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ILLAPSE, s. , illapsus (opposed to exitus ; e. g. , humoris, Columella). ILLAQUEATE, illaqueare († Horatius). Vid. ENTANGLE.
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ILLATION, Vid. CONCLUSION = inference. ILLATIVE, illativus (e. g. , particulæ, Plinius, ap. Diom. ), or by circumlocution with concludere, cogere, colligere. ILLAUDABLE, laude indignus or non dignus : non laudabilis : Cf. , illaudabilis (Statius) and illaudatus (Vergilius, Geo. , 3, 5) are poetical. ILLEGAL, non legitimus (Cf. , avoid illegitimus) : legi repugnans or contrarius : legibus vetitus († Horatius) : quod lex vetat or prohibet.
It is illegal to condemn a Roman citizen to death except in the Comitia Curiata, lex de capite civis Romani nisi Comitiis Centuriatis statui vetat.
It is illegal to elect two magistrates of the same family, leges duo ex una familia magistratus creari vetant or prohibent (Cæsar). ILLEGALLY, contra legem or leges : præter leges or jura (in violation of them) : contra jus fasque ; contra fas et jus (against Divine and human laws) : injuria : per injuriam (wrongfully ; e. g. , possidere aliquid) : non legitime. ILLEGIBLE, * parum clarus, or by circumlocution with quod legi non potest. ILLEGIBLY, * parum clare or ita (e. g. , scribere literas), ut legi non or vix possint (possent, etc. ). ILLEGITIMACY, by circumlocution. To establish the illegitimacy of anybody or anything, * aliquem incerto patre natum esse probare ; aliquid adulterinum (ficticium, non legitimum, etc. ) esse probare (after Quintilianus, 2, 17).
ILLEGITIMATE, || Bastard, vid. Add hibrida (properly ; “mongrel;” also of a person born, e. g. , of a Roman citizen and foreign woman or slave). || Not legitimate, correct, etc. , non legitimus (Cf. , Not illegitimus) : * legi repugnans or contrarius. An illegitimate word, verbum insolens, durum, inusitatum, barbarum et obsoletum, etc. : an illegitimate inference, * vitiosa conclusio (after vitiose concludere, Cicero) : * rationis parum apta conclusio (after Cicero, ap. Quintilianus, 9, 1, 28, rationis apta conclusio) : * non or parum certa argumenti conclusio (after Quintilianus, 5, 10, 2) : to draw an illegitimate inference, vitiose concludere (opposed to recte concludere, Cicero). To make an illegitimate use of anything, aliqua re perverse abuti. Vid. ILLOGICAL.
ILLEGITIMATELY, nullo or incerto patre (e. g. , natus) : adulterino sanguine (sc. natus ; SYN. in BASTARD) : non legitime (not by lawful authority) : præter leges or jura (in violation of the laws) : vitiose (faultily ; e. g. , of drawing an inference illegitimately). ILLIBERAL, illiberalis (not suiting the condition or character of a gentleman) : sordidus (mean). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) illiberalis et sordidus (e. g. , quæstus) : abjectus : humilis (low ; e. g. , nihil abjectum, nihil humile cogitare, Cicero) : angustus et parvus : pusillus et contractus (narrow ; of the mind, animus). || Not munificent, malignus : restrictus (e. g. , in our offers of assistance, etc. ). ILLIBERALITY, illiberalitas (meanness of behavior, etc. ; also of meanness in money matters). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) illiberalitas avaritiaque.
ILLIBERALLY, illiberaliter (e. g. , institutus, brought up) : sordide (meanly) : parce : maligne : restricte (sparingly).
ILLICIT, non concessus : inconcessus (Quintilianus and Vergilius, inconcessi hymenæi) : non or minime licitus : vetitus.
Illicit intercourse, consuetudo stupri ; * non concessa Venus (after Horatius, concessa Venere uti). OBS. illicitus used to stand Cicero, Cluent. , 47 ; but for multitudinem illicitum est, the best MSS. have multitudini ; nemini licitum est : it is found in Tacitus and the ynunger Pliny.
ILLIMITABLE, nullis finibus terminatus, etc.
ILLITERATE, indoctus : ineruditus : illiteratus (illiteratus is one who has received no literary instruction, especially one who cannot either read or write ; Krebs). To be illiterate, nescire literas : literarum expertem (Cicero) or ignarum esse (Columella) : to be quite illiterate, omnis eruditionis expertem atque ignarum esse (Cicero) ; plane expertem esse doctrinæ (Cicero). ILLNESS, Vid. DISEASE.
ILLOGICAL, vitiose conclusus, or * minus or parum necessaria consecutione confectus (after Cicero, Invent. 1, 29, 44) : To draw an illogical inference, vitiose concludere (Cicero). This is most illogical arguing, hæc dicuntur inconstantissime (Cicero, Fin. , 2, 27, 88). What can be more illogical, than ? etc. , quid autem est inscitius, quam ? etc. (Cicero, N. D. , 2, 13, 36) : that is an illogical conclusion, illud minime consectarium (Cicero). ILLOGICALLY, vitiose (faultily ; e. g. , concludere ; opposed to recte concludere, Cicero) : inconstanter (not consistently; e. g. , loqui, Cicero, Ac. , 2, 17) : inscite (in a bungling way ; vid. Cicero, N. D. , 2, 13, 36). ILLUDE, illudere. Vid. To DECEIVE, MOCK.
ILLUMINATE, collustrare : illustrare : illuminare [not elucidare. SYN. in ENLIGHTEN, vid. ]. || To illuminate a city as a mark of rejoicing, lumina suspendere funalibus ordine ductis (by lights suspended in rows on cords, etc. ; Claud, De Nupt. Honor. et Mar. , 206) : accensas lucernas in fenestris ponere (Schol. Pers. , Sat. , 5, 180) : to be illuminated, collucere crebris luminibus (cf. turris collucet per noctem crebris luminibus, Tacitus, Hist. , 3, 38, 1). || Cf. , To illuminate, as a mode of painting, is never illuminare, but tabulam or imaginem pingere ; tabulæ vivos colores inducere ; tabulam, imaginem. . . coloribus distinguere (Krebs). ILLUMINATION (festal), lumina festa (after Plinius, Ep. , 2, 17, 24). || Figuratively, of the mind, intelligentia.
ILLUSION, error : præstigiæ : fallacia : simulatio et fallaciæ : forma, quæ reapse nulla est, speciem autem offert (Cicero, Div. , 1, 37, 81) : ludibrium oculorum (Livy, of an optical illusion) : ludibria oculorum auriumque credita pro veris (Livius, 24, 44 ; Curtius, 4, 15). An alarming optical illusion, ludibrium oculorum specie terribile.
ILLUSIVE,
ILLUSORY, fallax : qui (quæ, quod) reapse nullus est, speciem autem offert (e. g. , formæ, plural, Cicero).
ILLUSTRATE, illustrare (to throw light upon, to explain ; e. g. , obscura, veritatem ; and also figuratively, to glorify, to set off, populi Romani nomen, laudem meam ; alicujus eloquentiam ; aliquem laudibus) : lucem or lumen alicui rei afferre (not affundere) : dare alicui rei lumen (set in the proper light ; elucidate) : explanare aliquid : aperire : explicare : interpretari (explain). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) patefacere et illustrare (e. g. , obscura, veritatem, Cicero). To illustrate dark passages, etc. , occulta et quasi involuta aperire : to illustrate obscure passages, illustrare obscuros locos. Vid. EXPLAIN.
ILLUSTRATION, explicatio : Cf. , illustratio is only another term for lively representation ; Cicero, ap. Quintilianus, 6, 23, 32. Often circumlocution by lucem or lumen alicui rei afferre dare alicui rei lumen.
ILLUSTRATIVE, by circumlocution.
ILLUSTRATOR, Vid. EXPOSITOR.
ILLUSTRIOUS, Vid. CELEBRATED.
ILLUSTRIOUSLY, insigniter : egregie : eximie : Cf. , insignite is only found of what is bad ; e. g. , improbus.
IMAGE, v. , sibi imaginem alicujus proponere (of a person ; in Cicero, memoriam atque imaginem) : speciem alicujus rei cogitare (Cicero) : alicujus rei speciem et formam adumbrare (form an ideal notion of it, Cicero) : aliquid sibi depingere (e. g. in illa republica, quam sibi Socrates. . . depinxerit, Cicero, Rep. , 2, 29) : aliquid cogitatione depingere (Cicero, N. D. , 1, 15, 39).
IMAGE, s. , imago : simulacrum : effigies : statua : signum : tabula : pictura (simulacrum, imago, and effigies denote an image as the copy of some reality, which is, therefore, expressed by a general case or some adjective, unless it is implied by the context. Simulacrum and imago are the more general terms, denoting the likeness of anything, whether in painting or sculpture, or only in the imagination ; effigies, statua, and signum relate only to plastic itnages ; tabula and pictura to painted ones. Imago = εἰκών, is more a natural image, with reference to its likeness ; simulacrum : = εἴδωλον, an artificial image, with reference to its deceptiveness ; effigies, with reference to its artistic execution. Imagines may be half-length portraits, and effigies, busts ; whereas simulacra are generally, and a statua always images of the whole figure. Signum is a general expression for a plastic image, whether a bust or a whole-length ; but signum, like simulacrum, is used by the best authors of statues of a god especially ; statua being exclusively that of a man ; Schulz. To this should be added, that effigies may also be a mental image, as far as this stands, as it were, before us). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) effigies simulacrumque : effigies et imago (Cf. , effigies, simulacrum hominis, his mere likeness ; opposed to ipse homo ; Cicero, Verr. 2, 2, 55) : imago picta : imago ficta (distinguished in Cicero, Fam. , 1, 12, 7 ; the former painted, the latter modelled or cast ; also, figura fictilis, Cicero) : clipeus (a likeness of the bust only, executed in silver or gold on a shield- like plate, scutum ; mostly as a votive offering ; vid. Suetonius, Brem. Cal. , 16). To make images, signa fabricari : to make images of wax, fingere e cerâ, (Cicero). A brazen image, simulacrum ex ære factum (or imago. . . facta) ; signum æneum
: an image of clay, plaster of Paris, etc. , imago fictilis (also, similitudo ex argillâ, in clay, Plinius) : a little image, imaguncula (general term, Suetonius) ; sigillum, icuncula (modelled in wax, etc. ). An image in alto-relievo, ectypon ; in half-relief, protypon : a full sized image, simulacrum iconicum ; effigies iconica : an image of colossal size, statua colossea (so Nero jusserat colosseum se fingi) : an exact image, effigies solida et expressa : effigies eminens (opposed to umbra et imago, or imago adumbrata, sketched in a light manner ; all improperly, Cicero, Off. , 17, 69). To make man in the image of the gods, fingere hominem in effigiem deorum (Ovidius ; Cicero has deus. . . effigies hominis et imago). To make an image of anybody or anything, imaginem alicujus or alicujus rei exprimere (with graving-tool, pen, or spoken words) : to convey an image of anybody or anything (in words), dicendo effingere alicujus rei imaginem ; depingere (verbis), or describere aliquid or aliquem : to sketch an image of anything, aliquid adumbrare ; speciem et formam alicujus rei adumbrare (properly, with the graving-tool ; or improperly, with words). To sketch an image after the life, * imaginem alicujus ad verum (Cf. , not ad vivum) describere. || As representation of anything in the mind, imago : species : forma : (The words are found in this connection and order. ) species et forma : informatio. A faint or indistinct image, imago adumbrata : adumbratio (vid. above). To picture to one’s self the image of anything, fingere cogitatione alicujus rei imaginem ; rem cogitatione depingere ; cogitatione et mente complecti aliquid ; animo effingere aliquid ; aliquid in animo informare. The image of anything appears to me, imago alicujus rei ad animum meum refertur, or in animum meum recurrit or in me incidit (Cicero, N. D. , 2, 38). || Figure of speech, vid. || Used for exact resemblance ; by circumlocution. He is the exact image of his father, insignem patris similitudinem præ se fert ; mira similitudine totum patrem exscripsit : to be the image of anybody in any respect, ex aliqua re similitudinem speciemque alicujus gerere.
IMAGERY, perhaps plural imagines ; sometimes species.
IMAGINABLE, quod cogitari or excogitari potest. To show one all imaginable honor, “nihil relinquere, quod ad alicujus honorem excogitari potest ; * nullum prætermittere honorem, qui alicui haberi potest : to take all imaginable pains about anything, * maximo, quo fieri potest, studio in rem incumbere : with all imaginable haste, omni, qua fieri potest, celeritate : the greatest imaginable difference, quanta maxima potest esse distantia. Sometimes the neuter of the pronoun quisquis may be used in expressions, such as “all imaginable wickedness, ” quidquid maleficii est ; quidquid mali aut sceleris fingi atque excogitari potest ; scelera omnia : “every imaginable consolation, ” quidquid solatii afferri potest ; or a double negative is employed, as “every imaginable kind, ” nullum non genus.
IMAGINARY, imaginarius (happening in form or notion only ; e. g. , neque se imaginariis fascibus cessuros esse, Livius, 3, 41 ; not met with before Livy) : opinatus (supposed only ; e. g. , a good or evil; opposed to verus) : opinabilis (e. g. , omnes animi perturbationes sunt opinabiles, Cicero) : adumbratus (sketched in appearance only, opposed to verus) : inanis (unfounded ; e. g. , metus). Sometimes fictus : simulatus (pretended).
Imaginary difficulties, * difficultates, quas sibi aliquis ipse fingit (Wyttenback). Anything is imaginary, not real, aliquid est opinionis, non naturæ.
Imaginary forms, formæ, quæ reapse nullæ sunt, speciem tamen offerunt (Cicero, Div. , 1, 37, 81). To entertain an imaginary fear of anything, opinione timere aliquid (Cicero).
It may often be translated by, (a) id quod videtur esse, neque est ; e. g. , “an imaginary expediency, ” ea quæ videtur utilitas, neque est ; id quod videtur utile esse, neque est ; (b) species, with genitive. An imaginary advantage, species utilitatis. Vid. APPARENT.
IMAGINATION, cogitatio ; but the post-classical imaginatio (Plinius, Tacitus) or vis imaginandi may be necessary in a philosophical treatise ; Krebs, Weber, Uebungsch. , p. 264. A mere imagination, species inanis : a creature of the imagination, species or forma menti objecta . To exist in imagination only, in opinione esse (opinatus in past participle is classical). || Contrivance, device, vid.
IMAGINATIVE, The nearest terms are, perhaps, ingeniosus : facilis et copiosus (e. g. , ingenium, Quintilianus) : velox et mobilis (e. g. , ingenium, Quintilianus) ; but as none of these come up to the meaning, perhaps * qui facile sibi omnia cogitatione fingit, effingit, depingit, etc. ; * qui ad res cogitatione depingendas uber fecundusque est (uber et fecundusque, Cicero) ; * qui divite est vena ingenii (after Horatius) ; cui ingenii est beatissima ubertas (Quintilianus, 10, 1, 108) ; * qui et ad excogitandum acutus, et ad ornandum est uberrimus (after Cicero). The imaginative faculty, ingenium (opposed to judicium, Quintilianus, 10, 1, 130).
IMAGINE, || Form a representation in the mind, animo cogitare, concipere, complecti ; also, cogitare only : animo fingere, effingere : cogitatione fingere or depingere (to form an image of anything in the mind) : proponere sibi ante oculos animumque (to place clearly before one’s mind and eyes). || Conjecture, conjectura informare ; also, conjicere only (to conjecture) : imaginari belongs to Silver Age. || To entertain an unfounded notion, opinari : in opinione esse (to be of opinion) : putare (to think ; without going deeply into the question) : induisse sibi falsam alicujus rei persuasionem (Quintilianus, 1, 1, 8) : somniare (to dream) : sibi persuadere (penuade one’s self). No one has imagined that, etc. , nemo in opinionem venit, fore ut, etc. : no one imagined that, etc. , nemini in opinionem veniebat, with accusative and infinitive (e. g. , Antonium rerum potiturum, Nepos).
I imagine, opinio mea est or fert ; videor mini, with nominative and infinitive (e. g. , a principio amens fuisse), or with infinitive.
I just now imagined that I heard the soldier’s voice, audire vocem visa sum modo militis (Terentianus). || “I imagine, ” inserted parenthetically ; opinor : ut opinor : credo (credo, like ὡς ἔοικεν, implies irony, the proposition it is applied to being absurd or self-evident ; puto or ut puto, inserted so that the clause is not made dependent, is classical but rare ; vid. Cicero, 12, 49, 1 ; Cœlius, Cicero, Fam. , 8, 3, 3 ; Vatin. , Cicero, Fam. , 5, 1, 9 : Krebs). To cause anybody to imagine, adducere aliquem in opinionem ; opinione aliquem imbuere ; opinionem alicui inserere. || Think, putare : arbitrari : reri. [Vid. THINK. ] || Contrive (devices, etc. ), excogitare : fingere : comminisci : machinari : coquere : concoquere. To imagine deceit, dolos nectere, procudere (comedy).
IMBECILE, imbecillus (weak, of body, and figuratively of the mind ; with or without animo). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) (of the mind), imbecillus atque anilis. [Vid. FEEBLE, FEEBLE-MINDED. ] Cf. , imbecillus is the reading of the best manuscripts of Cicero, and other authors ; and imbecillissimus (Celsus) has the best authority ; vid. Krebs : it is better, therefore, quite to reject imbecillis, imbecillimus.
IMBECILITY, imbecilliias (feebleness of mind and body) ; imbecillitas animi (Cæsar, ; mental imbecillity).
IMBIBE, imbibere (to drink in, properly and figuratively). To imbibe a color, colorem bibere, imbibere : to imbibe errors with our nurse’s (or, as we say, mother’s) milk, errores cum lacte nutricis sugere : to imbibe an opinion or notion, opinionem animo imbibere : to imbibe a doctrine from anybody, verba cs adbibere.
IMBITTER, exacerbare (very rare ; recenti aliqua ira exacerbati animi, Livius, 2, 35). To imbitter anybody’s life, vitam alicujus insuavem reddere : to imbitter joy, gaudium ægritudine contaminare (Terentius, Eun. , 3, 5, 4) : anybody’s pleasure is imbillered, corrumpitur alicujus voluptas dolore (Horatius, Sat. , 1, 2, 39).
IMBODY,
IMBOLDEN,
IMBOSOM, Vid. EMBODY. etc.
IMBRUE (only used with reference to blood), cruentare (e. g. , gladium, Cicero ; se alicujus sanguine, Tacitus, ; mensam alicujus sanguine, Cicero ; dextras, Ovidius) : imbuere (e. g. , imbuti sanguine gladii legionum vel madefacti potius, Cicero, Phil. , 14, 3, 6 ; and imbuere gladium scelere, figuratively, Phil. , 5, 7, 20) : madefacere (to make dripping wet ; stronger than imbuere ; vid. last quotation : Græciam madefactum iri sanguine, Cicero). To imbrue one’s hands in the blood of anybody, cruentare manus alicujus sanguine (Nepos) ; manus cæde alicujus imbuere (Tacitus, Ann. , 1, 18, 2) ; manus imbuere morte alicujus (Attius, ap. Non. , 521, 8) ; manus imbuere sanguine alicujus (Velleius, 2, 20, 1).
Imbrued in anybody’s blood, cruentus sanguine alicujus (Cicero, of persons or things, vestis, giadius) ; respersus cæde alicujus (Catullus, 64, 181) : madens alicujus cæde (Ovidius). κυρικιμασαηικοTo be imbrued, madere (e. g. , sanguine, Vergilius), or the passives.
IMBROWN, Vid. To DARKEN.
IMBUE, imbuere (in all the senses of the Latinized English word ; e. g. , properly, lanam coloribus ; animum opinionibus, studiis ; pectora pietate, Livius, ;
imbutus superstitione, aliqua humanitate, etc. ).
IMITABILITY, by circumlocution, with quod aliquis potest imitari.
IMITABLE, imitabilis : quod imitari possumus : Cf. , imitandus = what we ought to imitate, tu mihi maxime imitabilis, minime imitandus videbaris (Plinius).
IMITATE, imitari (general term) : imitando or imitatione exprimere : imitando effingere : imitando effingere et exprimere : imitari et exprimere ; or, from context, exprimere or effingere only (to form anything in imitation of something else) : assimulare aliquid (to make an imitation that may pass, without being detected as a counterfeit ; e. g. , hyænæ assimulant sermonem humanum) : æmulari (to imitate from a spirit of emulation. Cf. , Up to the time of Quintilian, it took the accusative in the sense of emulate, rival (without bad meaning), imitate ; but in the bad sense of “rivalling, ” “envying, ” a dative [iis æmulamur, qui ea habent, quæ nos habere cupimus, Cicero] once in Livius, cum aliquo, 28, 43) : alicujus vestigia sequi or persequi : alicujus vestigiis insequi (to tread in anybody’s footsteps, to take him as a pattern) : adumbrare (to imitate by a pictorial sketch with suitable, but not fully finished lights and shades, etc. ; also, of the orator ; vid. Cicero, De Or. , 3, 4 ; Quintilianus, 7, 10, 9). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) imitari atque adumbrare : mentiri (i. e. , to substitute a counterfeit, a lie for the truth ; post-classical, mentiri juvenem, Martisalis ; color, qui Chrysocollam mentitur, Plinius). To imitate anything successfully, aliquid imitando consequi : not to imitate anything, imitationem alicujus (rei) omittere (to give over imitating it) : nullam alicujus rei significationem dare (not to show any signs of having imitated it ; e. g. , rerum Græcarum, Cicero, De Or. , 2, 36, 153). To inspire anybody with the desire of imitating it, imitandi cupiditate incitare aliquem.
Imitated, imitatione expressus. Cf. , Imitatus is, in a few instances, used passively for “imitated, ” Cicero, Tim. , 5 ; Quintilianus, 11, 3, 61 ; nec abest imitata voluptas, Ovidius, Met. , 9, 481 : Krebs rejects this usage, but vid. Freund. Every letter and every erasure ware imitated, literæ lituræque omnes assimulatæ.
IMITATION, || As an action or state, imitatio (general term) : æmulatio (an emulating ; vid. To IMITATE, on imitari and æmulare) : cacozelia (an aping, Quintilianus). Excessive imitation, nimia imitatio : servile imitation, * imitatio servilis (opposed to liberalis ; i. e. , a rational one) ; also by circumlocution with imitari ; e. g. , ad imitationem alicujus se conferre, or ad aliquem imitandum se conferre : To propose anything for imitation, aliquid ad imitandum proponere : by imitation, imitatione : imitando. || Thing imitated, res imitatione or imitando expressa ; res imitando efficta (Cf. , Imitamentum does not belong to classical prose). To be an imitator of anything, imitatione ex aliqua re expressum esse.
IMITATIVE, qui (quæ, quod) imitatur, with proper accusative. To be imitative of anything, imitari aliquid : imitative joy, adumbrata lætitia (Tacitus, Ann. , 4, 31) : imitative sagacity, mentita sagacitas (Plinius, Pan. , 81). The imitative arts, artes, quæ in effictu positæ sunt ; artes effectivæ (Quintilianus, 2, 18, 2 and 5) ; but the meaning is far wider ; all the arts that produce some visible thing by their operation = ποιητική ).
IMITATOR, imitator : æmulus : æmulator [SYN. in IMITATE] : cacozelus (in a bad sense, an ape). A servile imitator, * imitator servilis : the slavish imitators, imitatores serviles ; servum pecus imitatorum (said contemptuously ; Horatius, Ep. , 1, 19, 19).
IMMACULATE, integer : incorruptus : inviolatus (Cf. , immaculatus, poetical, Lucanus).
IMMANENT, Vid. INHERENT.
IMMANITY, immanitas : feritas.
IMMARCESCIBILE, Vid. UNFADING.
IMMASK, Vid. To MASK.
IMMATERIAL, || Without matter and tubstance ; [vid. INCORPOREAL]. To prove or maintain that any being is immaterial [vid. IMMATERIALITY]. An immaterial being, mens simplex nulla re adjuncta, qua sentire possit. || Unimportant, vid.
IMMATERIALITY, by circumlocution. To prove the immateriality of anything, aliquid sine corpore esse probare (after Quintilianus, 2, 17, 17). Plato maintains the immateriality of God, Plato sine corpore ullo Deum esse vult (Cicero, N. D. , 1, 12, 13).
IMMATURE, immaturus (properly, not ripe, Columella, etc ; and improperly, too early, premature, mors, inteiitus : consilium, Livius, 22, 38). Vid. UNRIPE, PREMATURE.
IMMATURELY, immature (Columella, 11, 2, 3 ; Velleius, 2, 116). Vid. PREMATURELY.
IMMATURITY, immaturitas (e. g. , sponsarum, Suetonius) ; hæc immaturitas tanta (Cicero, of premature haste, etc. ). Vid. UNRIPENESS, PREMATURE.
IMMEASURABLE, Vid. IMMENSE.
IMMEASURABLY, Vid. IMMENSELY.
IMMEDIATE, || Without the intervention of anything else, ipse (per se) : proximus (the next) : nullo interveniente. An immediate cause, causa efficiens : absoluta et perfecta per se (the immediate efficient cause) ; causa proxima or adjuvans et proxima (i. e. , the nearest cause, but itself depending on a remoter cause, the causa perfecta et principalis).
IMMEDIATELY, confestim : continuo (opposed to ex intervallo, morâ, aliquâ, interpositâ : confestim denotes haste, and therefore presupposes an agent ; continuo denotes the absence of any interval or break between the two actions) : extemplo : e vestigio (opposed to delay of any kind ; extemplo = ex tempore [tempulum, templum, a short space of time], on the instant, this instant ; the best word for doing anything on the moment, in circumstances of difficulty, when there is no time for deliberation ; e vestigio, on the spot) : illico (= in loco ; opposed to slowness ; Döderlein thinks that it is confined to actions done on one and the same spot ; e vestigio, of actions that are preceded by a change of place ; Schmalfield thinks that extemplo is used of nearly continuous, illico, of absolutely continuous actions) : statim : protinus (opposed to a future time, postea, alio tempore, etc. In this sense protinus is found in Livy, Nepos, and later writers ; but not in Cicero or earlier writers, except in one passage, oratio perspicue et protinus conficiens auditorem benevolum ; Inv. , 2, 15, 20. In other passages of Cicero and Cæsar, it is found with a verb expressed, denoting or implying progress, what was done further, etc. , hostes protinus ex eo loco ad flumen Axonam contenderunt, Cæsar, B. G. , 2, 9 ; tantus repente invasit terror, ut. . . protinus aperto sanctiore ærario ex urbe profugeret, B, C, 1, 14 ; ex hac fuga protinus quæ undique convenerant auxilia discesserunt, Handrianus, vol. 4, p. 622) : actutum (αὐτίκα, but rare ; quam. . . actutum in Italia fore nuntiaverat, Livius ; only once in Cicero, Phil. , 12, 11, 26 : it comes from actu, as astutum from astu, and is therefore a participial adverb from an obsolete verb actuo, Handrianus, 1, 73, 74) : jam jamque (e. g. , Cæsar enim adventare, jam jamque et adesse ejus equites falso nunciabantur, Cæsar, B, C, 1, 14 ; it always implies emotion, Herzog, ad loc) : dictum factum ; dictum ac factum (no sooner said than done ; a colloquial expression = ἅμα ἔπος ἅμα ἔργον). – sine mora (without any delay on the part of the agent).
Immediately. . . then. . . and at last, extemplo. . . mox. . . postremo (e. g. , extemplo fusi, fugati, mox intra vallum paventes, compulsi ; postremo exuuntur castris, Livius). When followed by another clause, “that” being omitted, it is = as soon as [vid. As, (1. ), extr. ] || Without intervention, etc. , nullo interveniente.
IMMEDICABLE, immedicabilis (Ovidius) : insanabilis.
IMMEMORABLE, immemorabilis (Plautus) : memoratu or memoria non dignus or indignus : relatu indignus (Vergilius, for which Ovidius has indignus referri). Sallust has non indignum videtur. . . facinus. . . memorare.
IMMEMORIAL, From time immemorial, ex omni memoria ætatum or temporum (Cicero, De Or. , 1, 4, 16) : post hominum memoriam : inde ab antiquissimis temporibus : tempore immenso (e. g. , observata sunt hæc, Cicero).
Immemorial usage, etc. , * mos, qui semper prævaluit ; or (though, of course, less strong) longa consuetudo (e. g. , fecerat legem). The immemorial practice of this state, * mos, qui jam inde a principio hujus regni (imperii, etc. ) prævaluit (hic mos prævalet, Plinius, 17, 22, 35) : * consuetudo, quæ in republica semper est habita.
IMMENSE, immensus (that cannot be measured ; of every kind of extension, properly and improperly) : infinitus (unconfined by any limit, unbounded). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) immensus et infinitus : ingens immensusque : immensus et interminatus in omnes partes : immanis (huge ; e. g. , pecuniæ, præda) : ingens (greater than what is usually produced ; beyond the usual size of the thing in question ; from in and genus, gens, or rather the root “genitive: ” pecunia, arbor, ingenium, etc. ). An immense difference, quanta maxima esse potest distantia : this was of immense use, hoc mirum quantum profuit (ad aliquid ; e. g. , concordiam civitatis, Livius, 2, 1). He is of immense use to me, mirabiles utilitates mihi præbet : there is an immense difference between A. and B. , differt inter A. et
B. nimium quantum (in Horace, immane quantum discrepat res rei).
IMMENSELY, immensum (post-Augustan ; creverat, Ovidius ; attolli, Tacitus) : in immensum (mons. . . editus, Sallustius, Jug. , 92, 5, 10 ; Ovidius) : ad immensum (e. g. , multitudinis speciem augere, Livius, 29, 25, 3). For an immensely high price, immenso mercari aliquid (Plinius, 9, 40, 64).
IMMENSITY, immensum (as substantive ; e. g. , loci, Livius) : immensitas, and plural, immensitates (Cicero) : immanitas (huge or terrific size).
IMMERGE, Vid. IMMERSE.
IMMERSE, || PROPR. , immergere (e. g. , immersus in flumen, Cicero) : mergere (in aliquid ; aliqua re) : demergere (in aliquid ; [in] aliqua re ; e. g. , in palude demersus ; in fossas. . . demersus) : submergere (aliqua re ; submersus voraginibus). To be immersed, mergi : immergi. || IMPROPR. , demergere (e. g. , in debt, ære alieno demersus) : mergere (e. g. , aliquem malis, Vergilius ; se in voluptates, Livius) : immergere (e. g. , studiis, Seneca). Cf. , It is better to say alicui rei se totum dedere than alicui rei se immergere, after se studiis immergere (Seneca) : Cf. , submergere, improperly, is very rare and post-classical, virtus submersa tenebris (Claudius).
Immersed in debt, ære alieno demersus (Livius) or obrutus [vid. DEBT] : to be immersed in pleasures, mergi in voluptates (Curtius) ; avide in voluptates se mersisse (Livius, 23, 18) ; in a train of thought, se totum in alicujus rei cognitione collocare : immersed in business, occupationibus or negotiis implicatus, or negotia, occupationes, etc. , multis officiis implicatum et constrictum tenent aliquem : to be immersed in literary pursuits, in literas or literis (ablative) se abdere (abdidisse).
IMMERSION, demersio (late ; Solin. ) : immersio (late ; Arnobius).
IMMETHODICAL, incompositus (not well arranged ; of things ; e. g. , oratio) : inconditus (e. g. , jus civile, without arrangement). Sometimes temerarius (without previous consideration, etc. , ; of men or things) : qui omnia raptim agit et turbate (who does everything in a hurried, perplexed way ; after Cæsar, B. C. , 1, 5) : * qui temere omnia et fortuito agit : * qui nullam habet certam viam atque rationem (of things).
IMMETHODICALLY, non via nec arte : incomposite : negligenter et incomposite : raptim et turbate : temere et fortuito (e. g. , agere) : indigeste et incondite (Gellius, præf. , 3). Before that time, all used to speak, immethodically indeed, but, etc. , antea neminem solitum via nec arte, sed. . . tamenl. . . dicere (Cicero, Brut. , 12, 46).
IMMINENCE, by circumlocution : imminentia (Nig. , ap. Gell. ) : instantia (Gellius).
IMMINENT, impendens (e. g. , impendentem evitare tempestatem, Nepos).
Imminent danger, præsens periculum ; or (when vaguely used) summum or maximum periculum. To be imminent, impendere (to be hanging over one ; terror, terrores, belli timor, etc. ) ; instare (to be at hand ; bellum, periculum, clades) : Cf. , imminere is used by Cicero of enemies, nations, countries, etc. , that seem, as it were, to be hanging over an object in a threatening manner, and ready to pounce upon it ; and also of death, and generally ea quæ imminent : not with abstract notions, such as war, danger, etc. , but imminente bello (Quintilianus) ; periculum, quod imminere ipsi portenderetur (Suetonius).
IMMINGLE,
IMMIX, Vid. To MIX.
IMMOBILITY, immobilitas (Justinus).
IMMODERATE, immodicus (exceeding the proper mean or measure ; e. g. , frigus, also, improperly, libido possidendi) : immoderatus (not kept within due bounds ; e. g. , potus ; then, improperly, removed from all due moral restraint ; of men and things ; e. g. , cupiditates, luxuria) : intemperans (not using any restraint : not regulating one’s desires and actions by the law of reason ; mostly of persons, but also of things, licentia ; in anything, in aliqua re) : incontinens (without self-government, as showing itself in command over sensual desires ; of persons) : impotens (powerless to restrain a strong feeling ; hence, also, of the feeling itself which masters us, or any product of such feeling, lætitia, postulatum ; also, in anything, alicujus rei) : immodestus (going beyond the limits of propriety, etc. ; of persons und things ; e. g. , laus) : effrenatus (unbridled ; of persons and things, audacia, furor, cupiditas, libido) : effusus : profusus (of what is copiously poured forth, as it were ; allowed to run on without a check, lætitia : sumtus) : immanis (immoderately large ; magnitudo, pecuniæ, præda) : nimius (too great ; arrogantia ; celeritates) : iniquus (unfair ; e. g. , pretium).
Immoderate in eating, edax ; vorax ; in drinking, in vino immodestus (Terentius, Heaut. , 3, 3, 7) : in eating and drinking, profundæ et intempestivæ gulæ. To be immoderate in one’s eating, largius se invitare : to be immoderate in one’s demands, immodeste postulare : immoderate in friendship, wrath, love, etc. , impotens lætitiæ, iræ, amoris.
IMMODERATELY, immoderate : intemperanter : incontinenter : immodeste : effuse (SYN. in adjective) : nimio plus or plus nimio (e. g. , diligere aliquem) : nimium (e. g. , nimium longum tempus, Cicero). To drink immoderately, vino se obruere. To praise anybody immoderately, nimium esse in aliquo laudando ; ultra modum laudare aliquem (Plinius, Ep. , 7, 28) : immenso plus laudare aliquid (Plinius, 20, 9, 36).
IMMODERATION, intemperantia : incontinentia [SYN. in IMMODERATE] : immodestia (post-Augustan, Tacitus).
Immoderation in eating and drinking, profunda et intempestiva gula.
IMMODEST, impudicus (without bashfulness ; without the chaste sentiment of which bashfulness is an index ; of persons ; e. g. , mulier) : parum verecundus (not regarding decency or morality ; also of things ; e. g. , words ; also without a natural feeling of shame) : in verecundus (e. g. , ingeninm, Cicero ; frons, Quintilianus) : impurus (impure ; of persons, thoughts, morals, etc. ) : incestus (unchaste, with reference to religion and morality ; of persons or things ; e. g. , sermo, voces, flagitium, amor) : obscœnus (obscene, etc. ; of words, jests, motions, paintings, etc. ) : libidinosus (lustful) : non nimis verecundus (improperly, cool in one’s requests, admonitions, etc. ; admonitor, Cicero). An immodest life, vita parum verecunda : immodest love, amor impudicus : impudicitia (especially of the male sex) : amor libidinosus : libidines (of the female ; commentators on Suetonius, Oct. , 71). Cf. , Not immodestus.
IMMODESTLY, impudice (late) : parum caste (e. g. , vivere). Cf. , Not immodeste.
IMMODESTY, impudicitia (especially of the impure love of the male sex) : libidines (especially of the impure love of the female sex). Vid. Commentators on Suetonius, Oct. , 71) : impuritas (impurity). Cf. , Not immodestia.
IMMOLATE, victimam, hostiam, etc. , immolare or sacrificare, mactare, cædere [SYN. in To SACRIFICE]. || IMPROPR. , Vid. To SACRIFICE.
IMMOLATION, immolatio (Cicero).
IMMORAL, male moratus : malis or corruptis moribus. Also inhonestus, turpis, etc.
Immoral conduct, mores turpes ; mores corrupti.
IMMORALITY, mores corrupti or perditi (corrupt morals) : vita vitiis flagitiisque omnibus dedita (grossly immoral life).
Immorality is gaining ground every day, mores magis magisque labuntur.
IMMORALLY, inhoneste : turpiter.
IMMORTAL, immortalis (not subject to the law of death ; also, improperly, of things ; e. g. , laus) : æternus : sempiternus [SYN. in ETERNAL]. To be immortal, immortalem or sempiternum esse : non interire (general term, not to die ; e. g. , of the soul) : vita, sempiterna frui (to live for ever) ; memoria omnium seculorum vigere (to be fresh in the recollection of all ages ; both of persons).
Immortal glory, immortalis or sempiterna gloria : to render immortal or be rendered immortal. Vid. To IMMORTALIZE.
IMMORTALITY, immortalitas : æternitas [SYN. in ETERNAL]. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) æternitas immortalitasque. An immortality of glory, immortalis or sempiterna gloria : the immortality of the soul, immortalitas or æternitas animi, or animorum (Cf. , in this sense immortalitas must not be used alone, unless animi or animorum is implied by the context. Vid. Cicero, Cat. , Mæ. , 21, 78 ; Tusc. , 1, 22, 50, and 33, 80). Plato’s book on the immortality of the soul, Platonis liber, qui immortalitatem animæ docet : to maintain the immortality of the soul, dicere animos hominum esse immortales or sempiternos : to wish to establish or prove the immortality of the soul, hoc velle persuadere, non interire animas : to win immortality, immortalitatem consequi, or adipisci, or sibi parere (general term) ; immortalem or sempiternam gloriam consequi (an immortality of glory).
IMMORTALIZE, reddere aliquem immortalem (general term of a person) : immortali gloriæ commendare aliquem : ad immortalitatis memoriam consecrare aliquem (of a person ; with reference to immortal glory, reputation) : immortalem memoriam alicujus reddere : æternitatem immortalitatemque donare alicui (improperly) : aliquid immortalitati tradere or commendare (of a thing). To immortalize one’s self, immortalitatem sibi parere : to be immortalized, immortalitatem adipisci or consequi
(general term) ; immortalem or sempiternam gloriam consequi (to obtain an undying reputation, etc. ) ; immortalitati commendari (of things ; e. g. , historia) : to have been immortalized, immortalem factum esse, by anything, aliqua re (Sallustius) : men whose memory is immortalized, homines, quorum vivit immoitalis memoria et gloria.
IMMORTALLY, To live immortally, vita sempiterna frui, etc. [Vid. under IMMORTAL, IMMORTALIZE. ] Cf. , Immortaliter only in the figurative phrase of immortaliter gaudere (Cicero).
IMMOVABLE, immobilis (properly and figuratively) : immotus (not moved, figuratively = unchangeable).
Immovable goods, property, res or bona, quæ moveri non possunt ; res immobiles (Tabol. , Dig. , 41, 3, 23). To be immovable, loco suo non moveri (properly) : immobilem se ostendere (post-Ciceronian : Tacitus ; e. g. , precibus alicujus) : non moveri or commoveri. An immovable resolution, consilium certum.
IMMOVABLY, firmiter (e. g. , fixed, stabilitus) : constanter (e. g. , manere in suo statu, Cicero, Univ. , 13).
Immovably fixed, stabilis certusque (e. g. , sententia), or stabilis only (e. g. , opinio).
IMMUNITY, immunitas (from an onerous duty, immunitas magni muneris) : vacatio (e. g. , munerum, sumtus, laboris, etc. ; also, a re ; a causis, Cicero ; ab belli administratione, Livius ; also, with quominus ; vacationem augures, quominus judiciis operam darent, non habere, Cicero, Brut. 31, 117). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) vacatio et immunitas (Cæsar). To confer upon anybody an immunity from anything, dare alicui immunitatem alicujus rei or (Suetonius, etc. ) a re : to offer an immunity from anything, offerre alicui immunitatem (a re, Suetonius) : to enjoy an immunity from, vacationem alicujus rei habere (Cicero, Cæsar, ; said, also, of the thing which constitutes the claim to any immunity, Cicero).
IMMURE, includere or concludere (general terms for to shut up ; e. g. , in carcerem, in custodiam ; also, carcere includere, Livius) : inclusum parietibus continere (to confine within the walls of a house, Cicero, Rep. , 3, 9) : aliquem seorsum concludere (in aliquem locum ; e. g. , in ædiculam, Plautus) : aliquem conclusum habere (Terentianus). To immure one’s self anywhere, includere se (e. g. , in Heraclea, Heracleæ, Heracleam) ; concludere se (e. g. , in cellam cum aliquo, Terentianus) ; abdere se in aliquem locum (improperly ; e. g. , in bibliothecam, in a library). To be immured, inclusum atque abditum latere in aliquo loco : abdidisse se in aliquem locum (improperly).
In the sense of IMPRISON, vid.
IMMUTABILITY, Vid. UNCHANGEABLENESS.
IMMUTABLE, Vid. UNCHANGEABLE.
IMMUTABLY, Vid. UNCHANGEABLY.
IMP, || Son, progeny, vid. || Little or subordinate devil, dæmonium (little devil, Tertullianus, Apoll. , 32). You little imp! (improperly) Acherontis pabulum (Plautus).
IMPAIR, Vid. INJURE, DIMINISH.
IMPAIRING, Vid. INJURY, DIMINUTION. The impairing of one’s health, confectio valetudinis.
IMPAIRMENT, Vid. IMPAIRING.
IMPALPABILITY, intactus, us (Lucretius, 1, 455).
IMPALPABLE, intactilis (Lucretius, 1, 438), or, by circumlocution, quod tactu non sentimus, etc. , or by minutissimus, tenuissimus.
IMPARITY, inæqualitas : dissimilitudo (unlikeness).
IMPARK, circumsepire : septo includere or circumdare. To have imparked so many acres, circiter. . . jugerum locum inclusum habere (Varro, R. R. , 3, 12).
IMPART, impertire : tribuere (denote giving a portion, without reference to any part that the giver is to retain for himself : impertire, as an act of free-will and of kindness ; tribuere, as an act of justice, or of judicious policy) : participare : communicare (the giving a share of what one retains a share of one’s self : participare has generally the receiver for its object, who is to share a possession ; communicare, generally the thing shared, in the use of which the receiver is to have a share ; Döderlein). Vid. To COMMUNICATE, for phrases and construction.
IMPARTIAL, medius (not attached to either party ; neutral). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) medius et neutrius partis : tamquam medius nec in alterius favorem inclinatus (Livius, ; both these of persons) : integer (allowing no external influence to affect one’s judgement ; unbiased, etc. ; e. g. , integrum se servare) : incorruptus (unbribed). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) incorruptus atque integer : æquus (fair ; listening to the arguments on both sides ; giving both parties what is due to them : of persons or things ; e. g. , prætor, lex, etc. ) : studio et ira vacuus (free from party favor or enmity ; especially of persons) : obtrectatione et malevolentia liberatus (free from envy and ill-will ; of persons and things ; e. g. , judicium). The impartial administration of justice, juris et judiciorum æquitas : an impartial judgement, judicium obtrectatione et malevolentia liberatum ; judicium æquum et integrum, incorruptum (Cicero) : judicium sine irâ et studio latum (after Tacitus) : to be or show one’s self impartial, neutri parti favere ; neque irâ neque gratia teneri : incorruptum se gerere (Livius).
IMPARTIALITY, * animus ab omni partium studio alienus : animus studio et ira vacuus : æquitas : animus incorruptus : integer in judicando : animus æquus (without heat or affection) : let no private feeling destroy your impartiality, cave quicquam momenti habeat gratia (Cicero). With impartiality, vid. IMPARTIALLY.
IMPARTIALLY, incorrupte : integre : sine ira et studio (Tacitus, ; e. g. , narrare aliquid) : sine amore et cupiditate : sine odio et sine invidia (Cicero ; e. g. , judicare).
IMPASSABLE, invius : impeditus : inexplicabilis (difficult to pass through). Roads rendered impassable by the continued rain, inexplicabiles continuis imbribus viæ (Livius, 40, 33, 2) : a place which is almost impassable, locus, quo segre transiri potest.
IMPASSIBILITY, natura non patibilis (after Cicero, N. D. , 3, 12). Seneca, Ep. , 9, observes that, as a translation of the Greek ἀπάθεια, impatientia would be ambiguous : he attempts invulnerabilis animus ; animus extra omnem patientiam positus (both which must, of course, relate to a mind) : corpus or animus omni sensu carens.
IMPASSIBLE, qui patibilem naturam non habet (after patibilem naturam habet, Cicero, N. D. , 3, 12). Seneca attempts various expressions for “impassible” in Ep. , 9, impatiens : invulnerabilis : extra omnem patientiam positus : qui incommodum ne sentit quidem : impassibilis (Lactantius, as technical term of the Deity : also, insensibilis) : sensu carens.
IMPATIENCE, impatientia moræ (or morarum) or spei (inability to endure delay, hope deferred, etc. , after Silius, Ital. , 8, 4 ; Ammianus, 28, 1, 9 ; Tacitus, Hist. , 2, 40, extr. Cf. , Impatientia alone has not this meaning) : festinatio (undue haste ; hurry).
Impatience of (= inability to endure) anything, impatientia alicujus rei (e. g. , moræ) : not to be able to restrain one’s impatience, rumpo or abrumpo patientiam (Cf. , but not patientia mihi rumpitur, Suetonius, Tib. , 25 ; Tacitus, Ann. , 12, 50, 5) : to expect anything with impatience, acerrime aliquid exspectare. Cf. , In the sense of “inability to endure, ” intolerantia is post-classical.
In Cicero, etc. , it has a passive sense, intolerantia regis.
IMPATIENT, impatiens moræ (or morarum) or spei (Silius, Ital. , 8, 4 ; Ammianus, 28, 1 ; Tacitus, Hist. , 2, 40, extr.
Impatiens alone has not this meaning) : festinans (hastening). To be impatient for anybody’s arrival, alicujus adventum non mediocriter captare. || Unable to endure, intolerans alicujus rei (Livius) : impatiens alicujus rei (post-classical, Velleius, Plinius, Columella) : qui aliquid pati, ferre, sustinere non potest.
IMPATIENTLY, festinanter (over-hastily). Cf. , Pliny has impatienter (e. g. , desiderare aliquem), but this is “so as not to bear the loss in a tranquil manner, ” etc. : non patienter : intoleranter : ægre : moleste (especially with ferre : all referring to want of patience in bearing anything). To expect anybody’s arrival impatiently, alicujus adventum non mediocriter captare. Vid. “with IMPATIENCE” IMPAWN, Vid. PAWN.
IMPEACH, Vid. ACCUSE.
IMPEACHABLE, Vid. ACCUSABLE.
IMPEACHER, Vid. ACCUSER.
IMPEACHMENT, Vid. ACCUSATION.
IMPECCABILITY, by circumlocution. Cf. , Hieronymus used impeccantia.
IMPECCABLE, by circumlocution ; e. g. , saying that no body is impeccable, dicens neminem non aliquando cœpisse peccare (Quintilianus) or * neminem non aliquando or interdum peccare. No one is impeccable, * nemo tarn bonus est, ut nunquam peccet.
IMPEDE, Vid. HINDER.
IMPEDIMENT, [Vid. HINDERANCE. ] || In one’s speech, hæsitantia linguæ. To have an impediment in one’s speech, lingua hæsitare.
IMPEL, impellere (the proper word, to drive or urge on, properly and figuratively : navem remis ; aliquem ; aliquem ad aliquid [e. g. , ad facinus ; ad injuriam faciendam ; ad credendum] : also with ut ; impulit, ut ita crederem : also with local adverb, quo velit : with infinitive) : incitare : excitare (to incite, excite) : stimulare aliquem : stimulos alicui admovere (to spur
on, all properly and figuratively) : hortari : exhortari (to encourage, exhort) : accendere : inflammare (to inflame, kindle ; all figuratively). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) impellere atque incendere ; impellere atque hortari : anybody to anything, all aliquem ad aliquid.
Impelled by anybody, anything, impulsus ab aliquo, aliqua re ; by nobody, nullo impellente.
IMPEND, impendere alicui or alicui rei (to hang over in a threatening manner ; properly and improperly, alicui or alicui rei ; properly, as saxum Tantalo ; gladius alicujus cervicibus ; and improperly, terrores, pericula, bellum, etc. ; improperly, also, impendere in aliquem ; e. g. , terrores in me) : instare (to be at hand ; also, absolutely, instare jam plane, to be close at hand) : imminere (properly ; e. g. , collis urbi ; tumulus ipsis mœnibus, and improperly ; principally of enemies, nations, etc. , that seem to hang over an object in a threatening way ; also of death, and, generally, ea quæ imminent ; but not of danger, war, etc. , in prose writers, till Quintilian and Suetonius).
IMPENDING, impendens : imminens : instans : plane jam instans. Sometimes futurus. To avoid the impeding storm, evitare impendentem tempestatem (Nepos) : to foresee the impeding storm, prospicere tempestatem futuram (Cicero).
IMPENETRABILITY, by circumlocution.
IMPENETRABLE, impenetrabilis (properly, Livius, ; and improperly, blanditiis, Seneca) : impervius (by anything, alicui rei post-Augustan ; e. g. , lapis ignibus, Tacitus) : spissus (thick ; caligo, tenebræ) : obstinatus adversus aliquid (impenetrable by motives, and by attacks, by which one’s constancy is assailed ; adversus lacrimas muliebres, Livius).
Impenetrable woods, densissimæ silvæ (Cæsar).
Impenetrable darkness, densissimæ tenebræ (for which Suetonius, Ner. , 46, has artissimæ tenebræ).
IMPENITENCE, obstinatio : animus obstinatus or affirmatus : * animus contra veritatem obstinatus (after Quintilianus, 12, 1, 10) : * mores non mutati. Cf. , Impœnitentia, Hieronymus and Augustinus. IMPENITENT, quem non vitæ anteactæ or peccatorum suorum pœnitet : contra veritatem obstinatus (Quintilianus ; general term for one who is hardened agsl the truth).
IMPERATIVE, imperiosus (in the manner of authoritative command) : imperiose præcipiens (directing in the tone of a master ; Gellius) : necessitate quadam delegatus (e. g. , officium, an imperative duty laid upon anybody, Cicero) : cui repugnari minime potest (e. g. , vis, Quintilianus, 6, 3, 8). An imperative command, mandatum. || In grammar. The imperative mood, modus imperativus. IMPERCEPTIBLE, quod vix sentiri or sensibus percipi potest. To make a progress in literature that is almost imperceptible, pæne nihil proficere in literis. IMPERCEPTIBLY, sensim. IMPERFECT, mancus : non integer (no longer or not yet complete) : non perfectus (not completed) : imperfectus (Quintilianus ; especially in the poets = “not completed;” in Seneca = “imperfect”) : inchoatus (begun only, and not carried on to a more perfect state). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) mancus quodammodo et inchoatus (Cicero, Off. , 1, 43, 173) : suis numeris non absolutus (not perfect in all its parts and proportions) : non commodus (not good of its kind) : vitiosus (faulty) : adumbratus (but lightly sketched ; not having received full body or substance ; opinio, intelligentia) : in quo multa desiderantur. To leave anything imperfect, inchoatum relinquere aliquid. An imperfect book, * liber, in quo plagulæ quædam desunt : imperfect manner [vid. IMPERFECTLY]. || The imperfect (in grammar), tempus imperfectum. IMPERFECTION, imbecillitas : vitiositas : * conditio vitiosa or manca : vitium (defect).
IMPERFECTLY, imperfecte : haud commode : vitiose. IMPERIAL, imperatorius : Cæsareus (post-Augustan ; the times of the emperors ; seldom Augustalis and imperialis) : often, by genitive : imperatoris, or Cæsaris, or Augusti ; principalis, or genitive, principis (belonging to the prince or emperor ; time of the emperors). His imperial majesty, * majestas imperatoria (as a dignity or title) : magnitudo imperatoria (as a title, of the later times of the emperors) : your imperial majesty, majestas or magnitudo tua : the imperial territories, * terræ imperatoris. || The imperial title, nomen Augusti or imperatoris (times of emperors) : nomen imperatorium (with Cicero, ad Fam. , 11, 4, 1) : appellatio imperatoria (with Velleius, 2, 125, 5 ; but in both places = title of general). To assume the imperial title (and throne), nomen Augusti arripere. IMPERIALISTS, Cæsariani. IMPERIOUS, imperiosus : arrogans (arrogant, assuming) : superbus (haughty).
IMPERIOUSLY, imperiose (Gellius) : pro imperio (e. g. , aliquem discedere jubere) : insolenter : arroganter. IMPERIOUSNESS, * imperiosa et superba alicujus natura : alicujus regia (in aliqua re) dominatio (e. g. , in judiciis, Cicero ; the overbearing and despotic behavior of one who rules in anything, allowing no rival, etc. ) ; or by insolentia, arrogantia, etc. That imperiousness of yours, illa tua singularis insolentia. IMPERISHABLE, immortalis : sempiternus. SYN. in ETERNAL.
IMPERSONAL, impersonalis (in grammar, verbum, Charis. , 2 and 3 ; Diom. , 1, etc. ).
IMPERSONALLY, impersonaliter (grammatical technical term).
IMPERTINENCE, || Irrelevancy, vid. || Impudent rudeness, etc. , importunitas (troublesome character or behavior) : contumelia sibi ab aliquo imposita (the insult, by deed or word, offered to one by anybody) : procacitas : petulantia, or * inurbana alicujus procacitas or petulantia. || Foolishness of words, deeds, etc. , absurditas († Claudius, Mam. , 3, 11) : insulsitas (insipidity ; bad taste) : res inepta (as thing).
Impertinences, ineptiæ, nugæ. IMPERTINENT, || Not relating to the matter in hand, ad rem nihil pertinens : alienus or alicui rei (maxime) alienus (e. g. , hic non alienum est admonere ; non alienum fuerit exigere, etc. , Quintilianus). || Meddling, troublesome, importunus (troublesome, etc. ). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) importunus atque incommodus (Plautus) ; levis et futilis et importunus (e. g. , locutor, Gellius) : impolitus : inurbanus (uncivil). Sometimes petulans, procax, protervus may do. IMPERTINENTLY, || Irrelevantly, vid. || Rudely, etc. , vid. || Foolishly, absurde : inepte : insulse : inscite. IMPERTURBED, non perturbatus : non conturbatus : imperturbatus (Ovidius and Seneca, rare).
IMPERVIOUS, impervius (Ovidius, Quintilianus ; also improperly, Tacitus ; e. g. , lapis ignibus).
IMPETRABLE, impetrabilis (Livius, Propertius ; not Cicero or Cæsar).
IMPETRATE, impetrare. IMPETRATION, impetratio (Cicero ; once only ; not found elsewhere).
IMPETUOSITY, violentia : violentum ingenium (impetuous character) : præceps et effrænata mens (rash, unrestrained impetuosity, Cicero) : acris vehementia (Plinius). With great impetuosity, magno impetu (e. g. , ferri ad aliquid).
IMPETUOUS, violentus (violent ; e. g. , ingenium, impetus, homo) : violentus ingenio : vehemens. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) vehemens et violentus : ferox. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) vehemens feroxque : importunus (e. g. , libidines, that will not be shaken off, restrained, etc. ) : præfervidus (too hot ; e. g. , irâ, Livius) : præferox (opposed to mitis, Livius, Tacitus) : præceps : in omnibus consiliis præceps (rash in adopting plans without consideration). You are too impetuous (in character), nimium es vehemens feroxque natura : Cf. , “impetuosus, only the elder Plinius, ” Krebs ; Freund does not give such a word. IMPETUOUSLY, magno impetu (e. g. , hostem aggredi) : violenter (poscere ; aliquem persequi, increpare) : vehementer (e. g. , flagitare) : importune (e. g. , insistere).
IMPETUS, impetus : impulsio : impulsus. κυρικιμασαηικο IMPIETY, impietas (want of reverence and love for God, etc ; also for one’s country, parents, etc. ) : Dei (or, according to Roman notions, deûm) negligentia : divini cultûs negligentia (neglect of God and religious worship). An impiety, nefas : scelus : res scelesta or nefaria. IMPINGE, impingi alicui rei or ad aliquid : allidi ad aliquid. Vid. “DASH against. ” IMPIOUS, impius (without love or reverence for God, one’s parents, country, etc. ; the object [e. g. , erga Deum, erga patriam, erga parentes] must always be added, unless sufficiently implied by the context) : nefarius (breaking the laws of God, of natural equity, etc. ; of men, their actions and dispositions) : nefandus (refers to the abominable wickedness of an action) : scelestus : sceleratus (wicked : the former with reference to the mind ; the latter to actions). To have committed many impious actions both against the gods and against men, multa et in deos et in homines impie nefarieque commisisse. IMPIOUSLY, impie : nefarie. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) impie nefarieque : nefande : sceleste : scelerate. IMPLACABILITY, odium implacabile or inexorabile : animus implacabilis (Cf. , implacabilitas very late, Ammianus). IMPLACABLE, implacabilis (against anybody, alicui or in aliquem) : inexpiabilis (not to be satisfied by any atonement). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) implacabilis inexpiabilisque : inexorabilis (not to
be softened by entreaties : all three of persons and things ; hatred, anger) ; against anybody, in or adversus aliquem : to pursue anybody with implacable hatred, implacabili odio persequi aliquem : to be or show one’s self implacable against anybody, sese alicui implacabilem inexpiabilemque præbere (Cicero) : to entertain implacable hatred against anybody, implacabile odium suscipere in aliquem (Nepos).
IMPLACABLY, implacabilius (e. g. , irasci alicui, Tacitus).
IMPLANT, || PROPR. , inserere, ponere (in aliqua re). || IMPROPR. , ingenerare : ingignere (at birth) : in serere : in animo infigere (at any time). To be implanted, innatum esse : natura insitum esse ; a natura proficisci. Nature has implanted this in us, etc. , hoc natura ingenuit nobis ; hoc natura inest animis ; hoc in animis nostris insitum est ; hoc (a natura) nobis tributum est ; hoc in ipsa natura positum est atque in fixum ; hoc innatum est, et in animo quasi insculptum.
IMPLEAD, Vid. “to bring an ACTION against. ” IMPLEMENT, [Vid. INSTRUMENT. ] || Implements of war, instrumentum et apparatus belli ; arma, tela, cetera, quæ ad bellum gerendum pertinent (after Cicero, Phil. , 11, 12, 30).
IMPLICATE, || PROPR. , implicare, etc. [Vid. ENTANGLE ; INVOLVE. ] || IMPROPR. , in culpa aliquem etsuspicione ponere (Cicero) : aliquem suspectum reddere : aliquem in suspicionem vocare or adducere : suspicionem in aliquem conferre (to render anybody suspected). To be implicated in anything, alicui rei affinem esse ; alicujus rei participem or socium esse : to be supposed to tie implicated in anything, suspectum esse de aliqua re ; a suspicione non remotum esse. IMPLICATION, || Entanglement, implicatio (e. g. , nervorum). || An implied consequence ; a tacit inference, etc. , by circumlocution. By implication, implicite et abscondite (opposed to patentius et expeditius, Cicero ;but this implies the necessity of disentangling, as it were, the implied fact or consequence) : quodammodo tacite (silently, as it were ; not by an explicit statement). The law itself, by implication, gives him the right of defending, etc. , quodammodo tacite dat ipsa lex potestatem defendendi (Cicero, Mil. , 4, 11).
IMPLICIT, Cf. , The original and correct meaning of the word is that of ” implied, ” opposed to ” explicit ;” but it is now more commonly used in the sense of “absolute, ” “unconditional” reliance, trust, etc. || Implied, tacitus (silently assumed, not expressly stated, Cicero and Jurisconsulti) : quod in aliqua re implicite et abscondite continetur (Cicero, Invent. , 2, 23, 69 ; of what is really but not evidently contained in anything ; opposed to patentius et expeditius contineri). || Absolute, unconditional, etc. [vid. UNCONDITIONAL]. To pay anybody implicit obedience, alicui sine ulla exceptione parere, obedire : to place implicit trust or confidence in anybody, se totum alicui committere : to put implicit faith in anybody, maximam fidem alicui adhibere. IMPLICITLY, || Opposed to explicitly [Vid. “by IMPLICATION. “] || Unconditionally, vid. To believe, trust, etc. , implicitly ; vid. “put IMPLICIT faith in. ” IMPLORE, implorare aliquem or aliquid (to pray for help with tears and supplication) : supplicare alicui : se alicui supplicem abjicere (to implore passionately ; falling, as it were, at his knees, wringing one’s hands, etc. , humbly before anyone, with the consciousness of his great dignity and power, and of one’s own great need) : obsecrare aliquem (to implore anybody urgently ; beseeching him in the name of God, by everything that is sacred) : obtestari aliquem (to implore anybody suppliantly, calling upon God as witness ; to implore by everything that is dear to him). To implore anybody for anything, voce supplici postulare aliquid ; orare multis et supplicibus verbis ut, etc. : exposcere aliquid ab aliquo (of earnest, vehement appeals) : to implore help from anybody, aliquem ad or in auxilium implorare ; auxilium implorare ab aliquo : to implore the gods for victory, exposcere ab diis victoriam : to implore an end of the pestilence, finem pestilentiæ exposcere : to implore the mercy of the gods, exposcere pacem deorum (Justinus, 18, 6) : to implore gods and men, deum atque hominum fidem implorare : to implore assistance from a judge, opem petere a judice : humbly to implore anybody, submisse supplicare alicui : to prostrate one’s self at anybody’s feet, and implore him in the humblest terms, prosternere se, et fracto atque humili animo supplicare alicui : the gods were implored, precibus a diis petitum est.
IMPLORING, imploratio : obsecratio : obtestatio. [Vid. the verbs under To IMPLORE. ] Cf. , Supplicatio = a day appointed for solemn prayer to the gods. IMPLY, Anything implies anything, or anything is implied by anything, aliquid subest alicui rei, or aliquid subest velut latens (cf. Quintilianus, 3, 5, 9) ; subest alicujus rei tacita vis (ib. ) : in aliqua re inest aliquid. He maintains that a general report mostly implies some foundation of truth, negat famam temere nasci solere, quin subsit aliquid (Cicero, Auct. , ad Her. ). Superstition, which implies a groundless fear of the gods, suspicio, in qua inest inanis timor deorum (Cicero). Every special question implies a general one that precedes it, in omni speciali [quæstione] inest generalis, ut quæ sit prior. What is really, but not obviously implied, quod in aliqua re implicite et abscondite continetur (Cicero). What is necessarily implied by a statement, quod ex verbis intelligi potest (opposed to verba, that which the words actually express). To discuss whether one should obey what the laws imply. , or merely what they express, tractare, verbis legum standum sit an voluntate (Quintilianus) : the “decorum” necessarily implies the “honestum, ” quidquid est, quod deceat, id tum apparet, quum antegressa est honestas.
IMPOLITE, inurbanus : rusticus (clownish). To be impolite, ab humanitate abhorrere.
IMPOLITELY, inurbane : rustice.
IMPOLITENESS, inurbanitas : rusticitas (clownish, rough behavior).
IMPOLITIC, * alienus or abhorrens a prudentia civili (opposed to political wisdom) : non callidus (not skilful, able, etc. ).
IMPOLITICLY, * prudentiæ civili non convenienter : non callide : non callida sed dementi ratione.
IMPORT, v. , || To bring goods into a country, invehere : importare (whether by waggons or ships). || Mean, vid. || It imports, what imports it? interest : refert : Vid. under IMPORTANCE.
IMPORT, s. || Meaning, vid. || Importance, vid. || Imports (opposed to exports), merces importatæ : merces importaticiæ (e. g. , frumentum importaticium, Hirtius, B. Afr. , 20) : merces adventiciæ (foreign ; opposed to domesticæ) : merces mari suppeditatæ (if imported from over seas).
IMPORTANCE, gravitas (literally, weight ; then importance, e. g. , civitatis) : auctoritas (authority and influence in a state) : momentum : discrimen (the point, circumstance, etc. , on which all hinges ; that makes all the difference). A person of importance, vir gravis (from weight of character) ; vir potens (from power). An affair of importance, res gravissima, summa, or maxima (general terms) ; res magni momenti or discriminis (of great importance to the success of anything). To be of great importance, magni momenti esse ; magni referre : to be of importance, auctoritate valere or posse (of persons who have influence, power, etc. ) ; vim habere or exercere (to exercise influence ; of persons and things) : to be a person of importance, esse aliquem or aliquid (to be somebody). To make anything of great importance, alicui rei vim tribuere ; alicui rei pondus afferre (to add weight to it) : to represent anything as of great importance, verbis or oratione exaggerare aliquid (of giving it undue importance) : anything makes the question one of more importance in my eyes, aliquid mihi auget quæstionem : this is the point of most importance, hoc caput, or maximum, or primum est : he considered this of more importance, hoc ei antiquius fuit : he thought nothing of more importance than to, etc. , nihil [or neque quicquam] habuit antiquius, quam ut, etc. (Cicero, Velleius) : thinking it a point of the utmost importance to etc. , longe antiquissimum ratus, etc. , with infinitive (Livius, 1, 32) : he thought the difficulty of sufficient importance to demand the appointment of a dictator, res digna visa est, propter quam dictator crearetur.
It is of importance to anybody, that, etc. , aliquid alicujus interest or refert ; but mea, tua, sua, instead of genitive of personal pronoun. Cf. (1) interest, with genitive of person, denotes more the interest a person has in anything ; refert, the advantage he actually expects from it, the importance he attaches to it. In the Golden Age, refert is found with the ablatives mea, etc. , but not with the genitive of a substantive ; both verbs, however, occur absolutely, with the mention of the degree of importance. (2) The thing that is of importance cannot be expressed, as in English, by a substantive, but must be introduced by accusative and infinitive ; or, if no new subject is mentioned, by infinitive only, or by a clause with ut, ne, or an interrogative pronoun or particle. (3) The degree of importance is described by adverbs [magnopere, magis, maxime, minime, multum, permultum, plurimum, nihil, etc. ], or by a genitive of price (as magni, permagni, parvi, pluris, tanti, quanti, etc. ) ; thus, it is of the utmost importance to me
that you should be with me, maxime nostra interest, te esse nobiscum ; he was perpetually thinking of what importance his death would be to P. Clodius, semper, quantum interesset P. Clodii se perire, cogitabat ; it is of great importance to me that I should see you, illud mea magni interest, te ut videam ; of what importance is that to you? quid tua id refert? [Ans. , magni. ] IMPORTANT, (a) Of persons, gravis (from weight of character, and consequent authority, influence, etc. : also of witnesses, testes) : potens : pollens : qui multum potest (powerful). An important person, vir magnus, gravis, or auctoritate gravis, auctoritate or dignitate præditus, opibus or gratia florens (influential). To think himself an important personage, sese aliquem or aliquid esse credere. (b) Of things, gravis (opposed to levis, trifling, unimportant) : magni or maximi momenti (having important consequences) : magnus : gravis : luculentus (great, considerable).
In comparative and superlative also by antiquior, antiquissimus (what should from its importance, be taken earlier or first into consideration ; e. g. , he considered this more important, id ei antiquius fuit ; the most important point or object, antiquissima cura). An important city, urbs magna, opulenta, florens : an important state, civitas ampla et florens or gravis et opulenta (opposed to civitas exigua et infirma) : to play an important part, gravem personam sustinere. The most important point is, hoc caput est ; hoc maximum or primum est. For other phrases, vid. IMPORTANCE (“of great importance, ” etc. ). IMPORTATION, invectio (Cicero ; opposed to exportatio). Often by circumlocution with importare. To forbid the importation of wine, vinum omnino ad se importari non sinere : to forbid the importation of provisions from Amanda, commeatus Amantia importari in oppidum prohibere (Cæsar).
IMPORTED (of goods, etc. ), importatus (e. g. , sere utuntur importato, Cæsar) : invectus : adventicius(o#p. domesticus) : mari suppeditatus (Cicero, if from over seas).
IMPORTER, qui (merces, etc. ) invehit or importat. IMPORTUNATE, molestus (troublesome, e. g. , in demanding anything) : assiduus et acer (constant and eager in demanding anything ; e. g. , flagitator, Cicero) : importunus (e. g. , “importunate passions, ” importunæ libidines, Cicero : Cf. , not applied to requests, etc. ) : in rogando molestus. IMPORTUNE, impense petere aliquid ab aliquo, or followed by ut (to pray earnestly) : flagitare, or efflagitare ab aliquo, or aliquem aliquid (to demand). To importune anybody constantly, alicujus aures obsidere (to lay siege, as it were, to his ears, but implying that no other is listened to ; Livius, 40, 20, extr. ) ; instare alicui de aliqua re (to press him) ; fatigare aliquem precibus, followed by ut (to weary with prayers) ; auribus alicujus abuti ; assiduis precibus aliquid exigere (when anything has been promised) : to importune anybody unmercifully, surdas alicui orando reddere aures (Terentius, Heaut. 2, 3, 89). To importune anybody not to do anything, deprecari aliquem , or deprecari aliquem insistere, ne quid faciat. IMPORTUNER, flagitator molestus (if the importunity is annoying) : assiduus et acer flagitator (if the importunity is not annoying ; both Cicero).
IMPORTUNITY, efflagitatio (Cicero) : efnagitatus, -us (e. g. , coactu atquo efflagitatu meo, Cicero, Verr. , 2, 5, 29 no where else) : preces assiduæ : precum constantia (Tacitus, Germ. , 8, 1). Cf. , Not, of course, importunitas ; vid. Dict. To use importunity fatigare aliquem precibus : to tire anybody out by his importunity, fatigare sæpe idem petendo aliquem (Livius, 40, 18). Vid. To IMPORTUNE. IMPOSE, || Lay upon (figuratively), imponere (the troper word ; e. g. taxes, burdens, tasks, laws, names, a necessity, etc. ) : injungere (e. g. , taxes, a burden) : irrogare (e. g. , multam [vid. FINE] ; pœnam ; also a tax, tributum, Plinius) ; all alicui aliquid. To impose duties on anybody, alicui officia injungere : to impose upon the states the necessity of carrying corn (into the camp), vecturas frumenti civitatibus describere (according to a written scale of the amount to be delivered by each). To impose upon anybody the necessity, etc. , alicui necessitatem imponere (Cicero, Phil. , 4, 5) or afferre (Cicero) : to impose a name, alicui nomen imponere or cognomen indere ; cognomine appellare aliquem : to impose silence (on any subject), aliquid or de aliqua re tacere aliquem jubere ; de aliqua re taceri velle : to impose laws upon a state, civitati leges (per vim) imponere. A fine was imposed on all the states, multa in singulas civitates imposita (Livius).
IMPOSE UPON, imponere alicui. Vid. CHEAT, DECEIVE. IMPOSER, by circumlocution, qui aliquid imponit, injungit, etc. The imposer of on oath, qui jusjurandum ab aliquo exigit (who requires him to swear) ; qui jurisjurandi verba concepit (who drew up the form).
IMPOSING, conspicuus (attracting the eyes of people) : admirationem sui cuivis injiciens (exciting general admiration) : speciosus (striking, remarkable in appearance ; all three of persons and things) : imperatorius (majestic, suited to command ; e. g. , forma). He had an imposing form, erat imperatoria forma, ut ipso aspectu cuivis injiceret admirationem sui (Nepos, Iphic. , 3, 1) : magnam habebat corporis dignitatem (Nepos, Dion. , 1, 2).
IMPOSITION, || Act of laying upon, impositio (very rare : properly, Plinius ; improperly, of the imposition of names, Varro, L. L. , 8, 2, 104, § 5, etc. ) : irrogatio (the imposition of a fine or other punishment). By the imposition of hands, imposita manu. || Cheat ; Imposture, vid. IMPOSSIBILITY, impossibilitas (late ; only permissible as technical term in philosophical language). Circumlocution by fieri non posse, etc. To prove the impossibility of anything, probare aliquid fieri non posse :
I don’t consider anything an impossibility (to me), nihil non me efficere posse duco : he requires impossibilities, majora concupiscit, quam quis efficere potest : don’t ask impossibilities, nolite id velle, quod fieri non potest.
IMPOSSIBLE, impossibilis (Silver Age ; only in a philosophical sense). But in usual language, circumlocution by quod fieri or effici non potest.
I think nothing is impossible to you, nihil tibi infectum credo : nothing is impossible to anything, nihil est, quod aliquid (e. g. , benevolentia) efficere non possit :
I consider this impossible, non puto hoc fieri posse : this is impossible to me, hoc facere or efficere non possum : it is mpossible that, etc. fieri non potest, ut, etc. ; nequeo (with following infinitive) : it is impossible for a king to live as a private man, nescit rex vivere privatus :
I fear this is impossible, vereor, ne non liceat : it is impossible for me to believe this, hoc nullo pacto credere possum : it is impossible for me to believe that, etc. , non possum adduci, ut putem, etc. : this makes it impossible for me to believe, hoc credere prohibet, etc.
IMPOST, || Tax, vid. || In Architecture, incumba, -æ (Vitruvius, 6, 11).
IMPOSTHUME, Vid. ABSCESS.
IMPOSTOR, fraudator : homo ad fallendum paratus or instructus (a person who imposes upon others) : circumscriptor (an overreacher, especially one who endeavors to derive advantage from the inexperience of young persons) : quadruplator (one who, by fraud and cheating, endeavors to get for himself the property of others) : præstigiator (one who cheats by tricks and artifice) : planus (an itinerant mountebank) : falsus (of a false prophet ; vid. Suetonius, Cæs. , 81 ; Tiberius, 14) : falsarius (one who imitates another’s hand). (Cf. , Deceptor only in Seneca, Thyest. , 140 ; nebulo, a vain boaster, does not belong here. ) A clever impostor, homo ad fraudem acutus : an old and practised impostor, veterator ; homo totus ex fraude factus (opposed to homo sine fuco et fallaciis) : to be a complete impostor, totum ex fraude et fallaciis constare.
IMPOSTURE, fraudatio (a cheating; opposed to fides) : fallendi studium (desire or inclination to cheat or im pose upon) : to be condemned for imposture, falsi damnari.
IMPOTENCE, imbecillitas : infirmitas [vid. WEAKNESS]. Cf. , Impotentia, once in this sense (Terentius, Ad. 4, 3, 16) : usually = want of self-government, etc.
IMPOTENT, impotens : invalidus : infirmus : imbecillus [SYN. in WEAK]. || With reference to the procreation of children, spado (whether naturally or from castration ; cf. Ulpianus, Dig. , 50, 16, 28) : sine viribus (Juvenalis) : To be impotent, spadonem esse ; * vi genitali carere : liberos procreare non posse. || Crippled, etc. Vid. CRIPPLE.
IMPOTENTLY, sine vi : infirme : languide. Cf. , Impotenter, very rare in this sense, Livius, 27, 48, 11.
IMPRACTICABILITY, [Vid. IMPOSSIBILITY. ]Experience shows the impracticability of anything, usus coarguit aliquid.
IMPRACTICABLE, quod effici or fieri non potest : quite impracticable, quod nullo pacto fieri potest. Anything is found impracticable, aliquid usus coarguit. || Of persons : rigidus : pertinax : qui regi : flecti, etc. : non potest. || Impassable : invius : difficillimus : impervius (iter, Tacitus) : impeditus : inexplicabilis (hardly passable, if at all).
IMPRECATE, mala (male) precari : exsecrari ; [vid. To CURSE]. Cf. , Imprecari (probably not præ-Augustan) = to wish good or evil
to anybody.
IMPRECATION, Cf. , imprecatio is post-Augustan (Seneca) for exsecratio : detestatio. Vid. CURSE.
IMPREGNABLE, inexpugnabilis (e. g. , arx, Livius, 2, 7, 6 ; also improperly).
IMPREGNATE, seminare (a field, an animal) : gravidare (a person, Aurelius Victor, Epit. , 29, 14 ; figuratively the earth, as Cicero, N. D. , 2, 23, in. , terra gravidata seminibus) : implere (an animal) : maritare (of animals and trees, post-Augustan).
IMPRESS, s. , Vid. IMPRESSION, MARK.
IMPRESS, v. , || PROPR. , To press anything upon or into another, imprimere aliquid in aliqua re or alicui rei (to press into or on ; also improperly, of impressing on the mind) : alicui re aptare et imprimere (to lay and press in upon anything ; e. g. , os cucurbitulæ corpori) : signare aliquid aliquare [e. g. , cervam figuris] ; and improperly, signare aliquid in animo (also proper word of impressing =stamping coins) : imponere aliquid alicui rei or in aliqua re : applicare alicui rei (to lay or press upon ; e. g. , a plaster on a wound, etc. ). To impress a kiss upon anybody’s lips, basium or suavium imprimere alicui († Martisalis, 10, 42, 5 ; Appuleius, Met. , 2, p. 119, 6) ; osculum applicare alicui († Ovidius, Fast. , 4, 851) ; osculum alicui ingerere (suddenly, against the person’s will, Suetonius, Gramm. , 23). To impress a figure on wax, exprimere imaginem alicujus in cera (Plautus, Pseud. , 1, 1, 54 : so faciem alicujus gypso, Plinius) || IMPROPR. , Of impressing the mind, imprimere aliquid in animo, or mente, or in animo atque mente alicujus ; imprimere menti alicujus, or imprimere alicui : insculpere aliquid in mente (to engrave it, as it were, on the mind ; also with ut ; e. g. , ut deos æternos. . . haberemus, Cicero) : signare aliquid in animo (to stamp it on the mind). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) imprimere et quasi signare aliquid in animo (Cicero) : affigere : infigere (the former post-Augustan, to fix into, etc. ) : inculcare (literally, to tread it in ; to fix anything in the mind by frequent repetition ; e. g. , memoriæ). To impress anything on one’s memory, memoriæ mandare, infigere, or affigere, or animo suo affigere ; on anybody’s memory, alicujus memoriæ inculcare : to be impressed upon one’s memory, hærere in memoria : to have anything impressed on one’s mind, aliquid impressum est in alicujus animo atque mente ; aliquid impressum est atque inustum (of a deep, permanent impression, Cicero) : to impress upon one’s heart or feelings, aliquid penitus animo suo mentique mandare ; aliquid demittere in pectus or in pectus animumque. Anything has deeply impressed me, or is impressed deeply upon me, aliquid alte descendit [vid. “to make a deep IMPRESSION”] : to be impressed upon one’s mind, in animo insculptum esse, in animo insculptum habere : to be apparently an innate motion, and impressed equally on the minds of all, innatum et in animo quasi insculptum esse : anything is deeply impressed upon me, aliquid penitus inhærescit in mente ; infixum hæret pectori meo ; mihi in visceribus hæret (of warnings ; Cicero, Att. , 6, 1 , 8) : to impress the notion of anything on one’s mind, imprimere notionem alicujus rei in animo suo : notions that are impressed on every mind alike, notiones in animis hominum quasi consignatæ : to have impressed anything on one’s mind from one’s youth upward, (præceptis) ab adolescentia suadere sibi.
IMPRESSIBLE, by circumlocution with in aliquo (or cui) aliquid imprimi potest, etc. ; or by imprimi (of the substance receiving the impression). Do we suppose the soul to be impressible, in the same literal sense that wax is? an imprimi quasi ceram animum putamus? (Cicero, Tusc. , 1, 25, 61).
IMPRESSION, || The act of imprinting or stamping, impressio : || An impression (i. e. , a copy, a cast), exemplum : exemplar aliqua re, or in aliqua re, expressum. The impression of a seal on wax, expressa (alicujus) in cera ex annulo imago (Plautus, Pseud. , 1, 1, 50). To make an impression, exprimere aliquid aliqua re, in aliqua re (to make an impression on anything) : imprimere aliquid in aliqua re (to make an impression in anything). To make an impression of a seal in wax, sigillum in cera imprimere : to print or strike off impressions of a print or copper-plate, * picturam linearem per æneas laminas exprimere. || On coins, signum nummi : nota numi or nummaria (the image or mark on the dye or on the coin itself) : forma publica, or, from context, forma only (the dye with which the national coin is stamped). Coins with a clear sharp impression, nummi asperi (Suetonius, Ner. , 44) : coins that bear the same impression, nummi una forma, percussi (after Seneca, Ep. , 34, extr. ). || IMPROPR. Effect on the mind, pondus, vis (effect) : momentum (ῥποή, decisive effect, influence) : impressio (the effect of a representation on the mind) : sensus (a sensible impression on the mind, and the disposition thence arising) : animi motus (a motion of the mind) : appulsus (the effect of anything that is brought near and acts upon us ; e. g. , frigoris). An external impression, pulsus externus or adventicius : an impression made by an external object, impulsio oblata extrinsecus (Cicero, Acad. , 1, 11, 40) : sensible impression, or impression on the senses, pulsus externus, or quod pellit, or movet aliquem, or alicujus animum : sensus visa ; also only visa (vid. Cicero, N. D. , 1, 25, p. 733, Mos. et Creuz. ) : visio adventicia (impression on the sense of sight) : outward appearances make an impression upon us, visa nos pellunt : a strong one, visa acriter mentem sensumque pellunt (Cicero, Acad. , 2, 20, 66) : To make a pleasant impression on the senses, sensus suaviter afficere or suaviter voluptate movere ; dulcem motum sensibus afferre ; sensus jucundo motu hilarare ; sensus jucunditate quadam perfundere : sensible impressions excite us to action, visis ad actionem excitamur (ib. , 2, 32, 104) : to be unable to resist external impressions, visis cedere, neque posse resistere (ib : 2, 20, 66) : to receive impressions like wax, imprimi quasi ceram (of the animus) : impressions of sense, corporis sensus : easily to receive impressions (from without), facile moveri : to make an impression, pondus or vim habere : to make an impression on anything, aliquid movere (upon the eyes ; of beauty, etc. ) : to make an impression on anybody, aliquem or alicujus animum movere, commovere, permovere : pellere or ferire alicujus animum : the first impression which a speech makes, prima aggressio (Cicero, Or. , 15, 50) : to make an impression on the minds of the hearers, animos audientium permovere ; in animos audientium penetrare : to make a strong impression on anybody, alicujus animum vehementer commovere, magnopere movere, acriter percutere : a very strong impression, aliquem vehementissime permovere : to make a deep impression, alte descendere (of teachers) ; in anybody’s heart, alte descendere in alicujus pectus (of an appearance ; vid. Sallustius, Jug. , 11, 3) : something has made a deep and lasting impression on me, hæret mihi aliquid in visceribus (of warnings ; vid. Cicero, Att. , 6, 1, 8) : his prohibition makes no impression on the wicked, improbos vetando non movet : your letter has made more than one impression on me, varie sum affectus literis tuis : these things make little impression on me, hæc modice me tangunt : a girl makes an impression on me, commoveor in aliqua (comedy). || Effect upon a line of troops, etc. To make no impression on, etc. , nihil momenti facere (e. g. , neque quidquam momenti facere, Livius). || Mark, trace, vid. Anybody’s features bear an impression of sorrow, signa doloris alicujus vultus ostendit. || Impression = amount of an edition : exemplaria (the copies printed). The whole impression, * omnia exemplaria (e. g. , divendita sunt, is sold). IMPRESSIVE, gravis (weighty, etc. ) vehemens (impassioned) : vim or pondus habens (carrying force, weight, etc. , with it) : ad persuadendum accommodatus (e. g. , oratio ; persuasive).
IMPRESSIVELY, graviter : vehementer : * ad persuadendum accommodate : sententiis gravibus et severis (Cicero).
IMPRESSURE, Vid. IMPRESSION.
IMPRIMIS, Vid. “in the FIRST place, ” “FIRST. ”
IMPRINT, Vid. IMPRESS.
IMPRISON, includere (also improperly ; e. g. , avem in cavea) : concludere : in custodiam (or in vincula) mittere, tradere, condere, conjicere : in custodiam (or in carcerem) dare, includere (also, inclusus in carcere, Cicero ; carcere, Livius) custodiæ or vinculis mandare : in carcerem conjicere, detrudere ; in ergastulum mittere. To imprison for life, vinculis æternis mandare : to be imprisoned, in custodia esse or servari ; custodia teneri : in carcere or in vinculis esse.
IMPRISONMENT, in custodia inclusio : captivitas (captivity). To be suffering imprisonment, in custodia haberi or servari ; custodia teneri or retineri : to keep anybody in close imprisonment, aliquem clauso conclavi servare ; aliquem clausum asservare : to release anybody from imprisonment, aliquem e custodia emittere : to deliver from imprisonment (by force), aliquem e custodia eripere : not to bear imprisonment in the house, (improperly), durare in ædibus non posse.
IMPROBABILITY, by circumlocution with adjective. κυρικιμασαηικο
IMPROBABLE, non verisimilis : non probabilis (not easily proved, hence not credible).
IMPROBABLY, non probabiliter : not improbably. , non sine quadam veritatis specie.
IMPROBITY, Vid. DISHONESTY, WICKEDNESS.
IMPROMPTU, versus ex tempore fusi : poema ex tempore factum. To be ready at an impromptu, in fingendis poematibus (or carminibus) promptum et facilem esse ad extemporalitatem usque (Suetonius).
IMPROPER, Cf. , improprius is post-Augustan, but used as a regular grammaticaltechnical term by Quintilian, with reference to words : ἄκυρος ;opposed to proprius ; e. g. , nomen, tropus : so cognomen, Plinius, etc. || Not suitable or adapted to an end, inutilis (unserviceable ; general term), for anything, alicui rei, or, more commonly, ad aliquid : non idoneus (not suitable or adapted ; for anything, ad or [seldom] in aliquid) : ad aliquid non aptus (not fit) : inhabilis (not manageable ; hence not proper), alicui rei or ad aliquid (all four of persons or things) : alienus (foreign to the purpose in hand ; hence unfavorable, and so not proper ; especially of time and place) : for anything, alicui rei or ab aliqua re. || Not becoming, indecorus : indignus (unworthy). To be improper, indecorum esse ; dedecere or non decere aliquem ; indignum esse aliquo.
It does not seem improper to mention, etc. , non indignum videtur. . . memorare (Sallustius). || Wrong, vid.
IMPROPERLY, Cf. , improprie, post-Augustan ; only opposed to proprie ; of words, etc. , e. g. , haud improprie appellatus, Plinius : perperam (wrongly ; e. g. , judicare, interpretari, aliquid facere) : vitiose (faultily) : secus (otherwise than as it should be ; e. g. , judicare) : male (ill) : non recte (not rightly ; e. g. , judicare, facere).
IMPROPRIATE, v. , || Appropriate, vid. || Annex church property to a layman, * bona ecclesiastica or fundum ecclesiasticum laico addicere, or * fundum ecclesiasticum exaugurare.
IMPROPRIATION, exauguratio (act of unconsecrating what had been consecrated). Or, by circumlocution, an impropriation, * fundus ecclesiasticus laico addictus.
IMPROPRIETY, indignitas (e. g. , of anything, rei) : ineptiæ (follies, etc. ). To be guilty of no impropriety, nihil quod ipso (or ipsis) indignum sit, committere (Cæsar) : Cf. , improprietas, only opposed to proprietas ; e. g. , verbi, Gellius, 1, 22, fin.
IMPROSPEROUS, improsper (Tacitus) ; but better, infelix, miser, adversus, etc.
IMPROSPEROUSLY, improspere (e. g. , cedere, Columella), but better, male : infeliciter : parum prospere.
IMPROVABLE, by circumlocution with melius fieri posse.
IMPROVE, || TRANS. , melius facere or efficere (to make better) : corrigere (to correct or improve a whole that is defective, not right, etc. ) : emendare (to free anything from faults). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) corrigere et emendare ; emendare et corrigere. To improve one’s ways, mores corrigere or emendare : to improve one’s estate or fortune, amplificare fortunam ; augere opes : to improve and enlarge one’s house, ædes reficere in melius et in majus ; anybody’s circumstances, amplificare fortunam : augere opes. His circumstances are improved, ejus res sunt meliore loco.
INTRANS. || To make progress, progredi : procedere : procedere et progredi : proficere (all in re) : progressus facere in re. To improve in virtue, procedere et progredi in virtute ; progressionem facere ad virtutem. || To grow better in health, meliorem fieri ; ex morbo convalescere ; ex incommoda valetudine emergere : the patient is already beginning to improve, inclinata jam in melius ægri valetudo est :
I am beginning to improve, meliuscule est mihi. || To improve ; of fortune, etc. Things are improving with me, meæ res sunt meliore loco.
IMPROVEMENT, || Improvement in a sick person’s health, convalescentia (Symm. ) : An improvement has already taken place, inclinata jam in melius ægri valetudo est ; ægrotus convalescit. || Of circumstances, * melior rerum conditio : amplificatio rei familiaris (improvement of one’s estate or income). || Of morals, mores emendatiores : vita emendatior (Ulpianus, Dig. ). || Progress, progressus : progressio : processus : to make an improvement in anything, progressus facere in re : to make great improvement in anything, multum proficere in re : but little improvement, parum proficere in re :
I am satisfied with the amount of improvement I have made, me, quantum profecerim, non pœnitet. || Alteration for the better, correctio : emendatio. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) correctio et emendatio [correction. SYN. in To CORRECT]. To introduce many improvements in military tactics, multa in re militari meliora facere.
IMPROVER, corrector : emendator. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) corrector et emendator. SYN. in IMPROVE.
IMPROVIDENCE, inconsiderantia : temeritas (rashness) : imprudentia (want of circumspection, etc. ).
IMPROVIDENT, improvidus (not looking forward, to provide against distant dangers, etc. ) : incautus (incautious ; opposed to prudens). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) improvidus incautusque ; improvidus et negligens : inconsideratus (acting without reflection, and a due examination and estimate of circumstances). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) levis atque inconsideratus (Cicero, of persons) : temerarius (rash).
IMPROVIDENTLY, improvide : incaute : temere : inconsiderate (Cicero).
IMPRUDENCE, imprudentia (want of circumspection) : inconsiderantia (want of consideration, etc. ) : improvidentia (want of foresight) : temeritas (rashness) : dementia (madness).
IMPRUDENT, imprudens (betraying in a particular instance a want of knowledge and circumspection) : inconsideratus : inconsultus : improvidus : incautus : temerarius. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) improvidus incautusque : levis atque inconsideratus [SYN. in IMPROVIDENT] : demens (acting as beside himself).
IMPRUDENTLY, imprudenter : inconsiderate : incaute : dementi ratione.
IMPUDENCE, || Want of modesty, confidentia (e. g. , videte quo vultu, qua confidentia dicant, Cicero) : impudentia : os impudens, or durum, or ferreum : a man of consummate impudence, homo perfrictæ frontis.
IMPUDENT, impudens : impudicus (without shame or modesty) : procax : protervus (forward, in a noisy, troublesome, reckless way ; procax, especially in words, protervus in actions) : petulans (attacking others with raillery, etc. , without any consideration) : lascivus (forward, from high animal spirits ; also wanton).
Impudent (in language), procax lingua.
Impudent language, sermo procax or procaciter ortus (Curtius). Very impudent, summæ audaciæ, singulari audacia. You are an impudent beggar, satis audacter petis. An impudent brow, os ferreum : an impudent fellow, homo perfrictæ frontis (both in a bad sense).
IMPUDENTLY, impudenter : procaciter (comparative, procacius ; Superlative, procacissime). To behave impudently in anything, procacius in re se gerere.
IMPUGN, impugnare : oppugnare ; or pugnare contra aliquid (to attack it) : nego (I deny it; opposed to aio, both absolutely) : in controversiam vocare aliquid (to raise a controversy about it ; throw doubts upon it) : to impugn anybody’s opinion, alicujus opinioni repugnare.
IMPULSE, || The act of impelling, impulsus : impulsio (a driving on, impelling) : incitatio (an exciting, inciting) : external impulse, impulse from without, pulsus externus. || Internal impulse, impetus : vis. By the impulse of one’s own mind, sua sponte, or sponte only (of one’s own free will) : ultro (with a good will ; willingly) : “by anybody’s impulse” (e. g. , Jove’s : Dryden), aliquo impulsore or auctore ; alicujus impulsu ; alicujus auctoritate ; also, aliquo impellente : by the impulse of another, alieno impulsu : under a divine impulse [vid. INSPIRATION]. || Internal and instinctive desire, appetitio (desire after anything ; e. g. cognitionis) : appetitus (a feeling of a natural want ; instinct : Cf. , not instinctus, in this sense, in classical writers) : impetus (a vehement desire, involuntary motion toward anything). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) impetus et appetitus rerum – cupiditas (a longing for anything) : to feel a natural impulse toward anything, studio alicujus rei duci or impelli ; appetere or concupiscere aliquid.
IMPULSION, impulsio. Vid. IMPULSE.
IMPULSIVE, by circumlocution. An impulsive cause, consilii motus (Plinius, Ep. , 3, 4, 9) ; sometimes causa.
IMPUNITY, impunitas. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) venia et impunitas. The hope of impunity, spes impunitatis. With impunity, impune : impunite (rare ; Cicero). To escape with impunity, impune abire or dimitti : to commit anything with impunity, aliquid impune ferre, habere, or facere : to let anything be committed with impunity, aliquid impunitum ferre, sinere, or omittere ; also, omittere, prætermittere or relinquere aliquid (cf. Matth. , ad Cicero, Manil. , 5, 11, p. 77) ; aliquid inultum impunitumque dimittere (Cicero) : to let anybody escape with impunity, aliquem impunitum or incastigatum dimittere ; aliquem lion punire : sins are committed with impunity, peccata impune dilabuntur : he shall not escape with impunity, inultum id nunquam a me auferet ; hoc haud sic auferet ; hoc ei non sic abibit (comedy) : to secure impunity, impunitatem consequi : to have
secured forever an impunity for all one’s crimes, habere impunitatem et licentiam sempiternam.
IMPURE, || PROPR. Not pure, mixed with extraneous ingredients, non purus : (aliqua re) contaminates (polluted by anything ; opposed to integer).
Impure air, aer non purus : impure water, aqua turbida (Cicero) ; aqua aliqua re inquinata (ablative of that by which it is rendered impure) ; aqua limo turbata (muddy, Horatius). || IMPROPR. , Of moral impurity, im purus (general term for what is opposed to moral purity : hence, also, unchaste, of persons and things ; e. g. , mores : Cf. , not used properly, in the best prose) : incestus (unchaste) : (flagitiis) inquinatus (stained ; hence morally impure, of persons or things ; with or without flagitiis) : spurcus (probably aspirated from porcus ; hence properly, “swinish: ” hence foully impure, etc. , of persons or things). To lead an impure life, impure atque flagitiose vivere : an impure life, vita parum verecunda ; vita libidinibus dedita : impure desires, libidines. || With reference to style, inquinatus (e. g. , of words, Cicero, Opt. Gen. Or. , 3, 7) : * non or parum purus (Cf. , impurus is not found in this sense, but purus is used several times by Quintilian) : barbarus (barbarous) : parum or minus Latinus (of impure Latin).
IMPURELY, || With reference to morals, impure : impure atque flagitiose (e. g. , vivere) : impure atque intemperanter : inceste (unchastely). || With reference to style, inquinate (e. g. , loqui, Cicero, Brut. , 37, 140) : male (ill).
IMPURENESS, Vid. IMPURITY.
IMPURITY, || With reference to morals, impuritas (only found in omnes impuritates, every kind of moral impurity, Cicero, Phil. , 2, 36 : Plautus has impuritia, Persius, 3, 3, 7) : spurcitia (swinish impurity, not Cicero : Afranius, ap. Non. ) : obscœnitas (obscenity) : impudicitia (shameless immodesty ; especially of the lustful passion of a female) : libidines (lust ; especially of a male). || With reference to style, * inquinatus sermo or inquinata oratio : * nulla castitas or sinceritas orationis : * corrupta sermonis integritas (Krebs).
IMPUTABLE, imputandus (e. g. , an ei cædes imputanda sit, qui, etc. , Quintilianus, 5, 10, 72) ; or by circumlocution with culpa alicujus rei in aliquem conferri, transferri, or derivari potest, or alicui assignari potest, etc. , or culpa in aliquem conferenda est, etc.
IMPUTATION, || Act of imputing ; by circumlocution with verbs under IMPUTE. || Charge imputed ; vid. CHARGE, s.
IMPUTATIVE, by circumlocution with qui (quæ, quod) alicui imputatur or alicui imputari potest.
IMPUTE, dare : ducere : vertere : tribuere (all with dative of person to whom the fault is imputed) : attribuere : adscribere : assignare (ascribe or assign it to). To impute it as a fault to anybody, vitio dare, ducere, or vertere ; as a crime, crimini dare : to impute it to pride, superbiæ ducere ; to cowardice, ignaviæ ducere or dare (Cf. , imputare is post-claccical, Seneca, Quintilianus, Tacitus, Plinius) : to impute it to fear, aliquid timori assignare : you impute all this to me, hæc tibi a me eveniunt. Vid. ASCRIBE. IN, (1) In answer to where? in what? in with ablative. Cf. , Since, however, in denotes only a part of the whole space, it is not expressed, but the abative only used, when the space or place is not considered with reference to any one part, but as a general specification ; thus, he accuses Alexander in one of his letters, epistola quadam Alexandrum accusat (i. e. , the accusation forms the general subject of the letter ; Cicero, Off. , 2, 15, 53) ; but, he writes in one of his letters, scribit in literis (= he introduces the mention of this in one of his letters, Cæsar, B. G. , 5, 49) : in the book which I have entitled Hortensius, I have done my best to recommend the study of philosophy, cohortati sumus, ut maxime potuimus, philosophiæ studium eo libro, qui est inscriptus Hortensius (the whoe book treats of philosophy ; Cicero, De Div. , 2, 1, 1) : what these are [the duties of justice] has been stated in the preceding book, ea quæ essent, dictum est in libro superiore (in one chapter of it [viz. , book 1, chap. vii. ] Cicero, Off. , 2, 13) : in Greece, in Græcia : in the whole of Greece, tota Græcia. Cf. , When a writer is quoted without mention of the particular work, “in” is translated not by in, but apud [though Quintilianus, 9, 4, 18, uses “in” in this way] ; e. g. , it is written in Xenophon, apud Xenophontem scriptum est. Cf. , “In” is also omitted before the names of towns ; singular nouns of the first and second declension being placed in the genitive, others in the ablative, without any preposition. The names of small islands follow the same rule, those of larger islands take the preposition, Zumpt, 398. Cf. , If extension through a space is denoted, the Latins use per, as the Greeks ἀνά : he had debts in every country, æs alienum per omnes terras. The other instances in which “in, ” in answer to “where?” “in what?” is translated by a simple case, will be found under the verbs after which this occurs. Cf. , It may still be remarked, that “in” before a substantive is often translated by a present participle ; e. g. , with a stick in his hand, baculum manu tenens [to stand by with a stick in his hand, cum baculo astare] ; in the sight of the army, inspectante exercitu : sometimes by an adjective, as, Davus in the play, Davus comicus † : or by adverbs, in earnest, serio ; in truth, vere ; in abundance, abundanter : or the Latins choose some other preposition, as, in joke, per jocum ; in my presence, coram me. Cf. , “To have an excellent friend in such a person, ” is habere aliquem bonum amicum (bonum amicum in aliquo habere would be absurd) : to have found a courageous friend or foe in anybody, aliquem fortem amicum or inimicum expertum esse (Nepos). Cf. , “In ready money, ” “in gold, ” etc. , are expressed literally, at least in post-Augustan writers, in pecunia, in auro ; cf. Suetonius, Tib. , 49 ; Galb. , 8. (2) In answer to “whither?” “into what?” implying not merely rest in a place, but previous motion toward it ; in with accusative. Cf. , With verbs of placing, setting, laying, etc. (ponere, locare, collocare, statuere, constituere), the following rest is principally considered, and “in” with ablative used (Zumpt, 489) : only imponere (when it has not the dative of the place where) and reponere mostly take “in” with accusative ; so, also, defigere (to fix in) ; describere, inscribere (to write or inscribe in) ; and insculpere (to engrave in) are followed by the accusative with “in” (or by the dative). Cf. , Haase ad Reisig. , note 573, says that ponere in aliquid occurs only in the figuratively sense in good authors ; e. g. , in historiam, Cicero : that imponere in aliquo loco is very rare (e. g. , in equuleo impositus, Val. Max. ) ; whereas imponere in navem or naves (regularly), in plaustrum, etc. For in ignem posita est (Terentianus, And. , 1, 1, 102), Bentley’s Codicil has imposita ; but libros in ignem ponere, Seneca, De Irâ, 3, 23. The preposition may also fall away after many verbs compounded with in (e. g. , ingredi urbem or in urbem). For these the verbs must be consulted. (3) With reference to time : (a) In answer to “when?” in with ablative. But here, too, when the whole time is meant (as it usually is) the preposition is omitted, and the ablative only stands : in the present year, hoc anno ; in our times, hac ætate. When the circumstances of the time, its dangerous character, etc. , are to be noted, in is expressed ; e. g. , in hoc tempore = “in this critical period, ” “in this time of distress;” so in illo tempore, hoc quidem in tempore : so when “in time” = “in good time, ” in tempore is used, “but in both cases the ablative alone also occurs, ” Zumpt, 475, note. In descriptions of a man’s age, either the ablative only is used, or the participle agens, with the accusative of the time ; in his eightieth year, octogesimo anno or octogesimum annum agens (cf. Livius 39, 40) : if the date refers to his death, either natus, with accusative of time, is used, or the genitive only, if closely joined with the substantive ; e. g. , Alexander died in his thirty-fourth year, decessit Alexander annos tres et triginta natus ; or Alexander annorum trium et triginta decessit (Zumpt, 397). (b) In answer to “within what time?” ablative alone, or with in or intra [Agamemnon. . . decem annis unam cepit urbem, Nepos. Senatus decrevit, ut. . . in diebus proximis Italiâ decederent, Sallustius Tarraconem paucis diebus pervenit, Cæsar, omnia commemorabo, quæ inter or intra decem annos nefarie facta sunt, in these last ten years ; intra nonum diem opera absoluta sunt, before nine days had expired. ] – intra, inter (inter marks only the duration of the time that has elapsed while anything was taking place, not the points from which to which, which is denoted by intra). Cf. , In so many days, years, etc. , after another event, is variously translated : (I will do something) in eight days from the date of this letter, octo diebus, quibus has literas dabam ; in four days from his death, quatriduo, quo is occisus est ; I hope to see him in three days from the date of this letter, aliquem triduo quum has dabam literas, exspectabam : so for years ; tribus annis (or tertio anno) postquam venerat ; post tres annos (or annum tertium) quam venerat ; tribus annis or tertio anno, quam (or quum, or quo, quibus) venerat. (c) During what
time, per (if the whole time is intended ; e. g. , the stars are visible in the night, per noctem cernuntur sidera : in these last few days, per hos dies, in a negative sentence ; e. g. , nulla abs te epistola venerat) : inter: intra (within ; with reference to past time ; qui intra annos quatuordecim tectum non subiissent, Cæsar, B. G. , 1, 36 ; omnia. . . quæ inter quatuordecim annos postquam judicia ad senatum translata sunt, nefarie fiagitioseque facta sunt, Cicero, Verr. , 1, 13). (4) In respect of, with regard to ; ablative only (to express a particular circumstance or limitation ; e. g. , æquare aliquem sapientiâ, in wisdom ; meâ sententiâ, judicio, etc. , in my opinion, judgement) : ab (especially of that in respect of which a man is strong, well or ill prepared, etc. ; e. g. , firmus ab equitatu, strong in cavalry ; ab omni parte beatus, in every respect) : ad (with reference to an object or purpose : ad speciem magnificus, splendid in appearance : ad consilia prudens, wise in counsel ; ad labores belli impiger, unwearied in the labors of war, etc. ). (5) Relations in which “in” is translated by other prepositions, or by some of those already mentioned in other relations. (a) Ad [vid. (4)]. (1) In the likeness, manner, etc. , of, ad modum ; ad effigiem, similitudinem, or speciem alicujus rei : (2) = “in comparison of, ” nibil ad hanc rem ; ad hunc hominem. (b)apud : (1) “in” an author [vid. (1)] : (2) apud locum for in loco, “very rare in Cicero, very common in Tacitus;” cf : Zumpt, and Orelli ad Cicero, Verr. , 4, 48, cœnam dabat apud villam in Tyndaritano ; so apud forum modo e Davo audivi, Terentius, Andr. , 2, 1, 2. (c) Penes aliquem est = “is vested in ;” penes regem omnis potestas est. (d) Per : per jocum, in joke ; per iram, in anger ; per ridiculum, in a ridiculous manner. (e) secundum = (1) in accordance with, secundum naturam vivere [vid. (h)] : (2) in favor of, secundum aliquem decernere or judicare. (f) Ab : (1) ab initio, “in the beginning, ” not necessarily implying from that time onward ; e. g. , Consuli non animus ab initio, non fides ad extremum defuit; ab initio hujus defensionis dixi : (2) to be in our favor, a nobis facere (of a thing) ; a nobis stare (of persons) : (3) = in consequence of, cum misericordia ab recenti memoria perfidiæ auditi sunt ; a superstitione animi (in consequence of his superstitious feelings, Curtius). (g) Cum, before the name of a dress ; majorem partem diei cum tunica pulla sedere solebat et pallio : also, to do anything in contempt of us, cum contemptione nostri aliquid facere (Cæsar). (h) Ex, (1) before the name of that in which anything is cooked or drunk, etc. , ex aqua, vino, etc. : coquere or bibere : (2) = “in consequence of, ” “in accordance with, ” ex senatûs consulto ; ex testamento, etc. ; e natura vivere ; vid. (e). (i) Præ = “in comparison of ;” Romam præ sua Capua irridebant ; cf. (a). (j) Pro : pro portione, in proportion ; pro ratâ parte, in a proper proportion. (k) In : (1) in length, breadth, etc. , in longitudinem, latitudinem [vid. LENGTH, BREADTH] : (2) aliquid in manibus est, is in hand (= is commenced) ; aliquid in manibus habere, to have anything in hand = to be engaged upon it. Cf. , Now and then in with accusative is found where we should have expected in with ablative, but only in a few political and legal expressions : in potestatem, amicitiam, ditionem, etc. , esse or manere (Cicero, Div. in Cæc, 20 ; in Verr. , 5, 30) ; mihi in mentem est, comedy [Bentl. on Ter. , Heaut. , 2, 33]. (3) “As far as in me lay, ” quantum in me fuit, etc. (1) Super = “in addition to: ” super annonam bellum premit ; super morbum etiam fames affecit exercitum. Cf. , By an English idiom, an “in” at the end of a clause, after an infinitive, may = “in which, ” and is to be translated by in quo (qua, quo) or ubi ; e. g. , unless he should have a country to triumph in, nisi. . . ubi triumpharet, esset habiturus. He had made choice of Piso’s house, to reside in, Pisonis domum, ubi habitaret, legerat (Cicero). (6) || With the participial substantive ; quum, with the indicative (of two statements that are virtually identical, or of two actions that are necessarily inseparable ; e. g. , “you do well in loving the child;” i. e. , your loving the child is also doing a good action, præclare facis, quum puerum diligis ; so, quum in portum dico, in urbem dico, in saying into the port, I virtually say into the city). My object in doing anything was, etc. , quod aliquid feci, eo pertinuit ut, etc. (e. g. , quod autem plures a nobis nominati sunt, eo pertinuit, quod etc. , Cicero) (7) MISCELLANEOUS : Hand in hand ; to take in hand, have in hand, come or fall in anybody’s hands, etc. [vid. HAND]. To die in anybody’s arms, inter manus alicujus exspirare (general term) ; inter manus sublevantis exstingui (of one who is raising the dying person’s head) ; in alicujus amplexu emori (in anybody’s embrace). To buy anything in, licitatorem apponere (to place a bidder ; e. g. , I will rather have it bought in than let it go for less, licitatorem potius apponam, quam id minoris veneat, Cicero) : it lies in the nature of the thing, ea est natura rei (Cicero) : to carry anybody away in one’s arms, aliquem inter manus auferre : to march in square, ire quadrato agmine : to treat a subject in verse, de aliqua re versibus scribere : in the Greek language, aliquid Græco sermone or Græcis literis tractare : to do anything in the hope of anything, aliquid facere ad spem alicujus rei (e. g. , urbem ad spem diuturnitatis condere).
I am in hopes that, etc. , in spem venio, or magna me spes tenet, etc. , with infinitive, or accusative and infinitive : to wound anybody in the forehead, face, etc. , vulnerare aliquem in frontem, in os (Cf. , not in fronte ; cf. Cæsar, B. G. , 5, 35).
INABILITY, by circumlocution with facere aliquid non posse, etc. : or non potentem esse alicujus rei or ad aliquid faciendum. [Vid. INCAPABLE. ] cF. , Impotentia can only be used either with a genitive, iræ, animi, etc. , in the sense of “inability to restrain one’s wrath, govern one’s temper, ” etc. , or absolutely, in the sense of “weakness, ” hinc intelligitur. . . tacita impotentiæ exprobratio, Quintilianus, 6, 2, 16. Sometimes imbecillitas, infirmitas (weakness) may serve. || Inability to pay, by circumlocution with solvendo non esse ; solvere non posse, non idoneum esse. Vid. SOLVENT. κυρικιμασαηικο
INACCESSIBLE, inaccessus (post-classical ; Plinius) : aditu carens (which there is no approaching ; e. g. , saxa) : quo adire fas non est (which it is not lawful to approach). Somewhat inaccessible, difficilior aditu.
Inaccessible to anything, impenetrabilis alicui rei (not to be penetrated by it ; e. g. , specus imbribus). To make anything inaccessible, aliquid ex omni aditu claudere (to cut off all approach to it) ; aliquid obsepire (to block it up ; e. g. , viam). || IMPROPR. , rari aditus (of a person who does not easily allow himself to be approached). To make one’s self inaccessible, aditum petentibus conveniendi non dare : anybody is inaccessible, aditus ad aliquem interclusi sunt : to be inaccessible to bribes, animum adversus dona incorruptum gerere (after Sallustius, Jug. , 43, fin) : to be inaccessible to flattery, assentatoribus aures non patefacere : not to be inaccessible to flattery, assentatoribus aures patefacere ; adulari (passively) se sinere (Cicero).
INACCURACY, indiligentia.
INACCURATE, indiligens.
INACCURATELY, indiligenter.
INACTION, by circumlocution with nihil agere. Vid. INACTIVITY.
INACTIVE, parum efficax (that accomplishes very little). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) tardus et parum efficax : segnis (opposed to industrius) : ignavus (opposed to navus, strenuus, industrius) : iners (opposed to promptus). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) segnis inersque or ignavus et iners : deses : desidiosus. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) segnis ac deses [SYN. in IDLE and in INACTIVITY] : deses (that is doing nothing or quietly sitting still, while others are busy or acting). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) deses ac segnis : lentus (one that goes slowly to work; opposed to acer) : otiosus (that has nothing to do, or who does nothing ; opposed to laboriosus) : quietus (being in a state of rest; opposed to actuosus) : nihil agens (not doing anything, in general; opposed to actuosus).
INACTIVELY, segniter : ignave.
INACTIVITY, segnities (sleepiness in acting, from an inclination to comfort ; opposed to industria) : ignavia (want of anything like an inward impulse to be doing) : inertia (long continued inactivity, and the consequent dislike of labor, opposed to navitas : Cf. , inertia also expresses the state of inactivity to which a person may be compelled by circumstances, as Tacitus, Agr. , 6, 4, tribunatus annum quiete et otio transiit, gnarus sub Nerone temporum, quibus inertia pro sapientia fuit). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) segnities et inertia, or ignavia et inertia : desidia (the sluggishness that leads a man to sit with his hands folded ; slowth; opposed to industria, labor). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) inertia atque desidia, or desidia segnitiesque : otium (leisure, rest after business, which in itself is irreproachable, but may likewise manifest itself as a consequence of “desidia;” cf. Cicero, Agr. , 2, 39, 103, ii, qui propter desidiam
in otio vivunt, tamen in suâ turpi inertiâ capiunt voluptatem) : quies (rest, repose, as the stale of not being in action). To be in a state of complete inactivity, nihil plane agere : to reduce anybody to a state of inactivity, aliquem transdere in otium (Terentius, Phorm. prol. , 2) : to force anybody to a state of inactivity, aliquem a rebus gerendis or a munere avocare (to prevent him from employing himself in any public business or office) : to sink into a state of inactivity, desidiæ se dedere.
INADEQUACY, by circumlocution with non sufficere : non satis idoneum esse : mancum esse, etc. Vid. INADEQUATE.
INADEQUATE, non sufficiens : non idoneus (not fit for the purpose it is wanted for ; of persons ; e. g. , witnesses, etc ; or things, evidence, authority) : mancus : mancus quodammodo et inchoatus (deficient, from not being fully carried out ; e. g. , contemplatio naturæ. . . . nisi actio cousequatur).
INADMISSIBLE, by circumlocution; quod admitti non potest ; non licet.
INADVERTENCE,
INADVERTENCY, imprudentia (the proper word). From inadvertence, per imprudentiam : as often happens from inadvertence, quod sæpe per imprudentiam fit (Cicero). || Mistake made from inattention, * imprudentiæ peccatum (after stultitiæ peccatum, Cicero). Inadvertencies (Addison), maculæ, quas incuria fudit († Horatius).
INADVERTENTLY, imprudenter ; per imprudentiam ; imprudens (adjectively) : to omit the mention of anything or anybody inadvertently, aliquem or aliquid imprudens præterisse videtur aliquis.
INALIENABLE, by circumlocution with abalienari non posse ; alienari, or vendi atque alienari, or a se in perpetuum alienari non posse.
Inalienable right ; vid. INDEFEASIBLE.
INANE, Vid. EMPTY, JEJUNE.
INANIMATE, inanimus : inanimatus.
INANITION, Vid. EMPTINESS.
INANITY, Vid. EMPTINESS.
INAPPETENCY, fastidium (e. g. , cibi, a loathing of food ; the word itself, of course, stronger than inappetency, which merely expresses indifference). by circumlocution with aliquid non appetere or desiderare ; alicujus rei appetentem non esse ; aliquid non concupiscere, etc. (general terms) : alicui cibi cupiditas non est (with reference to food).
INAPPLICABLE (to anybody or anything), non cadere in, with accusative (to have no reference to) : non valere in, with an ablative (not to hold good in that case ; e. g. , in uno servulo familiæ nomen non valet, Cicero, Cæcin. , 19, 35, the name is inapplicable to a single slave) : ad aliquem or aliquid non pertinere (not to relate to him or it) : aliquid non attingit aliquid (e. g. , the name of law is as inapplicable to such decrees as it would be to the rules of a band of robbers, quæ non magis legis nomen attingunt, quam si latrones aliqua sanxerint, Cicero, Leg. , 2, 5).
INAPPLICATION, incuria (want of the proper care) : indiligentia (want of careful attention) : socordia (laziness) : animus non or parum attentus.
INAPPOSITE, Vid. UNSUITABLE.
INAPTITUDE, Vid. UNFITNESS.
INARTICULATE, vox non explanabilis et perturbata et verborum inefficax (Seneca, De Ira, 1, 3, 5) : to produce nothing but inarticulate sounds, inexplanatæ esse linguæ (Plinius, 11, 36, 67).
INARTIFICIAL, inartificialis (post-Augustan ; ἄτεχνος, Quintilianus, 5, 1, 1, etc) : sine arte (with a suitable adjective ; e. g. , an inartificial beauty, sine arte formosus) : simplex : sine affectati. ne (of inartificial character) : nullo cultu (not set off by any added ornament) : inaffectatus (post-Augustan ; e. g. , jucunditas) : non artificiosus : inconditus (these two with blame). An inartificial style of oratory, genus dicendi candidum (clear, pure).
INARTIFICIALLY, inartificialiter (post-Augustan ; Quintilianus) : sine arte : nullo cultu.
INASMUCH AS, quoniam (indicatively) : quum (subjunctively) : quando : quandoquidem (indicatively). Vid. SINCE.
INATTENTION,
INATTENTIVENESS, animus non attentus : indiligentia : negligentia (negligence, etc. ; opposed to diligentia) : incuria (absence of the care that ought to be bestowed on anything) : socordia (thoughtless indifference) : Cf. , oscitantia is without ancient authority.
INATTENTIVE, non attentus (e. g. , auditor, animus) : indiligens (Cæsar) : negligens (careless, letting things take their own course; opposed to diligens) : socors (thoughtless from indifference). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) socors negligensque.
INATTENTIVELY, negligenter : socordius : Cf. , incuriosus and incuriose are foreign to standard prose.
INAUDIBLE, quod audiri or auribus percipi non potest (which cannot be heard) : auditui non sensibilis (after vox auditui sensibilis, Vitruvius ; but sensibilis very rare). To be inaudible, audiri non posse.
INAUGURAL, aditialis (e. g. , auguralis aditialis cœna, the banquet given by a person to celebrate his election into the college of augurs ; hence the best word for an “inaugural discourse, ” etc. ; inauguralis not Latin). An inaugural discourse, * oratio aditialis : the inaugural discourse of a professor, * oratio professionis adeundæ causa dicta, recitata (Ern. ). To deliver an inaugural discourse, * oratione sollemni munus auspicari : on entering on the duties of a professorship, * orationem professionis adeundæ causa dicere ; * professionem dictâ oratione auspicari.
INAUGURATE, inaugurare (to consecrate a place, or install a person in a priesthood, etc. , by the intervention of the augurs ; inaugurare aliquem Fiaminem ; also, absolutely, aliquem) : aliquem constituere in munere (to place in an office) Vid. INSTALL.
INAUGURATION, by circumlocution with verbs in INAUGURATE : Cf. , inauguratio very late. Tertullianus.
INAUSPICIOUS, infaustus (e. g. , nomen, not lucky, and therefore causing ill-luck to be anticipated). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) infaustus et infelix : Cf. , inauspicatus is post-Augustan in this sense ; nomen, Plinius : ominosus (containing an omen, especially of bad luck, post-Augustan ; res, Plinius, Ep. , 3, 14, fin. ) : funestus (causing grief, etc. ) : sinister (happening on the left hand ; hence of unfavorable omen, †, and post-Augustan, prose) : adversus (opposed to one’s wishes).
INAUSPICIOUSLY, inaupicato (without the auspices ; belonging properly, to the augural language of Rome) : ominose (pseudo-Quintilian) : malis ominibus (with bad omens).
INBORN, Vid. INNATE.
INBRED, Vid. INNATE.
INCANTATION, carmen : canticum (the prescribed form) : cantio (the uttered form, or utterance of the form) : fascinatio : effascinatio (both of fascinating by the look and by words). To repeat an incantation, incantare carmen (Cicero).
INCANTATORY, magicus.
INCAPABILITY, Vid. INCAPACITY. Warning ; Any kind of reproduction of this page will be very severely accused by tokyomaths. com
INCAPABLE, indocilis (not easily taught) : iners (unfit for business) : hebes (blunt, not acute).
Incapable of anything, inutilis ad aliquid (unfit ; e. g. , of carrying arms, ad arma) ; non potens alicujus rei or ad aliquid faciendum (not in a state to do anything ; e. g. , non potens armorum tenendorum ; non potens ad legionem cohibendam) ; inhabilis (not manageable, not easily made to serve the purpose ; mulierem his rebus inhabilem facere, Cicero : so labori inhabilis, Columella, ; progenerandis fetibus inbabilis, ib ; multitudo inhabilis ad consensum, incapable of being made to agree ; Livius, 12, 16) ; hebes ad aliquid (blunt, not sharp ; e. g. , incapable of understanding, hebes ad intelligendum).