Greeks termed the Persian king ; the Romans, the Parthian king) : the king and his consort, reges : to be a king, regem esse ; regnum obtinere ; regiam potestatem habere : to be king more in title than in power, nomine magis quam imperio regem esse : to make one’s self a king, regnum occupare ; regis nomen assumere ; regium ornatum nomenque sumere (of one who before was governor, etc. ;vid. Nepos, Eum. , 13, 3) : to make anybody king, alicui regnum, or regnum ac diadēma deferre (the latter, Horatius, Od. , 2, 2, 22) ; summam rerum ad aliquem deferre.

If = to elect anybody king, vid. To ElLECT : a person becomes king, aliquis rex fit ; aliquis regnum adipiscitur ; regnum (or imperium) ad aliquem transit ; summa rerum alicui defertur : to be king or to act the king, ducatus et imperia ludere (Suetonius, Ner. , 35).

I shall be as happy as a king if, etc. , rex ero, si, etc. || King’s evidence, vid. EVIDENCE.  

KINGDOM, regnum.  

KINGFISHER, alcēdo (poetical alcyon) ; * alcedo ispida, Linnæus.  

KINGLY, Vid. ROYAL.  

KING’S BENCH, * regis tribūnal.  

KING’S EVIL, * scrofula (scrofulæ, Vegetious).

KINGSHIP, dignitas regia.  

KINSFOLK : Vid. RELATIONS.  

KINSMAN, || Related by blood or marriage, propinquus : cum aliquo propinquitate conjunctus (general term) : necessarius (joined by ties of family or office, sometimes = propinquitate. , of a distant degree of relationship) : agnatus (by the father’s side) : cognatus : cognatione conjunctus (by the mother’s side) : con sanguineus : consanguinitate propinquus (especially of full brothers and sisters). A near kinsman, artâ propinquitate or propinqua cognatione conjunctus : cum aliquo conjunctus : affinis, affinitate or affinitatis vinculis conjunctus = connected by marriage. Vid. RELATION.  

KINSWOMAN, Vid. KINSMAN (using the feminine).

KIRTLE, amiculum agreste.  

KISS, v. , osculari, suaviari, basiare aliquem [SYN. in KISS, s. ]. To kiss a person on his arrival, osculis aliquem excipere :
to kiss anybody repeatedly and heartily, aliquem exosculari (to kiss anybody away) : aliquem dissuaviari (to kiss anybody’s mouth, hand, cheeks, etc. , as it were, to kiss to pieces). To give anybody one’s hand to kiss, osculandam dextram alicui porrigere ; dextram osculis aversam porrigere (after Plinius, 11, 45, 103) : to kiss anybody’s hand, manum alicujus ad os referre ; dextram alicujus ad oscujum referre ; dextram aversam osculis appetere : to kiss a person’s hand repeatedly, manum alicujus exosculari ; dextram alicujus osculis fatigare : to introduce anybody to kiss the king’s hand, admovere aliquem dextræ regis : to have an audience to kiss the king’s hand, admitti ad dextram regis (after Curtius, 6, 5, 4) : κυρικιμασαηικοto kiss the ground, terram contingere osculo : to kiss one another, osculari inter se (poetical oscula jungere and labella cum labellis comparare) : kiss Attica for me, Atticæ meis verbis suavium des.  

KISS, s. , osculum (general term, on the mouth, the cheek, or the hand) : suavium (a tender kiss on the mouth or cheek) : basium (a smacking kiss). To give anybody a kiss, osculum, or suavium, or basium alicui dare ; osculum alicui ferre or offerre ; basium or suavium alicui imprimere (Martisalis, 10, 42, 5 ; Appuleius Met. , 2, p. 119, 6) ; osculum alicui applicare (Ovidius, Fast. , 4, 851) ; osculum alicui ingerere (unperceived, and against the will of anybody, Suetonius, Gramm. , 23) : to give one kiss after another, suavia super suavia cidare ; spississima basia alicui impingere : to take a kiss, osculum sumere or capere : to steal a kiss from anybody, osculum alicui rapere ; suavium alicui surripere : to blow kisses to anybody, a facie manus jactare (Juvenalis, 3, 106).

KIT, || Large bottle. [Vid. BOTTLE. ] || Small fiddle, * parva violina.  

KITCHEN, culina.

Kitchen-boy, culinarius or puer culinarius : kitchen-utensils, instrumentum coquinatorium (Ulpianus, Dig. , 33, 2, 19, §12) ; vasa coquinaria : vasa, quibus ad cibum comparandum uti solemus or assolemus : vasa, quæ ad cibaria coquenda et conficienda pertinent (vessels used in cooking) : kitchen-cupboard, armamentarium culinæ : kitchen-garden, hortus olitorius : kitchen-maid, * culinaria (sc. ancilla) : kitchen-dresser, * mensa culinaria.  

KITE (bird), milvus : feminine, milva.  

KITTEN, s. , catulus felis.  

KITTEN, v. , parere : fetum edere (general terms).

KITTIWAKE, * larus rissa (Linnæus).

KNACK, || Toy, vid. || Dexterity, art of doing anything. [Vid. DEXTERITY. ]To have a knack at doing anything, (multum) valere in aliqua re (e. g. , at painting, in arte pingendi) ; alicujus apprime gnarum esse ; alicujus rei esse artificem.  

KNAPSACK, sarcina, mostly plural, sarcinæ : sarcinulæ. To pack up one’s knapsack, sarcinas or sarcinulas colligere : he produced a book out of his knapsack, ex sarcinulis suis librum protulit.  

KNAPWEED, * centaurēa (Linnæus).

KNAVE, homo fraudulentus, or dolosus, or nequam : homo ad fallendum paratus or instructus : circumscriptor. A clever knave, homo ingeniosissime nequam : homo ad fraudem acutus : a thorough knave, a knave in grain, veterator : homo totus ex fraude factus : to be a thorough knave, totum ex fraude et fallaciis constare.  

KNAVERY, Vid. KNAVISHNESS.  

KNAVISH, ad fallendum paratus (Cicero) or instructus (Livius) : fraudulentus : dolosus (all of persons or things). Vid. DECEITFUL.  

KNAVISHLY, dolose : fallaciter : improbe : fraudulenter (Columella).  

KNAVISHNESS, fraudatio (opposed to fides) : fallendi studium : fraudulentia (Plautus) : fraudulenta calliditas (Gellius) : fallaciæ or fraudes atque fallaciæ (considered as an aggregate of knavish tricks) : malitia (=versuta et fallax nocendi ratio, Cicero, N. D. , 3, 30, 75).

KNEAD, depsere : condepsere : subigere (general term for working up anything).

KNEADING-TROUGH, magis (Marcellinus, Empir. , 1 ; Paullus, Pandect. , 12, 6, 36).

KNEE, genu (properly) : geniculum (improperly, any knee-like bending ; e. g. , joint or knot in reeds, etc. ). To bend the knee, genua flectere (general term) ; genua (flexa) submittere (as a mark of reverence) ; before anybody, alicui : to fall on one’s knees, in genua procumbere, also, procumbere only (whether unintentionally or not) : to sink down on one’s knees, in genua subsidere (Curtius) : to fall or throw one’s self at anybody’s knees, alicui procumbere : ad genua alicujus procumbere : ad genua alicui, or genibus alicujus accidere, or se advolvere (Livius ; Cicero, uses pedes rather than genua ; e. g. , alicui ad pedes or ad alicujus pedes procumbere, accidere, se projicere, etc. ) ; prosternere se et supplicari alicui (all as suppliant) : genua alicui ponere et eum venerari : humi procumbentem venerari aliquem : also, venerari aliquem only (to show him reverence) : to lie at anybody’s knees, supplicem esse alicui ; ad pedes jacere alicui (Cicero, Verr. , 2, 5, 49) : to embrace anybody’s knees, alicujus genua amplecti or prehensare. To kneel upon one’s knee, genu niti. || Knee of timber, geniculus : versura (Vitruvius) : * erenu ligneum.   

KNEE-JOINT, genus commissura. His knee-joint is stiff, riget genuum junctura (Ovidius).

KNEEL, genibus niti (when one is kneeling down) : genibus nixum esse (when one has already knelt down) : genua flectere (to bend the knees).

Kneeling, genibus nixus(Livius) : kneeling before anybody, ad genua alicujus procumbens : to kneel before anybody, ad genua (pedes) alicujus or alicui ad genua (pedes) accidere, procumbere, se projicere ; genibus alicujus se advolvere (as a suppliant) ; humi procumbentem venerari aliquem, or venerari aliquem only (as a mode of worshipping or reverencing).

KNEE-PAN, patella. Poetically, orbis genuum (Ovidius, Met. , 8, 808).

KNEE-TRIBUTE, * genuum flexura.  

KNELL, * campanæ funebris sonitus.  

KNICKKNACKS, Vid. TRIFLES, TOYS.  

KNIFE, cultellus (general term) : scalprum (a shoemaker’s knife).

KNIGHT, s. , eques.  

KNIGHT, v. , * aliquem in ordinem equestrem recipere.  

KNIGHTHOOD, dignitas equestris : ordo equester : equites (as body). To confer the honor of knighthood on anybody [vid. To KNIGHT]. An order of knighthood ; vid. ORDER, s.  

KNIT, || PROPR. , * acubus texere. || To join closely ; unite, vid. || To contract. to knit the brows, fronteni contiahere, adducere, or attrahere ; supercilia contrahere (opposed to deducere, Quintilianus ; but Cicero has superciliorum contractio).

KNITTER, * qui (quæ) acubus texit.  

KNITTING, by circumlocution with * acubus texere [Krebs gives * opus reticularium]. A knitting-needle, * acus textoria : a knitting basket, * calathus operi textorio (or * reticulario, Krebs) servando. || Art of uniting [vid. JOINING]. || Contraction.

Knitting of the brows, superciliorum contractio (opposed to superciliorumremissio, Cicero).  

KNOB, tuber (any projecting part, especially on the body ; in modern writers also, knobs or lumps on plants) : moles (general term ; a misshapen mass).

KNOCK, v. , || Hit, strike, pulsare aliquid (fores, ostium). To knock anything with anything, pulsare aliquid aliqua re ; (if with violence), percutere aliquid aliqua re : to knock one’s head violently against a stone, capite graviter offenso impingi saxo ; against the door, capite illidi or impingi foribus ; (if voluntarily), caput illidere or impingere alicui rei : to knock to pieces, perfringere aliquid. [Vid. BEAT, STRIKE]. || To knock at, digito impellere aliquid (to knock at with the finger ; e. g. , januam) ; pulsare aliquid (to knock violently against anything ; e. g. , fores, ostium : the form pultare occurs with januam, Plautus ; ostium, fores, Terentianus). Someone knocks at the door, pulsantur fores. To knock violently against the windows, quatere fenestras (Horatius, Od. , 1, 25, 1). || To knock in, (pulsando) effringere, perfringere (as doors, windows). To knock in the teeth, illidere dentes labellis (Lucretius, 4, 1073) ; dentes elidere (to knock them out). || To knock off (the top of anything), decutere. || To knock out, excutere (with shaking or violence) ; elidere (implying injury). To knock out one’s eyes, oculum alicui excutere, elidere : one’s teeth, * elidere alicui dentes (after Lucretius, 4, 1073, where illidere dentes labellis ; i. e. , to strike in the teeth) : malas alicui indentare : dentilegum aliquem facere (both comedy). To knock in the bottom of a cask, dolio fundum excutere.  

KNOCK, s. , pulsus (with genitive, either of the thing with which one knocks or against which one knocks : a knock at the door, pulsus ostii ; also, pulsatio ostii, as act) : percussio (a violent striking, as action : knock on the head, percussio capitis) : ictus (blow, thrust, etc. , which injures or wounds the object). Vid. BLOW, s.   KNOCKER (at a door), perhaps malleus.  

KNOLL, v. , * campānam funebrem pulsare.  

KNOLL, s. , tumulus.  

KNOLLING, * pulsatio campānæ funebris.  

KNOT, v. , nodum facere or nectere.  

KNOT, s. , (1) general term, any round, especially hard, rising on a body. (a) On animals, nodus (general term) : articulus (in a joint) : tuber (a hardened swelling). (b) In wood, on boughs, nodus. (c) On a stalk, nodus : articulus
: geniculum : having knots, geniculatus. (2) A knot that is tied, nodus (also as a star, and figuratively = hindrance, difficulty) : difficultas (figuratively, difficulty) : to make or tie a knot, nodum facere, nectere : to draw a knot tight, nodum astringere : to loosen, undo a knot, nodum solvere, expedire (properly and figuratively).

KNOT-GRASS, * polygonum aviculare (Linnæus).

KNOTTY, nodosus. A knotty stick, baculum cum nodo (Livy says baculum sine nodo).

KNOW, scire (to possess full and accurate knowledge of anything) : novisse (to have become acquainted with, to be acquainted with ; hence also, to know persons) : alicujus rei scientiam habere, aliquid cognītum habere (to have full scientific knowledge of anything) : non nescire : non ignorare (not to be ignorant that) : alicujus rei non ignarum esse (not to be ignorant of anything) : didicisse (to have learned) : me non fugit or præterit aliquid (anything does not escape me) : tenere : intelligere (to be aware ; to understand) : noscere (to make one’s self acquainted with ; e. g. , know thyself, nosce te or animum tuum, Cicero) : cognoscere (to become acquainted with, by the senses or by information).

I don’t know, nescio : ignōro : me fugit : me præterit : not knowing that the dictator was arrived, ignari venisse dictatorem :

I don’t know which way to turn, nescio, quo me convertam :

I don’t know what to write, non habeo, quid scribam (non habeo, quod scribam = I have nothing to say ; Krüger).

I don’t know whether or that (= I am inclined to think ; as a modestly-expressed affirmation), haud scio, an ; nescio an : Cf. , If “not, ” or any other negative, is expressed in English, omit it in Latin ; if there is no ” not” or other negative in English, insert it in Latin.

I don’t know whether this is not the shorter way of the two, haud scio an hæc brevior via sit :

I don’t know that you can, haud scio an non possis. [It is not quite certain whether quisquam, ullus, etc. , are ever here used for nullus, etc. , Zumpt, § 721 Krebs, 520 ; but no student should ever use them, as their use is, at all events, rare and exceptional. ] They hardly knew whether these should be allowed to enter or not, de iis dubitatum est, admitterentur in urbem necne : do you know? don’t you know? scin’? scisne? nostin’?

I well know, bene or probe scio :

I know well that, non dubito, quin, etc. (Nepos, here regularly uses accusative and infinitive ; vid. Præf. 1, 1. )

I know (in an answer), scio : teneo : As far as I know, quod scio : quantum scio : quod sciam. To know for certain, certo or certe scire (certo denoting subj ective certainty, the certainty of conviction ; certe, objective certainty, the certainty of the event itself) ; pro certo scire ; certum habere ; exploratum or cognitum habere ; certura est mihi aliquid or de aliqua re ; exploratum or notum exploratumque est aliquid or de aliqua re ; cognitum compertumque mihi est aliquid : to know on good authority, certis auctoribus comperisse : not to know for certain, certum nescire.

I don’t know what to decide, incertus sum, quid faciam ; in incerto habeo, quidnam consilii capiam : he said (in a court of justice) that he did not know, negavit se comperisse : know that, scias ; sic habeto ; habeto tantum : you must know, scire licet (with accusative and infinitive) : this is all I know, non amplius memini (it is all I recollect) ; non amplius scio : to know about anything, alicujus rei or de aliqua re conscium esse ; de aliqua re scire : to know about anybody, de aliquo scire or audivisse : to know from anybody, ex or de aliquo scire ; aliquo comperisse, also ex aliquo ; per aliquem (if an agent of one’s own) ; ex aliquo audivisse : nobody shall know it from me, ex me nemo sciet : he does not let us know anything about him, nihil de eo auditur ; literas non scribit : let me know, fac me certiorem ; fac ut sciam :

I wished you to know this, id te scire volui : let me know your opinion, fac intelligam, tu quid de hac re sentias : let all the parties concerned know it, omnes sciant, quorum interest.

I wish to know, volo or cupio scire : he pretends to know all about it, * simulat se omnia scire. || To know how = to be able, etc. , scire : to know how to use anything, aliquid tractare et uti scire. He does not know how to be angry, irasci nescit : to know no measure and no limits, nihil pensi neque moderati habere (Sallustius, Cat. , 12, 2). || To recognize, cognoscere : that no one might know me, ne quis me cognosceret : to know anybody or anything by anything, cognoscere aliqua re (e. g. , by manifest signs, non dubiis signis) : agnoscere ex re (e. g. , anybody by his works, aliquem ex operibus suis) : noscitare aliqua re (e. g. , a person by his voice, by his face, aliquem voce, facie). || To be acquainted with, novisse : cognovisse : cognitum habere (general terms ; novisse aliquem, both to be acquainted with a person and to see through him, to understand him ; e. g. , novi ego nostros, Cicero) : alicujus rei notitiam habere or tenere (Cf. ,   it is better, perhaps, not to use cognitionem habere, as it occurs only in insitas eorum [deorum] vel potius innatas cognitiones habemus, Cicero, N. D. , 1, 17, 44) : didicisse (to know anything from information received ; opposed to ignorare). Sometimes vidisse : tenere : intelligere aliquem or aliquid (with reference to a thing = to understand its peculiar nature ; with reference to a person = to understand his character ; to be able to appreciate his motives, etc. ; opposed to ignorare). To know anything thoroughly, cognitum or perspectum habere ; penitus nosse aliquid ; cognitum comprebensumque habere aliquid. To know each other, se inter se noscere : to know anybody intimately, aliquem familiariter nosse : to know anybody thoroughly, aliquem bene, optime, pulchre, probe nosse (general terms ; Cf. , aliquem propius nosse, not Latin) ; aliquem penitus inspexisse ; pernosse aliquem , qualis sit ; intus et in cute nosse (Persius, 3, 30) nosse tamquam ungues digitosque suos (Juvenalis, 8, 232 ; to have a thorough knowledge of his character, etc. ) : pulchre callere alicujus sensum (to be well acquainted with his sentiments, feelings, etc. ) : qui vir et quantus sit, altissime inspexisse (to be thoroughly acquainted with his high-minded character, etc. ) : to know anybody thoroughly, aliquem penitus cognoscere ; aliquem cognoscere et intelligere (cf. Velleius, 2, 114, 5) : to know anybody by sight, aliquem de facie nosse : not to know anybody, aliquem non nosse ; aliquis mihi est ignotus ; ignorare aliquem (seldom in this sense ; as Nepos, Arist. , 1, 4 ; mostly = not to understand anybody’s character, worth, etc. ). Worth knowing, cognitione dignus : dignus, qui cognoscatur.  

KNOWING, adjective, Vid. CLEVER, INTELLIGENT.  

KNOWINGLY, Vid. INTENTIONALLY.  

KNOWLEDGE, cognitio (the act of the mind by which knowledge is acquired) : scientia (a thorough knowledge, the result of mental activity) : notitia (the state of being acquainted with, whether the knowledge has been actively acquired or passively received). We also find scientia rerum ; also, cognitiones (but never scientiæ) rerum. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) cognitio et scientia : perceptio (apprehension of anything). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) cognitio et perceptio : knowledge of anything, scientia, or cognitio, or prudentia alicujus rei : notitia alicujus rei : intelligentia alicujus rei. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) cognitio et intelligentia : notio alicujus rei (the notion one has of anything ; , e. g. , notitia or notio Dei) : prudentia alicujus rei (the clear insight into a thing) : expleta rerum comprehensio (certain knowledge) : memoria præteritorum (knowledge of past events or things). To have a knowledge of anything, notitiam alicujus rei habere or tenere ; alicujus rei scientiam or prudentiam habere ; intelligere aliquid : the objects of our knowledge, eæ res, quæ sciuntur : our knowledge is never absolutely certain, certo sciri nihil potest : without my knowledge, me inscio : without my knowledge and against my will, me inscio et invito : with a full knowledge of what he was about, sciens ac prudens : anything comes to anybody’s, notum fit alicui aliquid ; aliquis certior fit alicujus rei or de re : the limited nature of human knowledge, angusti hominum sensus : to attain to better knowledge, * meliora or veriora cognoscere, perspicere : to bring anything to anybody’s knowledge, aliquid in notitiam alicujus perferre (in a formal or official style of writing ; vid. Plinius, Ep. , 10, 27 and 32) : aliquem certiorem facere alicujus rei (to inform, apprise) : docere aliquem aliquid or de aliqua re (to teach, to show) theoretical knowledge  of anything, ratio alicujus rei (e. g. , of politics, ratio civīlis ; of rhetoric, ratio dicendi) : “general knowledge” is expressed in Latin by cognitio, scientia, with and without rerum ; cognitiones (Cf. , but never scientiæ) rerum ; cognitio et scientia : general knowledge of anything, scientia or cognitio, or prudentia alicujus rei : practical general knowledge, usus alicujus rei : scientific or literary knowledge, doctrīna, eruditio (learning ; vid. LEARNING) : disciplīna (acquired by instruction) : studia, -orum (the studies which one pursues) : literæ : artes (the sciences, fine arts with which one occupies himself) ; also, literarum scientia (general term) : deeper scientific
or literary knowledge, interiores et reconditæ literæ ; artes reconditæ : to possess a knowledge of anything, notitiam alicujus rei habere or tenere : alicujus rei scientiam or prudentiam habere ; intelligere aliquid (to have an accurate knowledge of anything ; e. g. , multas linguas intelligere) : scire aliquid (to know) : instructum esse aliqua re and a aliqua re ; doctum or eruditum esse aliqua re ; alicujus rei non ignarum esse (to be instructed in anything) : perītum esse alicujus rei (to be experienced in anything) : to be superior to anybody in one’s knowledge of anything, melius scire de re (e. g. , de legibus instituendis) : to have exact knowledge in anything, aliquid penitus nosse (Cf. , but not habitare in aliqua re) : to have no knowledge of or in anything, aliquid nescire ; aliquid ignorare ; alicujus rei ignarum esse :

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to have only a superficial knowledge of or in anything, primoribus labris or leviter attigisse aliquid ; primis labris gustasse aliquid : to have not even a superficial knowledge of anything, aliqua re ne imbutum quidem esse : to have not an accurate, but only a superficial knowledge of anything, aliqua re se non perfudisse, sed infecisse (Seneca, Ep. , 110, 8).