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INHERITOR,
INHERITRIX, Vid. HEIR, HEIRESS. PIOUS
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INHIBIT, .
INHIBITION, Vid. PROHIBIT, PROHIBITION.
INHOSPITABLE, inhospitalis (only of countries) : * non or parum hospitalis (of persons) ; or * qui valde fugit hospites (after Cicero, Tusc., 3, 11) : * cujus domus hospitibus rarissime patet : * qui perpaucos hospitio accipit. An inhospitable house, * domus quæ perpaucos hospites recipit.
INHOSPITABLY, * parum hospitaliter (hospitaliter, Livius, Curtius).
INHOSPITALITY, inhospitalitas (Cicero, Tusc., 3, 11).
INHUMAN, inhumanus : sometimes immanis (natura) : ferus. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) ferus et immanis : crudelissimus (savage, cruel, etc. ). An inhuman punishment, supplicium exempli parum memoris legum humanarum.
INHUMANITY, inhumanitas : immanitas (opposed to humanitas, Cicero, Deiot., 12, 32) : crudelitas. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) crudelitas inhumanitasque. Such barbarous inhumanity, tam crudelis, tam immoderata inhumanitas (Cicero).
INHUMANLY, inhumane : contra naturæ legem. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) inhumane contraque naturæ legem (e. g., facere) : Cf., inhumaniter occurs only in the sense of “unkindly, ” etc. : crudelissime.
INHUME, humare : humo tegere : inhumare (Plinius).
INIMICAL, Vid. HOSTILE.
INIMITABLE, nemini imitabilis, or quod nulla ars (or nulla manus, nullus opifex) consequi potest imitando. Homer imitated nobody, and is himself inimitable, neque ante Homerum, quem ille imitaretur, neque post illum, qui eum imitari posset, inventus est (Velleius) : Calamis made a chariot and pair that has hitherto remained inimitable, Calamis fecit bigas cum equis semper sine æmulo expressis (Plinius, 34, 8, 19).
INIMITABLY, sine æmulo ; or by circumlocution with phrases in INIMITABLE. Sometimes divinitus (e. g., scribere).
INIQUITOUS, Vid. WICKED, UNJUST.
INIQUITY, Vid. WICKEDNESS, INJUSTICE.
INITIAL, principium nominis (cf. Plautus, Trin., 4, 2, 7) ; or litera grandis, as capital letter.
INITIATE, initiare (e. g., Bacchicis, in the mysteries of Bacchus ; sacrorum sollemnibus, in the religious rites and usages ; Justinus, 11, 7, 14). To be initiated in literature, science, etc., initiari literis, studiis, etc. (Plinius, Ep., 5, 15, 8 ; Quintilianus, 1, 2, 20) ; literis imbui or institui (Cicero). To initiate anybody in political affairs, or in the mysteries of public business, aliquem ad curam reipublicæ admovere.
INITIATION, initiatio (post-classical, Appuleius). by circumlocution with initiare, initiari.
INJECT, infundere (medical technical term, malvas utilissime infundi, etc. ) : clystere aliquid infundere (of a clyster ; Plinius) : dare in alvum (e. g., aqua datur in alvum, Celsus). Cf., Not injicere.
INJECTION, infusio : infusus, -ûs (Plinius, medical technical term) : Cf., not injectio.
INJUDICIOUS, nullius consilii : inconsultus (of persons or things) : imprudens (without prudence, foresight, etc. ) : stultus.
INJUDICIOUSLY, inconsulte : stulte : * parum sapienter : male (ill).
INJUNCTION, Vid. CHARGE, COMMAND.
INJURE, injuriam alicui facere, inferre, injungere : injuria aliquem afficere (to inflict a wrong or injury upon) : offendere (to give offence, offend against propriety) : lædere : violare (hurt, injure, grieve, vex). To injure anybody without provocation, injuria lacessere ; priorem lædere : to be injured, injuriam accipere or pati : to feel one’s self injured, injuriam factam putare ; by anything, aliquid in or ad contumeliam accipere. Vid. To HURT.
INJURER, violator, etc. By circumlocution, qui lædit aliquem or aliquid qui nocet alicui ; qui injuriam facit, or infert alicui, etc.
INJURIOUS, || Hurtful, damnosus, detrimentosus (that occasions injury or loss, detrimentum, Cæsar, B. G., 7, 33) : alienns : adversus (not suitable, unfavorable, contrary) : iniquus (unsuitable, unfavorable, of places and their situations ; then = unjust : to or for anything ; all with a dative). Food injurious to the stomach, cibi stomacho alieni (Cf., inimici is rather poetical). || Wrongful, insulting, injuriosus (injuring, damaging) : contumeliosus (reviling, containing reproaches). Injurious words, voces contumeliosæ ; verborum contumeliæ (reproachful) : voces mordaces or aculeatæ ; verborum aculei (vexing, grieving). To be injurious, habere aliquid offensionis (of a thing).
INJURIOUSLY, || Hurtfully, vid. || Wrongfully, insultingly, injuriose (wrongfully, unjustly) : contumeliose (Cicero, Quintilianus, insultingly) : male (ill, unfavorably) : inique (unjustly). To speak injuriously of anybody, alicujus laudibus obtrectare ; detrahere de alicujus famâ.
INJURY, || Unjust act, injuria (both that which I suffer and that which I inflict) : offensio (an offending anybody, and the offence itself) : contumelia (insulting act). To suffer many injuries, multis injuriis affici : to protect anybody from injury, aliquem prohibere injuria. Cf., “An injury inflicted by anybody” is sometimes alicujus injuria, and sometimes both the objective and attributive genitives are found together, veteres Helvetiorum injuriæ populi Romani (= ” the injuries inflicted on the Roman nation by the Helvetii. ” The two genitives must be on different sides of the substantive) : irreparable injuries, injuriæ insanabiles : to inflict an injury on anybody, injuriam or contumeliam alicui facere ; injuriam alicui inferre or injungere : to load anybody with injuries and insults, injurias contumeliasque imponere alicui (Cicero) : to suffer an injury at anybody’s hands, injuriam accipere ab aliquo : to believe one’s self to have suffered an injury, * aliqua re se læsum or violatum putare (to feel one’s self hurt by anything) : to pass over an injury, injuriam non insectari : to forgive an injury for anybody’s sake, injuriam condonare alicui (Cæsar, B. G., 1, 20) : to revenge an injury, injuriam persequi or ulcisci. || Hurt, incommodum (any contrary or prejudicial circumstance ; opposed to commodum) : damnum (loss, especially through fault or demerit ; opposed to lucrum) : detrimentum (detriment, damage ; opposed to emolumentum) : fraus (anything prejudicial on the part of another). Without injury, sine incommodo ; sine damno ; sine fraude : without injury to your health, commodo or sine incommodo valetudinis tuæ : without injury to your honor, sine imminutione dignitatis tuæ : as far as can be done without injury to me, quod sine fraude mea fiat : to the injury of, cum incommodo ; cum damno ; cum detrimento : to my great injury, cum magno meo damno : to the great injury of the state, maximo reipublicæ detrimento or incommodo (Cf., pessimo publico, Livius, 2, 1, is unusual) : if it can be done without injury to the whole (state), commodo reipublicæ facere si possint : to tend to the injury of, incommodo, or damno, or fraudi esse : to do anything to one’s own injury, aliquid incommodo suo facere : to suffer injury, incommodum, or detrimentum capere, or accipere ; damnum or detrimentum facere (Cf., but damnum pati is not good ; vid. To SUFFER) : to suffer some injury, aliquid damni contrahere. : to occasion injury to anybody, incommodum alicui ferre or afferre ; alicui damnum dare, or apportare, or afferre ; detrimentum alicui afferre, or inferre, or importare ; detrimento aliquem afficere ; fraudem alicui ferre.
INJUSTICE, (α) Unjust proceeding, injustitia. (β) Unjust action, injuria : injuste factum. To commit an injustice, injuste facere ; injuriam facere.
INK, v., * atramenti maculis aspergere (to spot with ink).
INK, s., atramentum librarium or scriptorium ; or, from context, atramentum only. To dip one’s pen in the ink, intingere calamum (Quintilianus, 10, 3, 31). Indian ink, atramentum Indicum (Plinius, 35, 6, 25). Red ink, encaustum (purple ink used by the later emperors) ; * liquor ruber scribendo factus.
INKLING. Vid. HINT, INTIMATION.
INK-SPOT, atramenti macula. INK-STAND, atramentarium (* Vulg., Ezech., 9, 2).
INLAND, mediterraneus (opposed to maritimus). An inland country, terra or regio mediterranea (opposed to terra or regio maritima) ; mediterranea, -orum (opposed to maritima). One who dwells in an inland district, homo mediterraneus (opposed to homo maritimus) ; plural, homines mediterranei, and simply mediterranei : an inland lake, * lacus mediterraneus : an inland town, oppidum mediterraneum (opposed to oppidum maritimum) ; civitas mediterranea (the town with its territory ; opposed to civitas maritima).
INLAY, distinguere (to variegate ; e. g., with silver and gold, argento auroque) : cælare (with half-raised work ; e. g., shields with gold, scuta auro) : tessellare (with small pieces of different-colored marble, etc. ; i. e., to inlay with Mosaic work ; e. g., a floor, pavimentum ; cf. Bremi, Suetonius, Cæsar, 46). A floor of inlaid work, pavimentum tessellatum et sectile ; walls, parietes vermiculatis crustis. Inlaid work, opus intestinum (Plinius, 16, 42, 82 : one who makes such, intestinarius, Code Theodosius, 13, 4, 2).
INLAYING, opus intestinum (Plinius, 16, 42, 82). Vid. MOSAIC.
INLET, aditus (to anything, ad aliquid ; also, figuratively) : accessus (rare) : introitus (in aliquid, properly and figuratively) : fauces (narrow inlet) : ostium
(into a harbor, etc. ). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) introitus atque ostium (e. g., portûs) : os (mouth ; e. g., into a cave, specûs).
IN LIEU OF, Vid. INSTEAD OF.
INLY, Vid. INWARDLY.
INMATE, inquilinus (the proper word, opposed to domimis, Cicero ; and also = qui eundem colit focum, Fest., p. 79, Lind. ).
INMOST, intimus (e. g., venter, sacrarium, etc. ). The inmost part, intima pars ; intima, neuter plural.
INN, Vid. Dict. of Antiquities, 208 : deversorium (any house of reception on a journey, whether one’s own property, or that of one’s friends, or of inn-keepers) : hospitium (an inn for the reception of strangers) : caupona (a tavern kept by a publican. These three afforded lodging as well as food : taberna, popina, ganea furnished food only, like restaurateurs : taberna, for the common people, as eating-houses ; popina, for gentlefolks and gourmands, like ordinaries ; ganea, for voluptuaries ; Döderlein) ; also, taberna deversoria (Plautus) ; taberna cauponia (Ulpianus). A room at an inn, * conclave deversorii. To put up at an inn, in tabernam aliquam devertere (Cicero) : an inn is shut up, taberna occluditur.
INNATE, innatus : ingeneratus : insitus : ingenitus : insitus et innatus (inborn, originally indwelling) : naturalis : nativus (natural ; opposed to assumtus, adventicius, ascitus ; i. e., acquired by artificial means, etc. ) : congeneratus : a parentibus propagatus (implanted in us by our parents) : avitus (inherited from a grandfather ; e. g., malum, am evil) : hereditarius : hereditate relictus (inherited, properly and figuratively) : innate disposition, character, indoles : ingenium : innate knowledge, insita et innata cognitio : innate goodness of heart, naturalis quædam bonitas : the old and innate pride of the Claudian family, vetus atque insita Claudiæ familiæ superbia. An innate idea, notio quæ quasi naturalis atque insita in animis nostris inest (Cicero). Innate ideas, vid. “innate NOTION(s). ” .
INNER, interior (e. g., ædium pars, spatium, etc. ). The inner man, interior homo (i. e., his soul, life, etc. ; Plautus, Asin., 3, 3, 66).
INN-KEEPER, caupo : stabularius (who takes in horses to bait ; the lowest kind of inn-keepr). To be an inn-keeper, cauponam or artem cauponiam exercere (Ulpianus, Justinus).
INNOCENCE, || The state of being free from guilt, innocentia (the property of him who wrongs nobody) : integritas (the property of him who resists all temptations to do evil ; purity of life, incorruptibility, etc. ). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) integritas atque innocentia : simplicitas (simplicity of manner, sincerity). To establish one’s innocence, se purgare alicui (to clear one’s self from suspicion ; vid. commentators on Cæsar, B. G., 1, 28). || Chastity, etc., integritas (integrity, purity of life, in general) : pudicitia : pudor : castitas (chasteness). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) integritas pudicitiaque : to lose one’s innocence, pudicitiam amittere.
INNOCENT, || Without guilt, innocens (doing no harm, general term ; also of things ; e. g., letter, epistola, cibus, sanguis ; then of him who does not do any wrong, or has no share in a crime) : insons : culpa vacuus or carens (guiltless, not deserving any blame) : integer (of him who has resisted all temptations to do evil) : sanctus (virtuous, moral ; also of things, vita) : simplex (figuratively, simple, that bears no concealed meaning of things ; e. g., verba, cf. Bremi, Suetonius, Tiberius, 61). To be innocent, extra noxiam esse ; extra culpam esse ; culpa vacuum esse ; culpa carere : to be innocent of anything, insontem esse alicujus rei (e. g., consilii publici, of a resolution taken by the people ; as Livius, 34, 32). || Chaste, etc., integer (of a pure life, in general) : pudicus (modest) : castus a rebus venereis, or simply castus. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) castus et integer.
INNOCENT, s., Vid. IDIOT.
INNOCENTLY, integre : pudice : caste ; (The words are found in this connection and order. ) pure et caste ; caste integreque : innocenter (e. g., vivere, Quintilianus, post-Augustan).
INNOCUOUS, Vid. HARMLESS (of things).
INNOCUOUSLY, Vid. HARMLESSLY.
INNOVATE, novare (with accusative ; multa, aliquid, etc. ) : res novare, or novare absolutely, (“to introduce political changes: ” Cf., in novare late ; e. g., plurima innovare, Pomp., Digests, 1, 2, 2, fin. ). Vid. “to make INNOVATIONS, ” and To CHANGE. INNOVATION, aliquid novi : res nova. To make an innovation, aliquid novi afferre ; novare aliquid ; mutationem or commutationem facere ; in anything, alicujus rei ; * nova instituere (of political innovations) : to introduce many innovations, novare multa ; multa nova afferre : to introduce innovations in the administration of justice, morem novorum judiciorum inducere in rempublicam (Cicero, Rab. Post., 419) : who was the first to introduce this innovation? quis hoc primum induxit? (e. g., in our habits, in mores nostros, Cicero) : not to make any innovations in language, ne quid nove dicamus (Auct., Her. ).
INNOVATOR, by circumlocution with novare (e. g., in language, qui verba novat), or * qui vetera omnia atque usitata mutat, or mutare vult (velit, etc. ) : Cf., rerum novarum cupidus, etc., refers to political innovators.
INNOXIOUS, Vid. HARMLESS. κυρικιμασαηικο .
INNOXIOUSLY, Vid. HARMLESSLY.
INNOXIOUSNESS, Vid. HARMLESSNESS.
INNUENDO, Vid. HINT.
INNUMERABLE, innumerabilis : innumerus (of which the latter is the poetical and choice expression, like “numberless, ” ἀνήριθμος ; innumerabilis, a prosaic and usual expression, like innumerable, ἀναρίθμητος).
INOCULATE, inserere. To inoculate for the smacl-pox, * variolas inserere.
INOCULATION, * insitio. Inoculation for the small-pox, * insitio variolarum.
INODOROUS, odore carens (Cf., inodorus, post- classical), ex aliqua re odor non afflatur. To be inodorous, nihil olere.
INOFFENSIVE, probus (that may be approved of ; opposed to malus) : honestus (honorable ; opposed to turpis) : inoffensive conduct, mores probi ; morum probitas.
INOFFENSIVELY, by circumlocution.
INORDINATE, Vid. IMMODERATE.
INORDINATELY, Vid. IMMODERATELY.
INORGANIC BODIES, corpora nulla cohærendi natura (cf. Cicero, N. D., 2, 32, where the instances given are gleba, fragmentum lapidis ; opposed to arbor, animal, etc. ) : inanima : inanimata (plural adjective = inanimate ; of wider meaning than “inorganic”).
INQUEST, quæstio mortis alicujus or de morte alicujus. To hold an inquest, quæstionem mortis alicujus habere (Cicero, Rosc. Am., 18) ; quæstionem de morte alicujus habere (Cicero, Cluent., 64) ; de occiso homine quærere (Cicero) ; quærere de morte alicujus (Cicero, Rosc. Am., 41) : to proceed to hold an inquest, quæstionem instituere de morte alicujus (Cicero, Cluent., 64). It is only in the case of a sudden death that an inquest is held, tantum subita mors in quæstionem venit (Quintilianus, 7, 2, 15).
INQUIETUDE, Vid. COMMOTION.
INQUIRE, etc. Vid. ENQUIRE.
INQUISITION, quæstio (general term, a judicial trial) : •quæstio de fide Christianâ habita (a religious inquisition, as in Spain) : * quæsitores fidei (the inquisitors themselves) : to hold an inquisition against anybody, quæstionem habere de aliquo or in aliquem.
INQUISITIVE, Vid. CURIOUS.
INQUISITIVENESS, Vid. CURIOSITY.
INQUISITORS, * quæsitores fidei.
INROAD, || Hostile incursion, incursio : irruptio. To make an inroad, incursionem or irruptionem facere. To make inroads, incursiones hostiliter facere : to prevent the incursions of the enemy, prohibere hostem ab incursionibus (Cæsar) : he promised to make no incursions into their territory, eorum fines se non violaturum promisit (Cæsar). || IMPROPR., Encroachment, attack (vid. ), imminutio alicujus rei (a lessening of it ; e. g., dignitatis). To make inroads on anything, violare aliquid (e. g., jus) ; violare atque imminuere (e. g., officium, jus, etc. ). To make an inroad on one of the people’s immemorial privileges, quod populi semper proprium fuit. . . imminuere, or mutare (Cicero).
INSANE, vecors : insanus : mente captus : delirus [SYN. in MAD] : to be insane, insanire : mente captum esse : mentis errore affectum esse : delirare : to become insane, mente capi or alienari : mentis errore affici.
INSANITY, Vid. MADNESS.
INSATIABLE, insatiabilis : inexplebilis (properly and figuratively. ; e. g., stomachus ; cupiditas, avaritia) : insaturabilis (properly ; e. g., paunch, abdomen). An insatiable love of reading, legendi aviditas (vid. Cicero, Fin., 3, 2, 7 ; also, Goerenz. and Orell. on the spurious and unnecessary addition of “inexhausta”).
INSATIABLENESS, insatiabilis or inexplebilis cupiditas (insatiable desire) : insatiabilis avaritia (insatiable avidity or avarice) : Cf., insatietas and insatiabilitas are not classical.
INSATIABLY, insatiabiliter (post-Augustan, Plinius, Tacitus, and † Lucretius) : cum inexplebili cupiditate (Cicero ; improperly).
INSCRIBE, inscribere (on anything, in aliqua re ; Cf., never in aliquid.
In Cicero, Arch., 2, 26, some manuscripts have in illis libellis ; some illis libellis, which Stürenburg adopts [against Matth. ., Klotz, etc. ], without sufficient grounds [e. g., vestris monumentis nomen suum inscripsit, Har., Resp., 27]. To inscribe anything ; e. g., one’s name, in a book, is never in libro or in librum inscribere, but in librum referre ; in libro literis consignare, etc. : inscribere is also used of an inscription on statues, etc. ; Krebs) : insculpere (to inscribe on a material in which the letters are cut ; to carve or engrave ; on anything, alicui rei ; e. g., aliquid saxo ; elogium tumulo) : incidere (= “to cut into, ” anything on brass, aliquid in æs or in ære : more common than insculpere ; both Cicero ; in aliqua re, the more common ; in columnâ æneâ, in tabulâ, in sepulcro, etc. ). Inscribed in very large letters, maximis literis incisus (e. g., in basi statuarum). || IMPROPR. To inscribe on the mind, inscribere aliquid in animo (e. g., orationes, Cicero) : insculpere aliquid in mentibus (Cicero ; of a natural belief written on our hearts by God). To inscribe a book to anybody ; vid. “To DEDICATE a book to anybody. ” || To inscribe a mathematical figure in another, inscribere or includere (in aliqua re).
INSCRIPTION, inscriptio : index (both general terms ; e. g., of a book, picture, statue) : titulus (= the former ; then, especially an inscription on a tomb-stone, with and without sepulcri : lastly, as a notice on a board suspended to anything that is to be let or sold ; as, on a slave, a house ; vid. Gierig, Plinius, Ep., 7, 27, 7) : epigramma, -atis, neuter (ἐπίγραμμα, for the pure Latin inscriptio, an inscription on the basis of a statue, on an offering, on a grave-stone, etc. ) : elogium (any small inscription, whether bestowing praise or blame, or indifferent) : carmen (an inscription in verse, as, at the entrance of a temple) : præscriptio (the address or superscription of a letter) : monumentum literarum (as preserving the recollcetion of anything). To put an inscription on anything, titulum inscribere alicui rei ; inscribere aliquid : a doubtful inscription, titulus obscurus et ambiguus : he had this inscription carved on the statue, in statua (so in sepulcro, etc. ) inscripsit : to have an inscription cut on stone, epigramma or carmen in lapide insculpere : an inscription carved in stone, epigramma (carmen, or monumentum literarum) in lapide insculptum.
INSCRUTABLE, Vid. UNSEARCHABLE.
INSECT, insectum : bestiola (little animal).
INSECURE, || Not to be passed without danger (e. g., road), infestus. To render insecure, infestum reddere or habere (general term) : infestare latrociniis (to render unsafe by robberies ; e. g., a district, etc. ) : infestare latrociniis ac prædationibus (by piracy ; e. g., the sea) : to be insecure, infestari latrociniis (of high roads, etc. ). || Not well kept, intutus (e. g., town, camp). || Not standing firm, instabilis (properly ; of what cannot stand fast ; e. g., gradus, incessus, step, walk) : lubricus (properly ; slippery, where people may easily full ; then figuratively, where one may easily make a mistake ; e. g., ratio defensionis) : also, (The words are found in this connection and order. ) instabilis et lubricus (e. g., step, gradus) : lubricus atque instabilis (e. g., ground, solum) : incertus (figuratively, uncertain, relating to cases where one does not know how one stands, or how anything may turn out, precarious ; of things ; e. g., hope, spes ; times, tempora ; situation, res) ; also, (The words are found in this connection and order. ) lubricus atque incertus (e. g., age, ætas) : infidus (figuratively, that one cannot trust or rely upon ; e. g., friend, good faith, promise).
INSECURITY, by circumlocution (α) with “infestus” (e. g., itinera infesta, viæ infestæ, the insecurity of the high roads, caused by robbers) : from the insecurity of the high roads, I experience great delay in receiving parcels, etc., propter latrocinia, omnia tardissime perferuntur (Cicero, Fam., 2, 9, 1) : from the insecurity of the sea, latrociniis ac prædationibus infestato mari : (β) with “intutus;” e. g., castra intuta (the insecurity of the camp) : urbs intuta (of the town).
INSENSATE, amens : demens (suffering from the want of one’s understanding or reason ; the former if temporary only, the latter if lasting ; and also of whatever betrays that absence of good sound sense ; e. g., plan, consilium, ratio) : insanus (not right in one’s head, insane ; e. g., homo ; and also of what displays that degree of insanity ; e. g., cupiditas) : furiosus (raging, furious ; also of abstract objects ; e. g., cupiditas) : ineptus (inept, absurd, silly, of persons and things). To entertain an insensate desire of anything, ad insaniam concupiscere aliquid.
INSENSIBILITY, torpor (properly ; numbness) : durus animus (improperly ; a mind insusceptible of gentle affections, etc. ) : lentitudo : lentus animus (improperly ; indifference to offences, phlegmatic disposition) : indolentia (insensibility to pain).
INSENSIBLE, sensu carens (properly ; Cf., in Lactantius, 1, 11, extr., and elsewhere, insensibilis) : torpidus (properly, stiff with cold, numb, without feeling) : durus (improperly ; hard, inhumane) : lentus (improperly, with reference to taking offence ; phlegmatic). To be insensible, sensu carere ; sensibus alienatum esse (properly) : to be insensible to anything, aliquid non sentire (not to feel it) ; aliquid non accipere or suscipere (not to receive it ; e. g., consolation) ; non tangi aliqua re (not to be touched or affected by it) ; lente ferre aliquid (to bear it with sluggish indifference). I am become quite insensible to pain, callum obduxi dolori ; animus ad dolorem obduruit : to grow insensible to any evil from long acquaintance with it, assuetudine mali efferare animum : anybody is insensible to the gentler feelings of our nature, nullus in aliquo sensus humanitatis.
INSENSIBLY, Vid. GRADUALLY.
INSEPARABLE, inseparabilis (post-Augustan) : indissolubilis (indissoluble) : individuus (not to be divided ; SYN. in INDIVISIBLE). An inseparable friend, amicus fidissimus : to be inseparable from anything, ab aliqua re separari, secerni, divelli non posse [SYN. in To SEPARATE] : to be inseparable, ab aliquo divelli non posse ; ab alicujus latere non discedere (not to move from anybody’s side ; both of persons) : alicui perpetuum esse (to be inseparable from anybody, never leave him ; e. g., fever).
INSEPARABLY, by circumlocution. Inseparably connected, res sic innexæ ut separari non possint (Celsus, 5, 1).
INSERT, inserere alicui rei or in aliquid : includere alicui rei or in aliquid (to insert in writing as an episode ; e. g., a speech in a letter, orationem epistolæ or in epistolam) : interponere (to cite or say between) : supplere (to fill up what was wanting) : indere alicui rei or in aliquid (to put in ; also to insert in writing) : infigere alicui rei or in aliquid : defigere in aliquid or in aliqua re (to fix in ; defigere, in a perpendicular direction) : immittere alicui rei or in aliquid : demittere in aliquid (to let in, sink in ; demittere, in a perpendicular direction) : includere in aliqua re (to inlay in anything ; as, emblemata in scyphis ; then to insert in a written composition ; as, orationem in epistolam or aliquid orationi suæ).
INSERTION, quod inseritur : insertum : interpositum (general term ; that which is inserted) : suppositum : suppositicium : subditicium (an interpolation, something not genuine). To send anybody a work again with many insertions and alterations, mittere scriptum ad aliquem (retractatius et) crebris locis inculcatum et refectum (Cicero, Att., 4, 16, 3).
INSIDE, adverb, and preposition, intus (within ; also after verbs of motion : quo simul atque intus est itum, Cæsar, B. C., 3, 36) : intra (preposition within ; e. g., intra muros) : in (with, ablative “in”).
INSIDE, s., pars interior : partes interiores : interiora, -um (plural adjective). The inside of a house, pars interior sedium.
INSIDIOUS, insidiosus (ensnaring ; lying in wait to ensnare or entrap ; of persons, and also of things ; e. g., verba, Cicero) : dolosus (tricky) : subdolus (not Cicero ; animus, Sallustius ; oratio, Cæsar, ; lingua, Ovidius) : fraudulentus (deceitful). Insidious questions, captiosæ interrogationes.
INSIDIOUSLY, insidiose, -issime (both Cicero) : subdole (Cicero) : dolose, fraudulenter : fallaciter. Vid. DECEITFULLY.
INSIGHT, cognitio (clear knowledge, alicujus rei). To have an insight into anything, prudenter intelligere aliquid (of a thorough intelligent knowledge) : plane videre aliquid (to see it clearly). To give one an insight into anything, patefacere aliquid alicui. He gave me an insight into his plans, denudavit mihi consilium suum (Livius).
INSIGNIFICANCE, levitas.
INSIGNIFICANT, levis : mediocris : minutus : exiguus : parvus, or parvus dictu : infirmus : (The words are found in this connection and order. ) exiguus et infirmus : levis et infirmus (opposed to gravis et sanctus) : nullus [SYN. in INCONSIDERABLE. ] An insignificant person, vir or homo mediocris (of ordinary calibre) ; homo neque honore neque nomine illustris ; homo ignobilis or obscurus : even an insignificant person, etiam levis persona [e. g., nomen imperii etiam in levi persona pertimescitur). Vid. INCONSIDERABLE,
UNIMPORTANT.
INSINCERE, blandus (soft-spoken, etc ; e. g., friend, amicus; opposed to verus amicus, Cicero) : fucatus : fucosus (varnished over, as it were, to look fairer than it really is ; the former of things, the latter of persons or things ; vicinia non fucosa ; fucosæ amicitiæ, Cicero). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) fucatus et simulatus (opposed to sincerus et verus, Cicero) : falsus (false ; not open-hearted) : infidus (that cannot be trusted ; e. g., amicus) : fallax : fraudulentus : dolosus : subdolus [SYN. in DECEITFUL] : tectus : occultus (dark, reserved ; entertaining some concealed purpose, etc. ). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) occultus et tectus (close, reserved) ; astutus et occultus (crafty and designing ; Cicero). Insincere declarations or professions, verba sine fide jactata. How insincere you are! ut falsus es animi! (Terentianus).
INSINCERELY, simulate (opposed to ex animo), or ficte et simulate : blande : dolose : mala fide : fallaciter (Cicero).
INSINCERITY, fraus (deceit ; opposed to veritas, Cicero, Læl. 24, 89) : ambigua fides (Livius, 6, 2) : ingenium ambiguum (Plinius, not trustworthy) : infidelitas (unfaithfulness ; where fidelity or truth is justly expected ; friendships, quarum infidelitatem extimescebat ; infidelitatis suspicionem sustinere, Cæsar, B. C., 2, 33) : * ingenium parum simplex (apertum, ingenuum, etc. ). He is made up of insincerity, nihil apparet in eo ingenuum ; ex fraude totus constare videtur. Vid. DECEIT, DISSIMULATION.
INSINUATE, TRANS., To insinuate one’s self, irrepere in etc. (properly and figuratively) ; arrepere ; into anything, alicui rei or ad aliquid : subrepere, obrepere ; with anybody, alicui (properly and figuratively ; with the idea of what is gradual and imperceptible) : se insinuare ; in or between, etc., in or inter, etc. (to penetrate anywhere through curves and windings, properly and figuratively ; e. g., inter turmas equitum ; in alicujus familiaritatem) : vice insinuates itself under the name of virtue, vitia nobis obrepunt sub virtutis nomine (Seneca, Ep., 45, 6) : an evil insinuates itself, malum se insinuat : a vice insinuates itself, vitium subrepit. To insinuate one’s self into anybody’s good graces, irrepere in alicujus mentem, arrepere alicujus animo, influere in alicujus animum, ad alicujus amicitiam arrepere (figuratively, to insinuate one’s self into anybody’s friendship, etc. ) : blanditiis et assentationibus alicujus amicitiam colligere or in alicujus consuetudinem se immergere ; blanditiis et assentationibus alicujus benevolentiam sibi adjungere (after Cicero, Muren., 20, 41) ; blanditiis influere in aures alicujus (these, of course, with reference to deceitful methods) ; insinuare se in alicujus familiaritatem (by tortuous methods) ; gratiam sibi parere apud aliquem (general term, to make one’s self liked by anybody) : to endeavor to insinuate one’s self into anybody’s favor, assentatiunculâ aucupari alicujus gratiam ; locum gratiæ apud aliquem quærere : insinuating, blandus. || To infuse gradually (e. g., doctrines, notions), instillare alicui aliquid (Horatius, Ep., 1, 8, 16 ; Seneca, Benef., 6, 16 ; but probably quite allowable in prose : Cicero, uses restillare : quæ [literæ] mihi quiddam quasi animulæ restillarunt ; Att. 9, 7, 1). || To make an insinuation ; vid. To HINT.
INSINUATING, blandus : suavis : Insinuating manners, suavitas. In an insinuating manner, blande.
INSINUATION, significatio (i. e., quæ plus in suspicione relinquit, quam positum est in oratione, Auct., Her., 4, 53, 67 ; desiderat illam plus quam dixeris significationem ; id est ἔμφασιν, Quintilianus, 9, 2, 3). Τo make an insinuation against anybody, oblique perstringere aliquem ; sometimes designare aliquem oratione (to make it felt that he is the person meant ; cf. Cæsar, B. G., 1, 18) : no one has ever made the most covert insinuation against my honor, whom, etc., nemo unquam me tenuissimâ suspicione perstrinxit, quem, etc. (Cicero, Sull., 16).
INSIPID, || PROPR. ; with reference to taste ; nihil sapiens (having no taste, tasteless ; Cf., insipidus only very late) : non conditus (unseasoned, not made palateable by seasoning ; Cf., not inconditus) : voluptate carens (affording no pleasure or enjoyment). To be insipid, nihil sapere ; sapore carere ; voluptate carere . || Wanting raciness, etc., insulsus : inficetus (having no poignancy of wit, spirit, etc. ) : absurdus (that does not ring, as it were ; gives no sound). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) ineptus et absurdus : * qui nullum habet succum neque sanguinem (after succus ille et sanguis. . . oratorum fuit, Cicero, Brut., 9, 36 ; habeat tamen succum aliquem oportet, etc. ).
INSIPIDITY, PROPR., by circumlocution with the adjectives ; e. g., insipidity of the dishes, cibi voluptate carentes. || Want of raciness, etc., insulsitas : absurditas. SYN. in INSIPID.
INSIPIDLY, sine sapore (properly) : insulse : absurde : inepte : inficete (with reference to wit, works of taste, etc. ).
INSIST, || To insist upon a person’s doing so and so, alicui instare (with infinitive = “to insist on being allowed to do something, ” instat poscere recuperatores : with ut, ne ; tibi instat Hortensius, ut eas in consilium, Cicero) : urgere aliquem (to press anybody ; mostly absolutely ; with ut, Asin. Poll. ap. Cicero, Fam., 10, 32, 4, ursit me. . . ut legionem trigesimam mitterem sibi). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) instare et urgere (absolutely = “to insist upon it”). I not only ask but insist upon being told, what the nature of the charge is, posco atque adeo flagito crimen (i. e., demand it importunately ; Cicero). Often exigere aliquid only : to insist on being told the truth, exigere veritatem ; on receiving longer letters, longiores literas exigere. To insist upon anything, instare de aliqua re : urgere aliquid : postulare aliquid (to demand it emphatically). To insist upon the payment of a debt, debitum consectari or exigere : to insist upon one’s rights, de jure suo non decedere. Sometimes passive impersonal ; if it be insisted upon, si instetur (sc. ab aliquo, Livius).
INSNARE, Vid. ENSNARE.
INSOLENCE, insolentia : intemperantia : intemperies (unrestrained, insolent behavior).
INSOLENT, insolens : superbus : arrogans [SYN. in ARROGANT. ] (The words are found in this connection and order. ) insolens et superbus. To become insolent, insolentem fieri ; insolenter or insolentius se efferre or gerere ; intumescere (Plinius) : insolescere (Sallustius, after Cato ; Tacitus, Justinus) : superbire, etc. ; magnos spiritus or magnam arrogantiam sibi sumere. To be insolent, insolentera esse ; inani superbiâ tumere, etc. : to make anybody insolent, aliquem superbum or insolentem facere ; alicui spiritus afferre (both of things) : to make anybody intolerably insolent, alicujus animum ad intolerabilem superbiam inflare. Vid. PROUD.
INSOLENTLY, insolenter : superbe : arroganter : intemperanter.
INSOLUBLE, by circumlocution with liquefieri (liquari, resolvi, discuti) non posse. SYN. of verbs in MELT.
INSOLVABLE (= inexplicable), inexplicabilis or difficilis et inexplicabilis (e. g., res, Cicero) ; insolubilis (Quintilianus) ; or by circumlocution with solvi non posse (solvere captiosa, Cicero, ænigmata, Quintilianus).
INSOLVENCY, by circumlocution with solvendo non esse, etc. ; also (of a merchant) cedere foro (Ulpianus). To make oath of one’s insolvency, bonam copiam ejurare (Cicero, Fam., 9, 16, 7).
INSOLVENT, qui non est solvendo or ad solvendum. To take an oath that he is insolvent, bonam copiam ejurare (Cicero, Fam., 9, 16, 7). Vid. BANKRUPT. INSPECT, inspicere aliquid (also to inspect anything in order to acquire a knowledge of it ; e. g., rationes suas, Seneca, ad Helv., 10, 3, arma, viros, equos) : cognoscere (ὺναγιγνώσκειν, to acquire an insight into anything, to read anything, in order to make one’s self accurately acquainted with its contents ; e. g., literas ; vid. Bremi, Nep., Lys., 4, 3) : recensere : recensum alicujus agere (to go through one by one, to inform one’s self of the number, state, etc ; an army, the cavalry, senate, etc. ) ; also, recensere et numerum inire (Cæsar). To inspect the Sibylline books, libros Sibyllinos adire (to approach, in order to consult them).
INSPECTION, cura (the general management of anything ; ærarii, publicorum operum, viarum) : custodia (the duty of keeping anything ; the charge of it). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) cura custodiaque. Anybody receives the inspection of the treasury, cura ærarii transit in aliquem.
INSPECTOR, custos : curator (to whom the keeping or preservation of anything is entrusted) : præses : præfectus (who is placed over anything) : exactor operis (who is to see that any task is performed with care). Inspector of the high-roads, curator viarum ; of the streets, magister vici ; vicomagister (Sext., Ruf. ; the officer who attended to the cleaning of the streets, etc., in a quarter of the city). Inspector of police, denunciator (after second century of Christian era, inscriptions, Orell, No. 5, 2544, and 3216). To make anybody inspector of anything, præficere aliquem curatorem alicui rei, or only præficere or præponere aliquem alicui rei ; custodem aliquem imponere alicui rei (seldom in
aliqua re ; e. g., in hortis, Nepos, Cim., 4, 1 ; in frumento publico, Cicero, pro Flacc., 41). Inspector of the picture galleries, qui est a pinacothecis (inscriptions).
INSPIRATION, inflammatio animi : instinctus or inflatus divinus : instinctus inflatusque divinus : instinctus afflatusque divinus : cœlestis mentis instinctus : mentis incitatio et permotio divina : mentis incitatio et motus : inflammatio animi et afflatus quidam furoris (the inspiration of a god ; the last in a higher degree). To see into futurity by inspiration, furentem futura prospicere : to foretell the future by inspiration, aliquo instinctu inflatuque futura prænunciare : to compose poetry under inspiration, cœlesti quodam mentis instinctu carmina fundere : poetic inspiration, inflammatio animi et quidam afflatus quasi furoris (Cicero, De Or., 2, 96, 194).
INSPIRE, || PROPR., alicujus mentem divino afflatu or alicujus animum divino instinctu concitare : to be inspired, spiritu divino tangi ; divino quodam spiritu inflari ; divino instinctu concitari. || FIG., To render highly excited, excitare : incendere : inflammare (general terms, to raise one’s mind, to inflame) : lætitia or gaudio perfundere : totum ad se convertere et rapere (to gratify to the utmost, to charm, enrapture). To be inspired, mentis viribus excitari ; ardore aliquo inflammari atque incitari : to be inspired with joy, totum in lætitiam effusum esse ; beatum esse omnibus lætitiis (to be quite entranced with joy ; Cœcilius, ap. Cicero, Fin., 2, 4, 13) : to speak like an inspired person, orationem ad sensus motusque animorum inflammandos admovere : wine inspires a man, vinum ingenium facit (Ovidius, Met., 7, 433). || Inspire with anything, injicere alicui aliquid (to instill, infuse into anybody ; as desire of battle, hope) : implere aliquem aliqua re (to fill ; e. g., spe animoque) : tenere aliquem (to restrain, fetter one) : to be inspired with zeal for anything, alicujus rei studio teneri : to inspire anybody with eagerness for battle, aliquem alacriorem ad pugnandum efficere (of a cir cumstance, etc. ; vid. Cæsar, B. G., 3, 24) : to be inspired with a desire of fighting, magna alacritas studiumque pugnandi magnum alicui injectum est ; to be inspired with fresh courage, accedit mihi animus ; alacriorem fieri (Cf., not animari, although in Tacitus, Germ., 29, 3, it is = ferociores reddi).
INSPIRED, divino spiritu inflatus or tactus : mente incitatus (general terms) : fanaticus : furens : furibundus : lymphatus (if the supposed inspiration is of a wild, fanatic character). To be inspired, spiritu divino tangi (Livius) ; divino quodam spiritu inflari (Cicero) ; divino instinctu concitari (Cicero) ; ardore aliquo incitari atque inflammari (Cicero) : the predictions of inspired bards, furibundæ vatum prædictiones. || Inspired with anything, impletus aliqua re (filled with anything ; e. g., spe animoque) : incensus aliqua re (inflamed, kindled ; e. g., amore, officio).
INSPIRIT, animum alicui addere or facere : aliquem or alicujus animum erigere. To feel inspirited, se or animum suum erigere : anybody is inspirited by anything, aliqua re animus alicui accedit (Cicero) or augetur (Cæsar).
INSTABILITY, Vid. UNSTEADINESS : Cf., instabilitas is post-Augustan, Plinius.
INSTABLE, instabilis (classical, but not Ciceronian). Vid. UNSTEADY.
INSTALL, constituere aliquem in munere : inaugurare (properly, with solemnities performed by the augurs) : * sollemni more munus alicui demandare.
INSTALLATION, perhaps introitus, with genitive of the office ; in a priesthood, sacerdotii (Suetonius). By circumlocution with verbs in To INSTALL.
INSTALLMENT, pensio (a payment). To pay by installments, certis pensionibus solvere pecuniam : certis diebus solvere pecuniam : in three, in equal installments, tribus pensionibus ; æquis pensionibus : to pay down the first installment at once, primam pensionem præsentem numerare.
INSTANCE, v., nominare : I instanced several persons to whom this had happened, * complures nominavi, quibus id accidisset, or (of a happy occurrence) contigisset (Muret. ).
INSTANCE, s., || Example, exemplum : specimen. [Vid. EXAMPLE. ] || For instance, exempli causa or gratia : ut exemplo utar (to take an instance, when an example of the thing meant, whether it be historical or invented, is really quoted) : verbi causa : verbi gratia (when a preceding expression is to be explained) : ut, (ὡς, when, in reference to the preceding proposition, a single case is added, to explain what was said ; cf. Cæsar, B. C., 1, 2, in. ) : velut : veluti. Animals which are born on land, as for instance, crocodiles, bestiæ quæ gignuntur in terra, veluti crocodili : even the gods waged wars, as for instance, with the giants, dii quoque bella gesserunt, ut cum gigantibus. Sometimes vel is used in this sense ; raras tuas quidem sed suaves accipio literas ; vel (as, for instance) quas proxime accepi, quam prudentes, etc. [Pract. Intr. ii. 542] : in his (amongst these ; when one or several persons are mentioned, as particular examples of a general statement).
INSTANT, adjective, || Earnest, vehement, vehemens : impensus (both of entreaties) : || Immediate, præsens (e. g., pœna, Cicero ; mors, Flor. ; auxilium, Cicero). Vid. IMMEDIATE.
INSTANT, s., Vid. INSTANTANEOUSLY.
INSTANTANEOUS, Vid. IMMEDIATE.
INSTANTANEOUSLY, puncto or momento temporis : in vestigio temporis : e vestigio. [Vid. IMMEDIATELY. ] Acting instantaneouly, præsens (of poison, medicine, etc. ).
INSTANTLY, || Earnestly, vehemently, vehementer : impense : etiam atque etiam. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) vehementer etiam atque etiam (e. g., rogare, Cicero : Cf., never enixe and instanter is unclassical). To beseech anybody instantly, vehementer (impense, etc. ) aliquem orare ; aliquem obsecrare atque obtestari ; omnibus precibus aliquem petere or orare. || Immediately, vid.
INSTATE, constituere : inaugurare (of an installation into office by the augurs). To instate anybody in an office, aliquem constituere in munere : to instate anybody in anybody’s favor, apud aliquem aliquem in magna, (maxima) gratia ponere ; alicujus gratiam conciliare alicui.
INSTEAD OF, (1) Followed by a substantive ; loco or in locum, with genitive (in the place of anybody or anything, the one being substituted for the other) : vice or in vicem, with genitive (one being changed for the other) : pro, with ablative (“for, ” implying a relation or proportion between the two things). To use saltpetre instead of salt, salis vice nitro uti : to send some cavalry instead of the legions, in vicem legionum equites mittere : I have been invited instead of him, in locum ejus invitatus sum : he had called them Quirites instead of soldiers, Quirites eos pro militibus appellaverat : to pay bad money instead of good, nummos adulterinos pro bonis solvere. (2) Before the participial substantive ; (a) quum possit or posset with infinitive (when the thing not done is merely one that might be done or have been done ; e. g., instead of being led to execution, he was loaded with praise, quum posset ad mortem duci, omni laude cumulatus est) : (b) quum debeat or deberet (when the thing not done is what ought to be done, or to have been done ; quum deberet ad mortem duci, omni laude cumulatus est) : (c) By ac non (e. g., as if they were deserted, instead of [as was really the case] having deserted them [the Palæpolitnni], velut destituti, ac non qui ipsi destituisseot) : (d) tantum abest, ut. . . ut [contra] (when the thing not done or notion rejected is wholly improbable, compared with the other fact or statement ; often when the notions are opposed ; e. g., instead of feeling any dislike to have a work published on the opposite side of the question, I really am most anxious to see such a one, tantum abest ut scribi contra nos nolimus, ut id etiam maxinie optemus : the fear of a foreign enemy, instead of putting an end to those civil broils, actually rendered the tribunes more violent, tantum abfuit, ut civilia certamina terror externus cohiberet, ut contra eo violentior potestas tribunicia esset, Livius, 6, 31). (e) Nearly so, non modo non. . . sed etiam (not only not. . . but even) ; non. . . sed (not. . . but) ; adeo non (or nihil). . . ut (e. g., instead of restraining his anger, he openly asserted, etc. adeo non tenuit iram, ut. . . palam diceret, Livius, 8, 5) : magis quam (rather than ; e. g., instead of terrifying, it had enraged him, accenderat eum magis quam terruerat) : (f) with ablative absolute, (e. g., instead of flying, omissa fuga).
INSTEP, * pes superior.
INSTIGATE, instigare (classical, but rare : te instigante, Cicero ; Romanos in Hannibalem, Livius ; in arma, Velleius). Vid. To EXCITE ; To INCITE.
INSTIGATED, instigatus (spurred on by an external power, by words, commands, etc. ) : instinctus (impelled by an internal, and higher power, by inspiration, love, the voice of the gods) : impulsus (impelled ; e. g., tuis promissis). Vid. To EXCITE ; To INCITE.
INSTIGATION, instigatio (Auct. Her. not Cicero, or Cæsar) : impulsus : instinctus (ablative of the action ; SYN. in INSTIGATE). By anybody’s instigation, aliquo instigante (Cicero, Pis., 11) ; aliquo impellente ; aliquo auctore or impulsore ; alicujus impulsu or auctoritate ; alicujus instinctu (Tacitus, Hist., 1, 70) : by
the instigation of others (or another), alieno impulsu.
INSTIGATOR, concitator (the stirrer up ; belli, tumultus, seditionis) : impulsor (he who impels to an action). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) suasor et impulsor (e. g., profectionis meæ) : auctor et impulsor (e. g., sceleris illius) : stimulator (he who spurs anybody on to an action) : instimulator (Cicero Dom., 5, 13). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) instimulator et concitator (e. g., seditionis, ib. ) : instinctor : instigator (both Tacitus). Instigator and abettor, impulsor atque adjutor.
INSTILL, || PROPR., instillare. || IMPROPR., instillare (doctrines, precepts, etc., Horatius, Ep., 1, 8, 16 ; Seneca, Benef., 6, 16, extr. ; and, undoubtedly, permissible in prose, since Cicero has quæ [literæ] mihi quiddam quasi animulæ instillarunt ; al. restillarunt : at all events, it may be used as Cicero, Sen., 11, verba, præcepta, etc., menti atque animo tamquam lumini oleum instillare) : imbuere aliquem aliqua re.
INSTINCT, natura. By instinct, naturâ duce : to become, as it were, an instinct, quasi in naturam verti : animals have their particular instincts, animalia babent suos impetus et rerum appetitus (Cicero, Off., 2, 3, 11). A natural instinct, conciliatio naturæ (i. e., what nature makes agreeable to us, leads us to desire, etc. ; Cicero, Ac., 2, 42, extr. ). The instinct of self-preservation, ad omnem vitam tuendam appetitus (Cicero) : insita corporis nostri caritas (Seneca). Nature has implanted in all creatures the instinct of self-preservation, omnibus animalibus sui censervandi custodiam natura ingenuit (after Cicero, N. D., 2, 48, extr. ) ; generi animantium omni est a naturâ tributum, ut se, corpus vitamque tueatur, declinetque ea, quæ nocitura videantur (Cicero).
INSTINCTIVE, * quod fit conciliatione naturæ : these are instinctive feelings, ea sunt communibus infixa sensibus. An instinctive principle, appetitus a natura datus : animi appetitus (Cicero, 5 Fin., 9, init. ) : the instinctive principles of our nature, naturæ voluntas. Anything is an instinctive feeling, aliquid alicui natura ingenuit, or aliquid alicui est a natura tributum ; insitum est alicui aliquid (Seneca) : an instinctive notion, quasi naturalis quædam atque insita in animis nostris (or in animo alicujus) notio.
INSTINCTIVELY, duce naturâ suâ (e. g., facere aliquid). Vid. INSTINCT, INSTINCTIVE.
INSTITUTE, v., || Establish (laws, rules, etc. ), instituere (e. g., magistratum, ferias, sacros ludos). || Instruct (in anything), instituere (absolutely, or ad aliquid or ad [aliquid] faciendum). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) instituere atque erudire. [Vid. INSTRUCT, TEACH. ] || To set on foot. To institute an inquiry, quæstionem de aliqua re instituere (e. g., de morte alicujus, Cicero) ; quæstionem de aliqua re constituere (e. g., de furto, Cicero). To institute a suit, actionem instituere (Cicero, Mur., 9) ; against anybody, actionem or litem alicui intendere. [Vid. To ACCUSE, “to bring an ACTION. “] || To invest with the care of souls, * beneficio alicui sacerdotem instituere (cf. aliquem tutorem instituere filiorum orbitati, Cicero, Or. 1, 53).
INSTITUTE, s., || Book of elements or principles, præcepta institutaque (e. g., pbilosophiæ, Cicero) : ars alicujus rei or aliquid faciendi conscripta (e. g., sacrificandi, Livius, 25, 2).
INSTITUTION, || Act of enacting or establishing, institutio : constitutio : descriptio [SYN. in FOUND, ESTABLISH]. || Thing founded or prescribed by authority, institutum : lex (law). Institutions, instituta (e. g., patriæ) : laws and institutions, leges et instituta. These are admirable institutions, hæc optime instituta or instructa sunt. An institution = “a society, ” vid. || Education, instruction, vid.
INSTITUTOR, Vid. FOUNDER.
INSTRUCT, || To teach, etc., erudire : formare (denote education as an ideal good, and as a part of human improvement ; erudire, generally, and as far as it frees from ignorance ; formare, specially, and as far it prepares anybody in a particular sphere and for a particular purpose, and gives the mind a bent thereto) : instituere (denotes education as a tangible good, in order to qualify for a particular employment) : Cf., instruere = “to furnish with what is necessary, ” must be used carefully : artes, etc., quibus instruimur ad usum forensem, etc., Cicero : Petronius, has instruimur juvenes præceptis ; Quintilianus, aliquem scientiâ alicujus rei. || To give directions to an agent, etc., mandare alicui (with ut, ne, etc., or relative clause) : aliquem edocere, quæ agat. Vid. “to give INSTRUCTIONS. ” .
INSTRUCTION, || Teaching, institutio : disciplina : Cf., instructio unclassical. To remain under instruction for twenty years, in disciplinâ viginti annos manere (Cæsar). || Direction, command, præceptum (as direction) : mandatum (as charge, etc. ). A secret instruction, præceptum arcanum or occultum. I have received instructions to, etc., mihi mandatum est, ut, etc. : to give anybody’s instructions, alicui mandata dare ; aliquem edocere, quæ agat ; alicui negotium dare, ut, etc. ; alicui præcipere, ut, etc. To act according to one’s instructions, præcepta alicujus sequi († Vergilius) : to follow one’s instructions to the letter, omnia ad præceptum agere (Cæsar, explaining the different duties of a “legatus” and a commander- in-chief) : to receive instructions fin anybody, mandata accipere ab aliquo : give him exact instructions about all that you wish me to do or get done for you, omnibus ei de rebus, quas agi, quas curari a me voles, mandata des velim : to give anybody instructions as to what he should, etc., alicui mandare, quæ illum (agere, etc. ) velis.
INSTRUCTIVE, utilis (profitable), or, by circumlocution, qui (quæ, quod) aliquid docet (e. g., virtutem, Quintilianus). Instructive books for children, libri, quibus ætas puerilis ad humanitatem (ad virtutem, etc. ) informatur or informari solet (after Cicero, Arch., 3, 4). To others practice will be found more instructive than precept, alii, quod fortasse præceptis non credunt, usu docebuntur (Quintilianus, 3, S, 70). To give an instructive turn to the conversation, * sermonem ad ea, quæ sunt frugi, deflectere.
INSTRUCTOR, Vid. TEACHER, TUTOR.
INSTRUMENT, || Tool, etc., instrumentum : organum (ὄργαναν : especially one that contains works or some artificial construction ; hence the best expression for a musical instrument, cf. Seneca, Ep., 87, 11) : macbina (machine for facilitating the movement or management of anything). Astronomical instruments, * supellex sideribus observandis : surgical instruments, ferramenta chirurgorum : stringed (musical) instruments, fides : a wind nstrument, cornu (horn) : tibiæ (double-flute) : tuba (trumpet) : Instrument-maker, instrumentorum opifex : artifex, qui organa fabricat. || Written or printed document, literæ : tabulæ : instrumentum (document, etc., litis, Quintilianus ; emtionis, Scævola, Digests, 24, 1, 58). To draw up an instrument, literis aliquid consignare.
INSTRUMENTAL, To be instrumental to anybody in anything, adjuvare aliquem or adjutorem (feminine, adjutricem) esse alicui in aliqua re : commodare alicui operam suam ad aliquid (of persons) : adjuvare (also of things), vim habere ad aliquid : valere ad aliquid : prodesse or adjuvare ad aliquid (to contribute ; of things) : to be very instrumental, magnum momentum afferre (of things). Anybody was instrumental to me in anything, alicujus opera aliquid effeci (I accomplished it by his aid) ; ministerio alicujus aliquid factum est (he being the agent by whom it was actually done) ; * hac in re usus sum ejus opera ; * eum hac in re adjutorem habui ; * ejus opera consecutus sum, quod optabam. To be instrumental to anybody in the execution of his plans, * inservire alicujus consiliis perficiendis. INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC, cantus tibiarum nervorumque or nervorum et tibiarum (Cicero, N. D., 2, 58, 146 ; Rosc., Am., 46, 134) : symphonia (συμφωνία, the orchestra, Seneca, Ep., 12, 8). Instrumental and vocal music, chordarum sonitus et vocis cantus ; vocum nervorumque cantus.
INSUBORDINATE, imperium detrectans (of soldiers, subjects, etc. ) : contumax.
INSUBORDINATELY, contra morem obsequii : contra fas discipline (both Tacitus, Ann., 1, 19, 2).
INSUBORDINATION, disciplina nulla : immodestia (Nepos) : intemperantia nimiaque licentia (Nepos). To be guilty of insubordination, dicto audientem imperatori suo non esse (Nepos). Insubordination was promoted by anything, aliqua re modestia exercitûs corrupta (Tacitus, Hist., 1, 60). He charged him with promoting sedition and insubordination, seditionem ei et confusum ordinem disciplines objectabat (ib. ).
INSUFFERABLE, Vid. INTOLERABLE, UNBEARABLE.
INSUFFERABLY, Vid. INTOLERABLY, UNBEARABLY.
INSUFFICIENCY, sometimes inopia (want ; e. g., of provisions, frumenti or frumentaria) : angustiæ (scanty supply ; of provisions, rei frumentariæ ; of pay, stipendii, Tacitus) : imbecillitas et inopia : imbecillitas et egestas (insufficiency of an individual to supply his own wants ; e. g., propter imbecillitatem atque inopiam desiderata sit amicitia, Cicero ; amicitia ex imbecillitate atque egestate nata, Cicero). Or by circumlocution with non sufficere or sufficientem
esse ; non idoneum esse (of authority, evidence, etc. ) ; ad probandum infirmum (et nugatorium) esse (of proofs). To feel one’s own weakness and insufficiency, minimum in se esse arbitrari.
INSUFFICIENT, non sufficiens (not sufficient) : non satis idoneus (not quite to the purpose, inadequate ; e. g., witness, testimony or evidence). To be insufficient by itself, per se minus valere.
INSUFFICIENTLY, non satis : minus (less than could be wished ; e. g., intelligere aliquid) : parum (too little). To be insufficiently provided with anything, anguste aliqua re uti.
INSULAR, insulanus (= the inhabitant of an island). By circumlocution. From our insular position, * eo ipso, quod insulam incolimus ; * eo ipso, quod insulani sumus. An insular people, insulani ; insulæ incolæ.
INSULT, s., contumelia (a wrong done to one’s honor) : offensio (a state of mortified feeling ; but also the act that causes it) : injuria (an insult felt to be a wrong) : opprobrium (insult conveyed by reproachful words). To look upon anything as an insult, aliquid in or ad contumeliam accipere ; ignominiæ loco ferre aliquid ; ignominiæ or probro habere aliquid. To put an insult upon anybody, contumeliam alicui imponere ; aliquem ignominia afficere ; ignominiam alicui imponere or injungere : to have an insult put upon one, ignominia affici ; contumelia affici.
INSULT, v., contumeliam alicui imponere : aliquem contumelia insequi : contumeliis insectari : maledictis vexare (to insult with insolent words) : sugillare (insult scornfully, contemptuously) : offendere aliquem (to insult, displease, whether intentionally or not) : aliquem ignominia afficere : ignominiam alicui imponere, injungere (of gross insults, causing public disgrace). To be insulted, ignominia or contumelia affici ; offendi (to feel insulted). To insult with words, verbis or voce vulnerare, violare : contumeliam alicui dicere : to feel insulted, injuriam sibi factam putare ; at anything, aliquid in or ad contumeliam accipere ; * aliqua re se læsum or violatum putare.
INSULTINGLY, contumeliose : per ludibrium (mockingly) : ferociter (e. g., dicere aliquid, with fierce defiance).
INSUPERABLE, insuperabilis : inexsuperabilis (properly) : quod superari non potest (properly and improperly).
INSUPPORTABLE, Vid. INTOLERABLE, UNBEARABLE.
INSUPPORTABLY, Vid. INTOLERABLY, UNBEARABLY.
INSURANCE, * cautio de aliqua re : * fides de damno pensando interposita.
INSURE, * rei alicui cautionem adhibere (of the person who insures his property) : damnum præstare (to take the loss on one’s self) : cavere de re (to be security, etc. ; of him who insures another’s property). Their ships are insured, publicum periculum est a vi ternpestatis (Livius, 25, 3, 10) : hence, houses, etc., are insured, * publicum periculum est ab incendio.
INSURGENT, rebellans (implying a previous war and subjugation) : imperium alicujus detrectans (refusing to obey a sovereign).
INSURRECTION, seditio : motus (disturbance) : rebellio : rebellium : rebellatio (implying a previous war and subjugation) : defectio (ab aliquo, the falling away from anybody) : tumultus (the Roman name for a sudden outbreak, of their slaves, or the Gallic tribes, the peasantry, etc. ). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) (repentinus) tumultus ac defectio (Cæsar, B. G., 5, 26, 1) : vis repentina (a sudden outbreak). To persuade anybody to take part in an insurrection, aliquem in societatem defectionis impellere. To excite an insurrection, or people to an insurrection, seditionem, tumultum facere, concitare ; seditionem commovere, concire : to be instrumental in making an insurrection general, ignem et materiam seditioni subdere : to put down an insurrection, seditionem sedare, lenire, tranquillam facere, comprimere, exstinguere : an insurrection breaks out, seditio oritur, concitatur, exardescit : an insurrection breaks out afresh, seditio recrudescit ; seems likely to be put down, seditio languescit : it seems likely that an insurrection will break out among the Boii, Boiorum gens ad rebellionem spectare videtur (Livius). An insurrection of slaves, servllis tumultus (Cæsar).
INSUSCEPTIBILITY, ingenium hebes ad aliquid : lentitudo : lentus animus (insusceptibility of any impression). Sometimes torpor : socordia : animus durus [SYN. in APATHY]. Insusceptibility of pain, indolentia.
INSUSCEPTIBLE, of anything, by circumlocution, aliquid non sentire : aliquid non accipere or suscipere : non tangi aliqua re. || ABSOL., lentus : torpidus : durus (sluggish, etc. ). Vid. INSENSIBLE.
INTAGLIO, perhaps gemma intus eminens (after Seneca, Ben., 3, 26, 1).
INTEGER, * numerus integer (opposed to * numerus fractus, fraction).
INTEGRAL, An integral part of anything, * necessaria pars alicujus rei.
INTEGRITY, || IMPROPR. Moral integrity, integritas : innocentia [SYN. in INNOCENCE] : sanctitas (sanctity, holiness) : integritas or sanctitas vitæ (irreproachable and holy life). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) integritas atque innocentia : sanctimonia (with reference to thought). κυρικιμασαηικο INTEGUMENT, tegumentum : tegmentum (properly and figuratively “covering, ” palpebræ tegmenta oculorum) : integumentum (properly ; rare, Livius, ; figuratively, Cicero) : cutis (skin, as integument of the bones) : tunica : gluma (of corn) : folliculus (of corn, legumes, grapes).
INTELLECT, intelligentia : intelligendi vis : intelligendi prudentia (the power of understanding : Cf., intellectus, post-Augustan) : ingenium (the mental powers) : mens (the mind, as endued with intellectual powers ; then the power of thought or combination itself : ὁ νῦς). Acuteness of intellect, ingenii acumen or acies : also acumen only : perspicacitas : prudentia perspicax (penetrating insight into the nature of a thing) : ingenium acre : subtilitas (the acuteness that easily discerns the differences of things) : sagacitas (the acuteness that traces out what is concealed). To be a person of acute intellect, acuti ingenii esse ; acri ingenio esse ; acriter intelligere : to sharpen the intellect (of things), ingenii acumini inservire mentem, or intelligendi prudentiam, or ingenium acuere : to have an acute intellect, natura acutum esse : to cultivate the intellect, animum mentemque excolere.
INTELLECTIVE. || To be perceived by the. understanding, not by the senses (Milton), quod neque oculis, neque auribus, neque ullo sensu percipi potest, cogitatione tantum et mente complectimur. || Intelligent, vid.
INTELLECTUAL, by circumlocution with genitive, animi or cogitationis, etc. Intellectual activity, animi or cogitationis motus : mentis agitatio or motus. The intellectual faculties, hominis sollertia (cf. Cicero, N. D., 2, 6, 18), animus ingeniumque ; animus mensque.
INTELLIGENCE, intelligentia : intelligendi vis or prudentia. [Vid. INTELLECT. ] || News, information, vid.
INTELLIGENT, mente præditus (endowed with reason) : intelligens : sapiens : prudens [SYN. in WISE]. To be very intelligent, acuti ingenii esse ; acri ingenio esse ; acriter intelligere.
INTELLIGIBILITY, perspicuitas (clearness). By circumlocution with intelligi posse. For the greater intelligibility of the subject, quo res magis pateat.
INTELLIGIBLE, facilis ad intelligendum (easy to understand : Cf., intelligibilis belongs to the post-Ciceronian philosophical style) : comprehensibilis : quod in intelligentiam nostram cadit : quod intelligentia nostra capit : quod intelligere et ratione comprehendere possumus (what our mental faculties can comprehend; opposed to quod fugit intelligentiæ nostræ vim et notionem ; quod nullius mens aut cogitatio capere potest) : facilis intellectu or ad intelligendum : accommodatus ad intelligentiam : expeditus : cognitu perfacilis (what may easily be comprehended). Sometimes perspicuus, apertus, clarus, etc. To be intelligible, cognosci ac percipi posse : anything is not intelligible, aliquid in sensum et in mentem intrare non potest. Generally intelligible, ad commune judicium popularemque intelligentiam accommodatus (and adverbially accommodate) ; ad vulgarem popularemque sensum accommodatus.
INTINTELLIGIBLY, plane : perspicue : aperte : ad commune judicium popularemque intelligentiam accommodate. That we may express ourselves intelligibly, ut ea, quæ dicamus, intelligantur. To speak intelligibly, plane et articulate loqui (with reference to utterance), perspicue or plane et aperte dicere ; plane et dilucide loqui (clearly and intelligibly) : that we may express ourselves intelligibly, ut ea, quæ dicamus, intelligantur.
INTEMPERANCE, intemperantia : incontinentia [SYN. in MODERATE] : intemperantia vini (with reference to drinking, Livius, 44, 30). Intemperance in eating and drinking, profunda et intempestiva gula (habitual) : to brutalize one’s self by gross intemperance, immoderato potu atque pastu animum obstupefacere (Cicero, 1 Divin., 29, 60). To increase his natural violence of temper by habits of intemperance, violentiam insitam ingenio intemperantia vini accendere (Livius, 44, 30) : to be guilty of intemperance, largiore vino uti (on a particular occasion) ; immoderate et intemperate vivere (to live a life of intemperance and excess, Cicero, Univ., 12).
INTEMPERATE, intemperans : incontinens [SYN. in MODERATE]. (Cicero uses intemperans = without due control over one’s
temper, etc. ; also, intemperans in aliqua re ; e. g., in alicujus rei cupiditate) : avidus et intemperans (e. g., animus, Livius, unrestrained, eager for the accomplishment of its desires) : immoderatus (not kept within proper bounds ; of persons or things) : A very intemperate person, homo profundæ atque intempestivæ gulæ : to assail anybody with intemperate abuses, intemperantius invehi in aliquem : intemperate in language, immodicus linguæ (Livius, immodicus, not Cicero, or Cæsar) ; intemperans linguæ (Tacitus). Vid. IMMODERATE and (for “intemperate zeal, ” etc. ) EXCESSIVE.
INTEMPERATELY, intemperanter : intemperate : incontinenter (properly, Celsus, capere cibum ; improperly Cicero) : libidinose (lustfully). [Vid. IMMODERATELY. ]To attack anybody intemperately, intemperantius in aliquem invehi : to live intemperately, immoderate atque intemperate vivere (Cicero).
INTEND, || Strain, distend (vid. ), intendere (opposed to remittere). || Mean, purpose, spectare aliquid, ad aliquid or with ut (to have an object in view) : propositum habeo or propositum est mihi, aliquid or with infinitive (to purpose ; to have resolved ; to have anything before one’s mind, as a thing to be done) : cogitare aliquid, or with infinitive (to think of anything, of doing anything) : destinare (rare, but classical ; infectis iis, quæ agere destinaverat, Cæsar) : agitare, with or without (in) mente, (in) animo (to be revolving in one’s mind) : statuisse or constituisse (to have determined ; to do anything) : id agere, ut (to be taking steps to accomplish) : sometimes moliri : parare (to be preparing) : Cf., intendere must be used very carefully but there are some constructions in which it may be used for our ” intend, ” i. e., where the notion is ” to bend the mind in any direction, ” animum aliquo intendere, or to bend, as it were, one’s bow at = ” aim at. ” I see clearly what he hopes, and what he intends, quid iste speret, et quo animum intendat, perspicio (i. e., to what point he is bending his mind, straining his faculties) : you must explain this before you proceed to what you inform us that you intendto say, quod est tibi ante explicandum, quam illuc proficiscare, quo te dicis intendere (Cicero, i. e., at which you say that you are aiming). Quod ubi secus procedit, neque, quod intenderat, efficere potest (Sallustius, he cannot even accomplish what he intended ; i. e., aimed at accomplishing). Si Antonius, quod animo intenderat, efficere potuisset (Cicero, had been able to effect what he intended ; i. e., had aimed at in his mind). What was intended by all this, but, etc., quonam hæc omnia. . . pertinerent (e. g., nisi ad suam perniciem) : What is intended by this speech? quid sibi vult hæc oratio? quid sibi volunt verba ista? To intend anybody or anything for anything, destinare aliquem, or aliquid ad aliquid, or alicui rei (in this sense it seems to be post-Augustan). To intend anybody for the bar, destinare aliquem foro (Quintilianus. ) : Nature intended anybody for, etc., aliquis natus est ad aliquid.
INTENDANT, Vid. SUPERINTENDENT.
INTENSE, [Vid. EXCESSIVE. ]Intense desire, cupiditas magna, acris, ardens, flagrans : intense thought, acerrima atque attentissima cogitatio : by the most intense exertions. intentissima cura (Quintilianus) : the cold is never intense in that country, asperitas frigorum abest : it was the middle of winter, and the cold was intense, erat hiems summa, tempestas perfrigida.
INTENSELY, valde : graviter : acriter : contente. To love intensely, perdite or misere amare : to desire anything intensely, cupere aliquid ardenter ; alicujus rei desiderio flagrare, excruciari : to dislike anything intensely, aliquid vehementer displicet : to hate anybody intensely, odisse aliquem acerbe et penitus : more intensely, ardentiore studio (e. g., petere aliquid).
INTENSENESS, vis (intensive strength ; for which Pliny is the first who uses vehementia) : gravitas (the heavy, oppressive weight ; e. g., morbi) : asperitas (severity ; e. g., frigorum, Tacitus) : rigor (e. g., frigoris) : sævitia (e. g., frigorum, hiemis). The intensity of the cold, intolerabilis vis frigoris : Cf., intentio = “strained or stretched state, ” can only be used with cogitationum, etc., for “intenseness of mental application ;” so contentio animi (both opposed to relaxatio) : the intensity of the storm, vis tempestatis.
INTENSITY, Vid. INTENSENESS.
INTENSIVE, Intensive particles, intentiva advervia (Prisc. 15, 1022).
INTENT, adjective, intentus (on the stretch ; upon anything, or upon doing anything, ad aliquid [mentes ad pugnam intentæ, Cæsar] ; ad aliquid faciendum [intentus animus tuus ad fortissimum virum liberandum, Cicero] ; sometimes ablative [aliquo negotio intentus, Sallustius] ; seldom in with ablative [in ea re omnium nostrorum intentis animis, Cæsar, B. G., 3, 22 ; intentus in eventu alieni consilii, Livius, 6, 23] ; also with adverb, of motion [omnium eo curæ sunt intentæ, Livius] : attentus (upon anything, ad aliquid ; ad decoris conservationem, Cicero ; on making money, ad rem, Terentianus) : deditus (quite given up to ; e. g., ubi spectaculi tempus venit, deditæque eo mentes cum oculis erant, Livius, 1, 9). To be intent upon anything, intendere animum alicui rei, or ad aliquid, or in aliquid (the last often in Livy).
INTENT, s., || Design, purpose, vid. To all intents and purposes, omnino (altogether, quite) ; ab omni parte ; omni ex parte ; in omni genere ; in omnibus rebus (in every respect). If used = ” virtually, ” [vid. “as GOOD as” or VIRTUALLY. To the intent that, ut, or eo consilio, ut (with subjunctive) ; hac mente or hoc animo, ut ; idcirco, ut ; ita, ut ; eo, ut, etc.
INTENTION, propositum : consilium : mens : animus. The intention (of a testator, lawgiver, etc. ), voluntas (opposed to the words themselves, verba, etc. ). To judge of actions by the intention of the agent, dirigere facta ad consilium (Velleius). Vid. DESIGN, PURPOSE.
INTENTIONAL, cogitatus (premeditated, facinus, parricidium, Suetonius), or, by circumlocution, quod consulto et cogitatum fit. An intentional injury, injuria, quæ consulto et cogitata fit. An intentional crime, etc., crimen voluntatis (opposed to crimen necessitatis, Cicero, Lig., 2, 5).
INTENTIONALLY, consulto : cogitate (after thinking the matter over) : voluntate (from a decision of the will; opposed to casu). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) voluntate et judicio : datâ or deditâ operâ : de or (Livius) ex industria (by exerting one’s self to bring it about). To do anything intentionally, consulto et cogitatum facere aliquid. Not intentionally, vid. UNINTENTIONALLY.
INTENTLY, attente : intente (Livius, and post-Augustan) : animo intento : intento studio. To fix one’s thoughts intently upon anything, defigere animos atque intendere in aliquid (Cicero). Minds fixed intently upon anything, mentes ad aliquid intentæ. Vid. INTENT. INTENTNESS, (animi) intentio (Cicero).
INTER, humare : humo tegere.
INTERCALARY, intercalarius : intercalaris (e. g., mensis, dies, Cicero, Livius).
INTERCALATE, intercalare (mostly used in the pass, and impersonal ; ne intercaletur ; intercalatum est, etc. ) : interjicere (e. g., he intercalated two months between November and December, interjecit inter Novembrem et Decembrem duos menses alios).
INTERCALATION, intercalatio (Plinius, Macrobius).
INTERCEDE, || Intervene, Vid. || To make intercession for [vid. INTERCESSION]. To send anybody to intercede for him, aliquem deprecatorem sui mittere.
INTERCEDER, Vid. INTERCESSOR.
INTERCEPT, intercipere (e. g., letters, convoys, men, literas, commeatus, aliquem) : aliquem a suis intercipere et secludere (Livius) : excipere (to get before, and so meet and cut off, multos ex fugâ ; also, as technical term in hunting, aprum, feras ; the current of a river, vim fluminis) : deprehendere (to catch on his road, in its progress ; e. g., tabellarios, literas, naves) : reprimere (check, fugam hostium, redundantem lacum). To intercept the light, officere luminibus (by building before anybody’s windows) : to intercept the sun, officere alicui apricanti (i. e., from a person wishing to bask in it).
INTERCEPTION, interceptio (Cicero).
INTERCESSION, deprecatio (general term for the attempt to remove a threatening evil by one’s prayers). To obtain pardon through anybody’s intercession, aliquo deprecatore veniam impetrare : to make intercession for anybody, rogare pro aliquo ; deprecari pro aliquo (Cf., intercedere pro aliquo = ” to become security for him”) ; on account of anything, alicui adesse ad aliquid deprecandum ; with anybody, deprecari aliquem pro aliquo ; deprecatorem alicui adesse apudaliquem ; alicui supplicare pro aliquo (the last, of a humble petition as a suppliant). Cf., Not intercessio = the “veto” of tribunes, etc.
INTERCESSOR, deprecator (feminine, deprecatrix) ; for anybody, alicujus or pro alicujus periculo (Cicero) ; for anything, alicujus rei (e. g., salutis meæ, Cicero). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) deprecator defensorque (Livius) : Cf., not intercessor. To be an intercessor on anybody’s behalf ; vid. “to make INTERCESSION for. ” .
INTERCHANGE, v., permutare (e. g., nomina inter vos permutastis, Plautus, Capt., 3, 5, 19) : commutare
(e. g., inter se commutant vestem et nomina ; commutare non tria verba inter vos : both, anything with anybody, aliquid cum aliquo ; one thing with another, aliquid cum aliqua re ; also, permutastis rem re, and [Ulpianus] rem pro re). to interchange their prisoners, commurare captivos. Vid. EXCHANGE. INTERCHANGE, s., commutatio : permutatio(especially barter) : vicissitudo (the giving and receiving in turn). An interchange of kind offices, vicissitudo studiorum officiorumque (Cicero, Læl., 14, 49). The regular interchange of night and day, vicissitudines dierum noctiumque. An interchange of one slate with another, ex alio in aliud vicissitudo et mutatio (e. g., of life with death).
INTERCHANGEABLE, commutabilis (changeable). By circumlocution with commutari or permutari (cum aliqua re) posse.
INTERCHANGEABLY, Vid. ALTERNATELY, RECIPROCALLY.
INTERCOURSE, conversatio (of social intercourse, Velleius, Quintilianus ; not Cicero) : usus (frequent intercourse, implying that one avails one’s self of the services, etc., of the other) : consuetudo (habitual intercourse with anybody, to which one has been accustomed ; also the intercourse of persons in love with each other) : convictus (intercourse of persons who live much together). Confidential or friendly intercourse, usus familiaris ; familiaritas usus amicitiæ : to have intercourse with anybody, est mihi consuetudo cum aliquo : much intercourse, aliquo multum uti : to avoid all intercourse with anybody, alicujus aditum, sermonem, congressum fugere (together) ; aditum alicujus sermonemque defugere : to avoid all intercourse with mankind, congressus hominum fugere : fugere colloquia et cœtus hominum : to break off intercourse, consuetudinem omittere.
INTERDICT, v., Vid. FORBEAR, PROHIBIT.
INTERDICT, s., interdictum (general term). || Ecclesiastica ban, vid. BAN.
INTEREST, v., (1) || Attract, etc., jucundum esse : delectare : capere (to take one’s fancy) : rapere (to carry one away captive, as it were ; fill one with astonishment). To interest anybody, alicui placere ; aliquem delectare or delectatione allicere (to please, amuse, etc. ) : aliquem tenere (to arrest one’s attention, etc. ; e. g., audientium animos novitate). (2) || To be interested in anything, or anything interests (= concerns) me, aliquid mea interest ; with substantives, the person stands in the genitive : aliquid ad me pertinet. It interests me less (than), or but little, minor mea res agitur. Vid. To CONCERN. (3) || To interest one’s self for or about anything, aliquid ad me pertinere puto ; aliquid mihi curæ or cordi est (Cf., not curse cordique, anything is an object I have at heart) : foveo aliquid (I favor, cherish, endeavor to promote it, etc. ; e. g., artes) : incumbere alicui rei, in aliquid, or ad aliquid (to apply one’s self vigorously to any pursuit, etc. ) : de aliquo laborare (to be anxious about anybody ; e. g., vel ex hoc ipso, quod tam vehementer de Milone laborem, Cicero). To interest one’s self for anybody, cupio alicujus causa (vid. Cicero, Fam., 13, 64, 1 : Rosc. Am., 51, 149) ; alicui studeo ; alicujus sum studiosus : alicui faveo (I favor him, etc. ) : alicui tribuo (give him active support ; cf. Cortte ad Cicero, Fam., 13, 9, 2). To induce anybody to interest himself in one’s service or cause, aliquem ad studium sui perducere ; allicere atque excitare alicujus studium ad utilitates nostras.
INTEREST, s., (A) || Participation (properly or figuratively) in the advantage or value of anything, studium (the interest taken in anything). I have an interest in anything, mea aliquid interest ; ad me aliquid pertinet : I take an interest in anything, non alienum aliquid a me puto : I have less interest in it than, etc., minor mea res agitur : since he had no longer any interest in it, quum ejus jam nihil interesset. To be brought to take an interest in anything, affici aliqua re (cf. Quintilianus, 2, 1, 16 ; we are brought to take an interest in their danger, eorum periculo afficimur). || Attractiveness, etc., voluptas : jucunditas (pleasantness) : oblectatio : oblectamentum (amusement). To be of interest to anybody, jucundum esse : to have but little interest for anybody, mediocriter aliquem retinere : to give an interest to anything, voluptatem dare alicui rei (Quintilianus, 10, 5, 11). || Advantage, profit, res, or rationes, or causa alicujus (his affairs generally) : commodum (his advantage, etc. ) : utilitas (profit, etc. ; also, what is expedient, opposed to what is right) : emolumentum (ὠφέλημα, opposed to detrimentum, ” gain falling to one’s share without any exertion of one’s own ;” Döderlein) : The public interest, res or causa communis ; communis omnium utilitas : anything is my interest, aliquid est e re mea : to consider that one shall advance one’s own interests by, etc., rebus suis se consulturum sperare : what you believe to be for my interest, quæ mihi intelligis esse accommodata : so my interests require it, rationes meæ ita ferunt : my interest requires it, expedit mihi ; meis rationibus conducit : a city in which the interests of one are the interests of all, respublica, in qua idem conducit omnibus : men have different interests, aliis aliud expedit : to attach one’s self to anybody’s interests, ad alicujus rationes se adjungere : to defend anybody’s interests, alicujus causam defendere : to consult, forward, etc., anybody’s interests, alicujus rationibus consulere, or prospicere, or prospicere et consulere ; alicujus commodis servire or non deesse ; also, consulere alicui only : he is devoted to your interests, est tui amantissimus : to neglect anybody’s interests, alicujus commoda negligere. To look to (have an eye to, etc. ) one’s private interests, servire suo privato commodo : to act in everything with an eye to one’s private interests, omnia metiri emolumentis et commodis ; omnia ad utilitatem referre ; omnia pecuniæ causa facere : to undertake anything against one’s own interests, contra suum commodum aliquid suscipere : not to be led to the commission of an unjust act by any considerations of private interest, nullo emolumento in fraudem impelli (Cicero) : to prefer one’s own interests to the good of another, suas rationes alicujus saluti anteponere : to sacrifice one’s private interests to the public good, reipublicæ commoda privatis necessitatibus habere potiora : not to divide the interests of the citizens, civium commoda non divellere : to excite a zeal for one’s interests in anybody, allicere atque excitare alicujus studium ad utilitates nostras. (B) || Interest on money, PROPR., usura, or plural usuræ (what is paid for the use of a borrowed sum ; hence “interest, ” with reference to the borrower who pays) : fenus (the profit on a sum lent ; hence “interest, ” with reference to the lender who receives or is to receive it) : impendium (= usura quod in sorte accedit ; Varro, L. L., 5, 36, 50, § 183 : all three, also, figuratively). Interest upon interest, anatocismus (ἀνατοκισμόσ, Cicero, Att., 5, 21, 11 and 12) : usuræ usurarum (Code Justinian, 4, 32, 28) : 5 per cent, (monthly interest), centesimæ quinæ : one-half per cent, (monthly) interest = 6 per cent, (annually), semisses usuræ : 12 per cent., centesimæ usuræ (= 1 per cent, per month) : 12 per cent, compound interest, centesimæ renovato in singulos annos fenore (Cicero, Att., 6, 3, 5) ; or centesimæ renovatæ quotannis ; or centesimæ actæ cum renovatione singulorum annorum (Att., 6, 1, 5) : 12 per cent, at simple interest, centesimæ perpetuo fenore or centesimæ perpetuæ. Cf., The Roman interest being monthly, must be multiplied by 12 to turn it into our method of calculating interest ; the asses usuræ or centesimæ usuræ being 1 per cent, monthly = 12 per cent, per annum ; lower rates will be expressed by the divisions of the as ; thus, 11 percent., deunces usuræ ; 10, dextantes usuræ ; 9, dodrantes usuræ ; 8, besses usuræ ; 7, septantes usuræ ; 6, semisses usuræ ; 5, quincunces usuræ ; 4, quadrantes usuræ ; 3, trientes usuræ : 2, sextantes usuræ ; 1, unciæ usmæ ; and Cf., for these other forms occur ; e. g., fenus ex. . . (e. g., fenus ex triente, 4 per cent. ) ; or fenus with adjective (fenus unciarium, 1 per cent. ) ; or the singular or plural of these substantives, factum erat bessibus (8 per cent. ) ; ut nummi, quos hic quincunce modesto (5 per cent. ) nutrieras, pergant avidos sudare deunces (11 percent., Persius). Georges recommends the retention of the Roman forms, adding in singulos annos, to show that ifis not due every month, but every year : it is better, however, to reduce the yearly to the monthly value, as above. To put out money at interest, pecuniam dare fenori or fenore ; ponere in fenore nummos (Horatius) : to lend money to anybody at interest, pecuniam alicui dare, pecuniam apud aliquem occupare, with or without fenore : to lend money at a high rate of interest, pecuniam grandi fenore occupare : money on which interest is paid, pecunia fenebris : money on which no interest is paid, pecunia gratuita (if lent) ; pecunia otiosa (which is not lent, and so brings no interest to the possessor) : lending money upon interest, feneratio : to offer anybody money for which he is not to pay any interest, pecuniam alicui gratuitam proponere : to borrow money upon interest, pecuniam sumere or accipere fenore : to borrow money at a low rate of interest, and lend it at a high one, pecunias levioribus usuris mutuari et graviori fenore collocare : to lend anybody money, and take no interest for it, pecuniam sine fenore alicui
credere or expensum ferre : to refuse to pay either principal or interest, fenus (here = capital) atque impendium recusare (Livius) : to receive interest from anybody, usuram ab aliquo accipere : to pay interest, usuram pendere or solvere ; to anybody, alicui fenus dare : to pay down the interest in hard money, pecuniam usuris pernumerare : to pay the capital without interest, pecunias creditas sine usuris solvere : the interest mounts up, usuræ multiplicantur : the interest exceeds the capital, mergunt usuræ sortem : the rate of interest falls, fenus deminuitur ; rises, * fenus augetur : the profits of an estate are hardly sufficient to pay the interest with, fructus prædiorum certant cum usuris : the interest is added to the capital, sors fit ex usurâ : to add the interest to the capitat, usuram perscribere (cf. Brem., Suetonius, Cæsar, 42) : a High, a moderately high, a shamefully high rate of interest, grande, tolerabile, iniquissimum fenas : to be ruined by the amount of interest one has to pay, fenore trucidari ; impendiis debilitari (Cicero, Rep., 2, 30). || IMPROPR., usura : fenus : impendium. The earth always repays with interest whatever it has received, terra numquam sine usura reddit quod accepit (cf., ager reddit semina magno fenore, Tib. ) : to repay a benefit with interest, beneficium cum usuris reddere ; a favor with interest, debitum alicui cumulate reddere : to repay anything with interest, (etiam) cum impendiis augere aliquid (e. g., largitatem tui muneris, Cicero) ; majore mensura reddere aliquid (Cicero).
INTERFERE, se immiscere : se inserere alicui rei (to thrust one’s self into it) : se admiscere alicui rei : se interponere alicui rei or in aliquid : auctoritatem suam interponere or inserere alicui rei (to interpose one’s authority) : interesse alicui rei (to take part in it, negotiis, etc. ; not, of course, implying improper interference) : officere or officere et obstare alicui rei (to interfere with its execution ; e. g., consiliis alicujus ; meis commodis). Not to interfere in anything, abesse or se abstinere ab aliqua re : to interfere in anything against anybody’s will, aliquo invito aspirare or accedere ad aliquid (e. g., ad meam pecuniam, Cicero, 2 Verr., 1, 54, 142) : don’t you interfere, ne te admisce : if you will, do as you like ; I shall not interfere, si quod voles, facies ; nihil interpono : do it and welcome, I shall not interfere, per me licet (e. g., per me vel stertas licet, you may snore if you will ; I shall not interfere with you). To interfere with what does not belong to one, alienæ rei se immiscere (Pomponius, De Verb. Sign., 36), or aliena negotia curare (Horatius, to mind other people’s business). To interfere to prevent anything, se interponere quominus, etc., interpellare with quominus (respublica a me administrari possit, Brut. ), or ne (senatusconsultum fieret, Livius), or quin (quibus vellem, uterer, Mal., ap. Cicero). Cf., To interfere to prevent anything, is, intercedere alicui rei, in post-Augustan, writers ; which in Cicero, etc., is confined to the interposition of the tribunes’ veto, etc. || INTRANS., To clash, vid. κυρικιμασαηικο .
INTERFERENCE, interpellatio (interference to stop a discourse) : intercessio (the interference of the tribunes to stop any public proceedings by their veto ; in later writers more general in its meaning). In other cases, by circumlocution with the verbs in INTERFERE ; e. g., it will be the wiser course to abstain from all interference with this matter, sapientius facies, si te in istam rem non interpones (e. g., in istam pacificationem, Cicero). To appeal to the tribunes for their interference, appellare tribunos : Cf., interpositio has not this meaning. Vid. Dict.
INTERIM, Vid. “in the MEAN time. ” .
INTERIOR, adjective, Vid. INNER.
INTERIOR, s., pars interior : partes interiores : interiora, -um, adjective. The interior of a country, interior regio ;interiora, -um ; terra interior ; e. g., the interior of Africa, Africa interior. Vid. Heart, A., IMPROPR.
INTERJECTION, interjectio (grammatically).
INTERLARD, || PROPR., illardare (Apicius). || IMPROPR., intermiscere (aliquid alicui rei, Livius, Columella, ; not Cicero, or Cæsar). To interlard a speech with Greek words, Græca verba inculcare (Cicero).
INTERLEAVE, * libri quibusque paginis interjicere singulas cbartas puras.
INTERLINE, interscribere (Plinius, Ep., 7, 9) : superscribere (to write above another word or line ; e. g., Suetonius, Ner., 52).
INTERLINEAR, interscriptus (written between) : superscriptus (written above).
INTERLINEATION, superscriptum (neuter participle) : * interscriptum (cf. Plinius, Ep., 7, 9) : superductio occurs Ulpianus, Digests, 28, 4, 1 ; it is not given by Freund, but seems to mean “the writing over an erasure, ” lituras inductiones, superductiones ipse feci : interpositio (general term for what is written between, whether between two words or two lines, una interpositio difficilior est, etc. ; Cicero, Fam., 16, 22). There were so many, both erasures and interleneations, ita multa et deleta et inducta et superscripta inerant (Suetonius, Ner., 52, fin. ).
INTERLOCUTION, interlocutio (as judicial term, is more general than the English word, since it denoted also a short explanatory speech of the advocate on the other side ; hence it is belter to add judicis) : * edictum (decretum, etc. ) ad tempus propositum.
INTERLOCUTOR, by circumlocution * qui orationem interponit, etc.
INTERLOPER, qui alienæ rei se immiscet (after Pomponius, De Verb. Sign., 36) ; qui aliena negotia curat (Horatius).
INTERLUDE, exodium (cf. Livius, 7, 32, fin. ) : embolium (ἐμβόλιον, theatrical technical term; ballet ; Cicero, Sest., 54, 116) : * ludus interpositus, interjectus. To enliven anything by some interlude, interpolare satietatem alicujus rei ludo (e. g., satietatem epularum ludis, Curtius, 6, 2).
INTERMARRIAGE, by circumlocution with connubium est ; connubia sunt aliquibus. They forbad, by a cruel law, the intermarriage of plebeians and patricians, connubia ut ne plebi et patribus essent, inhumanissima lege sanxerunt (Cicero) : Canuleius proposed a law to sæiction the intermarriage of patricians and plebeians, de connubio patrum et plebis Canuleius rogationem promulgavit (Livius) : since no neighboring slates would allow of intermarriages with them, quippe quibus cum finitimis connubia non essent : they forbad intermarriages between the other states, ceteris populis connubia ademerunt. (Cf., This was the jus connubii. ) .
INTERMARRY, by circumlocution. The patricians and plebeians may not intermarry, connubia plebi et patribus non sunt. Vid. INTERMARRIAGE.
INTERMEDDLE WITH, Vid. ” To INTERFERE with. ” .
INTERMENT, Vid. BURIAL.
INTERMINABLE, Vid. ENDLESS.
INTERMINABLY, Vid. ENDLESSLY.
INTERMINGLE, .
INTERMIX, intermiscere aliquid alicui rei (Livius, Columella ; not Cicero, Cæsar) : immiscere (aliquid alicui rei ; Lucretius, Livius, Vergilius, Horatius ; not Cicero, Cæsar) : in medium admiscere (Cicero, Univ., 7). Vid. To MIX.
INTERMISSION, intermissio (the giving up entirely for a time) : omissio (the giving up entirely) : cessatio (the resting ; opposed to previous activity ; often in a depreciating sense) : intercapedo (interval during which anything is interrupted ; interruption ; e. g., intercapedinem scribendi facere, Cicero) : interpellate (interruption of a speaker ; hence interruption generally) : Without any intermission, uno tenore, sine ulla intermissione : without any the least intermission, sine ulla minimi temporis intermissione (Cicero). || In fevers, intermissio (total ; remissio, being partial) : decessio (opposed to accessio, Celsus) : dies integri (on which the patient is without fever). After the first two days there follows an intermission of two days, finita febre biduum integrum est (Celsus) : to have one day’s intermission, unum diem præstare integrum : in this fever there is no intermission, but only an occasional remission, hoc genus [febrium] non ex toto in remissione desistit, sed tantum levius est : the intermissions are longer, febris longiore circuitu redit (Celsus). To have intermissions, (ex toto) intermittere (Celsus) ; certum circuĭtum habere et ex toto remitti (Celsus) ; dies integros præstare (Celsus). ¤ .
INTERMIT, || TRANS., intermittere (the proper word ; studia doctrinæ, Cicero ; curam rerum, Tacitus, etc. ). [Vid. SUSPEND. ]||INTRANS., Vid. “to have INTERMISSIONS. ” .
INTERMITTENT, Intermittent fever, febris intermittens : intermittent fevers, febres, quarum certus est circuitus ; or quæ certum habent circuitum et ex toto remittuntur (Celsus ; i. e., those that have regular intermissions).
INTERMIXTURE, admistio.
INTERNAL, interior (opposed to exterior) intestinus (going on in the interior of a country ; opposed to externus : Cf., internus, post- Augustan, Tac. ) : domesticus (happening at home, in its narrower or wider sense ; opposed to abroad, foris). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) intestinus ac domesticus : intus inclusus (enclosed within our walls ; e. g., periculum, of danger from our fellow-citizens). Peace abroad is immediately followed by internal discords, paci externæ continuatur discordia domi. [Vid. CIVIL (war, etc. ). ]An internal malady,
malum, quod hæret in visceribus (properly, of the body ; or figuratively, of the body politic). Internal evils (in a state), mala intestina, or intestina ac domestica : internal enemies, hostes qui intus sunt (after Cicero) : the internal parts of the body, ea quæ sunt intus in corpore : internal tranquillity, animi tranquillitas.
INTERNALLY, intus (within) : in sinu or in sinu tacito (e. g., gaudere ; of internal emotions, outwardly suppressed ; cf. Cicero, Tusc., 3, 21, 55 : Tiberius, 4, 13, 8).
INTERNATIONAL, International law, jus gentium. Against the first principles of international law, contra jus gentium.
INTERNUNCIO, internuntius (Cicero).
INTERPOLATE, corrumpere : vitiare (general terms : for to falsify). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) corrumpere atque interlinere (interlinere = to rub out words from a waxen tablet, and insert others ; hence does not suit our method of writing) : interpolare (properly = “to fashion anew, ” “to give another form to: ” in the sense of “interpolating, ” it implies the doing it so as to avoid detection, not to let the changes or additions betray themselves by their appearance ; semper aliquid demendo, mutando, curando no litura appareat, interpolando ; Cicero, Verr., 2, 1, 61) : transcribere is to falsify in transcription : * verbis alienis corrumpere, vitiare ; * falsa or aliena verba inculcare (of added words). To interpolate documents, tabulas corrumpere or vitiare ; tabulas interpolare, or corrumpere atque interlinere, or interpolare (with the distinctions above given).
INTERPOLATION, verbum aliquod inculcatum, or inculta verba quædam (Cicero ; but not implying in him false additions) : Cf., interpolamentum, post-classical, Claudius, Mamert.
INTERPOLATOR, by circumlocution. Vid. INTERPOLATE, and FALSIFIER.
INTERPOSE, || TRANS., interponere (to place between, aliquid or aliquem alicui rei or alicui) : interjicere or interjacere (to cast between ; absolutely, legionariis interjaciunt cohortes, Cæsar, ; aliquid inter aliquid atque aliquid, Cicero ; aliquid alicui rei, e. g., nasus quasi murus oculis interjectus, Cicero). To interpose some delay, moram aliquam interponere (rei faciendæ or quin, etc. ) : to interpose one’s authority, auctoritatem suam interponere or interserere alicui rei. || INTRANS., To come in as mediator, etc., se interponere : intercedere : intercessionem suam interponere (post-Augustan, Suetonius = to interfere to prevent). To interpose to prevent anything [vid. “INTERFERE to prevent anything. “] || To put in by way of interruption, interponere (but as transitive verb, the interposed words being the object) : interpellare aliquem (to interrupt) : inquam, inquit (say I, says he).
INTERPOSITION, interpositio (e. g., certarum personarum interpositio ; Cicero, Invent., 1, 6) : interpositus, -ûs (e. g., luna interpositu interjectuque terræ repente deficit ; Cicero, only of local interposition) : interventus, -ûs (of persons ; e. g., alicujus ; Caleni et Calvenæ ; interventu Pomptini pugna sedatur ; also of things ; local, lunæ, noctis, etc. : Cf., of persons, it denotes simply the coming in before anything is completed, which they may or may not hinder ; in the sense of mediation, etc., it is post-classical ; alicui rei subvenire interventu principis ; Plinius, Ep., 10, 68). By the interposition of anybody, alicujus beneficio (cf. Herzog, Cæs., B. G., 1, 33).
INTERPRET, interpretari. Vid. To TRANSLATE ; and for “to interpret anything favorably, ” vid. ” to put a favorable INTERPRETATION on. ” .
INTERPRETATION, interpretatio (properly) : explanatio (e. g., of a dream, oracle, etc., Cicero). || Exposition, interpretatio : enarratio : explanatio : explicatio. Cf., enarratio must be by word of mouth. To put a favorable interpretation on anything, aliquid in meliorem partem accipere or interpretari.
INTERPRETER, interpres (the proper word) : explanator (one who explains another’s meaning ; also, dreams, oracles, etc. ) : enarrator (who explains hermeneutically) : explicator (properly, one who unfolds, and so explains what was involved). The interpreters or expounders of the will of God, scriptores, qui sunt Dei quasi interpretes internunciique (after Cicero, Phil., 13, 5, 12). To speak with anybody though an interpretor, per interpretem cum aliquo colloqui (Gellius ; cf. Cæsar, B. G., 1, 19).
INTERREGNUM, interregnum.
INTERROGATE, Vid. To ASK, To QUESTION.
INTERROGATION, [Vid. QUESTION. ] Note of interrogation, * signum interrogationis.
INTERROGATIVE, interrogativus (Priscianus, 17, 1059). The interrogative method ; e. g., to adopt the interrogative method of instruction, percunctando et interrogando elicere discipulorum (or audientium) opiniones, et ad hæc quæ hi respondeant, si quid videatur, dicere (Cicero, Fin., 2, 1, 2).
INTERROGATIVELY, interrogative (Erasmus, Ascon, in Verr., 2, 1, 56).
INTERROGATORY, s., Vid. QUESTION.
INTERRUPT, interrumpere (to break anything off ; to make it cease before its proper time ; e. g., orationem, somnum) : interpellare (to interrupt a speaker ; to try to prevent his going on ; then as general term for interrupting) : interfari aliquem and absolutely (to interrupt a speaker by an observation of one’s own interposed, not implying the wish to prevent him from saying any more) : intermittere (to suspend anything for a time) : intercipere (to catch anything, as it were, before it has reached its completion ; to bring it to a sudden stand-still, iter, sermonem medium) : intervenire alicui rei (to come in before anything is completed, and so delay or prevent its completion ; e. g., deliberationi ; also with reference to persons, verens ne molesti vobis interveniremus) : incidere (to cut short ; e. g. sermonem) : dirimere (to make anything cease by separating the parties engaged in it, sermonem, prœlium ; of persons or circumstances). || Interrupted, interruptus : interceptus : intermissus. SYN. above.
INTERRUPTEDLY, interrupte : per dilationes (e. g., gerere bellum).
INTERRUPTER, interpellator : interventor : Cf., interruptor (Gloss. Philox. ).
INTERRUPTION, intercapedo (interval during which anything is suspended or ceases ; scribendi, molestiæ) : interpellatio : interfatio (the interruption of a speech by speaking between : an interpellatio wishes to prevent the speaker from going on ; an interfatio wishes to make itself also, heard in the midst of another’s speech ; interpellatio also of an interruption caused by a person) : intermissio (the breaking off or suspension of anything for a time ; e. g., epistolarum, forensis operæ). Without any interruption, uno tenore : sine ulla intermissione (without stopping) : sine ulla interpellatione (e. g., in literis versari). A day free from interruptions, dies vacuus ab interventoribus. To enjoy one’s self without danger of interruption, oblectare se sine interpellatoribus (Cicero). Cf., Interruptio = “aposiopesis;” as “interruption” generally, it is very late, Paullus, Digests, 41, 3, 2 : interlocutio is a judicial technical term “interlocution. ” .
INTERSECT, secare (properly and figuratively) : persecare : intersecare (properly). To iintersect anything in the middle, medium secare ; cross-wise, decussare (e. g., a line).
INTERSECTION, sectio (general term, cutting) : decussatio : decussis (intersection of two lines placed crosswise to each other) : intersectio (only Vitruvius, hollow cat out between two elevations) : incisura (place or point of itersection).
INTERSPERSE, interspergere : immiscere ; in anything, amongst anything, alicui rei : permiscere aliquid aliqua re (properly and figuratively, Cicero ; tristia lætis, Silius) : intexere (in compositions, læta tristibus, Cicero). To intersperse verses among his prose, versus admiscere orationi.
INTERSTICE, Vid. INTERVAL.
INTERTWINE, Vid. INTERWEAVE.
INTERVAL, intervallum : spatium interjectum (general term) : distantia (seldom of interval in space) : tempus interjectum (of time). To leave an interval, spatium relinquere or intermittere : after a short interval, interjecto baud magno spatio : a lucid interval, remissio (e. g., si furiosus habet remissionem, Ulpianus, Dig. ).
INTERVENE, intervenire : supervenire (to come upon anybody unexpectedly ; of persons or things ; e. g., of night, ni nox prœlio intervenisset, Livius, ; quotiens imbres superveniunt ; Front., Aquæd., 15) : intercedere alicui rei (of time, annus, nox, Cicero) : interponi (of time, spatio interposito) : objici (of hinderances). Scarcely a year had intervened, before (or when), etc., vix annus intercesserat, qnum, etc.
INTERVENTION, || State of coming between, interpositus, -us. interjectus (both of things) : (The words are found in this connection and order. ) interpositus atque interjectus (of the intervention of the moon between the earth and the sun, Cicero). || Mediatory agency, beneficium alicujus : intercessio (for the purpose of prevention ; post-Augustan, except astechnical term of the tribunician veto, etc. ) : interpellate (interruption). By the intervention of anybody, beneficio alicujus (if it was an act of kindness) ; per aliquem (if through anybody’s agency).
INTERVIEW, collocutio : colloquium (between two persons, whether for conversation or to
settle some business). A personal interview, præsens sermo ; præsentis cum præsenti colloquium. To have an interview with anybody, sermonem conferre cum aliquo ; cum aliquo colloqui ; also, convenire aliquem : to have a secret interview with anybody, arcano or secreto cum aliquo colloqui : to have an interview (of two generals, etc. ), in colloquium, convenire (Nepos) : to refuse an interview to anybody, aditum petenti conveniendi non dare (Nepos, Pausan., 31, 3). Vid. AUDIENCE.
INTERWEAVE, intexere (properly, † and post-Augustan improperly, læta tristibus intexere, Cicero) : intertexere (post-Augustan, and † ; intertextus, Ovidius, etc. ).
INTESTATE, intestatus (Cicero). To die intestate, intestato or intestatum mori (Cicero).
INTESTINAL, intestīnus.
INTESTINE (properly and figuratively), intestinus. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) intestinus ac domesticus (of evils, seditions, etc., in a country ; opposed to externus : bellum intestinum ac domesticum ; domesticum discordia ; malum intestinum ac domesticum). κυρικιμασαηικο INTESTINES, viscera (general term for the inner parts of the body) : exta (the inner parts of the upper part of the body ; the heart, lungs, etc. ) : intestina or (post-Augustan) interanea. ilia (the inner parts of the lower part of the body ; the entrails, guts, etc. : intestina, interanea, the digestive organs ; ilia, whatever is contained in the lower part of the body, especially those parts that are serviceable. Döderlein).
INTHRALL, Vid. ENSLAVE.
INTHRALLMENT, Vid. BONDAGE and ENSLAVEMENT.
INTIMACY, familiaritas : usus familiaritatis : consuetudo : usus. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) consuetudo ac familiaritas ; (domesticus) usus et consuetudo. An intimacy of long standing, usus vetus. To be on terms of intimacy with anybody, familiariter or intime uti aliquo. Vid. “to be INTIMATE with. ” .
INTIMATE, v., significare (denotes the making any sign or hint by which one’s intention is conveyed more or less distinctly to another ; thus vultu et verbis significare ; weaker, therefore, than declarare, because more indefiinte ; hoc. . . non solum significandum sed etiam declarandum arbitror ; this is the best word) : declarare (to declare). To intimate anybody’s wish to anybody by a letter, alicui voluntatem per literas deferre.
INTIMATE, adjective, intimus (on terms of close intimacy ; then as substantive = “intimate friend’) ;conjunctus (closely connected with). An intimate friendship, familiaritas intima, summa : intima or familiaris amicitia : an intimate friend, homo intimus : homo, quo intime utimur : amicus conjunctissimus : to be intimate with anybody, aliquo familiariter or intime uti ; in familiaritate alicujus versari ; cum aliquo vivere (Cicero, Tusc., I, 33, 81) : to be on the most intimate terms offriendship with anybody, arto or artissimo amicitiæ vinculo cum aliquo conjunctum esse ; aliquo familiariter or intime uti ; in familiaritate alicujus versari ; familiarissime uti aliquo ; multa (ac jucundâ) consuetudine cum aliquo conjunctum esse : the closest intimacy, artissima amicitiæ vincula : to become very intimate with anybody, sibi conjungere aliquem familiari amicitiâ : I am very intimate with anybody, magna est mihi cum aliquo familiaritas, also familiaritate magna, or arta, or intima, or maxima cum aliquo conjunctum esse ; magno usu fatniliaritatis cum aliquo conjunctum esse ; arta familiaritate complecti aliquem : we have been intimate friends for many years, inter nos vetus usus intercedit. To have an intimate knowledge of anything, alicujus rei perītum or gnarum esse ; aliquid bene or penitus nosse : aliquid expertum esse, or alicujus rei non expertem esse (to have experienced anything) : tamquam digitos suos unguesque nosse rem (Prov., Juv. ). To have an intimate knowledge of anybody, aliquem penitus, bene or optime nosse : to have an intimate knowledge of the whole affair, omnem rem or omnia nosse.
INTIMATELY, intime : familiariter (in an intimate manner or style ; e. g., vivere, scribere) : conjuncte (in a united manner ; e. g., conjuncte vivere, Nepos, Att., 10, 3 ; so conjunctius, conjunctissime vivere, Cicero, Fam., 6, 9 ; Læl., 1, 2) : penitus (thoroughly ; e. g., intelligere, perspicere, to be intimately acquainted with a subject) : arte (= arete, closely). To be intimately acquainted with anybody, aliquo familiariter or intime uti. Vid. INTIMATE. .
INTIMATION, significatio. [Vid. To INTIMATE. ]If = declaration, vid.
INTIMIDATE, Vid. To FRIGHTEN.
INTIMIDATION, by circumlocution with verbs in FRIGHTEN. From intimidation, terrore percussus or coactus. To be a powerful means of intimidation, multum valere ad terrendum aliquem : to use anything as a means of intimidation, aliquid alicui ad timorem proponere (of a statement, Cicero).
INTO, in (with accusative). But Cf., after verbs of placing, putting, setting, laying, etc. (ponere, locare, collocare, statuere, constituere) in mostly makes the ablative ; but imponere (when it has not the dative after it of the place into which the thing is placed) and reponere mostly have in with accusative [imponere in navem, in naves, in plaustrum ; reponere aliquid in ærarium, etc. ]. Cicero has also anulum. . . in mari abjecerat : inserere is always in aliquid or alicui rei (collum in laqueum inserere ; aliquid alicui in os inserere. Zumpt, p. 354, § 490, erroneously says in with ablative). So also defigere (to fix [asseres in terra ; cultrum in corde]). After many verbs the preposition is not expressed in Latin ; e. g., to enter into the city, ingredi urbem. The particular constructions will be found after the verbs which ” into” follows ; to come into, fall into, get into, etc., vid. To look into one’s own heart, introspicere mentem suam ipsum (Cicero) ; percunctari ipsum se (Cicero) ; in sese descendere (Persius).
INTOLERABLE, intolerabilis : intolerandus (not to be borne, insupportable ; of persons and things ; e. g., woman, cold, pain) : odiosus (hateful, disgusting ; of persons and things ; as Plautus, Pseud., 1, 1, 28, odiosus mihi es) : importunus (disagreeable, disgusting ; of persons and things ; e. g., avaritia). Intolerable conduct, intolerantia : odium (Cicero, Cluent., 39, 109, both) : there is nothing more intolerable than a rich woman, nihil intolerantius quam femina dives (Juvenalis, 6, 459).
INTOLERABLY, intolerabiliter : intoleranter.
INTOLERANCE, intolerantia : odium (Cicero, Cluent. 39, 109, both).
INTOLERANT, intolerans alicujus rei (not bearing it well, Livius) : qui aliquid non, or male, or ægre fert : * aliorum de rebus divinis opiniones haud leniter ferens : * erga dissentientes in religione divinâ parum indulgens (in matters of religion).
INTOLERATION (in matters of religion), * animus aliorum de rebus divinis opiniones haud leniter ferens.
INTOMB, Vid. ENTOMB.
INTONATION, by circumlocution with præire ac præmonstrare [or præministrare, ed. Lion] modulos (Gellius, 1, 11, 2).
INTONE, graviter sonare (as Pope uses “intone”) ; perhaps ultimarum syllabarum sono indulgere (priorum syllabarum, Quintilianus, 11, 3, 33) ; or insonare (e. g., canticum, Phædrus). To intone the service, * preces publicas cantu illo ecclesiastico insonare or modulari.
INTOXICATE, Vid. “to make DRUNK. ” .
INTOXICATION, Vid. DRUNKENNESS.
INTRACTABLE, Vid. UNMANAGEABLE.
INTRACTABLENESS, Vid. UNMANAGEABLENESS.
INTRENCH, PROPR., fossâ cingere : vallo et fossâ circumdare (or vallo atque fossâ, Sallustius ; vallo fossâque, Cæsar) : vallare : obvallare : vallo sepire, cingere, circumdare or munire (defend with palisades) ; or (general term) operibus et munitionibus sepire ; operibus munire. An intrenched camp, castra vallo fossâque munita (after Cæsar, B. G., 2, 5). || IMPROPR., To intrench upon(rights, etc. ), alicui injuriam facere or inferre (to injure) : aliquem interpellare in jure ipsius (Cæsar) ; aliquid de jure alicujus deminuere (to interfere with his rights) : pervertere (to overthrow, omnia jura ; amicitiam) : violare or violare atque imminuere (to violate a law or right, jus).
INTRENCHMENT, vallum (with palisades) : fossa (the trench) : agger (the mound). To throw up intrenchments [vid. To INTRENCH, if the foss is principally meant), munimentum exstruere ; munitionem facere ; aggerem comportare jacere, exstruere, construere ; vallum ducere ; anywhere, alicui loco munimentum or munitionem imponere ; aliquem locum munitionibus sepire ; alicui loco munitiones circumdare ; aliquem locum munimento or aggere cingere. || IMPROPR., An intrenchment on anybody’s rights injuria illata : jus alicujus violatum or imminutum.
INTREPID, Vid. BOLD, COURAGEOUS, FEARLESS.
INTREPIDITY, animus impavidus, or intrepidus, or fortis [SYN. in FEARLESS].
INTREPIDLY, Vid. FEARLESSLY, BOLDLY.
INTRICACY, implicatio ; but it is mostly necessary to use circumlocution with adjectives in INTRICATE.
INTRICATE, impedītus (presenting many obstacles ; e. g., iter, silva, saltus, locus, navigatio) : perplexus (entangled, etc., figuratively, iter, Vergilius ; figuræ, Lucretius ; sermones, Livius) : difficilis (difficult) : Cf., Not intricatus, which is præ- and post-classical) : inexplicabilis (via, Livius, 40, 33, in which passage,
however, it means “impassable ;” res, Cicero, Att. 8, 3, 6). The intricate paths (of a labyrinth), itinerum ambages, occursusque et recursus inexplicabiles (Plinius). An intricate affair, res impedita, or contorta, or difficilis, or contorta et difficilis ; res difficilis et inexplicabilis (Cicero, Att., 8, 3, 6) : a difficult and intricate task, magnum et arduum opus : an affair is very intricate, res in magnis difficultatibus est.
INTRIGUE, s., || Political intrigue, ars : artificium (artifice) : fallacia (deceit, intrigue) : better in plural artes (malæ) : fallaciæ (cabals, intrigues) : consilia clandestina (hidden designs) : calumniæ (malicious slander, false accusation). By anybody’s intrigues, alicujus opera : the rejection of the offered peace was caused by the intrigues of those who, etc., pacem ne acciperent, eorum opera effectum est, qui, etc. || Love intrigue, res amatoria. Intrigues, amores : notorious for his intrigues, multarum amoribus famosus : to have an intrigue, amori operam dare : to be fond of intrigues, amores consectari : Cf., These expressions apply to any love affairs. Clandestinus may be added.
INTRIGUE, v., fallacias facere, fingere ; consilia clandestina concoquere ; dare operam consiliis clandestinis, with ut (to endeavor to effect by intrigues) ; likewise calumnias facere ; multa machinari : to intrigue against anybody, fallaciam in aliquem intendere ; consiliis clandestinis oppugnare aliquem ; alicui dolum nectere.
INTRIGUER, doli or fallaciarum machinator ; or, by circumlocution, qui consilia clandestina (in aliquem) concōquit : fallaciarum componendarum artifex callidus (after Cicero, Fin., 2, 35, 116).
INTRINSIC, Vid. GENUINE, REAL.
INTRINSICALLY, Vid. REALLY, TRULY.
INTRODUCE, || Bring into use, fashion, inducere (e. g., new customs, words, etc. ) : introducere (a custom) : instituere (to appoint ; a festival, the census, etc. ). To introduce a religious worship (from a foreign state), religionem advehere ; foreign usages, peregrinos ritus asciscere. To introduce many changes or new regulations in military discipline, in re militari multa instituere (Suetonius) : he introduced many new inventions, and made many improvements on what brfore existed, multa partim nova attulit, partim meliora fecit (Nepos). || To introduce a character in a dialogue, aliquem loquentem, or disputantem inducere, or facere ; personam (a fictitious personage) introducere ; alicui sermonem tribuere or orationem attribuere : (several) inducere sermonem hominum ; fictam orationem personis induere (when the speeches are invented, Quintilianus). || To make anybody known to another, introducere aliquem apud aliquem (by taking him to his house, etc) : commendare alicui aliquem (by a recommendation) : * præsentem præsenti alicui commendare (of a personal introduction). Sometimes ostentare aliquem (to show him ; e. g., to introduce a young prince to the armies, per omnes exercitus) : to be introduced into the Senate by anybody, per aliquem in senatu introduci.
INTRODUCER, by circumlocution with verbs in INTRODUCE.
INTRODUCTION, || Act of introducing, (1) introductio (only in the literal sense ; e. g., of introducing armed men into the circus, introductio armatorum) : inductio (the introducing a character into a dialogue, ficta personæ inductio) : invectio (the introduction of goods into a country ; importation). (2) For introduction of customs, etc., by circumlocution with inducere, introducere, etc. [Vid. INTRODUCE. ](3) Act of making a person known to another ; by circumlocution with verbs in INTRODUCE (= to make a person known to another). Letter of introduction, literæ commendaticiæ (Cicero, Fam., 5, 5, recommendatory letters), or commendatio only (recommendation) : to give anybody a letter of introduction to anybody, ad aliquem de aliquo scribere (diligentissime) : anybody has brought a letter of introduction to me, aliquem sibi commendatum habere (anybody has been recommended to my notice whether by letter or orally). || Introductory preface, aditus : introītus : ingressio : ingressus (general term, mode of entering upon or beginning one’s subject ; introduction to a speech, poem, etc. ; introītus only, perhaps in introitus defensionis, Cicero, pro Cœl., 2, 3, Krebs) : principium (beginning ; of a speech or letter) : exordium (beginning of, or introduction to a speech or writing, as part of it) : proœmium (προοίμιον, literally, “prelude ;” also introduction to a speech, history, poem) : præfatio (oral introduction to a discussion, etc. ; not introduction to a book till Quintilianus and Plinius). Perhaps prolegomena (προλεγόμενα) may be retained for a long introduction, separate from the work itself ; so Krebs. If = prologue, vid. To make a long introduction, multa præfari : after a short introduction, pauca præfatus : to make an introduction to one’s speech (of an orator), aditum ad causam facere. Sometimes vestibulum (threshold = introduction ; Cicero, Or., 15, 50 ; cf. Quintilianus, 9, 4, 10, quodam quasi vestibulo). To say anything by way of introduction, dicere aliquid ante rem : to commence one’s speeches by a graceful (brilliant, tec. ) introduction, vestibula honesta atque aditus ad causam illustres facere (Cicero).
INTRODUCTORY, by circumlocution. After a few introductory remarks, pauca præfatus (e. g., de senectute).
INTRUDE, aliquis se ipse infert (Cf., not se intrudere, there being no such word ; since, in Cicero, Cæcin., 5, we must read se inferebat, et intro dabat, Klotz = came uninvited). To intrude upon anybody, alicui se ingerere (to force one’s self upon) : insolenter se offerre (to thrust one’s self in his way) : aliquem (moleste) interpellare (to interrupt him in a troublesome way). || To intrude on lands, etc., vid. ; To ENCROACH.
INTRUDER, (molestus) interpellator (troublesome interrupter) ; or by circumlocution. INTRUSION, molesta interpellatio. by circumlocution with verbs in INTRUDE. || The seizing a property, occupatio ; or by circumlocution.
INTRUST, Vid. ENTRUST.
INTUITION, (animi) perceptio. By intuition, * animi perceptione quadam.
INTUITIVE, by circumlocution. Intuitive knowledge, (animi) perceptio.
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INTUITIVELY, * animi perceptione quadam ; or * non argumentis sed celeri quadam ipsius animi perceptione.
INTWINE, Vid. ENTWINE, INTERWEAVE.