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HOOF, ungula : A divided hoof, ungulæ binæ : an undivided hoof, ungula solida. The mark of a (horse’s) hoof, vestigium ungulæ (Cicero).

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HOOFED, ungulas habens : Cf. , ungulatus, very late, Tertullianus ; cornipes, poetical. HOOK, s. , hamus (general term) : uncus (such as was fixed under the chin of condemned persons when they were dragged to the Tiber ; also, for surgical purposes ; Celsus) : fish-hook, hamus or hamus piscarius : to fish with a hook, [vid. “to FISH with a rod “] : to throw in the hook, hamum demittere : to bite at the hook, hamum vorare : the fish swims to the hook, piscis decurrit ad hamum (Horatius, Ep. , 1, 4, 74).

HOOK, v. , inuncare aliquid or aliquem (to attack with hooks ; e. g. , a lamb with claws ; Appuleius, Flor. , p. 341, 9) ; uncum impingere or infigere alicui (to fix a hook in anybody’s body, in order to drag him along, as was done at Rome to criminals ; vid. Cicero, Phil. , 1, 2, 5 ; Ovidius, in lb. , 166).

HOOKED [vid. CROOKED, where the SYN. terms are given], aduncus (poetical, and post-Augustan prose ; hamus, ungues, etc. ) : recurvus († and post-Augustan prose).

HOOP, s. , circulus (circle ; used for a cooper’s hoop) : trochus (τροχός, the iron hoop with which the young Greeks and Romans played ; it was hung with little bells [garrulus annulus in orbe trochi, Martisalis, 14, 169]) : annulus (ring, or whatever is circular like a ring) : ferrum, quo aliquid vincitur or vincta est (iron hoop ; e. g. , round a wheel). Τo put hoops round a cask, dolum cingere circulis.

HOOP, v. , circulis cingere (to hoop a cask, dolium) ; or (general term) vincire aliquid aliqua re (e. g. , ferro).  HOOP, s. (shout). Vid. WHOOP.

HOOP, v. (to shout). Vid. WHOOP, v.

HOOPER,

HOOP-MAKER, Vid. COOPER.

HOOPING-COUGH, * tussis clangosa, clamosa, or ferina (medical technical term).

HOOT, v. , (1) Absolutely, clamorem or clamores tollere : obstrepere ingenti clamore (as interruption to a speaker, Quintilianus). (2) To hoot (or hoot at) a person, acclamare alicui (always in Cicero of a hostile clamor) : clamore or clamoribus aliquem prosequi : vociferari et alicui obstrepere (to try to hoot down a speaker) : clamoribus consectari aliquem (Cicero). To hoot and hiss anybody, aliquem clamoribus (et conviciis) et sibilis consectari aliquem (Cicero, Att. , 2, 18) ; aliquem infesto clamore et sibilis vexare (Valerius Max. ).

HOOTING,

HOOTS, clamor ingens or infestus : clamores maximi : contumeliosissimum atque acerbissimum acclamationum genus (Suetonius).

HOP, v. , salire (also of birds). To hop on one leg, singulis cruribus saltuatim currere (Gellius) ; * in pedem alterum or pedi alteri insistentem, sublato altero, salire : to hop upon anything, insilire in aliquid or supra aliquid ; down from anything, desilire de aliqua re : to hop over anything, transilire aliquid or trans aliquid : to hop about here and there, (of a bird), circumsilire modo huc modo illuc (Catullus).

HOP, s. , || Jump on one leg, only the general term saltus. || The plant, lupus : * humulus lupus (Linnæus).

Hop gardens, ager lupis consitus : hop pole, * palus lupi.

HOPE, s. , spes (the proper word, as opposed to fiducia, full confidence ; as Seneca, Ep. , 16, 2, jam de te spem habeo, nondum fiduciam. By metonymy, also for the person on whom one has fixed his hope ; e. g. , spes reliqua nostra, Cicero, Cicero, Fam. , 14, 4, extr. ) : opinio (the opinion or conjecture ; the hope which considers anything probable because it thinks it possible) : exspectatio (expectation ; the hope that anything will follow, the following of which one has sufficient reason to assume as likely) : hope of anything, spes alicujus rei (e. g. , immortalitatis) ; opinio alicujus rei (e. g. , auxiliorum) : a disappointed hope, spes ad irritum redacta or ad irritum cadens : there is hope (of a sick person), alicui spes est :
I am in hopes that, etc. , spero fore, ut, etc. :
I entertain some, no hope, about or of anything, spem habeo, despero de re (e. g. , de republica) : to have the best hopes in respect of anything, aliquid in optima spe ponere :
I am in great hopes that, etc. , magna spe sum, magna spes me tenet, followed by an accusative and infinitive :
I have the greatest hope, maxima in spe sum :
I entertain well-founded hope, recte sperare possum (Cicero, Fam. , 14, 4, 5) :
I have conceived a hope that, etc. , spes mihi injecta est, followed by an accusative and infinitive :
I am beginning to entertain a hope that, etc. , spes mihi affulget, with accusative and infinitive : a person is influenced by the hope of being able, etc. , aliquis spe ducitur se posse, etc. : there is hope of anything ; e. g. , of peace, in spe pax est : hope still exists, spes subest (vid. Livius, 1, 41, in. ) : if there is or shall be hope, si est or erit spes (of anything, alicujus rei ; e. g. , reditus) : if, as I fear, all hope has disappeared, si, ut ego metuo, transactum est (vid. both, Cicero, Fam. , 14, 4, 3) : if there is no hope, si nihil spei est : very little hope of deliverance exists, spes salutis pertenuis ostenditur : to have before one the hope of, alicujus rei spem propositam habere (Cicero, Rab. perd. , 5, 15 ; cf. in Cœcilius, 22, 72) : to begin to entertain hopes of anything, in spem alicujus rei ingredi or venire ; of obtaining anything, spem impetrandi nancisci : to form or conceive new hope, spem redintegrare : to inspire anybody with hope, aliquem in spem vocare or adducere (the latter also of things) : to inspire anybody with the hope of anything, alicujus rei spem alicui afferre, or ostendere, or ostentare ; spem alicujus rei alicui offerre (of things) ; spem alicujus rei præbere : to conceive a hope of anything, spem alicujus rei concipere (e. g. , regni) : again to form or conceive hope of anything, spem alicujus rei (e. g. , consulatus) in partem revocare : to entertain good hopes of anything, aliquid in optima spe ponere : to fill anybody with the greatest hope, aliquem summa spe complere : to fill anybody with hope and courage, aliquem implere spe animoque (both of an occurrence) : to excite, raise, awaken hope in anybody, aliquem ad spem excitare or erigere : to confirm a person in his hope, spem alicujus confirmare : to give or raise good hopes of one’s self, dare spem bonæ indolis (Cf. , but bene sperare aliquem jubere, Cicero, pr. Deiot. , 14, 38, means to tell anybody to hope the best) : to have good hopes of anybody, bene sperare de aliquo ; bonam spem de aliquo capere or concipere : you look upon public affairs with hope, bonam spem de republica habes : to weaken the hopes of anybody, alicujus spem infringere or debilitare : to take away hope from anybody ; to rob or deprive anybody of hope, alicui spem adimere, or auferre, or eripere ; alicui spem incidere or præcidere (to cut it away, cut it short) : to be deprived or robbed of the hope of anything, spe alicujus rei privari ; opinione alicujus rei dejici (vid. Cæsar, B. G. , 5, 48) : all hope of anything is cut off, omnis spes alicujus rei (e. g. , reditus) incisa est : hope deceives me, spes fallit, destituit me : should hope deceive me, si destituat spes : to follow an uncertain hope, spem infinitam sequi or persequi : my hope draws near to its accomplishment, venio ad exitum spei : to give up hope, spem deponere, or abjicere or projicere : to give up all hope of anything, desperare de re : all the doctors give up hope of his recovery, omnes medici diffidunt : the doctors have given up all hope of his recovery, a medicis desertus est : to lose all hope of anything, spem alicujus rei perdere ; spe alicujus rei dejici : to rest one’s hopes upon a person or thing, spem suam ponere, reponere, constituere in aliquo ; spem suam ponere, reponere, defigere or ponere et defigere in aliqua re : to place one’s hopes of anything upon a thing, spem alicujus rei ponere, or positam habere, or collocare in aliqua re : the hope of anything depends upon, etc. , spes alicujus rei vertitur in aliqua re (Livius, 37, 26, 2) : my whole hope depends upon you ; I have placed all my hopes in you, spes omnis sita est in te :
I have no hope but in myself, in me omnis spes mihi est : our only hope is a sally, nulla alia nisi in eruptione spes est. A glimpse, gleam, ray of hope [vid. GLIMPSE]. While there is life, there is hope, ægroto dum anima est, spes esse dicitur : not to have the slightest hope, non (or nec) habere ne spei quidem extremum. || The forlorn hope, * qui primi jubentur, scalis admotis, in mœnia evadere, or * qui eo jubentur proficisci, unde nemo se rediturum putat.

HOPE, v. , sperare : To hope confidently, confidere : to hope this, shows boldness ; to effect it, courage, hoc spe concipere, audacis animi esse ; ad effectum adducere, virtutis : to hope well of anybody, bene sperare de aliquo : not to hope well of anybody, nihil boni sperare de aliquo : to hope every thing from the victory, omnia sperare ex victoria : to cause to hope anything, ostendere aliquid (e. g. , futuros fructus ; vid. Cicero, Cat. Maj. , 19, 17) : a thing makes me hope that I shall effect something, aliqua re in spem adducor aliquid faciendi or conficiendi (vid. Sallustius, Jug. , 37, 3) : to bid anybody be of good heart and hope for the best, jubere aliquem bene sperare bonoque esse animo : anything makes me hope that all will turn out well, aliquid me recte sperare jubet : to have ceased to hope anything, desperare de re : to begin to hope that anything will take place ; e. g. , that peace will be concluded, in spem pacis venire or ingredi : to hope for anything, sperare aliquid ; spem habere alicujus rei : to have hopes of obtaining anything, exspectare aliquid (to look forward to it as probable) : to hope for anything from anybody, aliquid ab aliquo exspectare (opposed to postulare) :
I hope (as inserted parenthetically), spero ; ut spero ; id quod spero (parenthetical).  HOPEFUL, (a) That has much hope, plenus spei ; spe animoque impletus (filled with hope and courage). (b) That affords much hope (as a son, daughter, pupil, etc. ), bonæ spei ; qui spem bonæ indolis dat ; de quo bene sperare possis (vid. Nepos, Milt. , 1, 1) : very hopeful, optimæ or egregiæ spei. A hopeful daughter, egregiæ spei filia (Tacitus).

HOPEFULLY, by circumlocution. To regard anything hopefully. , bonam spem de aliqua re habere.

HOPELESS, spe carens : spe orbatus : spe dejectus (that no longer has any hope : Cf. , exspes is only poetical) : desperatus (also = that is given up) : my affairs are hopeless, omni spe orbatus sum ; nulla spes in me reliqua est : a hopeless state or condition, desperatio rerum : in a hopeless manner [vid. HOPELESSLY] : he lies in a hopeless state, omnes medici diffidunt (all the doctors give him up).

HOPELESSLY, sine spe ; desperanter : almost hopelessly. , exigua cum spe (e. g. , animum trahere).

HOPELESSNESS, omnium rerum desperatio.

HOPPER (of a mill), infundibulum.

HOPPING, Vid. HOP, To HOP.

HORAL, by genitive, horæ, horarum : Cf. , horalis very late.

HORDE, || Migratory tribe, vaga gens(Quintilianus) : vaga multitudo (Quintilianus). Wandering hordes, vagæ gentes (Quintilianus) ; gentes sedem subinde mutantes (Plinius, 2, 108, 112 ; but this use of subinde is post-classical). [Vid. NOMAD. ] || Gang, vid.

HOREHOUND, * marrubium vulgare (Linnæus ; the common white horehound). The black horehound, * marrubium ballotta (Linnæus). The water horehound, * lycopus Europæus (Linnæus).

HORIZON, orbis finiens (Cicero) : orbis, qui adspectum nostrum definit (Cicero) : circulus finiens : finitor or finiens ; or linea, quæ inter aperta et occulta est, or horizon (Seneca ; all N. Quæst. , 5, 17) : linea, quæ dicitur horizon (Vitruvius). To cut the horizon at right angles, horizonta rectis angulis secare (Seneca, N. Quæst. , 5, 17). The sun rises above the horizon, sol emergit de subterranea parte or supra terram : anything bounds our horizon, aliquid aspectum nostrum definit.

HORIZONTAL, libratus : æquus (level) : directus (going straight on). To make anything horizontal, ad regulam et libellam exigere : a horizontal surface, * locus ad libellam æquus : libramentum. A horizontal line, linea directa.

HORIZONTALLY, ad libram : ad libellam.

HORN, || PROPR. , cornu. A little horn, corniculum : to butt with the horns, cornibus ferire, petere (†) ; against each other, cornibus inter se luctari (†) : to threaten with one’s horns, cornua obvertere alicui, or tollere in aliquem (also, figuratively, of setting one’s self to oppose him) : to give anybody a pair of horns, adulterare alicujus uxorem ; cum alicujus uxore rem habere : to receive a pair of horns, * decipi uxoris adulterio : of horns, comeus : to turn to horn, cornescere (Plin). || By metonymy, what resembles a horn : (a) the horns of the moon, cornua lunæ ; (b) a drinking-horn, cornu ; (c) wind instrument, cornu : buccina [vid. TRUMPET]. To blow the horn, cornu or buccinam inflare.

HORNBEAM, * carpinus. The common hornbeam, * carpinus betulus.

HORN-BOOK, liber, quo pueri instituuntur ad lectionem (after Quintilianus, 1, 7, 17) : * libellus elementorum : * tabulæ literariæ.   HORNED, cornutus : corniger (poetical).

HORNED CATTLE, cornuta, plural, (sc. animalia).

Herds of horned cattle, armenta cornuta : cornigera and armenta bucera are poetical.

HORNET, crabro : * vespa crabro (Linnæus). To bring a hornet’s nest about one’s ears, irritare crabrones (Prov. , Plautus).  HORN-LANTERN, laterna cornea (Martisalis) : cornu (Plautus , poetical).

HORNY, corneus : corneolus : To become horney, cornescere.

HOROSCOPE, horoscopium (Sid. , Ep. , 4, 13 ; instrument for calculating nativities) : horoscopus (Persius, 6, 18 ; Manil. , 3, 190, etc. ; anybody’s nativity) : genesis (the constellation under which one is born ; nativity ; Juvenalis, Suet. ). Vid. NATIVITY.

HOROSCOPY, genethliologia (γενεθλιολογία, Vitruvius, 9, 6, 2), or by circumlocution, prædictio et notatio cujusque vitæ ex natali sidere (Cicero, Divin. , 2, 42, 87).

HORRIBLE, horribilis (to be shuddered at, etc. ; e. g. , spectaculum, pestis, tempestas) : horrendus (mostly †) : fœdus : abominandus : detestandus : detestabilis (aversabilis, Lucretius) : nefarius. Vid. HORRID.

HORRIBLY, horrendum in modum : valde, vehementer (excessively).

HORRID, || Abominable, detestable, fœdus : abominandus : detestabilis : aversabilis (the last in Lucretius ; all of persons) : nefarius (of persons, their designs and actions) : immanis (horrible ; of acts) : horribilis (e. g. , sonitus, spectaculum, species, pestis, tempestas) : horrendus (†) : horrid person, homo omni parte detestabilis : horrid man! o hominem impurum! monstrum hominis !  HORRIDNESS, Vid. FEARFULNESS ( = terrible nature of anything).

HORRIFIC, Vid. DREADFUL, and FEARFUL = dreadful.

HORRIFY, terrere : exterrere : perterrere, etc. (horrificare, poetical).

HORROR, || Shivering, shuddering, horror (i. e. , ubi totum corpus intremit, Celsus). || Dread, extreme fear, horror (cold trembling, from fear ; Cicero) : terror, of anything, alicujus rei.

Horror seizes anybody, horror perfundit aliquem (Cicero) ; horror subit alicujus animum ; terror mihi incidit or me invadit. || Extreme aversion, aversatio, of anything, alicujus rei (Silver Age) : detestatio (of anything, alicujus rei, in Gellius ; the connection does not occur in Cicero in this sense) : animus aversissimus ab aliquo (a very great horror of anybody) : to have a horror of anything, detestari aliquid : to have a horror of anybody, abhorrere aliquem ; animo esse aversissimo ab aliquo. || Horrible action, res nefanda or infanda : res atrox or nefaria : tragœdiæ (tragic occurrences ; cf. Cicero, Mil. , 7, 18). The horrors of war, belli vastatio : to perpetrate and suffer unutterable horrors, facere et pati infanda.

HORSE, equus (general term, and the usual word in the more elevated prose style) : caballus (for ordinary services ; a hack) : mannus (a Gallic horse or pony, kept for luxury ; a palfrey, short, well-set, and fast-going) : veredus (light horse, hunter or courier’s horse, not used for drawing) : canterius (a gelding). A wild horse, equus ferus, equiferus (in a state of nature) : a spirited horse, equus ferocitate exsultans. A horse rears, [vid. REAR] : the horse reared and threw his rider, equus prioribus pedibus erectis excussit equitem (Livius, 8, 7) : to fall over one’s horse’s neck, trans cervicem equi elabi (Livius, ib. ) : to wheel one’s horse round, circumagere equum (ib. ) : to teach a horse to amble, equorum cursum minutis passibus frangere (Quintilianus, 9, 4, 13) : to rub down a horse, equum manibus confricare or perfricare (both Vegetius) : to bring a horse into good condition again, equum ad corporis firmitatem revocare (Vegetius) : a horse gets too fat, equus ultra modum sagina provenit (Vegetious) : to mount a horse, in equum ascendere : to alight from one’s horse, ex equo descendere (Prov. ). One must not look a gift horse in the mouth, equi donati dentes non inspiciuntur (Hieronymus, Ep. , ad Ephes. proœm. ). Saddle-horse, sellare jumentum.

HORSEBACK, To ride on horseback, equitare : equo vehi. To take exercise on horseback, equo gestari or vectari (to show one’s self on horseback, etc. ; e. g. , of ladies ; cf. Plinius, Ep. , 9, 36, 5 ; Curtius, 3, 3, 22). Exercise on horseback, vectatio (assidua) equi (Suetonius, Cal. , 3). [Vid. To RIDE. ]To hold a conference on horseback, ex equis colloqui (of two or several). To fight on horseback, ex equo (or ex equis, of more than one) pugnare ; also, equitem or equites pugnare (i. e. , as cavalry ; opposed to peditem or pedites, of their dismounting to fight on foot).

HORSE-BANE, * phellandrium aquaticum (Linnæus, water-hemlock).

HORSE-BEAN, * vicia faba (Linnæus). κυρικιμασαηικο

HORSE-BOY, * puer equarius.

HORSE-BREAKER, domitor equorum, or, from context, domitor only.

HORSE-CHESTNUT, * æsculus hippocastanum (Linnæus).

HORSE-CLOTH, tegumentum equi (general term).

HORSE-COMB, * strigilis equis comendis.

HORSE-DEALER, mango. To be a horse-dealer, negotium equarium exercere (vid. Aurelius Victor, De Vir. III. ).

HORSE-DEALING, quæstus mangonicus (Suetonius, Vesp. , 4) : negotiatio equaria (Ulpianus).

HORSE-DOCTOR, Vid. FARRIER.

HORSE-DUNG, stercus equinum : fimus equinus or caballinus. SYN. in DUNG.

HORSE-FLESH, caro equi : caballina
(caro). To live upon horse-flesh, vitam corporibus equorum tolerare (vid. Tacitus, Ann. , 2, 24, 2).

HORSE-FLY, œstrus (so also, Linnæus).

HORSE-HAIR, pilus equinus (general term) : seta equina (the stronger hair ; as a collective, plural, setæ equinæ) : stuffed with horse-hair, equino fartus (cf. Cicero, Verr. , 5, 11, 27).

HORSE-LAUGH, cachinnus : cachinnatio (as act) : mirus risus (portentous or astounding laughter, Cicero). To burst into a horse-laugh, cachinnum tollere (Cicero), edere (Suetonius) ; in cachinnos subito effundi (Suetonius) ; cachinno concuti (to shake one’s sides with laughter, with majore, Juvenalis ; hence magno, maximo, etc. ) ; mirum risum (miros risus, of several) edere (Cicero, Qu. , Fr. ,   2, 10, 2) : to burst out again into a horse-laugh, cachinnos revocare (Suetonius, Claud. , 41).

HORSE-LEECH, || Farrier, vid. || Kind of leech ; vid. LEECH.

HORSEMAN, eques (general term). To be a good horsemann, equo habilem esse ; equis optime uti ; equitandi peritissimum esse : to aim at the reputation of being a good horsemann, equitandi laudem petessere (Cicero, Tusc. , 2, 26, 62). || Horsemen = cavalry, vid.

HORSEMANSHIP, * equitandi ars. Good horsemanship is highly thought of among us, equitandi laus apud nos viget (Cicero, Tusc. , 2, 26, 62). To take great pains to acquire skill in horsemanship, equitandi laudem petessere (ib. ). An exhibition of horsemanship, ludicrum circense (Livius, 44, 9) ; or spectaculum circi (both, properly, of the circus maximus, at Rome) ; or * spectaculum desultorum (the desultores who leaped from horse to horse in the Roman circus being the nearest to exhibitors in our circuses).

HORSE-POND, locus ubi adaquari solent equi (vid. Suetonius, Vit. , 7) : Cf. , not fons caballinus, Persius, Prol. , 1 = “fountain of Hippocrene. ”  HORSE-RACE, curriculum equorum : cursus equorum or equester : certamen equorum (as contest between the horses). Cf. , Equiria were horse-races in honor of Mars.

HORSERADISH, * cochlearia Armorica (Linnæus).

HORSE-ROAD, * via, qua equo vecti commeant.

HORSESHOE, solea ferrea : vestigium equi (Plinius 28, 20, 81). The old Romans knew only the iron shoe they put on and took off at pleasure ; with the country people this shoe consisted only of broom, hence called solea spartea, or spartea only ; vid. Schneider, Ind. ad Script. R. R. in v. solea, but that the later Romans, even in the time of Vegetius, knew of the modern horseshoe, as nailed on, is made very probable by modern scholars ; vid. John’s Jahrbb. , 6, 3, p 366, sq. To put a horse’s shoes on, equo soleas ferreas induere ; equum calceare (in the ancient method), * equo soleas ferreas clavis suppingere : to cast a shoe, vestigium or soleam ferream ungula excutere (vid. Plinius, l. c. ).

HORSESHOE VETCH, hippocrepis. Tufted horseshoe vetch, * hippocrepis comosa (Linnæus).

HORSE-STEALER, equi, or equorum, fur (in a single case) abigeus, abactor (habitually).

HORSE-STEALING, furtum equi or equorum (in a single case) : abigeatus : abigendi studium (of the habit).

HORSE-TAIL (the plant), * equisetum (Linnæus).

HORSE-TRAPPINGS, Vid. TRAPPINGS.

HORSEWHIP, virga, qua ad regendum equum utor, though this is a “stick” or “cane: ” * flagellum, quo ad regendum equum utor, or, from context, flagellum only. Vid. WHIP, s.

HORTATION, Vid. EXHORTATION.

HORTATORY, hortativus (Quintilianus), or by circumlocution. A hortatory address, suasio (Cf. , hortatorius, adhortatorius, etc. , are modern Latin).

HORTICULTURE, Vid. GARDENING.

HOSE, || Trowsers or breeches, vid. || Stockings, vid.

HOSPITABLE, hospitalis (who gladly receives guests) : liberalis : largus epulis (who gladly entertains). A hospitable house, domus, quæ hospitibus patet : in a hospitable manner, hospitaliter ; liberaliter.

HOSPITABLY, hospitaliter (Livius ; e. g. , invitare) : liberaliter (with reference to the liberal entertainment given by the host).

I liked my visit at Talna’s, nor could I have been more hospitably received, fui libenter apud Talnam, nec potui accipi liberalius (Cicero, Att. , 16, 6).

HOSPITAL, nosocomium (νοσοκομεῖον, * Code Justinian, 1, 2, 19 and 22), or pure Latin, valetudinarium (in the time of the emperors, when hospitals were first established). Lying-in hospital, * lechodochium : domus publica, ubi parturientibus opera præstatur.

HOSPITALITY, hospitalitas (of one who cheerfully receives friends) : liberalitas (of one who entertains his friends bountifully).

HOST, hospes (who receives friends under his roof) : convivator or cœnæ pater (who gives a party) : caupo (publican). To reckon without one’s host, spe frustrari. || Army, exercitus, etc. , vid. || Consecrated wafer, panis eucharisticus (ecclesiastical).

HOSTAGE, obses. To give hostages, obsides dare : to demand hostages, obsides exigere ab aliquo ; obsides imperare alicui : to retain anybody as a hostage, aliquem obsidem retinere.

HOSTEL,

HOSTELRY, Vid. INN.

HOSTESS, (a) From friendship, hospita or hospes. (b) For pay, domina cauponas or tabernæ [SYN. in INN] ; opposed to ministra cauponæ (bar-maid, servant at an inn).

HOSTILE, hostilis (having, showing, or, of things, indicating the feeling of an enemy ; inclined to break out in open acts of hostility) : inimicus (of an unfriendly disposition) : infensus (incensed, enraged, embittered ; denoting an excited state ; it can only be used of persons or minds) : infestus (whose hostile disposition threatens to show itself : denoting a quiescent state, it may also be used of things ; spiculum, oculi, exercitus ; and of countries). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) inimicus atque infestus ; infestus atque inimicus ; infensus atque inimicus ; inimicus infensusque : adversus (general term; opposed to) ; to anybody, alicui. To be hostile to anybody, inimico infensoque animo esse in aliquem : a hostile feeling, animus infestus or inimicus ; infensus animus atque inimicus ; animus hostilis ; animus alienus (dislike, estrangement) : to entertain hostile sentiments or feelings against anybody, inimicum, infestum, inimicum et infestum, or infestum et inimicum esse alicui ; inimico infensoque animo esse in aliquem : very hostile feelings, aversissimo animo esse ab aliquo : to make anybody entertain hostile feelings against another, alicujus odium in aliquem concitare : to adapt a hostile feeling, spiritus hostiles induere (Tacitus, Hist. 4, 57, 3) : to regard anybody with the most hostile feelings, aliquem animo iniquissimo infestissimoque intueri : to inspire anybody with hostile sentiments against another, odium alicujus in aliquem concitare ; aliquem or alicujus voluntatem ab aliquo abalienare (to render averse or disinclined to) : to become hostile to anybody, odium in aliquem concipere : in a hostile manner, hostilem in modum : a hostile country, hostium terra (an enemy’s country), hostilis terra or regio (Cicero), or armis animisque infesta inimicaque (Cicero).

HOSTILELY, hostiliter : inimice : infense.

HOSTILITY, animus infensus : inimicus, or infensus atque inimicus : animus hostilis [vid. ENMITY].

Hostilities, hostilia, -ium. To commence hostilities, hostilia cœptare, facere, audere : to cease hostilities, ab armis recedere.

HOSTLER, servus equarius, or equarius (late ; adjective, Valerius Max. ; substantively, Solin. , 45).

HOT, || PROPR. , calidus (warm, more or less; opposed to frigidus) : candens (of a glowing heat, red hot) : fervens: fervidus (boiling hot) : æstuans (that really, or, as it were, boils up or ferments with heat) : æstuosus (full of boiling or fermenting heat, sultry ; e. g. , a wind, a day, road, etc. ) : ardens : flagrans (on fire, inflames ; figuratively, of the passions) : red hot, rutilus : a hot day, dies calidus, fervens, æstuosus : in hot weather, and along a dusty road, I ended my journey, iter conficiebamus æstuosa et pulverulenta via : to be hot, calere, candere, fervere, æstuare (with the same difference as the adjectives above) : to grow or become hot, calefieri : calescere : incalescere : fervescere : effervescere : candescere : incandescere, also with æstu (this, however, only with the poets) : to make or render hot, calefacere (also figuratively = to roast anybody ; to attack or set upon him with words ; vid. Cicero, Quint. Fr. , 3, 2, in. ) ; fervefacere (properly). To be hot, candere (to grow red by the heat of fire) : ardere (to be on fire) : fervere (to be boiling hot) : æstuare (stronger than fervere = to be in agitation and ferment through heat). FIG. , ardere (of the glow of the eyes ; then, also, of the heat of the passions) : flagrare (stronger than ardere, of the wild bursting forth of violent passions) : to be hot with anger, ira ardere or flagrare : to be hot after anybody (i. e. , to feel violent love), ardere amore alicujus (Cf. , poetically, ardere aliquo or aliquem). A hot soil, solum fervens or (stronger) æstuosum (Plinius, 15, 5, 6 ; 17, 19, 31) : hot wines, vina fervida (Horatius, Sat. , 2, 8, 38).

Hot oven, furnus calidus (Plautus).

Hot-air pipes, impressi parietibus tubi, per quos circumfunditur calor, qui ima simul et summa fovet æqualiter.

Hot springs, aquæ calidæ or calentes
; aquæ calidæ, or aquarum calentium fontes. || figuratively, (a) Too lively, too violent, calidus : ardens : fervens or fervidus : acer (violent ; then, also, very lively) : a hot horse, equus calidus or acer : a hot temper, ingenium ardens or fervidum : a hot youth, a youth of hot temperament, juvenis ferventis animi : hot in one’s decisions, rapidus in consiliis suis (Livius, 22, 12) : a hot engagement, pugna acris ; prœlium acre : where the battle is at the hottest, ubi Mars est atrocissimus (Livius, 2, 46) : when the contest became hotter, certamine acœnso : there was some hot fighting, acriter pugnabatur ; magna vi certabatur ; acriter or acerrime prœliabantur (sc. nostri et equites) : hot after anything (too eager or desirous for it), flagrans cupiditate alicujus rei ; cupidissimus alicujus rei. (b) Angry, inclined to anger, iratus : iracundus : præceps ingenio in iram : pronus in iram (general terms) : concitatus (roused, excited, as a mob) : ira incensus, flagrans, ardens (very angry) : to be hot, ira flagrare, ardere (figuratively, to be very angry) : anybody is terribly hot, aliquis furenter irascitur.

HOT-BATH, balneum calidum.

Hot-baths, thermæ. [Vid. “Hot springs. “] To take a hot-bath, calida lavari.

HOT- BED, * area stercore satiata : * area vitreis munita (if under glass ; cf. Plinius, 9, 5, 23).

HOTCH-POTCH, farrago (with reference to the contents ; Juvenalis, 1, 86) : sartago (with reference to the words ; Persius, 1, 80).

HOTEL, || Inn, vid. || Town mansion of a wealthy person, insula (large private house, with no adjoining houses) : turris (any towering edifice ; hence=castle, etc. ) : but Cf. , domus (as general term) is the usual term.

HOT-HEADED, fervidioris animi : iracundus (passionate) : præceps (ingenio). A hot-headed young man, juvenis ferventis animi.

HOT-HOUSE, * hypocaustum hortense ; or by circumlocution, plantarum hiberna, quibus objecta sunt specularia or objectæ sunt vitreæ (after Martisalis, 8, 14) : or * plantarum hiberna vitreis munita.

HOTLY, FIG. , (a) Too violently, ardenter : ferventer : acriter : cupide : avide (desirously). To pursue the enemy too hotly, cupidius or avidius hostem insequi ; acrius instare hostibus : to speak hotly, ferventer loqui : to act hotly, calide agere. (b) Angrily : to write too hotly, iracundius scribere.

HOTNESS, Vid. HEAT.

HOTSPUR, homo stolide ferox : homo iracundus (passionate).

HOUGH, s. , genus commissura : poples.

HOUGH, v. , succidere poplitem or (of several animals, or of more legs than one) poplites (succisis feminibus, poplitibusque, Livius, 22, 51).

HOUND, canis venaticus : (Cf. , Canis venator poetic ; canis ad venandum is bad Latin without some addition, as in, a good hound, canis ad venandum nobilis, where ad venandum depends on nobilis) : to keep hounds, canes alere ad venandum (where ad venandum depends upon alere). (Prov. ) To hold with the hounds and run with the hare, utrique parti favere ; duabus sellis sedere.

HOUND’S-TONGUE, cynoglossus (Plinius) : * cynoglossum (Linnæus).

HOUR, hora (both as the twenty-fourth part of a day and as an indefinite portion of time) : horæ spatium (the definite space of one hour) : horæ momentum (the short space of an hour, considered as the space within which something happens).

Half an hour, semihora : an hour and a half, sesquihora : three quarters of an hour, dodrans horæ (Plinius, 2, 14, 11) : the twenty-fourth part of an hour, semuncia horæ (ib. ) : in an hour, in hora : in a single hour, in hora una (Plautus) : above an hour, more than an hour, hora amplius or horam amplius (e. g. , hora or horam amplius. . . jam moliebantur, Cicero, Verr. , 4, 43, 95, where Zumpt reads hora, Orell. , horam : cf. Zumpt’s note, who shows that both forms are allowable) : an hour before, etc. , hora ante, quara, etc. : in or within three hours, intra tres horas ; tribus horis : in the short space of an hour, horæ momento : in a few hours, brevi horarum momento (Justinus, 2, 14) ; paucis momentis (in a short space of time ; e. g. , multa natura aut affingit, aut mutat, etc. , Cicero) : in a very few hours, paucis admodum horis : three hours (long), tres horas ; per tres horas : for several hours, per aliquot horarum spatia : from hour to hour, in horas : every hour; [vid. HOURLY] : from this very hour, inde ab hoc temporis momento : to have hardly four hours start of anybody, vix quatuor horarum spatio antecedere (i. e. , to be four hours’ march before him, Cæsar) : at or to the hour (the fixed hour), ad horam : every hour, omni tempore : up to this hour, adhuc (Cf. , not hucusque, which never relates to time).

In dating his letters he always added the hour at which they were finished, ad omnes epistolas horarum momenta, quibus datæ significarentur, addebat : in the last years of his life, Mæcenas never got an hour’s sleep, Mæcenati triennio supremo nullo horæ momento contigit somnus : to sleep for several hours together, plures horas et eas continuas dormire (after Suetonius, Oct. , 78) : hardly to utter a word an hour, horis decem verba novem dicere (Martisalis, 8, 7) : day and hour, tempus et dies : the hour of anybody’s birth, hora natalis (Horatius, Od. , 2, 17, 18), or hora qua aliquis gignitur or genitus est (after Justinus, 37, 2, 2 ; both of the hour of a child’s birth) ; tempus pariendi (with reference to the mother) : anybody’s last hour, hora novissima or suprema : in his last hours, eo ipso die, quo e vita excessit : leisure hours, otium : tempus otiosum (when we have no business on our hands), tempus subsecivum (the time one gets or steals, as it were, from one’s business or studies) : to steal an hour or two from one’s studies, aliquid subsecivi temporis studiis suis subtrahere : to grant a few hours’ delay, dieculam addere (Terentius, Andr. , 5, 2, 27) : lost hours, horæ perditæ (after Plinius, Ep. , 3, 5, 16, poteras has horas non perdere). || The Hours (goddesses), Horæ.

HOURLY, singulis horis (in every hour) : singulis interpositis horis (at the end of each hour ; e. g. , singulos cyathos vini dare) : omnibus horis (at all hours ; every hour) : in horas (from hour to hour).

HOUR-PLATE, Vid. DIAL.

HOUSE, s. , domus (a house or a place for living in, with all its appurtenances, as, the house properly so called, the court, garden, etc. [hence = mansion, palace] ; also that of animals, as, of the turtle ; then, also, metonymy = house affairs ; again = the family inhabiting the house ; and, general term, the house of a citizen) : ædes, plural ; ædificium (the dwelling-house, the building; opposed to other places or single parts of it ; vid. Nepos, Att. , 13, 4, domus amœnitas non ædificio sed silva constabat. Ipsum enim tectum, etc. ) : domicilium (general term, a dwelling-place or residence, which anyone occupies for a certain space of time ; vid. Cæsar, B. G. , 6, 30, ædificium circumdatum est silva, ut fere sunt domicilia Gallorum, etc. ) : insula (a large building, separated on all sides from other buildings ; the slave who had the superintendence of such was called insularius) : tectum (properly, a roof, frequently used by the Romans for “house, ” considered as a place of protection) : familia (the inhabitants of a house, especially the servants ; then, also, the family from which anyone is descended) : genus (the family from which anyone is descended) : res familiaris (house affairs) : A small house, domuncula : ædiculæ : casa (a cottage, hut) : a large town house, palatium : moles (in respect of immense extent) : in the house, domi : in or at my house, domi meæ ; in domo mea ; domi apud me (Cf. , domi meæ, tuæ, suæ, nostræ, vestræ, alienæ ; but with any other adjective, or with genitive of the possessor, the preposition is preferred ; e. g. , in domo Cæsaris, though even Cicero says domi Cæsaris ; vid. HOME) : from house to house, per domos ; ostiatim (from door to door) : to search anybody’s house, inquirere apud aliquem (general term, Cicero, Att. , 1, 16, 12) ; to order anybody’s house to be searched, immissis (lictoribus ceterisque) publicis ministris angulatim sedulo cuncta perlustrari jubere (Appuleius, Met. , 9, p. 237, 25 ; cf. Petronius, 98, 1) : to search anybody’s house for stolen goods, apud aliquem rem furtivam quæxeie (Justinus, Inst. , 4, 1) ; furtum quærere in domo alicujus (Fest. p. 199, Dac. ). Cf. , The “act of searching anybody’s house” was scrutinium (Appuleius, Met. , 9, p. 237, 25) : to find the stolen goods in anybody’s house, rem furtivam in alicujus domo deprendere : to set one’s house in order, omnes res diligentissime constituere (Hirtius, B. Afr. , 88) : sarcinas colligere, antequam proficiscar e vita ( = prepare for death, Varro, R. R. , 1, init. ) : to leave or quit a house, emigrare (e) domo (opposed to immigrare in domum, to get into a new house) : to keep open house, alicui quotidie sic cœna coquitur, ut invocatis amicis una cœnare liceat (after Nepos, Cim. , 4, 3) : property in houses, urbanum prædium (applying not only to property in towns, but to the possession of any buildings : cf. Ulpianus, Dig. , 50, 16, 198). The affairs of the house ; vid. “DOMESTIC affairs” || House and home, sedes (a residence) : fundus (an estate, land and house) : domus et fundus, or domus et possessiones (a house and estate or possession). To drive anyone from house and home, exturbare aliquem e possessionibus, or bonis
patriis, or laribus patriis, or fortunis omnibus : to leave house and home (in order to go into a foreign country), domum et propinquos relinquere (to leave one’s home and relations) : to fight for house and home, pro tectis mœnibusque dimicare ; pro aris et focis pugnare (both of the inhabitants of a town, country, etc. ). The master, the mistress of a house, herus, hera (in respect of those under them) ; pater, mater familias or familiæ (in respect of the family) : the people (servants) of the house, domestici, familia : back of the house, postica pars or posticæ partes ædium, domus postica (the building or buildings behind) ; aversa domus pars (as opposed to the front of the house ; the windows of which look into the court) : to creep out through the back of the house, domo postica clam egredi ; per aversam domus partem furtim degredi : from my, our house, a me, a nobis (especially in Plautus and Terentianus) : to keep the house, domi or domo se tenere or retinere (general terms) : publico carere or se abstinere ; in publicum non prodire (to show one’s self seldom in public) ; domo non excedere or non egredi (not to stir from the house) ; domo abdi (to hide one’s self in one’s house) : never to quit the house, domo pedem non efferre : to be in the house [vid. “to be at HOME”] : to drive anybody from one’s house, aliquem domo expellere, extrudere, or ejicere ; aliquem foras trudere. To entertain in one’s house, hospitio accipere or excipere aliquem ; hospitio domum ad se recipere aliquem, hospitium alicui præbere (as a guest) ; in domum suam recipere aliquem tecto accipere or recipere aliquem ; tectum præbere alicui (general terms, to receive into one’s house, under one’s roof ; accipere, more as a friend ; excipere and recipere, as a protector, etc. ) ; recipere, receptare aliquem or aliquem ad se (to receive to one’s self, especially of those who conceal thieves, etc. ; hence called receptores) : to be received into anybody’s house, esse in hospitio apud aliquem ; hospitio alicujus uti.

HOUSE, v. , || To place under shelter for protection, condere (e. g. , frumentum) : contegere. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) condere et reponere (e. g. , fructus) ; reponere contegereque (e. g. , arma omnia, Cæsar) : in tecta contegere (e. g. , troops, milites). || Receive under one’s roof, tecto recipere aliquem (Cæsar, B. G. , 7, 66, 7) : recipere aliquem in tectum (Plautus, Rud. , 2, 7, 16) : hospitio aliquem excipere : mœnibus tectisque accipere aliquem : tectis et sedibus recipere aliquem (these two of the inhabitants of a town harboring soldiers, exiles, etc. ) : stabulare (general term, to place animals in a stall, Varro, R. R. , 1, 21). To be housed, tectum subiisse (of a person) : stabulari (post- Augustan, of animals) : or the passives of the verbs above given. || INTRANS. , To reside under anybody’s roof, habitare cum aliquo (also used improperly, as Milton, etc. , use “to house;” e. g. , hiems habitat in Alpinis jugis). Vid. RESIDE.

HOUSE-BREAKER, effractarius (Seneca, Ep. , 68) : effractor (Jurisconsulti, Paullus, Dig. , 1, 15 ; Ulpianus, Dig. , 47, 17, 1), or, by circumlocution, qui domos perfringit or in domibus furta facit.

HOUSE-BREAKING, effractura (Jurisconsulti, Paullus, Dig. , 15, 3, 2 ; Scævola, ib. , 38, 2, 48). Or by circumlocution with domum perfringere.

HOUSE-DOG, canis domesticus, or * canis tecti, ædium, etc. , custos (as guard ; custos, of dogs, Vergilius, 3, 406 ; Columella, 7, 12) : catenarius canis (as chained up, Petronius, Sat. , 72, 7 ; Seneca, De Irâ, 3, 37).

HOUSE-DOOR, Vid. DOOR.

HOUSEHOLD, domus (e. g. , domus tota te nostra salutat, etc. ) : familia [vid. FAMILY]. A well-conducted household (morally), domus pudica (Quintilianus) : the whole household, universa domus : household expenses, sumtus domesticus.

HOUSEHOLD-BREAD, panis cibarius or plebeius.

HOUSEHOLD GOD, lar : household gods, lares : (dii) penates (gods of the family).

HOUSEHOLD-STUFF, Vid. FURNITURE.

HOUSEHOLDER, pater familias (as father of the family) : ædium or ædificii dominus (as owner of a house) : qui domum habet.

HOUSEKEEPER,

Householder, vid. || Upper female servant, quæ res domesticas dispensat : dispensatrix (late).

HOUSEKEEPING, * administratio or cura rei familiaris. Anybody’s housekeeping is very expensive, domus est sumtuosa (Terentianus) : expenses of housekeeping [vid. “DOMESTIC expenses”]. Careful or economical housekeeping, diligentia domestica ; diligentia in re familiari tuenda : to be economical in one’s housekeeping, parce or frugaliter vivere.

HOUSELEEK, * sempervivum tectorum (Linnæus),

HOUSELESS, qui domum non habet (who does not possess a house) : quem tectum nullum accipit (after Cicero, Att. , 5, 16, 3 ; who finds no roof to shelter him). To run up temporary buildings to receive the houseless poor, subitaria ædificia exstruere, quæ multitudinem inopem accipiant (Tacitus, Ann. , 15, 39).

HOUSEMAID, ancilla (general term) : cubicularia (chamber-maid ; sc. ancilla or famula).

HOUSE-RENT, merces habitationis. What house-rent does he pay? quanti habitat? to pay a heavy house-rent, magni habitare : his house-rent is 30, 000 asses, triginta millibus (sc. æris) habitat : not to call upon anybody for his house-rent, alicui annuam habitationem remittere, or annuam mercedem habitationis donare.

HOUSE-ROOM, spatium (general term) : laxitas (ample size, e. g. , ædium). Plenty of house-room, spatiosa et capax domus ; laxior domus (Velleius, 2, 81) : to have plenty of house-room, bene habitare (general term) ; laxe (et magnifice) habitare : not to have house-room enough, * anguste habitare or parum laxe habitare. No house, however large, could furnish house-room for such a multitude of slaves, turba servorum quamvis magnam domum angustet (Seneca, Cons, ad Helv. , 11 angustare, post-Augustan). Not house-room enough ; a house in which there is not house-room enough, domus angusta (Cicero).

HOUSE-SPARROW, * passer domesticus.

HOUSE-TAX, tributum in singulas domos impositum (after Cæsar, B. C. , 3, 32).

HOUSE-TOP, ædium, domus, etc. , culmen or summum culmen (Livius, 1, 34).

HOUSE-WARMING, To give a house-warming, * initium in domum aliquam immigrandi epulis datis (cœna data, etc. ) auspicari (after initium in scenam prodeundi auspicari, Suetonius, Cal. , 54) : cœna et poculis magnis inauguratur aliquis ædium dominus (after Appuleius, Met. , 7, 191, where it is inauguratur dux latronum).

HOUSEWIFE, mater familias (as the mother) : hera (as mistress) : quæ res domesticas dispensat (as managing the stores, etc). A good housewife, mulier frugi, attenta ad rem : to be a good housewife, res domesticas or rem familiarem bene administrare ; attentam esse ad rem : to be a bad housewife, rem familiarem negligere.

HOUSEWIFERY, cura rerum domesticarum. Vid. HOUSEKEEPING.

HOUSINGS, Vid. HORSE-CLOTH, TRAPPINGS.

HOVEL, tugurium or (Appuleius) tuguriolum (poor cottage, covered with straw, etc. ; any hut to protect against wind and weather) : casa, diminutive, casula (Petronius, Plinius, Juvenalis ; cottage) : casa repentina (as hastily run up to protect from the rain, etc. ) : gurgustium (small and wretched dwelling, Cicero).

HOVER, pendere, with or without alis (to hang, i. e. , in the air ; but poetic in this sense ; also with in aera in auras) : * aere librari (to be balanced in the air) : sometimes circumvolare (to fly round ; also, improperly, mors atris circumvolat alis, Horatius). || IMPROPR. (e. g. , of an army hovering over a country, etc. ), imminere or impendere (alicui rei).

HOW, (1) As interrogative particle, qui? (e. g. , deum, nisi sempiternum intelligere, qui possumus? Cicero.

In an indirect interrogative sentence only Plautus) : quomodo? (in what way? by what means? 1. Direct ; Mæcenas quomodo tecum? Horatius, and absolutely, ut tantum orator dare cogeretur. Quomodo?, etc. , Cicero. 2. Indirect : hæc negotia quomodo se habeant, ne epistola quidem narrare audeo. 3. As an exclamation of surprise : quomodo se venditant Cæsari!) : quemadmodum (after what manner? 1. Direct ; si non reliquit, quemadmodum ab eo postea exegisti? Cicero, Rosc. Com. , 18. 2. Indirect ; providi, quemadmodum salvi esse possemus ; excogitare, quemadmodum, etc. , Cicero ; consilia inire, quemadmodum ab Gergovia discederet, Cæsar,   cogita, quemadmodum fortuna nobiscum egerit, quemadmodum provincia se habeat ; modus est, in quo quemadmodum. . . factum sit, quæritur ; vid. Herz. ad Cæsar, B. G. , 7, 43, fin. , who, however, restricts the meaning of quomodo too absolutely to the office of inquiring after the means and instruments of accomplishing anything) : qua ratione : quibus rationibus (by what methods, etc. , indirect : quid enim refert, qua me ratione cogatis, how you compel me, nec quibus rationibus superare possent, sed quemadmodum uti victoria deberent, cogitabant, Cæsar) : quo pacto (inquires after the conditions and circumstances under which anything takes place ; indirect, somehow or other, nescio quo pacto, Cicero). How!  how say you? (implying surprise), quid! quid ais? how are you? how do you do? quomodo vales? ut vales? (how is your health?) : quo loco sunt res tuæ? (how are your affairs?) : quid agitur? quid agis? (τί πράττεις ; how goes it with you? etc.
) : how does the matter stand? quomodo res se habet? how does it happen that, etc. , qui (tandem) fit, ut, etc.

How now? quid porro? quid vero?

How so? quid ita? qui dum? (Plautus) ; qui vero (Plautus) ; qui cedo (Terentianus).

How say you? quid dicis? quid ais?

How many? quam multi (quam multorum, etc. )?quot (the former stronger).

How many are they? how many are there of them? quot sunt illi? (how many are they altogether?); quot sunt illorum? (how many are there of those who are present?)

How few are there who, etc. ? quotusquisque est, qui (with subjunctive)?

How often, quam sæpe : quoties.

How big, etc. , quantus : how old are you? quot annos natus es?

How much (or many) soever [vid. “HOWEVER many, much”].

How much do you pay for your lodgings? quanti habitas? how much does he charge for his lessons? quanti docet? [On quanti, quanto, vid. Zumpt, 444, 445. ] How long? quam diu? By how much. . . by so much, quanto. . . tanto (with comparatives) ; also, quo. . . eo.

How far, vid. FAR. (2) As intersection, quam (with adverbs, adjectives, and sometimes verbs ; quam multa ; quam morosi ; quam valde ; quam cupiunt laudari!) : ut (marking degree).

How well you did it! quam bene fecisti! how afraid he is lest, etc. , ut timet, ne! etc. : how he weighs all his words! ut omnia verba moderatur! (So after a sentence with quum ; quod quum facis, ut ego tuum amorem . . . desidero! Cicero)

How I wish, quam velim : quam or quantopere vellem (imperfectly, if the wish cannot be realized).

How dissatisfied he was with himself! ut sibi ipse displicebat! Cf. , The accusative only is often used.

How blind I was! me cæcum! (e. g. , qui hæc ante non viderim) : how vain are the hopes of men! o fallacem hominum spem! (so, o fragilem fortunam! o inanes nostras contentiones!)

How much (with comparatives), quanto (e. g. , quanto magis philosophi delectabunt, si, etc. ).

HOWBEIT, Vid. NEVERTHELESS, HOWEVER (end).

HOWEVER, || In what degree, -cumque (or -cunque ; appended. However great, quantuscumque : however often, quotiescumque) : quamvis (how much ; in however high a degree you please ; e. g. , quamvis callide, quamvis audacter ; quamvis multi, etc. ) : quamlibet (in the same sense as quamvis, but mostly †, quamlibet ante, Ovidius ; quamlibet infirmus, Ovidius) :

However much I wished it, si maxime velim (after a negative sentence ; e. g. , extra quos [cancellos] egredi non possim, si, etc. ). || In whatever way (as leaving it undecided which way the thing really happened, will happen, etc. ), utcumque (or utcunque ; e. g. , utcunque se ea res habuit ; utcunque casura res est ; utcunque ferent ea facta minores, Vergilius) : however that may be, utcunque res est or erit. || Nevertheless, etc. , sed (but) : tamen (yet, however) : tamen nihilominus (but nevertheless, but for all that).

HOWITZER, * tormentum, quo pilæ lapideæ et ferreæ mittuntur.

HOWL, v. , ululare (of the continued howling of dogs, wolves ; also of persons, especially of rough, uncivilized men ; vid. Cæsar, B. G. , 5, 37 ; Livius, 38, 17, 4 ; also, perhaps, of the howling of the wind, although not so found ; fremitus would express rather the murmuring of it [vid. NOISE on fremitus]) : ejulare (to howl in a mournful manner ; e. g. , of the female mourners at funerals) : plorare : lamentari (to weep aloud, to lament ; of persons, general term) : to howl and lament, ejulare atque lamentari.

HOWL, s. , ululatus : ejulatus : ejulatio : ploratus : lamentatio [vid. HOWL, v. ; the words in -us denote the howl itself ; those in -io the act of howling). The howl of the mourning women at funerals, ejulatio funebris.

HOWLING, Vid. HOWL, s.

HOWSOEVER, Vid. HOWEVER.

HOY, navigium : navicula : navigiolum : cymba. SYN. in SHIP.

HUBBUB, Vid. TUMULT.

HUCKLEBACKED, gibber.

HUCKLEBONE, coxa : coxendix.

HUCKSTER, cocio : arilator (small retail dealer ; the latter the older term, according to Gellius) : institor (peddlar) : propola (who buys to sell again directly, with a profit).

HUCKSTER, v. , cocionari (Quintilianus, Decl. , 12, 21 ; but the reading doubtful) : mercaturam tenuem facere (to have a small business) : cauponari (with reference to provisions).

HUDDLE, v. , || TRANS. , confundere : permiscere (to mix in confusion) : confercire (to crowd together things or persons ; into anything, in aliquid ; e. g. , in arta tecta, Livius). Several huddled together, plures simul conferti (Livius).

Huddled, as it were, together, omnes. . . quasi permisti et confusi, or conjuncti inter se et implicati (Cæsar, ; if entangled) : things huddled together, rerum aliarum super alias acervatarum cumulus. To huddle on one’s clothes, * raptim sibi vestem or se veste induere ; * raptim se amicire : * raptim sibi et præpropere vestes injicere (the last of clothes, togas, etc. ). To huddle up a matter (improperly), rem, ut potero, expedire : to huddle up a peace, etc. , * pacem raptim (repente, subito) conficere, componere, etc. || INTRANS. , To huddle away, (plures) simul confertos effundi (Livius) ; or abripere se, with or without subito, repente, etc. To huddle off with whatever they could snatch up at the moment, raptim quibus quisque poterat elatis exire (Livius, 1, 39).

HUDDLE, s. , turba (of men or things ; e. g. , argumentorum, Quintilianus) : confertissima turba : indigesta moles (of things, Ovidius) : indigesta turba (Plinius ; but indigesta post- Augustinan) : * quasi permistus et confusus rerum cumulus or * rerum aliarum super alias acervatarum cumulus (e. g. , legum, Livius, 3, 34) : incondita caterva (e. g. , verborum, Gellius ; but caterva very rare of things).

HUE, || Color, dye, vid. When hue is used of a shade of color with an adjective, in -ish (as in “of a greenish hue”), inclinari or languescere in, with accusative of the hue ; e. g. , color in aurum or in luteum inclinatus (Plinius) : color in luteum languescens (Plinius, 27, 13, 109) ; but there are also separate participles for some colors : of a darkish hue , nigricans : of a greenish hue. , viridans. Sometimes sentire is used with accusative : white, with somewhat of a violet hue, candidus color violam sentiens ; or exire or desinere in with accusative (e. g. , optimi carbunculi sunt ii, quorum extremus igniculus in amethysti violam exit, Plinius ; fulgor amethysti in violam desinit : these last of a slight hue). || Hue and cry, (a) PROPR. , To raise a hue and cry after anybody, clamare aliquem furem (Horatius, Ep. , 1, 16, 36). (b) IMPROPR. , (as printed description of felons, etc. ) præmandata, -orum (cf. Cicero, Planc. , 13, 31, Wunder, p. 106) ; libellus, quo fugitivi nomen continetur et cetera (or fugitivorum nomina continentur, Appuleius, Met. , 6, p. 176, 7). To put anybody into the hue and cry, præmandatis aliquem requirere (Cicero, l. c. ) ; spargere libellos, quibus alicujus nomen continetur et cetera (Appuleius, l. c. ).

HUFF, s. , || A sudd en swell of anger or arrogance, (quasi) tumor animi. To be upon the huff (l’Estrange), est in tumore animus (Cicero) ; ira efferri : excandescere ; iracundia exardescere.

HUFF, v. TRANS. , || To puff up, inflare : sufflare (lo puff up ; properly and figuratively) : inflare alicujus animum (e. g. ad superbiam). || To scold insolently, increpare : maledictis or probris increpare. || INTRANS. , To swell, intumescere (e. g. , superbiâ). || To huff at ( = despise, reject ; e. g. , a doctrine ; South), contumaciter spernere (e. g. , imperia) : aliquid totum ejicere (to reject ; e. g. , rationem Cynicorum) : aliquid alicui displicet, non probatur, improbatur.

HUFFER, Vid. HECTOR, BOASTER, BULLY.

HUG, v. , aliquem artius complecti : aliquem amplexari : aliquem premere ad pectus or ad corpus suum (†) : aliquem complexu tenere (of a long-continued embrace) : invadere alicujis pectus amplexibus (violently, passionately ; Petronius, 91, 4) : Cf. , complecti also of wrestlers ; alicujus corpus, membra, etc. ; lacertis may be added (Ovidius). || IMPROPR. , e. g. , “we hug deformities, ” aliquem aliquid delectat (e. g. , vitia, Horatius). To hug one’s self, sibi placere ; gloriari aliqua re, de aliqua re, or (if the satisfaction is well grounded) in aliqua re : se efferre : se jactare.

HUG, s. , artus complexus, or complexus only (also in a hostile sense) : complexus tenax († Ovidius).

HUGE, immanis : vastus (denote magnitude on its unfavorable, disagreeable side ; vastus, as exceeding the usual size, colossal, with the accessory notion of fat ; immanis, as reaching to the unnatural, monstrous, terrific ; canis vasti corporis is an immense fat hound ; belua immanis figura is a gigantic unnaturally big animal, as the elephant ; so immanis corporis magnitudo : immanis is also “immense;” of money, booty, etc. , pecuniæ, præda). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) vastus et immanis (e. g. , belua) : immensus (literally, immeasurable ; immense, of any real or figurative extension, altitudo ; sum of money, pecunia) : ingens (unusually or extraordinarily great, of any extension ; arbor ; sum of money, pecunia : intellect, ingeninm. The derivation is “in” “not ” and “gen” r. of gigno ; hence it == ἄγονος,
of things not born or produced, i. e. , usually) : insanus (mad ; unreasonably great ; e. g. , pile of buildings, moles ; mountains, montes). A huge mountain, mons in immensum editus. A huge mass, moles.

HUGELY, immaniter (Gellius) : immane († ; not præ-Augustinan ; both usually not in the sense of mere magnitude, but of terrific magnitude, manner, etc. ) : in or ad immensum (to an immense height, distance, etc. , after verbs implying motion or extension) vehementer (violently) : egregie (very greatly ; before and above other things ; with placere) : insignite or insigniter (signally ; e. g. , improbus, etc. ) : prorsus valde (e. g. , hoc mini prorsus valde placet, Cicero).

HUGENESS, immanitas (with reference either to the body or the mind ; in a bad sense) : vastitas (post-Augustan in this sense, pari. . . vastitate beluas, Columella, ; Cf. , “vastitudo, Gellius). Sometimes moles (e. g. , India perhibetur molibus ferarum admirabilis, Columella).

HULK, alveus navis : caverna navis (Cicero, all the interior space).

HULL, folliculus (of corn, leguminous plants, or grapes) : valvulus (of leguminous plants) : tunica : gluma (of corn ; the cerealia generally). To have hulls, folliculis tegi. || Hulk, vid. To lie a-hull. , armamentis spoliatum esse : exarmatum esse : fusis esse armamentis et gubernaculo diffracto (cf. Suetonius, Aug. , 17) HUM, v. , murmurare : murmur edere(of a murmuring noise ; of men or bees) : stridorem edere (of bees) : bombum facere (of bees ; the best word for “hum”). || To hum a tune, * carmen (modos, etc. ) secum murmurere (secum murmurere, Plautus ; magica carminibus murmurata, Appuleius) : carmen, cantica, etc. , mecum ipse modulor (cf. Quintilianus, 2, 11, 5 ; al. melitor). || To impose on (cant term) ; vid. IMPOSE (on), HOAX.

HUM, s. , fremitus (general term) : murmur (the murmuring hum of men and bees) : stridor (the hissing hum of bees) : bombus (the deep humming of bees).

HUM! interjection, hem!κυρικιμασαηικο  HUMAN, humanus (in all the relations of the English word) ; by the genitive hominum (when = proper to men ; e. g. , human faults and errors, hominum vitæ et errores) : mortalis (in respect of the imperfection of men). Anything exceeds all human comprehension, aliquid humani ingenii modum excedit : human feeling, humanitas : to lay aside, renounce all human feeling, humanitatem omnem exuere ; ab humanitate desciscere ; hominem ex homine exuere : to have committed some fault from human frailty, aliqua culpa humani erroris teneri. || Human form, forma, species humana ; humana species et figura ; humana species atque forma : to have a human form, humano visu esse (of a god, as also the following expressions) : to assume a human form, speciem humanam induere : in a human form, humana specie indutus ; sub humana imagine (Ovidius, Met. , 1, 213). || Human life, vita hominis or hominum ; vita humana. || Human race, genus humanum or hominum ; gens humana : the whole human race, universum genus hominum ; omnes or cuncti mortales. || Human sacrifice, hostia or victima humana : the barbarous custom of offering human sacrifices, barbara consuetudo hominum immolandorum : to offer human sacrifices, pro victimis homines immolare ; homines immolare : to offer a human sacrifice, hominem immolare : to offer a human sacrifice to a god, alicui deo humana hostia facere or litare (Plinius, 8, 22, 34 ; Tacitus, Germ. , 9, in. ).

HUMANE, misericors in aliquem or in aliquo (= in anybody’s case) : misericors et mansuetus. [Vid. COMPASSIONATE. ] || Merciful to his beasts, * misericors in animalia.

HUMANELY, misericordi animo : mansuete. Vid. COMPASSIONATELY.

HUMANIST (= philologist, Scot. ), grammaticus : * qui humanitatis studia profitetur.

HUMANITY, || Human imperfection, conditio humana or mortalis : such is humanity, hæc conditio humana ita fert ; * hæc ab homine non aliena sunt. || Friendliness, kindness, humanitas : misericordia (compassion).

HUMANIZE, ad humanitatem informare (Cicero) : mansuefacere et excolere (aliquem , Cicero) : expolire aliquem hominemque reddere (Cicero, homines). To humanize mankind, a fera agrestique vita ad nunc humanum cultum civilemque deducere : by these institutions he humanized the minds of men whom habits of perpetual warfare had already rendered barbarous and savage, quibus rebus institutis ad humanitatem atque mansuetudinem revocavit animos hominum, studiis bellandi jam immanes ac feros.

HUMANLY, humano modo : humanitus (after the manner of men) ; * ut solent homines : * quemadmodum homines loquuntur (according to human language, notions, etc. ).

HUMBLE, adjective, submissus : demissus (lowly, meek, modest; opposed to elatus ; therefore by no means as a censure ; vid. Cicero, Off. , 1, 26, 190 ; De Or. , 2, 43, 183 : thus Cicero couples probi, demissi together ; demissus, however, is indifferent) : modestus : verecundus (modest, vid. ) : humilis (low, mean-spirited) : supplex (entreating humbly) ; humilis et supplex (e. g. , oratio).

In an humble manner, demisse ; submisse ; suppliciter : to be humble, animo esse submisso ; nihil sibi sumere : to become humble, animum contrahere ; se submittere : to behave in an humble manner, submisse se gerere. [Vid. HUMBLY]. To set this forth in the humblest possible manner, hæc quam potest demississime atque subjectissime exponere (Cæsar) : to beseech anybody in no very humble terms, alicui non nimis summisse supplicare (Cicero).

HUMBLE, v. , || To humble anybody, alicujus spiritus reprimere (the pride of anybody) : frangere aliquem or alicujus audaciam : comprimere alicujus audaciam (anybody’s boldness) : frangere aliquem et comprimere. To humble one’s self, se demittere ; se or animum submittere ; submisse se gerere ; se abjicere (beneath one’s dignity, too low) : to humble one’s self before anybody, se submittere alicui, supplicare alicui, supplicem esse alicui (with words) : to humble one’s self to anything, prolabi ad aliquid ; se projicere aliquid (e. g. , in muliebres fletus) ; descendere ad aliquid.

HUMBLE-BEE, * apis terrestris (Linnæus).

HUMBLENESS, || Humility, vid. || Lowness, vid.

HUMBLY, humiliter (mostly in a bad sense, implying meanness of spirit ; e. g. , sentire, servire ; ferre aliquid ; opposed to animose ferre) : humili animo (in the same sense as humiliter) : animo demisso atque humili : demisse : submisse (e. g. , scribere, loqui) : suppliciter : subjecte (Cæsar ; with reference to a superior). To behave humbly, submisse se gerere : to beseech anybody humbly, supplicibus verbis orare : very humbly, multis verbis et supplicem orare : not very humbly, non nimis submisse supplicare alicui : to obey humbly, modeste parere.

HUMBUG, s. , gerræ (a worthless, despicable thing ; vid. next quotation) : lirœ ( = λῆροι, Plautus ; mere or gross humbug, gerræ germanæ ; e. g. , tuæ blanditiæ mihi sunt quod dici solet. . . gerræ germanæ, atque ædepol lirœ, lirœ, Plautus). Sometimes inepta, plural adjective (folly ; e. g. , loqui) : mendacia, -orum (lies) : fraudes : fallaciæ (deceitful tricks).

HUMBUG, v. , ludere aliquem jocose (satis, Cicero) : imponere alicui : circumvenire or (comedy) circumducere aliquem : alicui fucum facere : fraudem or fallaciam alicui facere : onerare aliquem mendaciis.

He has humbugged him, verba illi dedit. SYN. in DECEIVE : vid. , also, HOAX.

HUMDRUM, adjective, iners : ignavus (lazy) : somniculosus (sleepy ; also, improperly, of things ; e. g. , senectus, Cicero) : iners et desidiosus (lazy ; e. g. , otium, Cicero). A humdrum fellow, homo somniculosus : homo tardus or segnis.

HUMECTATE, Vid. To MOISTEN.

HUMECTATION, Vid. MOISTENING.

HUMID, Vid. DAMP, MOIST (especially the latter).

HUMIDITY, humor (Cf. , not humiditas) : humidity of the earth, uligo. Vid. MOISTURE.

HUMILIATION, castigatio (inflicted by another) : humilitas (a lowering of one’s self ; Cicero, Invent. , 1, 56, 109) : this he looked upon as a humiliation, ea re in ordinem se cogi videbat. Cf. , animi demissio is “dejection. ”  HUMILITY, animus submissus or demissus (opposed to animus elatus) : modestia : verecundia (modesty, q. v. ) : humilitas (lowering behavior ; Cicero, Invent. , 1, 56, 109 ; Cf. , as a virtue, in the Christian sense, first in Lactantius) to show humility, submisse se gerere : with humility, submisse ; modeste.

HUMOR, s. , || Disposition, temper, ingenium : natura (natural disposition) : animi affectio (state of mind) : libido (humor ; i. e. , ungoverned desires and wishes with which one acts toward anybody, desires anything, etc. ) : studia, -orum (general term, the inclinations of anybody) : hilaritas (cheerfulness, good humor, as a quality ; both of a person and of a writing ; vid. Cicero, Acad. , 1, 2, 8, Goerenz, p. 15) : lepos, festivitas (good humor ; the former, so far as it shows itself general in one’s whole disposition ; the latter, as it appears in striking wit, both as the property of a person, and of a writing). Good-humor, hilaritas ; alacritas : ill-humor, animus irritatus (vexed state of mind) : in different humors, in variis voluptatibus : to be in a good humor, bene affectum esse ; hilarem esse : in a bad humor, male affectum esse ; morosum esse : to be in such a humor, that, etc. , ita animo affectum esse, ut, etc. : waggish humor, cavillatio (Cicero, De Or. , 2,
54, 218 ; opposed to dicacitas, biting, hurting wit) : cheerful humor in jesting, lepos in jocando. Lælius possessed much good-humor, in Lælio multa hilaritas erat : according to the humor he happens to be in, utcumque præsens movet affectio (Curtius, 7, 1, 24) : to comply with or yield to the humors of another person [vid. To HUMOR]. || Less poignant species of wit, festivitas : lepos : facetiæ [SYN. in WIT]. || (Cutaneous) Eruption, vid.

HUMOR, v. , alicujus studiis obsequi : alicui or alicujus voluntati morem gerere : alicui morigerari (general terms ; to comply with anybody’s wishes or humors) : libidini non adversari (in a single case ; vid. Terentius, Hec. , 2, 2, 3) : indulgere alicui (to indulge, treat indulgently) : to humor anybody in everything, alicui in omnibus rebus obsequi (Cicero) ; alicui se dare ; ad alicujus arbitrium (or ad alicujus voluntatem) se fingere, se accommodare ; or (still stronger) totum se fingere et accommodare ad alicujus arbitrium et nutum ; se totum ad alicujus nutum et voluntatem convertere : anybody was humored, gestus est alicui mos.

HUMORIST, || In a bad sense, homo difficilis or morosus, or difficilis et morosus (ill-tempered) : homo stultus et inæqualis (Seneca ; fanciful). || In a good sense. Who has a playful fancy in speaking or writing, qui ingenio est hilari et ad jocandum prompto : joculator (Cicero) : homo lepidus, festivus (full of cheerful humor ; the latter with reference to clever, intellectual wit).

HUMOROUS, lepidus : festivus : jocosus (these three of persons or things) : ad jocandum promptus [vid. JOCOSE].

In a certain humorous publication, in joculari quodam libello (Quintilianus). A humorous turn of mind, animus hilarus et promptus ad jocandum : ingenium hilare et lepidum.

HUMOROUSLY, jocose : lepide : festive.

HUMOROUSNESS, Vid. HUMOR.

HUMORSOME, difficilis : natura difficili : morosus. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) difficilis et morosus (for which Gellius, 18, 17, in. , says natura intractabilior et morosior). Sometimes stomachosus (passionate) : tristis (gloomy, sour ; showing ill-temper by his looks).

HUMP, gibber (Cf. , gibba only in Suetonius, Dom. , 23, and gibbus, Juvenalis, 6, 109 ; 10, 294 and 303) : dorsum (the back itself as the part raised) :

HUMP-BACKED, gibber (Cf. , gibbus only in sense of “convex;” opposed to concavus, Celsus, etc. ; gibbosus only Orbil. , ap. Suetonius, Gramm. [where Suetonius himself immediately after says gibber], and Gaius, Dig. , 22, 1, 3, where gibbosus is a false reading ; gibberus not Latin).

HUNDRED, || A hundred, centum (distributive, centeni). The number of 100, centuria : numerus centenarius (as number). || Space of 100 years, centum anni ; centum aunorum spatium. sæculum (a “generation” = according to Etruscan and Roman computation, 100 years) : a 100 times, centies : weighing 100, centenarius (e. g. , pondus, containing 100 pounds ; also centum libras pondo, sc. valens) : 100 thousand, centum millia : Cf. , centies mille, poetical. 100 years old, centenarius : to make peace for 100 years, indutias in centum annos facere. || A division of the Roman people, centuria : by hundreds, centuriatim : to divide into hundreds, centuriare : division into hundreds, centuriatus.

HUNDRED-FOLD, centuplicatus (increased 100 times ; centuplex, hundred-fold ; e. g. , murus, Plautus : fructus, Prudentius) : centuplus (100 times as much ; Vulg. , Evang. Luc. , 8, 8). Adverb, centuplicato ; centuplum ; cum centesimo : to be sold at a hundred-fold, centuplicato venire : to bear a hundred-fold, cum centesimo redire (of seed ; after Varro, R. R. , 1, 44, 1) : efficere, efferre cum centesimo (of land) : the earth bears a hundred-fold, cum centesima fruge agricolis fenus reddit terra : the fields bear wheat a hundred-fold, campi cum centesimo fundunt triticum.

HUNDREDTH, centesimus : Every hundredth, centesimus quisque : for the hundredth time, centesimum.

HUNGER, fames : inedia (abstinence from food) : esuries (rare ; Cœlius, in Cicero, Fam. , 8, 1 ; esuritio, also rare). To feel hunger, esurire : to be suffering from hunger, fame laborare : to be dying of hunger ; to be tormented by hunger, fame premi, or urgeri, or uri : to be dying of hunger, fame enecari : to die of hunger (literally), fame mori, perire, absumi, consumi, connci : to appease one’s hunger, famem explere or expellere (propulsare, poetically) : to be dying of hunger (figuratively), fame enecari. (Prov. ) Hunger is the best sauce, cibi condimentum fames est (Cicero) : malum panem tenerum tibi et siligineum fames reddet (Seneca, Ep. , 123, 2).

HUNGER-BITTEN, fame confectus : fame enectus.

HUNGRILY, esurienter (late, Appuleius).

HUNGRY, esuriens (also figuratively = desirous of) : edundi appetens (having a desire to eat) : fame laborans or pressus (suffering from want of food) : jejunus (still fasting). To be or feel hungry, esurire : cibi appetentem esse : fame laborare, premi (to be suffering from hunger). Augustus used to eat before the usual dinner-time, whenever and wherever he felt hungry. Octavianus vescebatur et ante cœnam quocuinque tempore et loco, quo stomachus desiderasset. || IMPROPR. , A hungry soil, solum exile et macrum (Cicero) : ager macrior (Varro) or macerrimus (Columella).

HUNKS, homo tenax : homo sordidus (mean).

HUNT, s. , Vid. HUNTING and (improperly) SEARCH.

HUNT, v. , venari. To hunt through a country or place, venando peragrare aliquem locum : to be a hunting, in venatione esse ; venari : to go a hunting, venatum ire : to be fond of hunting, multum esse in venationibus ; venandi studiosum esse. The right of hunting, jus venationis or venandi.

Hunting party, qui comitantur aliquem venantem (Curtius). To go a hunting with anybody, venantem comitari. || IMPROPR. , To hunt (i. e. , strive after anything), venari aliquid (e. g. , laudem) ; sectari aliquid (e. g. , prædam) ; consectari aliquid (properly and improperly, e. g. , voluptatem) ; persequi aliquem or aliquid (properly, to pursue ; and figuratively, to strive zealously after anything) ; insectari aliquem or aliquid (properly, to pursue) ; insistere sequi aliquem or aliquid (properly, to pursue incessantly ; e. g. , navem). To hunt after prey, sectari prædam : to hunt after enjoyment, voluptates sectari or persequi : to hunt after a shadow (figuratively), umbram persequi, non rem.

HUNTER, i. e, horse for hunting, equus venaticus (after Statius, Theb. , 9, 685, where the poetical equus venator).

HUNTING, venatio : venatus, -ûs (properly and figuratively ; the former as action) : venandi studium : venandi voluptas (love for it ; the latter of the pleasure conferred by hunting, Quintilianus, 12, 1, 5). Belonging or relating to hunting, venaticus : venatorius. To be fond of hunting, venandi studiosum esse ; * venandi studio teneri ; multum esse in venationibus : to go a hunting with anybody, venantem comitari. To live by hunting, venando ali. To go a hunting, venatum ire : to have gone a hunting, in venatione esse ; venari : to send anybody out a hunting (to get rid of him), aliquem venatum ablegare.

HUNTING-BOX, domus, quæ est venantium receptaculum (vid. Curtius, 8, 1, 12) : Cf. , villa venatica would not be good Latin.

HUNTING-HORN, * cornu venatorium.

HUNTRESS, venatrix.

HUNTSMAN, || Hunter, vid. || The servant who manages the chase, subsessor (asfar as he lies on the watch for game) : quem venatus alit (as living by hunting as a profession) : saltuarius (general term for forester) : * qui rei venatoriæ præest, or * qui alicui est a re venatoria or a venationibus.

HURDLE, crates.

Hurdles on which figs, grapes, etc. , were dried, crates ficariæ : for sheep, crates pastorales.

HURDY-GURDY, perhaps sambuca, as being thought a poor instrument from its sharp tones, is the best name of a Roman instrument as a substitute.

HURL, jacere (general term, to throw) : conjicere (stronger than jacere ; implying either numbers or rapidity, force ; especially with tela, pila, etc. in hostes ; also of hurling persons into prison, etc. ) : jactare (frequentative) : jaculari (to dart violently from the hand swung round). To hurl stones, lapides jacere ; at anybody, lapides mittere or conjicere in aliquem ; lapidibus petere or prosequi aliquem ; anything at anybody’s head, in caput alicujus aliquid jaculari : to hurl lightnings, fulmina jaculari ; fulminare : to hurl rocks upon persons, saxa ingerere in aliquos (e. g. , in subeuntes) : to hurl one’s self into anything, se conjicere in aliquid (properly or improperly, e. g. , in malum) : Cf. , vibrare, torquere or contorquere are poetical for jaculari.

HURLY-BURLY, Vid. TUMULT.

HURRICANE, tempestas fœda, ingens : procella. (Cf. , turbo is “whirlwind, ” and typhon “water-spout”).

HURRY, v. , || TRANS. , festinanter, or præpropere or raptim et præpropere, or nimis festinantem facere aliquid, agere aliquid : præcipitare aliquid (to hasten it too much ; do it too soon ; e. g. , vindemiam, Columella) ; also, raptim præcipitare aliquid (e. g. , consilia, Livius, 31, 32). (Cf. , For the terms that imply less blame, vid. To HASTEN, TRANS. ). Your successor cannot possibly hasten his departure, so as, etc. , successor tuus non potest ita maturare ullo modo,
ut etc. || To hurry anybody away, aliquem agere, or præcipitem, or transvorsum (Sallustius) agere (into a crime, etc. , infacinus : transvorsum agere, in a bad sense) ; aliquem transversum ferre (Quintilianus) ; agitare aliquem (Cicero) ; aliquem rapere, abripere : to be hurried away by anything, agitari aliqua re ; aliqua re transversum ferri or agitari : rapi aliqua re. To hurry anybody into, agere aliquem , or transversum, or præcipitem agere aliquem in aliquid : rapere aliquem in aliquid (e. g. , opinionibus vulgi rapimur in errorem, Cicero). || INTRANS. , festinare. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) festinare et properare, or properare et festinare : in festinationibus nimias suscipere celeritates (to be in too great a hurry) ; præpropere festinare (Livius, 37, 23) ; in anything, festinantius or præpropere agere aliquid ; festinationem or celeritatem adhibere. To hurry to anybody, citato studio cursuque venire ; to a place, citato cursu locum petere ; cursu effuso ad locum ferri (cf. Livius, 7, 15) : Vid. To HASTEN, INTRANS. ,  HURRY, s. , nimia or præpropera festinatio, or festinatio only (e. g. , festinatio est improvida et cæca) : præpropera celeritas (Livius, 31, 41, where, however, it is not in a bad sense). To be in a  hurry [vid. To HURRY, INTRANS. ] : to do anything in a hurry, nimis festinanter, or præpropere agere, or facere aliquid : to do everything in a hurry, omnia raptim agere. Never be in a hurry, festina lente (Prov. ). Vid. HASTE, s.

HURT, s. , Vid. DAMAGE, DETRIMENT.

HURT, v. || Injure, damage, nocere (general term) : alicui rei damno or detrimento esse : alicui or alicui rei detrimentum afferre, inferre, or importare : aliquem detrimento afficere : damnum inferre [SYN. in INJURE]. To hurt anybody’s reputation or credit, auctoritatem alicujus minuere ; gloriæ alicujus obtrectare. || To inflict pain, dolorem facere or efficere (to cause bodily pain ; of things) : to hurt anybody (of persons), dolorem alicui facere or efficere (bodily or mental) : ægre facere alicui (to vex, annoy him) : to hurt one’s self, corpus lædere (one’s body) : ægre sibi facere (draw some vexation on one’s self’).

I am hurt at anything, doleo aliquid, or aliqua re, or de aliqua re : dolorem mihi affert aliquid (anything pains me mentally) : pungit or mordet me aliquid ; me or animum fodicat aliquid (anything cuts me to the heart, etc. , vexes me extremely) :

I am hurt to think that, hoc mihi dolet quod, or with infinitive.

I am hurt if, etc. , doleo (et acerbe fero) si ; vehementer doleo, si, etc. :

I was hurt when I saw, etc. , dolebam, quum viderem.

HURTFUL, nocens : qui nocet : noxius : nociturus : alienus alicui rei (not suiting its nature) : inutilis (alicui rei, not profitable ; hence unprofitable to ; e. g. , an example, exemplum) : very hurtful, perniciosus : exitiosus (ruinous). To be hurtful, nocere ; nocentem or nociturum esse ; alicui rei alienum esse ; contra aliquid esse.

Hurtful things, ea quæ nocitura videantur (Cf. , res noxiosæ, post-Augustan, Seneca).

HURTFULLY, nocenter (Columella, Celsus) : perniciose : pestifere : inique : male : Cf. , exitialiter and extiose, very late (Augustinus).

HURTLESS, Vid. HARMLESS.

HURTLESSLY, Vid. HARMLESSLY.

HUSBAND, s. , maritus (opposed to cœlebs) : conjux : vir. A newly-married husband, novus maritus (Appuleius, Mel. , 8, p. 201, 36) : a husband too much devoted to his wife, maritus nimis uxorius : a woman who has two husbands, quæ apud duos nupta est : a woman who has already had several husbands, mulier multarum nuptiarum.

HUSBAND, v. || To use with frugality, diligenter or parce administrare aliquid (e. g. , rem familiarem) : parcere (general term, to spare).

He husbands his time very carefully, magna est ejus parsimonia temporis (Plinius, Ep. 3, 5, 12) : to husband one’s property, rei familiaris diligentissimum esse (Suetonius, Gram. , 23) : to husband the corn, frumentum parce et paullatim metiri (Cæsar). || To till, etc. , vid. κυρικιμασαηικο  HUSBANDMAN, agricola : agricultor : rusticus. Vid. FARMER,  HUSBANDRY, || Agriculture, vid. || Frugality, economy, vid.

HUSH! st! (Plautus, Cicero) – quin taces! tace modo (of course, to one person) : st! or st! tacete! or st! st! tacete : silete et tacete (be still and hold your tongue ; addressed to two or more).

HUSH, v. , || To reduce to silence, alicujus linguam retundere (to silence one who has been complaining loudly ; cf. Livius, 33, 31, extr. ) : comprimere (general term, to suppress, restrain, etc. , aliquem , Plautus, Rud. , 4, 4, 81, etc. ; the voice of conscience, conscientiam, Cicero, Fin. , 2, 17, in. ) : also comprimere linguam alicui (Plautus). || To hush up anything, exstinguere rumorem de aliqua re : de aliqua re silere. Anything is hushed up, de aliqua re siletur (e. g. , de jurgio, Plautus). || To appease, allay, vid.

HUSK, s. , folliculus (Plinius) ; gluma (Varro, especially the husk of corn).

HUSK, v. , * grana folliculis eximere : granorum spoliare folliculos (cf. Petronius, 135, 5). Vid. To SHELL.

HUSKY, asper (rough) : raucus (hoarse) : subraucus (hoarsish) : siccus (dry ; e. g. , cough, tussis, Celsus).

HUSSAR, * Husarus : * eques Hungaricus levis armaturæ (in the original sense of the word).

HUSSITES, * Hussitæ : * qui Hussum sequuntur : * Hussi sectatores.

HUSTINGS, perhaps comitium (properly, with reference to Roman elections, but also, of other places of election ; cf. Nepos, Ages. , 4, 2) : or suggestus : suggestum (as general term for elevated places from which speeches, etc. , were delivered : comitialis or comitiale might be added by way of distinction).

HUSTLE, premere or premere urgereque : proturbare (to thrust forward).

HUT, casa (a hut so far as it contains its inhabitant with his goods ; a small, poor house) : tugurium (a hut so far as it protects against wind and rain ; according to Voss. ,   Vergilius, Ecl. , 1, 68, a shed, the roof of which, made of straw, reeds, bushes, or sods, without any wall, reached to the ground, such as herdsmen and shepherds had in the open country) : mapale (of which only the plural mapalia occurs, the small huts of the African nomades, which they carried about with them on waggons ; a Punic word) : umbraculum (an arbor, bower) : officina (a workshop).

HUTCH, || Corn-chest, cumera frumenti (with the ancients, of wicker-work, Horatius). || Rabbit-hutch, dolium, ubi habes conclusos cuniculos (after dolia ubi habeant conclusos glires, Varro, R. R. , 3, 12).

HUZZA! (interj. ) evoe! eo! io!  HUZZA, s. , clamor et gaudium (Tacitus) : clamor lætus (Vergilius). To receive anybody with loud huzzas, * clamore et gaudio or clamore læto aliquem excipere.

HUZZA, v. , Vid. “to receive with HUZZAS. ”  HYACINTH, hyacinthus (Linnæus). The ancients used this word to denote another flower.

HYÆNA, hyæna : * canis hyæna (Linnæus).

HYÆNA, SPOTTED, * canis crocuta, * hyæna crocuta (Linnæus) : * hyæna capensis (Desm. ).

HYDRA, hydra.

HYDRAULIC, hydraulicus (as technical term, though the word properly relates to water-organs) : aquarius (relating to water ; e. g. , rota, vas).

Hydraulic machines, machinæ hydraulicæ (as technical term) or * machinæ aquariæ.

HYDRAULICS, * hydraulica (technical term).

HYDROGRAPHER, * hydrographus.

HYDROGRAPHICAL, * hydrographicus.

HYDROGRAPHY, * hydrographia.

HYDROMANCY, hydromantia (Plinius, 37, 11, 32).

HYDROMEL, hydromeli (Plinius, Pallad. ).

HYDROPHOBIA, hydrophobia (Cœlius, Aurel. ; in Celsus, in Greek characters) ; formidatæ aquæ († Ovidius).

HYDROPHOBIC, hydrophobiens.

HYDROSTATICS, hydrostatica (technical term).

HYGROMETER, * hygrometrum (technical term).   HYMEN,

Hymen (y̅ or y̌) ; Hymenæus.

HYMENEAL,

Hymeneius. A hymeneal song, hymen, hymenæus. Vid. NUPTIAL.

HYMN, v. , cantu alicujus laudes prosequi (after Cicero, Legg. , 2, 24).

HYMN, s. , hymnus (Lucilius, Prudentius).

HYMN-BOOK, * liber carminum, quæ Deo dicuntur (vid. Plinius, Ep. , 10, 96 [97], 7).

HYOSCYAMUS, hyoscyamus (henbane).

HYP, v. , Vid. To DEPRESS.

HYPALLAGE, hypallage (Serv. , Æn. , 3, 57).

HYPERBATON, hyperbaton (Quintilianus).

HYPERBOLE, hyperbole or hyperbola (ὑπερβολὴ in Greek characters in Cicero ; in Latin characters in Quintilian, who explains it by decens veri superjectio) : augendi minuendive causa veritatis superlatio et trajectio, or superlatio only (Cicero, De Or. , 3, 53, 203 ; cf. Auct. , ad Herenn. , 4, 33, in. , where it is defined ; superlatio est oratio superans veritatem alicujus augendi minuendive causa). To use a hyperbole, aliquid dicere, quod fieri nullo modo possit, augendæ rei gratia aut minuendæ (Cicero, Top. , 10, extr. ). Vid. EXAGGERATION.

HYPERBOLICAL, veritatem excedens or egrediens : superans veritatem : Cf, hyperbolæus (Vitruvius) = acutissimus, of tones.

HYPERBOLICALLY, by circumlocution. To speak hyperbolically of anything, supra quam fieri possit, ferre aliquid (Cicero, Or. , 40, 139)  [hyperbolice,
late, Hieronymus] : sometimes profuse may do (e. g. , aliquem laudare).

HYPERBOLIZE, superare veritatem : aliquid dicere, quod fieri nullo modo possit, augendæ rei gratia aut minuendæ (Cicero) : in speaking of anything, supra quam fieri possit, ferre aliquid (Cicero). Vid. To EXAGGERATE.

HYPERBOREAN, hyperboreus (†).

HYPERCRITIC, Aristarcheus (= severe critic, Varro, L. L. , 8, 34, 119) : judex iniquus or inimicus (from hostile feeling) : “non sine molestia diligens censor : tetricus et asper censor (Martisalis).

HYPERCR1TICISM, nimia contra aliquem or aliquid calumnia (cf. Quintilianus, 10, 1, 15) : * non sine molestia diligens or subtile judicium.

HYPHEN, * hyphen (Grammaticus).

HYPOCHONDRIA, * malum hypochondriacum.

HYPOCHONDRIACAL, to be hypochondriacal, * malo hypochondriaco laborare.

HYPOCRISY, simulatio (the pretending what is not) : dissimulatio (the concealing what is). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) simulatio et dissimulatio (as Cicero, Off. , 3, 15, init. ) : ficti simulatique vultus (hypocritical face) : species fictæ simulationis (hypocrisy wearing the mask of religion, Cicero, Cluent. , 26, end) : pietas erga Deum ficta or simulata : amor fictus or simulatus : amicitia ficta or simulata (according as the hypocrite pretends piety, love, or friendship). Without hypocrisy, haud simulate ; ex animo.

HYPOCRITE, simulator, dissimulator [SYN. in HYPOCRISY] : adulator (flatterer). To be a hypocrite, simulare et dissimulare ; speciem pietatis vultu præ se ferre (after Tacitus, Ayr. , 43) : to play the hypocrite, simulare : dissimulare (according to the different meaning of those words) : simulatorem or dissimulatorem esse. Cf. , Not hypocrita (= the actor who accompanied another with dancing, action, etc. ).

HYPOCRITICAL, fictus (of men and things) : simulatus (of things only). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) fictus et simulatus.

Hypocritical looks, ficti et simulati vultus : to deceive anybody by a hypocritical pretence offriendship, per simulationem amicitiæ aliquem fallere (after Cicero, ad Quir. p. red. , 9, 21).

I am glad to see you at last stripped of those hypocritical pretences of yours, libenter te aliquando evolutum illis integumentis dissimulationis tuæ nudatumque perspicio (Cicero).

HYPOCRITICALLY, ficte : simulate. Not hypocritically, haud simulate : ex animo.

HYPOTHESIS, || Condition, conditio. || Supposition : supposed opinion, ground, etc. , opinio (one’s opinion, whether well-founded or not) : sententia (opinion declared) : conjectura (conjecture) :

Hypotheses, rationes, quæ ex conjectura pendent, quæ disputationibus huc illuc trahuntur (Cicero, Acad. , 2, 36, 116). Untenable hypotheses, sententiæ futiles commenticiæque : to form hypotheses, conjectare ; about anything, de re : to rest on a hypothesis, conjectura niti : resting on hypotheses, opinabilis : full of hypotheses, opiniosus.

HYPOTHETICAL, || Resting on a supposition, opinabilis : conjectura nitens. || Conditional, conditionalis (clogged with a condition : a judicial term, post-Augustan) : conjuncte elatus (opposed to simpliciter elatus, categorical) : Cf. , hypotheticus very late. Vid. CONDITIONAL.

HYPOTHETICALLY, conjuncte (conditionally; opposed to simpliciter, categorically ; e. g. , conjuncte aliquid efferre et adjungere alia) : cum adjunctione : cum exceptione (with a reserve ; a condition).

HYSSOP, hyssopum : * hyssopus officinalis (Linnæus).

HYSTERICAL, hystericus (Martisalis).

HYSTERICAL PASSION, suffocatio mulierum : strangulatio vulvæ : * malum hystericum.

IAMBIC, iambicus (e. g. , pes, versus, Dion. ) : iambeus (e. g. , trimetri, Horatius).  IAMBUS, iambus.

IBEX, ibex (Plinius) : * capra ibex (Linnæus).  IBIS, ibis (genitive, is or idis).  ICE, glacies. Thick ice, glacies durata et alte concreta : to turn to ice, conglaciare or conglaciari ; congelascere ; (frigoribus) durescere [vid. To FREEZE]. To break or cut through ice, dolabris glaciem perfringere : cold as ice, glacialis ; gelidus : to be cold as ice (figuratively, of persons), totum frigere (Terentius, Phorm. , 5, 9, 5) : to make anything as cold as ice, ad nivalem rigorem perducere (Macrobius, of water) : a field of ice, * planities glaciata. || Iced drink, potio nivata (Seneca) ; aqua nivata (iced water) : * sorbitio nivata (our ice). || Ice-house, vid.

ICEBERG, * glaciata aquæ moles.

ICE-HOUSE, * cella ad conservandas glaciei moles facta.

ICICLE, stiria : glacies pendens († Ovidius).  ICONOCLAST, qui simulacra evertit or concidit.

ICY, glaciatus : gelidus (icy-cold) : adopertus gelu (frosty ; of seasons, hiems, Ovidius).  IDEA, || Notion, intelligentia (the knowledge of anything) : notio (the notion one forms of anything) : opinio : suspicio (the opinion one holds or conjecture one forms about anything) : cogitatio (the thought) : sententia (the opinion one firmly holds and expresses when there is occasion). Sometimes quod fingimus : forma or species menti objecta (as conceived by the mind). The idea of the divinity or of God, Dei opinio, suspicio (vid. Cicero, N. D. , 1, 12, init. , and 23, init. ): also, informatio Dei (Cicero, N. D. , 1, 17, 45). An innate idea, notio in animis informata : notio animis impressa, etc. [Vid. “innate NOTION. “] The innate idea of a God, informatio Dei animo antecepta : a general idea, intelligentia or notio communis. To form an idea of anything, aliquid animo (or mente) formare or fingere ; aliquid animo effingere ; alicujus rei notionem mente fingere ; informare in animo alicujus rei notionem ; notionem alicujus rei animo concipere ; aliquid cogitatione or cogitatione et mente complecti : to form an obscure or faint idea of anything, intelligentias adumbratas concipere animo menteque : to have an idea of anything, habere cogitationem de re : to realize an idea in anything or anybody, effigiem expressam reddere in aliqua re or in aliquo : to exist in idea, fingi (Cicero) : to be different in idea, but identical in fact, cogitatione differre, re quidem copulata esse. || In philosophy, in the Platonic sense, idea (ἰδέα, in post-Augustan, prose) : species (hanc illi ἰδέαν appellabant – nos recte speciem possumus dicere, Cicero) : eorum, quæ natura fiunt, exemplar æternum : exemplar rerum (both Seneca). To consider things in their idea, a consuetudine oculorum aciem mentis abducere ; mentem ab oculis sevocare ; animum ad se ipsum advocare. || “Association of ideas: ” Hand thinks that * associatio idearum must be allowed as technical term. || Ideal perfection of anything. [Vid. IDEAL, substantive]To form to one’s self an idea of anything, singularem quandam summæ perfectionis imaginem animo et cogitatione concipere ; absolutionis imaginem sibi perficere ; singularem quandam summæ perfectionis speciem animo et mente informare : to have or conceive an idea of anything, comprehensam animo quandam formam habere ; of anything, alicujus in mente insidet species alicujus rei : to try to realize one’s idea, ad speciei similitudinem artem dirigere.

IDEAL, s. , effigies (e. g. , justi imperii, Cicero) : forma (e. g. , formam optimi exponere, Cicero) : species et forma (e. g. , excellentis eloquentiæ speciem et formam adumbrare, Cicero) : imago quædam concepta animo (e. g. , perfecti oratoris, ex nulla parte cessantis, Quintilianus) : specimen (Cicero, Tusc. , 1, 14, 32 ; 5, 19, 95) : undique expleta et perfecta alicujus rei forma ( vid. Cicero, De Fin. , 2, 15, extr. ; or 2, extr. ) : ea species, quæ semper est eadem (Seneca) : species, quam cernimus animo, re ipsa non videmus (Cicero) : species : forma et notio (e. g. , boni viri, Cicero) : exemplar : exemplar et forma : simulacrum : cogitata species : species eximia quædam : quod cogitatione tantum et mente complectimur : * singularis quædam summæ perfectionis species animo informata : * singularis quædam summæ perfectionis imago animo et cogitatione concepta. The “ideal” of anything may also often be expressed by the adjectives optimus, summus, perfectissimus, pulcherrimus : * perfectus et omnibus numeris absolutus : The ideal of a state, civitas optima or perfectissima, or * imago civitatis, quam cogitatione tantum et mente complecti, nullo autem modo in vitam hominum introducere possumus ; exemplar rei publicæ et forma : the ideal of eloquence, optima species et quasi figura dicendi (Cicero) ; eloquentiæ excellentis species et forma : my ideal of eloquence, ea, quam sentio, eloquentia (Cicero, Or. , 6, 23) : to strive after the ideal, * summam aliquam perfecti speciem sequi : to describe the ideal of a great orator, summum oratorem fingere : to describe in Cyrus the ideal of a good ruler, Cyrum ad effigiem justi imperii scribere : Demosthenes, the ideal of a great orator, Demosthenes ille, norma oratoris et regula.

IDEAL, adjective, animo comprehensus non sensibus (Cicero). Often by optimus, summus, perfectissimus : perfectus et omnibus numeris absolutus : pulcherrimus : quo nihil præstantius cogitari or fingi potest ( = as perfect as can be conceived), or by circumlocution with ad cogitationem tantummodo valere (Cicero) ; non sensu, sed mente cerni (Cicero) ; quod cernimus animo, re ipsa non videmus (after Cicero ; i. e. , too perfect to have been ever realized) :

Ideal beauty, pulchritudo, quæ est supra veram : decor,
qui est supra verum (as abstract notion). An ideal beauty, mulier, cujus formæ decor additus est supra verum (Quintilianus) : mulier omnibus simulacris emendatior.

Ideal wisdom, sapientia, quam adhuc mortalis nemo est consecutus. That ideal notion of anything, illa umbra, quod vocant aliquid (e. g. , quod vocant honestum non tam solido quam splendido nomine ; of an unreal notion) : the ideal perfection at which I aim, id quod volumus (Cicero, Or. , 6, 22).

IDEALISM, * idealismus, qui dicitur : * eorum philosophorum ratio, quibus placuit, in visis nihil extrinsecus menti objici, sed quæ objecta putantur visa, ea sola cogitatione contineri : * eorum philosophorum ratio, quibus placuit nihil esse in rebus verum, præter formas, quæ animo tenentur (Ilgen. ).  IDEALIST, * philosophus, qui statuit præter rerum notiones menti impressas nihil usquam esse ; or, * qui negat esse extra animum solidi quidquam, concreti, expressi, eminentis (Ilgen. ).  IDENTICAL, quod idem declarat, significat, or valet : quo idem intelligi potest (all rather = “synonymous, ” or “allied in meaning, ” than identical in meaning) : unus atque idem (one and the same) : idem (the same) : idem et par : by circumlocution with nihil omnino interesse (Cicero) : ipse (the thing itself) : idem declarans or significans (identical in meaning) : nihil aliud, nisi cui una est subjecta notio (identical in meaning) : identical with anything, idem atque illud : things that are absolutely identical, res non solum similes, sed ita absolute et perfecte pares, ut nihil intersit (Cicero).  IDENTIFICATION, by circumlocution.

IDENTIFY, || To ascertain or prove to be the same, ænoscere (to perceive an object to be the same as one we have been acquainted with before) : suum esse declarare, dicere, or confirmare (to say that it is one’s own properly ; as in ” to identify stolen goods”). || To make or consider the same, aliquid alicui rei in æquo ponere or par facere : exæquare (to equalize ; absolutely, or aliquid cum aliqua re) : discrimen tollere or removere (to remove all distinction, with genitive, rerum, etc. ) : negare quidquam interesse (aliquid ab aliqua re).  IDENTITY, * eadem vis or ratio : * nullum omnino discrimen. Personal identity, by circumlocution with idem sum, qui fui.

IDIOM, proprietas : idioma, -atis (grammatical technical term, Charis. ). The idioms of the Latin language, * quæ Latinæ linguæ propria sunt. Cf. , If IDIOM = language spoken anywhere (as in “the Bavarian idiom”), lingua or sermo must be used, or genus linguæ (Quintilianus), dialectus (Suetonius) : * quod alicujus linguæ proprium est.

In post-Augustan prose, idiotismus denoted the vulgar dialect with all its peculiarities, Seneca.  IDIOMATIC, * alicujus linguæ proprius : vernaculus or antiquus et vernaculus (what smacks of the true old national idiom, Cicero). An idiomatic raciness of style, nescio qui sapor vernaculus (Cicero) ; also by vere with adjective of country, as vere Atticus (Quintilianus), Latinus, Anglicanus.

IDIOMATICALLY, * propriis verbis. Often by the adverb denoting the language of the country ; e. g. , Latine loqui (in correct Latin, Cicero).  IDIOSYNCRASY, * propria alicujus hominis natura or indoles : * peculiaris quædam animi temperatio : * peculiaris quædam sentiendi judicandique ratio.

IDIOT, excors (of weak understanding, without the power of weighing or examining) : qui suæ mentis non est : mentis suæ non compos (not in possession of reason) : fatuus (idiotical ; stronger than stultus). Who is such an idiot as to be agitated by these things? quis tam est excors, quem ista moveant? Nobody but an absolute idiot is blind to barefaced flattery, aperte adulantem nemo non videt, nisi qui admodum est excors (Cicero) : unless they are absolute idiots, nisi plane sint fatui (Cicero).  IDIOTIC, fatuus : mente captus.

IDIOTISM, Vid. IDIOM.

IDLE, (1) Lazy, etc. ignavus : piger : socors : segnis : iners : deses. [SYN. under IDLENESS. ]

Idle in doing anything, piger ad aliquid faciendum : idle at anything, piger ad aliquid. (2) Unoccupied, otiosus : vacuus labore or negotiis : vacuus, deses. [SYN. in UNOCCUPIED. ]

Idle time, otium : tempus otii : tempus labore (poetically, laboris) or negotiis vacuum : tempus vacuum [vid. LEISURE]. To be idle, ignavum, etc. , esse ; laboris fugientem esse : otiosum esse : otium habere : otium est alicui (free from calls of business) : vacuum esse (negotiis) : vacare (to have nothing to do) : cessare : nihil agere (to be doing nothing) : feriari : ferias agere (to be taking a holiday) : to be too idle to do anything, pigrari aliquid facere (Cicero) : to be very idle, inertissimæ esse segnitiæ : to become idle, socordiæ se atque ignaviæ tradere : languori se desidiæque tradere : don’t be too idle to send me all the news, quidquid novi scribere ne pigrere (Cicero). Scipio used to say that he was never less idle than when he had nothing to do, Scipio dicere solitus est, se numquam minus otiosum esse, quam quum esset otiosus. Money that lies idle, pecunia otiosa : money lies idle, pecunia otiosa jacet : to let one’s money lie idle, pecuniam non occupare : to be an idle spectator of anything, se præbere otiosum spectatorem alicujus rei : to live an idle life, otiose vivere : vitam in otio degere (a life without occupation of business) : vitam desidem degere (a life of actual laziness) : to sit idle, compressis, ut aiunt, manibus sedere (Livius) : to sit at home idle, domi desidem sedere. || Vain, empty, cassus (e. g. , vota : formido) : vanus (e. g. , ictus, inceptum) : inanis (e. g. , verba : cogitatio : contentiones) : irritus (preces : labor, inceptum) [SYN. in USELESS] : supervacaneus (superfluous). To utter idle words, voces inanes fundere ; mittere irritas voces (i. e. , ineffectual).  IDLENESS, ignavia (denotes the love of idleness, in an ideal sense, inasmuch as the impulse to action distinguishes the more noble from the ordinary man, and gives him an absolute value ; opposed to industria) : inertia (denotes the love of idleness in a real tangible sense, inasmuch as activity makes a man a useful member of society, and gives him a relative value. Ignavia is inherent in the disposition ; a disinclination for action : inertia lies in the character and habits ; a disinclination to work. A lazy slave is called iners ; a person of rank, that passes his time in doing nothing, is ignavus) : segnitia (less commonly segnities) : desidia : socordia : pigritia (are the faults of a too easy or indolent temperament. Segnitia wants rousing, or compulsion, and must be conquered before it resigns its ease; opposed to promptus ; cf. Tacitus, Agr. , 21. Desidia, from sedere, sits down with folded hands, and expects that things will happen of themselves ; socordia is susceptible of no lively interest, and neglects its duties from thoughtless indifference ; pigritia has an antipathy to all motion, and always likes best to be in a state of absolute bodily rest, like laziness, slothfulness, Döderlein) : fuga laboris (dislike of trouble, etc. ). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) tarditas et ignavia : socordia atque ignavia : languor et desidia : Excessive idleness, inertissima segnitia : his is always a busy idleness, multa agendo nihil agit (aft Phædrus).

Idleness is the mother of all vices, nihil agendo male agere homines discunt (Columella).  IDLER, homo deses : homo desidiosus or iners et desidiosus (a person who, instead of acting, remains inactive, sits idle) : cessator (one who leaves off his work) : a busy idler, ardelio (Phædrus, 2, 5, 1 ; Martisalis, 2, 7) : to be an idler, nihil agere ; propter desidiam in otio vivere.

IDLY, ignave : pigre : segniter : socorditer (Livius). || Without occupation of business, otiose : to sit idly at home, domi desidem sedere : to live idly, otiose vivere : vitam in otio degere (without necessary occupations) : vitam desidem degere (to lead a lazy life). || To no purpose, inutiliter : frustra : nequidquam : incassum.

IDOL, || PROPR. , idolum (ecclesiastical) : signum or simulacrum dei : deus fictus or commenticius, or fictus et commenticius. To worship idols, * deos fictos et commenticios venerari, colere ; * simulacra divino cultu colere. || FIG. , Demetrius is their idol, Demetrius iis unus omnia est (Livius) : the son is the mother’s idol, mater filium in oculis gestat : to make a person or thing one’s idol, aliquem , aliquid pro deo venerari ; insanire amore alicujus rei : to make anybody the idol of anybody, facere aliquem apud aliquem deum (Terentianus). Sometimes heros (of a political idol ; the great man of a party ; e. g. , heros ille noster Cato).  IDOLATOR, idololatra (ecclesiastical) : idololatriæ affinis (ecclesiastical) : * deorum fictorum or simulacrorum cultor.

IDOLATROUS, * cultui deorum fictorum deditus or addictus. Sometimes superstitiosus may do.

Idolatrous worship ; vid. IDOLATRY. κυρικιμασαηικο  IDOLATRY, idololatria (ecclesiastical) : * deorum fictorum, or simulacrorum, cultus : * cultus pæne divinus (improperly). To practise idolatry, deos fictos et commenticios venerari, colere ; simulacra divino cultu colere : to practise idolatry toward anything, aliquid pro deo venerari : one who practises idolatry, deorum fictorum, simulacrorum cultor.

IDOLIZE, aliquis alicui unus omnia est (is everything to anybody, Livius, 40, 11) : aliquem or aliquid pro deo venerari : insanire amore alicujus rei : facio aliquem apud me deum (after Terentius, Ad. 4, 1, 19, facio
te apud illum deum, i. e. , represent you as a god to him) : aliquis aliquem in oculis gestat (e. g. , mater filium) : aliquem ita intueri, ut divinum hominem esse putes ; or * cultu pæne divino aliquem prosequi. To idolize a worthless object, arcem facere ex cloaca lapidemque e sepulcro venerari pro deo :

I admire, nay, idolize your skill in that, in ea re tu mihi deus videri soles (Cicero, De Or. 2, 40).

IDOLIZER, by circumlocution, qui pro deo veneratur aliquem ; qui insanit amore alicujus rei, etc. Vid. IDOLIZE.

IDYL, idyllium (title of a collection of little poems by Ausonius).  IF, si, here (1) the indicative of all tenses is used when the condition is “simply assumed: ” si dicit, dicebat, dixit, dixerat, dicet, dixerit [simple supposition]. (2) The subjunctive present, if it be a supposition that is assumed as one that is uncertain, indeed, now, but which will be determined by the event to be or not be. Here “if it is” = “if it should be found to be: ” “should prove to be: ” si quid habeat, dabit, I don’t know whether he has anything or not : if it should prove that he has, I assert confidently that he will give it. Here the consequence is usually in the future indicative. The English indicative must not mislead us. [Uncertainty with the prospect of decision. ] (3) If a case, whether possible or impossible, is simply conceived by the mind, the present subjunctive is used : si exsistat ab inferis Lycurgus, etc. The present subjunctive is also used in the consequence : dies deficiat, si enumerare velim, etc. [Uncertainty without any accessory notion. ] Here the imperfect subjunctive is also used in both clauses : seldom, however, in comparison of the present ; those tenses having also the office of denoting what would take place, if a certain condition were realized which has not been realized. (4) The condition may be one which is not or has not been realized. [Impossibility or belief the thing is not so. ] Here the imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive is used in both clauses, the imperfect subjunctive being often used in one or both clauses where we should in English use the pluperfect, (Vid. Zumpt, § 525. ) Cf. , Si with imperfect subjunctive sometimes denotes a repeated action, the verb of the principal clause is then in imperfect, si quis prehenderetur. . . eripiebatur : sometimes (which holds of all the other tenses) it is an accessory clause of a sentence that is itself expressed in the subjunctive : veritus ne (si semper atomus gravitate ferretur naturali) nihil nobis liberum esset. In Latin the conditional relation is often expressed by a participial construction ; e. g. , non mihi, nisi admonito, in mentem venisset, if I had not been told ; maximas virtutes jacere necesse est, voluptate dominante, if pleasure be our mistress. But if, sin ; sin autem ; si vero (Cf. , very rarely si autem) : but if not, si non ; si minus ; si aliter (Zumpt, 343) : if not, nisi, ni (when whole clauses are opposed) ; si non (merely introduces a negative supposition, the non belonging to the verb, Zumpt, 342) : if indeed, si quidem ; si modo (if only) : if by any chance, si forte (Cf. , not si fortasse) : if ever, si quando, si aliquando : si unquam (after negative clauses, etc. = “if ever once”) : if anybody, si quis (unemphatic) : si aliquis or quispiam (if any, be it who or what it may) : si quisquam or ullus (if there be any, which is very improbable : also when the meaning is that the statement is true, if there be but any of the thing in question, whereas there is much or are many, etc. , Pr. Intr. , App. , p. 193). As if, as though, quasi ; tanquam si ; ac si : velut si (with the subjunctive ; and Cf. , that the English must not mislead us : pugnat quasi contendat, he fights as if he contended, or were contending, pugnavit, quasi contenderet, etc. : Cf. , not in classical writers) : as carefully, as if, sic, quasi (Cicero, Verr. , 4, 54). After many words, especially those denoting “appearance, pretence, suspicion, ” or the like, “as if” is represented in Latin by accusative and infinitive ; e. g. , moveo nonnullis suspicionem velle me navigare ; simulat se ægrotare ; also, videtur scire. If only [vid. PROVIDED THAT]. || In comparison, si ; e. g. , si quid generis istiusmodi me delectat, pictura delectat, if anything, it is painting, i. e. , painting pleases me as much as anything. || In asseverations or entreaties, si ; e. g. , moriar, si quidquam fieri potest elegantius.   IGNEOUS, Vid. FIERY, FIRE.

IGNIS FATUUS, * ignis fatuus.

IGNITE, || TRANS. , [Vid. “to set FIRE to. “] || INTRANS. , vid. “to take FIRE. ”  IGNITIBLE, concipiendo igni aptus : concipiendis ignibus idoneus. Very ignitible, ignis capacissimus.

IGNIVOMOUS, ignivomus (late, Lactantius).  IGNOBLE, ignobilis (in all the meanings of the English word : homo, magister, familia, etc. ) : inglorius (without glory). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) inglorius atque ignobilis (of a man, Cicero) : inhonoratus atque inglorius (e. g. , vita, Cicero) : inhonestus (e. g. , homo, Horatius ; cupiditas, Cicero ; mors, Propertius) : turpis (base) ; vid. BASE.

IGNOBLY, sine laude : turpiter.

Ignobly born, ex (aliqua) ignobili familia (Cicero).  IGNOMINIOUS, ignominiosus (seldom of persons marked with disgrace, Quintilianus : dominatio, C ; fuga, Livius). An injury that is not ignominious, injuria sine ignominia. [Vid. INFAMOUS, DISGRACEFUL. ] To be transferred to the city tribes is ignominious, in urbanas tribus transferri ignominiæ est (Plinius) : condemnation by the censor is only ignominious, censoris judicium nihil fere damnato nisi ruborem affert (Cicero).  IGNOMINIOUSLY, per ignominiam : cum ignominia.

His soldiers were discharged, and that almost ignominiously, milites. . . prope cum ignominia dimissi (Livius). To treat ignominiously, ignominia afficere.

IGNOMINY, ignominia. Vid. DISGRACE.

IGNORAMUS, omnium rerum inscius et rudis.

IGNORANCE, ignorantia : ignoratio (Cicero uses ignorantia once absolutely with temeritas, opinatio, etc. , Acad. , 1, 11 ; and as a blameable ignorance, Cicero, Flacc. , 20, 46, ignorantia literarum [stronger than ignoratio, Reisig] is considered by Klotz an interpolation : Cæsar has ignorantia loci [for which Cicero ignoratio locorum, and Cæsar, in another place, inscientia locorum] : ignoratio is very common in Cicero, but only with genitive of the object) : inscitia : inscientia (inscitia, from inscitus, is rather the want of skill, dexterity, etc. , arisirig from want of practical knowledge : Reisig held that it could not be followed by the objective genitive of a substantive, but naturally might with genitive of gerund. He excepts Horace, who could not get inscientia into his verse : he is also forced to alter inscitia rerum, De Orat. , 1, 22, 99 ; and inscitia temporis, De Off. , 1, 40, 144. Livy has both temeritas atque inscientia ducum and temeritas atque inscitia : Velleius Paterculus, inscitia nostrorum ducum. Against Reisig is inscitia belli, though this may = belli gerendi, and inscitia temporis, which cannot well be explained temporis legendi or observandi. Tacitus has inscitia legionum, reipublicæ, etc. : Suetonius, inscitia artis, where, however, it may denote want of skill ; Pliny, temporum ; Quintilian, rerum verboramque ; vid. Hase ad Reisig, p. 118).

Ignorance of the truth, ignoratio veritatis (Cicero). To confess one’s ignorance, fateri nescire, quod nescias : to confess one’s ignorance on many subjects, confiteri multa se ignorare : through ignorance, ignoratione (but only with genitive of the thing) [Vid. IGNORANTLY]. Anybody has not even the excuse of ignorance, alicui ne excusatio quidem est ignorantiæ.  IGNORANT, inscius (who is not acquainted, either by instruction or experience with the principles and practice of an art ; alicujus rei) : ignarus (without any knowledge how a thing is to be carried on ; alicujus rei) : imperitus (wholly without experience in anything ; alicujus rei) : rudis (raw ; without instruction ; alicujus rei or in aliqua re). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) alicujus rei inscius et rudis : indoctus (general term, without any learned or scientific knowledge) : illiteratus (illiterate) : nescius (having accidentally not heard of or experienced something ; inscius implies blame, nesciusis indifferent, Döderlein ; alicujus rei ; e. g. , impendentis mali, Plinius.

It may be followed by accusative with infinitive, non sum nescius. . . ista dici, Cicero ; but nescius with infinitive only, as nescius fallere, is poetical) : integer (on whose mind no impression has been made by previous instruction ; with reference to a particular subject, and to a teacher who may therefore mould such a pupil as he pleases). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) rudis et integer (Cicero).

I am not ignorant that, etc. , non sum nescius (with accusative and infinitive). To be ignorant of anything, aliquid nescire (with reference to the understanding, thought, etc. ) ; aliquid ignorare (with reference to circumstances of external perception, experience, etc. ) ; aliquid non callere (not to have acquired a practical knowledge by industrious study and experience). To be shamefully ignorant of anything, aliquid turpiter ignorare : to be utterly ignorant on all subjects, omnium rerum inscium et rudem esse. Take me for your pupil, and give me the instruction I require, for I am at present quite
ignorant of the subject, rudem me et integrum discipulum accipe, et ea, quæ requiro, doce (Cicero, N. D. , 3, 3, 7) .  IGNORANTLY, per imprudentiam : imprudentia : imprudenter (inadvertently ; through a mistake) : inscienter (without knowledge ; also, unskilfully) : inscite (in an unskilful manner) : indocte (so as to betray want of learning) : imperite (unskilfully) : Sometimes by insciens : imprudens.

I did it ignorantly, insciens feci (Terentianus) [Cf. , not ignoranter, which is late].

ILEUS ( = “the twisting of the guts”), ileum (technical term, εἰλεός), or * ileus volvulus.

ILEX, ilex (Plinius).  ILIAC PASSION, * Iliaca passio (technical term).  ILIAD,

Ilias (Ovidius).  ILL, adjective || Evil ; [vid. BAD]. || Having ill health, æger : ægrotus : morbidus (æger, general term for every sort of illness and uneasiness, whether mental or physical ; ægrotus and morbidus indicate bodily illness ; ægrotus is applied particularly to men ; morbidus, to brutes : the æger feels himself ill ; the ægrotus and morbidus actually are so, Döderlein). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) æger atque invalidus : very ill, gravi et periculoso morbo æger : to be ill, ægrotare (opposed to valere) ; ægrotum esse ; in morbo esse ; morbo laborare or affectum esse ; valetudine affectum esse ; morbo vexari or conflictari ; in iqua valetudine conflictari : to be very ill, graviter or gravi morbo ægrum esse. [Vid. DISEASED, SICK. ] || Ill-will, vid.

ILL, s. , Vid. EVIL, s.

ILL, adverb, male : prave : nequiter (wickedly) : tenuiter (but poorly ; as to a man’s circumstances ; Terentianus, Phorm. , 1, 2, 29) : misere (wretchedly) : secus (otherwise ; i. e. , than as one could wish). To think ill of male cogitare de aliquo : male opinari de aliquo (cf. Bremi, Suetonius, Oct. 51) ; malam opinionem de aliquo habere : not to think ill of anybody in any respect, nihil de aliquo secus existimare (Cicero) : not to speak ill of anybody in any respect, nihil secus dicere de aliquo (e. g. , Quintus. . . affirmat nihil a se cuiquam secus esse dictum, Cicero) : to speak ill of anybody, male loqui alicui : male dicere alicui (the latter = to abuse him, rail at him).

I am getting on ill, male me habeo (general term, I am in no pleasant condition) : anything is going on ill, aliquid male, or secus cedit, or procedit (Sallustius), cadit (Tacitus) : if it should end ill, si secus accident : to treat anybody ill, male aliquem habere (general term) : to wish ill to anybody, alicui male velle : alicui nolle (opposed to alicui cupere or amicum esse, Cicero, ad Div. , 1, 1, 8) : to take anything ill, ægre or moleste ferre (general term, to be displeased or vexed at it) ; in malam partem accipere ; in aliam partem accipere ac dictum est (put a bad construction on it). Pray don’t take it ill, des veniam, oro! To be getting on ill in anything, male proficere in re : to manage one’s affairs ill, male rem gerere : to fear he shall come off ill, metuit, ne malum habeat : you would not have come off ill, discessisses non male (Plautus).

Ill-gotten wealth, male parta (e. g. , male parta male dilabuntur, Cicero ; cf. male partum male disperit, Plautus) : to disgorge his ill-gotten wealth, pecuniam devoratam evomere (Cicero, Pis. , 37) : to be ill-provided with anything, aliqua re anguste uti (e. g. , frumento).  ILL-CONDITIONED, male moratus (rude ; of persons ; figuratively and playfully, of things) : inurbanus (unmannerly, of persons and things) : rusticus : inhumanus (of manners and conduct).  ILL-DISPOSED, Vid. EVIL-DISPOSED.

ILL-FATED, * fato nescio quo misero funestoque compulsus (after Cicero, pro Marc. , 13). Vid. ILL-STARRED.  ILL-FAVORED, horridus aspectu (Plinius) : horrendus aspectu (Horatius) : teter or horridus ac teter (e. g. , vultus natura horridus ac teter, Suetonius) : teter (-rimus, Juvenalis) vultu. Vid. UGLY.

ILL-NATURE, malevolentia (ill-will against another) : malignitas (selfish feeling that grudges anything good to any but one’s self) : malitia (= “versuta et fallax nocendi ratio, ” Cicero, κακία) : malevolens ingenium (Plautus) : malefici mores (Id. ) : acerbitas morum (with immanitas naturæ, Cicero) : acerbitas naturæ (Cicero ; sourness, etc. , of temper).  ILL-NATURED, malevolus : malevolens (SYN. in ILL-NATURE ; also of things, malevolentissimæ obtrectationes, Cicero) : difficilis : difficili natura (hard to please, cross-grained, etc) : jurgiosus (quarrelsome ; Gellius) : natura improbus (of a naturally wicked disposition).  ILL-NATUREDLY, malitiose (e. g. , agere aliquid, Cicero) : maligne (e. g. , loqui, Livius) : acerbe (sourly).  ILL-SHAPED, Vid. MISSHAPEN.

ILL-STARRED, * infausto sidere editus (after dextro sidere editus, Statius) : grave sidus habens (Ovidius) ; or by the general terms for UNLUCKY, vid.

ILL-TEMPERED, difficilis : difficili natura (of a temper difficult to deal with) : morosus (intolerant of anything that does not agree with his own notions of right and wrong). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) difficilis et morosus (for which Gellius has natura intractabilior et morosior) : iracundus : stomachosus (passionate) : A very ill-tempered person, difficillima natura.

ILL-WILL, malignitas (the ill-will which grudges good to another, and wishes it only to itself, from pure selfishness) : malevolentia (the ill-will which wishes evil to another rather than good, from personal aversion. malignitas is a despicable disposition, which implies the want of philanthropy ; malevolentia, a hateful quality, as connected with deriving pleasure from the misfortunes of others ; Döderlein) : odium occultum or inclusum (secret hatred or grudge) : simultas obscura (secret dislike, bringing persons into collision, etc. , especially caused by political rivalry) : animus alienus or aversus (antipathy to, dislike of).

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To bear ill-will against anybody, alicui or in aliquem malevolum esse (Cicero) ; odium occultum gerere adversus aliquem (after Plinius, 8, 18, 26) ; ab aliquo animo esse averso or alieno : they bear each other ill-will, simultas obscura inter eos intercedit (after Cæsar, B. C. , 2, 25). Vid. HATRED.