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HAPPILY, [Vid. FORTUNATELY. ]To live happily, feliciter or beate vivere : virtuously and happily, bene beateque vivere.

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HAPPINESS, felicitas (success in one’s undertakings, etc) : as an abstract . term, always rendered in Cicero, by “vita beata, ” or by circumlocution, “beate vivere ;” e. g. , the happiness of life consists in virtue only, beate vivere est una positum in virtute, or omnia, quæ ad beatam pertinent, in una virtute sunt posita ; compare Cicero, De Fin. 2, 27, where we find several similar periphrases. The words ” beatitas” and “beatitudo, ” although formed by Cicero himself, N. D. , 1, 34, 95, are pronounced by him to be rather harsh, and have not been used by him elsewhere, or by any other writer, and are admissible only in the absence of a more appropriate word, or in a strictly philosophical style. To enjoy everlasting happiness, beatum sempiterno ævo frui (Cicero, Somn. Scip. , 3, in. ). I had the happiness to, etc. , contigit mihi ut, etc.

HAPPY, beatus (possessing felt happiness, the highest term with reference to the mind ; also of the happy state of anybody ; e. g. , vita beata) : felix (with reference to success, prosperity, etc. , of persons or the things themselves) : fortunatus (of persons only who seem the favorites of fortune) : prosper (fulfilling a man’s hopes and wishes) : faustus (implying Divine favor, etc ; of things felt as a blessing : these two only in a transitive sense of what makes happy). Cf. , synonyms and explanations in FORTUNATE. To be happy, beatum, felicem, fortunatum esse : to be or feel happy ( = rejoice), gaudere : lætari ; in anything (i. e. , to be glad), gaudere, lætari aliqua re, de aliqua re, in aliqua re : very happy, gaudere vehementerque lætari [vid. GLAD]. I am happy to see you, gratus acceptusque mihi venis ; opportune venis (you come in right time) : I am happy to hear it, hoc lubenter audio.

HARANGUE, s. , concio (in an assembly) : alloquium (the words themselves in which one addresses anybody).

He who makes an harangue, concionans or concionabundus.  HARANGUE, v. , concionari (e. g. , apud milites, ad populum, adversus aliquem, and absolutely).

HARANGUER, concionans or concionabundus.  HARASS, fatigare : defatigare (to weary) : vexare (to tease) : lacessere (to provoke by attacks ; often as military term, hostes, etc. ). To harass anybody by importunity, aliquem rogitando obtundere or enecare ; aliquem precibus fatigare ; by one’s complaints, aliquem querelis angere : to harass one’s self by anything, se frangere aliqua re (e. g. , laboribus).

HARASSER, vexator : lacessitor (very late, Isid. Origg. ).

HARBINGER, Vid. FORERUNNER.  HARBOR, s. , portus (properly and figuratively) : refugium : perfugium (figuratively, asylum). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) portus et refugium ; portus et perfugium. To be in harbor, in portu esse or navigare (also, figuratively, for “to be in safety”) : to reach a harbor, in portum venire, or pervenire, or pervehi ; portum capere (of ships and navigators ; the latter, if with trouble ; also, figuratively, for “port of rest, ” capere portum otii) ; in portum invehi : portum or in portum intrare (of navigators : the latter also with hostile intent) ; in portum et perfugium pervehi (figuratively) : to drive a vessel into harbor, navem in portum conjicere or compellere : to enter the harbor from the open sea, ex alto in portum invehi : to steer toward the harbor, portum petere ; ex alto portum tenere : to be driven to some harbor, in portum deferri (of vessels and sailors) : to take refuge in some harbor, confugere in portum (also figuratively ; e. g. , in portum otii) : to sail out of a harbor, e portu solvere or proficisci or exire : to make a harbor, portum facere or constituere : an island that has two harbors, cincta duobus portubus insula : a place where many harbors are met with, portuosus (general term) ; portubus distinctus (well furnished with ports ; e. g. , a country, regio) : without harbors, importuosus : the mouth of a harbor, portus ostium ; portus ostium et aditus ; portus aditus atque os ; fauces portus.  HARBOR, v. , hospitio accipere or excipere aliquem : hospitio domum ad se recipere aliquem : hospitium alicui præbere (to receive into one’s house) : in domum suam recipere aliquem : tecto accipere or recipere aliquem : tectum præbere alicui (to receive under one’s roof ; accipere, as a friend ; excipere and recipere, as protector, etc. ). To be harbored by anybody, esse in hospitio apud aliquem ; hospitio alicujus uti. || To sojourn ; vid. To DWELL, To SOJOURN.  HARBORAGE, Vid. HARBOR.  HARBORLESS, importuosus.  HARBOR- MASTER, limenarches (λιμενάρχης, Paullus. Dig. , 11, 4, 4 ; Arcad. , Charis. , Dig. , 50, 4, 18, § 10) : Cf. , magister portus = receiver of the harbor duties or fees (vid. Cicero, ad. Att. , 5, 15, extr. ).

HARD, || PROPR. , not soft, durus (general term ; e. g. , stone, skin, water) : solidus (firm, solid ; e. g. , wood, iron) : rigidus (that does not bend, brittle) : crudus (still unripe, of fruit, ὠμός) : callosus (as skin, hand, etc. ) : asper (rough to the taste and touch) : acerbus (rough to the taste) : rather hard, duriusculus : very hard, perdurus : hard wood, also robur (properly, wood of the ever-green oak) : a hard cushion, culcita, quæ corpori resistit : hard-boiled eggs, ova dura (‘opposed to mollia) : to make anything hard, durare ; indurare. || IMPROPR. , unpleasant, against good taste, durus : asper : ferreus : horridus [vid. HARSH] : rather hard, duriusculus (e. g. , verse). || Yielding with difficulty ; hence oppressive, durus : molestus (troublesome) : gravis (pressing, heavy) : acer (violent, etc. ) : acerbus (harsh) : iniquus (not according to the laws of equity ; hence oppressive, hard). Very hard, atrox (fearful) : sævus (furious) : a hard-fought buttle [vid. HARD-FOUGHT] : hard work, labor gravis or molestus : a hard winter, hiems gravis or acris : very hard, hiems atrox or sæva : hard times, tempora dura, gravia, acerba, iniqua, aspera, luctuosa : temporum acerbitas, or iniquitas, or atrocitas : temporum calamitates : a hard rule, imperium grave, or iniquum, or acerbum ; imperii acerbitas. || Severe, unmerciful, durus : asper : asperi animi (rough) : immitis (not mild) : severus (severe) : acerbus (without indulgence) : atrox ( fearful, very hard, inhuman ; rather poetical) : a hard man, homo durus : vir severitatis duræ (inexorable) : homo asper (rough toward those about him). || Difficult, vid. Hard to please, difficilis : hard of hearing, surdaster (Cicero, Tusc. , 5, 40, 116) ; to be, etc. , graviter audire or gravitate auditus laborare ; aures hebetiores habere.  HARD, adverb, dure : duriter : aspere : acerbe [SYN. in HARD, adjective] : to work hard at anything, multo sudore et labore facere aliquid ; desudare et laborare in re ; animo toto et studio omni in aliquid ineumbere : too hard, laboribus se frangere ; laboribus confici : it rains hard [vid. To RAIN] : to drink hard, potare : vino deditum esse.  HARD BY, adjective,

HARD BY, prep. Vid. CLOSE.

HARD-BOUND, Vid. CONSTIVE.  HARDEN, durare or indurare aliquid (e. g. , ferrum) : durescere : indurescere : obdurescere (to become or to get hard). To harden the body by work, corpus labore durare : my mind is hardened against pain, obduruit animus ad dolorem novum ; by anything, aliqua re (Cicero, ad Div. , 2, 16, 1) : to harden one’s self by work, exercise, se laboribus durare : to have hardened one’s selffrom one’s youth, a parvulo (of several, parvulis) labori et duritiæ studere : hardened, duratus ; patiens laboris : hardened by work in the fields, rusticis laboribus duratus : harden by military exercises, ab usu armorum duratus.  HARD-FAVORED, * crassiore ductu oris : or * cui crassiora sunt oris lineamenta.  HARD-FISTED, Vid. AVARICIOUS.  HARD-FOUGHT, prœlium durum (Livius, 40, 16) ; certamen acre ; pugna or prœlium atrox (a very hard-fought struggle) : it was a hard contest, acriter or acerrimo concursu pugnabatur.  HARD-HEARTED, durus : animi duri : ferreus (that has a heart like steel or flint) : immitis (unmerciful) : inhumanus (without feeling, inhuman) : asper : asperi animi (rough in behavior, without indulgence) : inexorabilis : durus atque inexorabilis (inexorable, hard) : immanis : immani acerbaque natura (cruel, of cruel character) : Cf. , dirus, in this sense, is poetical only. To be hard-hearted, duro esse animo or ingenio.  HARD-HEARTEDNESS, animus durus : animi duritas : ingenium durum : animi rigor (relentlessness) : animi atrocitas (opposed to humanitas et misericordia).

HARDIHOOD, Vid. COURAGE.  HARDILY, To bring anybody up hardily, in labore patientiaque corporis exercere aliquem.

HARDINESS, || Hardihood, vid. || Effrontery, vid. || Firmness of body, etc. , robur : corpus laboribus duratum.  HARDISH, Vid. “rather HARD. ”  HARDLY, || With difficulty, ægre (opposed to secure and facile) : vix (scarcely ; Cf. , vix refers to the action that was hardly accomplished ; ægre to the person who, with weariness and misgivings, was, after all, near being unsuccessful) ; (The words are found in this connection and order. ) vix ægreque : non facile (not easily)
: male (of what is but imperfectly done, if at all ; e. g. , male cohærere ; male se continere ; male sustinere arma, etc. ; according to Ruhnken, ad Vell. , 2, 47, 2, stronger than ægre and non facile).

Hardly, if at all, vix vixque ; vix aut ne vix quidem ; vix aut omnino non : to be hardly able to restrain one’s self, vix se continere posse ; ægre se tenere. || Scarcely, vix : fere (after negatives).

Hardly anybody, vix quisquam ; nemo fere : hardly anything, nihil fere ; vix quidquam.

Hardly ever, numquam fere. Cf. , there is an infinitive and a finite verb, the vix should precede the finite verb ; thus, dici vix potest, or vix potest dici (not vix dici potest). (α) Hardly = only just now, vixdum : vix tandem (Cf. , not vix alone) : tantum quod (not tantum alone) : modo : (β) Hardly. . . when, vix or vixdum. . . quum : commodum or commode. . . quum : tantum quod. . . quum. I had hardly read your letter when Curtius came to me, vixdum epistolam tuam legeram, quum ad me Curtius venit.

Hirtius was hardly gone when the courier arrived, commodum discesserat Hirtius, quum tabellarius venit. (γ) Not only not. . . but hardly, non solum or modo (for non solum or modo non). . . sed vix (e. g. , hæc. . . non solum in moribus nostris, sed vix jam in libris reperiuntur). (δ) Hardly. . . not to say, vix. . . nedum ; vixdum. . . nedum. (ε) Hardly, with numerals ; vix (e. g. , vix ad quingentos). Cf. , In such a sentence as, “I hardly restrained myself, but I did restrain myself, ” vix is followed by sed tamen ; vix me tenui, sed tenui tamen. || Harshly, dure : durius : duriter : aspere : acerbe. To treat anybody hardly, aspere aliquem tractare or habere ; severius adhibere aliquem : to bring anybody up hardly, dure atque aspere educare aliquem.

HARD-MOUTHED, duri oris (instead of which, in Ovidius, Am. , 2, 9, 30, poet. , durior oris equus) : tenax contra vincula (†), mostly tenax only (not obeying the bridle).

HARDNESS, duritia : durities (properly and improperly, in all relations of the adjective durus ; compare with HARD) : rigor : rigiditas (want or absence of pliability, brittleness ; e. g. , of iron, wood, etc ; rigor, also, improperly of the stiffness of statues, pictures) : asperitas (asperity, roughness, in all the relations of asper ; vid. HARD) : acerbitas (bitterness ; harsh, oppressive quality, in all the relations of acerbus ; vid. HARD) : iniquitas (oppressiveness, trouble ; e. g. , of the times ; then unreasonable severity of persons) : animus durus : animi duritas : ingenium durum (hard-heartedness) : severitas dura (inexorable severity) : animi atrocitas (inhumanity, with reference to the mind; opposed to humanitas et misericordia).

HARDS, stupa.  HARDSHIP, labor (great exertion) : gravis molestia (great trouble) : ærumna (tribulation) : miseria (need and misery). To endure all the hardships of life, labores exanclare. Vid. TROUBLE.  HARDWARE, ferramenta, orum.  HARDWAREMAN, negotiator ferrarius (Inscr. ) : ferramentarius (later only).

HARDY, || Inured to fatigue, durus : laboribus duratus : laborum patiens. || Brave, vid.  HARE, lepus (also as constellation, * lepus timidus, Linnæus). A young hare, lepusculus : belonging to a hare, leporinus : a place where hares are kept, leporarium. Feminine lepus femina ; or lepus only, if the gender is denoted by another word ; e. g. , lepus prægnans (poetical, lepus gravida). To hunt hares, canibus lepores venari.  HAREBELL, * scilla nutans (Linnæus).

HARE-BRAINED, Vid. INCONSIDERATE, RASH.  HAREM, gynæconitis : gynæceum (γυναικωνῖτις, γυναικεῖον, as the women’s apartments) : pellices regiæ (the royal concubines).

HARE-SKIN, pellis leporina.  HARK! audi! (hear!) – tace modo! (do hold your tongue !) : silete et tacete (addressed to more than one) : cum silentio animadvertite (listen without speaking).

HARLEQUIN, maccus (in the Atellanic games or farces of the Romans ; after Diom. , 488, P. ) : sannio (any clown or jester).

HARLOT, meretrix : scortum : meritorium scortum (the meretrices and scorta belong to a sort of trade, and live by their earnings, from which meretrices derive their name [from mereri] ; the scorta are a lower sort of meretrices, like ἑταῖραι, filles de joie. The meretrices are common ; the scorta, lascivious and dissolute, Döderlein). A common harlot, prostibulum : mulier omnibus proposita : scortum vulgare : meretrix vulgatissima : to be a harlot, vita institutoque esse meretricio. Vid. PROSTITUTE.  HARM, s. , [Vid. DAMAGE.

HURT. ]There will be no harm in doing anything, (de aliqua re) nihil nocuerit, si, etc. (e. g. , si aliquid cum Balbo eris locutus, Cicero = it will be well to do so) : non inutile erit aliquid facere. To have done more harm than good, plura detrimenta alicui rei quam adjumenta per aliquem sunt importata (Cicero, De Or. , 1, 9, 38).

HARM, v. , Vid. To HURT.  HARMFUL, mœroris plenus (of a thing ; after Cicero, Mur. , 9, in. ). Vid. HURTFUL.  HARMLESS, || Inflicting no harm, innocuus (incapable of hurting ; anybody, alicui) : innoxius (not doing harm to or hurting anybody) : innocens (not injuring or hurting, not guilty ; all three of persons or things). To be harmless, non or nihil nocere : who does not know that it is not harmless ? quis non intelligit rem nocere or noxiam esse ? || Unharmed, illæsus (post-Augustan) : inviolatus (not harmed by violence or wrong) : integer (without hurt or prejudice to his former state) : salvus : incolumis (safe) : sine damno (without loss). || With reference to character, simplex : candidus : simulationum nescius.  HARMLESSLY, innocue (innocently ; e. g. , vivere, Ovidius) : innocuo (without doing harm ; of a thing ; post-Augustzn Suet. , Dom. , 19) : innocenter (innocently ; without guilt).

HARMLESSNESS, innocentia (post-Augustan, etc. ; e. g. ferorum animalium, Plinius, 37, 13, extr. ) ; or by circumlocution with adjectives under HARMLESS. || With reference to character, simplicitas, etc. κυρικιμασαηικο  HARMONIC,

HARMONICAL, Vid. HARMONIOUS.  HARMONIOUS, concinens : concors : congruens. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) concors et congruens : consonus (harmonizing, being in harmony ; opposed to absonus, absurdus) : modulatus (scientifically divided, modulated ; e. g. , tone, song, a speech, etc. ). || Symmetrical, vid.  HARMONIOUSLY, concorditer : congruenter : modulate.  HARMONIZE, concinere : concentum servare : consentire (properly) : concinere or consentire inter se (figuratively, of persons).

HARMONY, || PROPR. , harmonia (ἁρμονία), or, pure Latin, concentus, consensus ; sonorum concentus, or concentus concors et congruens ; vocum concordia (in singing). || IMPROPR. , concordia : consensus : conspiratio et consensus (agreement in manner of thinking, etc. ) : unanimitas (e. g. , unanimitas fraterna, Livius; opposed to discordia fraterna). To be in harmony, concinere ; concordare ; consentire (inter se) ; consentire atque concinere ; conspirare ; with anything, convenire alicui rei (e. g. , sententiæ) : to restore the harmony that had been interrupted, aliquos rursus in pristinam concordiam reducere. For other phrases, vid. CONCORD.  HARNESS, || Armor, vid. || Of a horse, helcium (ἕλκιον, probably “collar, ” Appuleius, Met. , 9, p. 222, 30, and p. 227, 23) : habenæ (reins).

HARNESS, v. , || Arm, vid. || To put on harness. To harness a horse, perhaps * equum instruere ; if for draught, jumentis jugum imponere.  HARP, psalterium (ψαλτήριον, an ancient instrument resembling a harp, and adopted by the Christian writers to express that instrument). To accompany one’s self on the harp, cantare et psallere ; canere voce et psallere. Vid. LYRE.  HARP, v. , * psalterio canere ; or the general term psallere ; or fidibus canere (on any stringed instrument). || To dwell long and often on a subject, cantilenam eandem canere (Terentianus). You are always harping on the same string, cantilenam eandem canis (Terentius, Phorm. , 3, 2, 10) ; nihil nisi idem, quod sæpe, scribis (in a letter) ; semper ista eademque audio (you always tell me the same tale) ; uno opere eandem incudem die nocteque tundit (he is always hammering at one subject, Cicero, De Or. , 2, 39, init. ).

HARPER, psaltes (ψαλτήρ).

HARPOON, s. , perhaps jaculum hamatum.  HARPOON, v. , * cetos (or cete) jaculo venari.  HARPSICHORD, * clavichordium. To play on the harpsichord, * clavichordio canere.  HARPY, harpyia.  HARRIDAN, scortum exoletum (Plautus, Pœn. Prol. , 17) : * anus impudens ; or vetula only (contemptuously).

HARRIER, canis venaticus (general term) : * canis leverarius (Linnæus). To keep harriers, canes alere ad venandum.  HARROW, s. , irpex (al. hirpex or urpex, with iron teeth, and drawn by oxen ; it is still called “erpice” in Italy) : crates (a wattled harrow, to level the ground with ; if with teeth for breaking the clods, crates dentata ; called, in Italy “strascino”) : Cf. , occa only in Isidorus, where it is explained by rastrum. The Roman farmers also used a malleus for breaking the clods.  HARROW, v. , occare (both for levelling the ground and breaking the clods) : cratire (for levelling the ground). To sow and harrow, semen injicere, cratesque
dentatas supertrahere : to level the ground by harrowing, glebes crate inducta coæquare. || IMPROPR. , To harrow a man’s feelings, alicujus pectus effodere (Cicero) ; cruciare, excruciare ; conscindere or torquere aliquem (Cicero) ; excruciare aliquem animi (Plautus) : * acerbissimo dolore afficere alicujus animum. || Pillage, etc. , vid.  HARROWER, occator.  HARROWING, occatio (called by the rustics pulveratio, Columella). The adjective is occatorius.  HARRY, v. , || Strip, pillage, vid. || Vex, tease, vid.  HARSH, || Rough, durus (general term, not soft ; hence not pleasing to the ear, the eye ; of a voice, tone, painting, etc. , also of poets, painters, etc. , who are guilty of such harshness) : asper (rough ; that wants the proper smoothness and elegance to the hearing and the sight) : ferreus (of writers whose expression is harsh) : horridus, diminutive, horridulus (a higher degree of asper) : inconditus (harsh from want of smoothing them off; opposed to levis) : salebrosus : confragosus (both, figuratively, of rugged style) : somewhat harsh, duriusculus (e. g. , a verse) : the expressions of Cato were somewhat harsh, horridiora erant Catonis verba. || Rough to the taste, austerus (αὐστηρός, that makes the tongue dry and rough, not pleasant, sour ; opposed to dulcis ; also figuratively, e. g. , not pleasant ; e. g. , labor) : acerbus (that draws the mouth together, disagreeably harsh, opposed to suavis ; especially like ὄμφαξ, of unripe fruits, in respect of the taste ; then figuratively, e. g. , that occasions painful sensation) : amarus (bitter, πικρός ; opposed to dulcis ; also figuratively, e. g. , disagreeable, unpleasant ; e. g. , leges) : asper (properly, rough, and of flavour = pungent, biting ; then figuratively, of persons ; e. g. , that act harshly ; and of things, e. g. , that cause sensible pain; opposed to lenis). Somewhat harsh, subausterus ; austerulus : a harsh flavor, sapor amarus, austerus, acerbus (in this order, Plinius, 15, 27, 32). || Harsh in sound, absonus (having a wrong sound) : absurdus (sounding painfully or disagreeably) : vox admodum absona et absurda (Cicero, as cause and effect). || Harsh = i. e. , severe, durus : asper : asperi animi (rough) : immitis (not mild) : severus (severe, strict) : acerbus (without compassion, not compassionate) : atrox (fearful, inhuman, very severe ; rather poetical) : harsh person, homo durus ; vir severitatis duræ (of inexorable severity) ; homo asper (rough to those about him) : a harsh reply, * responsum asperum : to give a harsh reply, * asperius respondere or (in writing) rescribere : to write in harsh terms, asperius or asperioribus verbis scribere : to speak of anybody in very harsh terms, asperrime loqui de aliquo : to apply a harsher expression to anything, durius appellare aliquid : not to use a harsher term, ne duriore verbo utar : a harsh punishment, pœna gravis or iniqua ; supplicium acerbum or acre : to inflict a harsh punishment on anybody, to punish anybody harshly, graviter statuere or vindicare in aliquem : harsh in censuring and punishing, in animadversione pœnaque durus (of a man) : in a harsh manner, vid. HARSHLY.  HARSHLY, dure : duriter : aspere : acerbe : graviter (e. g. , statuere de aliquo).

HARSHNESS, asperitas (roughness) : acerbitas (bitterness, sour, oppressive nature or quality) : iniquitas (oppressiveness, oppressing nature or quality ; e. g. , improper severity of a person).

Harshness of character, animus durus, animi duritas, ingenium durum (hardness of heart) : severitas dura (inexorable severity) : animi atrocitas (inhumanity of disposition; opposed to humanitas et misericordia) : austeritas (perhaps not præ-Augustan ; of harshness to the taste, vini, etc. ; also, austeritas nimia, Columella, ; also, figuratively, with reference to colors unpleasantly dark, and to stern strictness of conduct ; opposed to comitas, Quintilianus). You find no harshness of expression in Herodotus.

Herodotus sine ullis salebris fluit.  HART, cervus. Vid. STAG.  HARTSHORN, cervinum cornu (used by the ancients for medicines and fumigations ; cf. Celsus, 5, 5 ; 8, 5, 18) : cervinum cornu combustum (as burned). To prepare hartshorn, cervinum cornu incendere or urere.  HARVEST, messis (properly, the time of harvest, and the crops gathered in) : quæstus : fructus (improperly, profit, gain). An abundant harvest, messis opima ; ubertas in fructibus percipiendis (abundance of crops). To be engaged in harvest, messem facere : harvest-work, opera messoria : to reap the harvest, messem facere (general term) ; metere, demetere (of reaping the corn) : no harvest was reaped, messis nulla fuerat : to reap a harvest of anything (improperly), fructum ex aliqua re capere, percipere ; fructum alicujus rei ferre : of applause, gratitude, etc. , laudem, gratiam ferre.

HARVEST, v. , Vid. “to reap a HARVEST. ”  HARVEST-HOME, feriæ messium (with the ancients, the time after the harvest, when the husbandman rested from his labors, and performed sacred rites) : Cf. , ambarvalia was the consecration of fields, when an animal was brought and offered for the fruits of the field.  HARVEST-MAN, messor.  HASH, s. , perhaps minutal (Juvenalis, 14, 129).

HASH, v. , minutim (or minutatim) incidere (general term, to cut up very small ; Cato, R. R. , 123).

HASP, fibula : retinaculum (general term).

HASSOCK, scirpea matta (Ovidius, Fast. , 6, 679).

HASTE, s. , festinatio : properatio : properantia (properare denotes the haste which fin energy sets out rapidly to reach a certain point ; opposed to cessare : festinare denotes the haste which springs from impatience, and borders on precipitation, Döderlein : Cf. , festinantia is late). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) celeritas festinatioque : maturatio (the getting forward with a thing, so as to be ready with it in time). Sometimes cupiditas (rash haste, prompted by desire ; e. g. , temeritatem cupiditatemque militum reprehendit, their haste to begin the battle ; Cæsar, B. G. , 7, 52). To make all possible haste, omni festinatione properare (Cicero) : anxious haste, trepidatio : in haste, properanter, propere : all possible haste, quanta potest adhiberi festinatio : he returned with all possible haste to Ephesus, quantum accelerare potuit, Ephesum rediit (Cicero) : a letter written in haste, epistola festinationis plena : to write in haste, properantem, or festinantem, or raptim scribere : what happens is produced, etc. , in haste (and therefore in an irregular manner), tumultuarius (e. g. , exercitus) : troops levied in haste, exercitus repentinus, or raptim conscriptus, or tumultuarius ; milites subitarii : to fortify a place in haste, tumultuario opere locum communire : to march out of the city in haste, ex urbe præcipiti agmine agere : excuse haste, ignoscas velim festinationi meæ (in a letter). Make haste, move te ocius ! hortare pedes! fer pedem ! confer pedes! (all comedy = off with you! run quickly!) ita fac venias ! (as a request in a letter ; pray come soon) : there is need of haste, maturato or properato opus est : there is no need of haste, nihil urget (Cicero) : with all possible haste, quam ocissime, ventis remis, remis velisque, remigio veloque (with full wind and full sail, proverbially, in comedy ; also in Cicero, in epistolary style, when the subject is of coming or going, or travelling). Cf. , The notion of haste is often implied in Latin by an intensive verb ; as, to come in haste, adventare : to pursue in haste, insectari. To come in haste, citato studio cursuque venire : to go to a place in haste, citato cursu locum petere ; cursu effuso ad locum ferri (cf. Livius, 7, 15) : to flee in haste, præcipitem fugæ se mandare ; remigio veloque, quantum poteris, festinare et fugere (Plautus, Asin. , 1, 3, 5) : with too great haste, præpropere (Livius, 22, 2) ; nimis festinanter. To make haste [vid. HASTE, v. ]. PROV. The more haste the less speed, omnis festinatio tarda est (Curtius) : sat celeriter fit, quidquid fit satis bene (Cicero) : * festina lente (after the Greek σπεῦδε βραδέως. Suetonius, Aug. , 25) : in festinationibus cavendum est, ne nimias celeritates suscipiamus (Cicero, Off. , 1, 36, 131) : moram rebus adjicet festinatio (after Quintilianus, incredibile est, quantum moræ lectioni festinatione adjiciatur).

HASTE, v. , Vid. HASTEN, INTRANS.  HASTEN, INTRANS. , (1) To go in haste to a place, aliquo venire or redire propero (to hasten, to reach or return to a place) : aliquo ire contendere ; aliquo tendere or contendere (to make a place the limit or goal of one’s march) : aliquo ferri (to go to a place at full speed ; as, Livius, 7, 15, cursu effuso ad castra ferebantur) : accurrere, advolare ad or in locum (to run, to fly to a place ; advolare also, of ships) : contento cursu petere locum (to steer in full speed toward a place, of ships). To hasten back to the town, oppidum repetere : to hasten back to Rome, Romam redire propero : to hasten home, abeo festinans domum (from a place) ; domum venire propero (general term) : to hasten back as quickly as possible to one’s native land (to one’s home, etc. ) ; ventis remis in patriam omni festinatione properare (Cicero, ad Fam. , 12, 25, 3) : the people hasten to a place from all sides, undique fit concursus ; plebis fit concursus ad or in locum : to hasten to arms, ad arma discurrere (in all directions). (2) To be
quick (in or at anything), accelerare (sc. iter, to hasten one’s march) ; properare (to endeavor to proceed forward with haste, to come nearer to an intended or fixed limit) : festinare (not to be able to wait till the proper time, to be in a hurry). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) festinare et properare ; properare et festinare : maturare (to take pains not to miss the right moment of time ; then, also, to be too hasty) : festinationem or celeritatem adhibere (to use haste, general term) : nullam moram interponere (to make no delay ; in order to do anything, etc. , either followed by quin, or with gerund in di ; vid. Cicero, Phil. , 10, 1, 1, and 6, 1, 2) : to hasten as much as possible, nihil ad celeritatem sibi reliqui facere : he believed that he ought to hasten, maturandum sibi existimavit ; maturandum ratus : we must hasten, properato or maturato opus est : hasten! [vid. “make HASTE”] : ita fac venias (come quickly, as a request to an absent person) !  HASTEN, TRANS. , accelerare aliquid (to endeavor to accomplish a thing quickly) : maturare aliquid, or with infinitive (not to delay anything for which the right time is come ; but admaturare is only to bring completely to maturity, in Cæsar, B. G. , 7, 54) : properare (followed by infinitive ; to hasten, in order to attain an object in the shortest possible time ; poetically followed by accusative ; so also poetically, with accusative, festinare, to accomplish with haste) : propere or festinanter agere aliquid (to do anything in haste) : repræsentare aliquid (to execute or accomplish anything without delay, even before the time ; vid. Herzog, Cæs. , B. G. , 1, 40). To hasten anything too much, præcipitare aliquid (e. g. , vindemiam) : to hasten one’s journey, maturare or accelerare iter ; maturare or properare proficisci (i. e. , I am in haste to be gone) ; mature proficisci (to set off early) : to hasten one’s arrival, mature venire : to hasten one’s destruction, maturare sibi exitum : to hasten the destruction of anybody, præcipitantem impellere.  HASTILY, || Hastily, festinanter (with the haste of impatience, precipitation) : propere : properanter : properantius (with the haste of energy) : maturate (early, quickly) : raptim (in a hurried manner) : Sometimes arroganter, confidenter (of deciding a point hastely from over-confidence in one’s own judgement) : cupide or cupidius (with haste prompted by desire ; e. g. , cupidius credere, Livius) : subito (suddenly). Too hastely, præpropere : inconsulte : nimis festinanter : to act too hastely in anything, præcipitem ferri in aliqua re : to fling out a remark too hastely, inconsultius evectus projicio aliquid (Livius, 35, 31). To decide anything hastely , aliquid prius dijudico, quam quid rei sit sciam (Terentius.

Heaut. , 2, 2, 8). Cf. , With reference to the person, the adjectives festinans, properans, maturans are often used ; as, to write hastely, properantem or raptim scribere : to come hastely, maturantem venire.  HASTINESS, || PROPR. [vid. HASTE]. || Precipitation, festinatio præpropera, or præmatura, or nimia, also festinatio only. || Hastiness of temper, cupiditas : impetus (vehemence) : ingenium præceps (rashness and want of consideration) : iracundia (irascibility).

HASTY, festinans (in haste, of persons) : properans (in the Golden Age properus only poetically ; quick, speedy, hasty; of persons) : citus(quick; opposed to tardus) : citatus (hastened) : præceps (headlong ; all of persons and things) : festinationis plenus (full of haste ; of things). || Hasty = over-hasty, rash, inconsiderate, etc. , præproperus (done or acting too soon, and so at an unfit time ; e. g. , gratulatio ; ingenium) : præceps (headlong ; hence rashly adopted, undertaken, etc. ; e. g. , consilium, cogitatio) : immaturus (unripe, hence premature, etc. ). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) præceps et immaturus (e. g. , plan, consilium) : subitus (sudden). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) subitus ac repentinus (e. g. , plans, consilia, Cæsar) : calidus (struck off, as it were, at a heat ; of plans, consilia; opposed to cogitatus, Cæsar) : raptim præcipitatus (hurried through, as it were ; e. g. , consilia, Livius). Sometimes temerarius : inconsultus : inconsideratus. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) temerarius atque inconsideratus [SYN. in INCONSIDERATE] : præceps ingenio (of a temper always apt to rush hastily into action). A person of hasty temper, homo in omnibus consiliis præceps ; rapidus in consiliis suis (with reference to the formation and adoption of plans) ; iracundus (passionate) ; qui prius dijudicat, quam quid rei sit sciat (in judgement, decisions, etc. , Terentius.

Heaut. , 2, 2, 8).

Hasty words or declarations, * inconsulte dicta. To take a hasty view of anything, præteriens aliquid strictim aspicio (properly, Cicero, De Or. , 2, 35). To throw out a hasty remark, inconsultius evectum projicere aliquid (Livius).

HAT, capitis tegimen or tegumentum (general term, a covering for the head) : petasus : causia (πέτασος, καυσία, a hat worn as protection against the sun, with a stiff brim, called causia when made with a high crown, as the Macedonians wore it ; hence, also, causia would come nearest to our ” hat. ” Both the petasus and the causia were mostly made of felt, but, for the sake of lightness and cheapness, also of straw or rushes ; Cf. Böttiger’s Furienmaske, p. 123, sq. ). Cf. ,   The pileus was a kind of covering for the head, made of felt, and without a brim, fitting close to the temples after the manner of our night-caps, and coming to a point at the top ; hence called by Cicero, apex ;vid. Cicero, De Legg. , 1, 1, 4 ; cf. Livius, 1, 34, 8. It was worn on journeys, and during the “Saturnalia. ” Hence it is very incorrect to translate “hat” by pileus. Wearing a hat, petasatus : to put a hat on anybody, petasum or causiam capiti alicujus aptare (after Lamprid. , Anton. Diad. , 5) : to put on one’s hat, petasum (or causiam) sibi ad caput aptare or accommodare (after Lamprid. , Anton. Diad. , 5, and Cicero, De Or. , 2, 61, 250) : to put one’s hat on again, tegimen (petasum, etc. ) capiti reddere (after Livius, 1, 34, 10) : to take off anybody’s hat, levare capiti tegimen or petasum (after Livius, 1, 34) : to put a person’s hat on properly again, petasum capiti apte reponere (after Livius, 1, 31, 8) : to take off the hat, tegimen capiti detrahere (general term) : detegere caput (Suetonius) : to take off one’s hat to anybody, aspectu alicujus caput nudare venerationis causa (after Plinius, 28, 6, 17) ; alicui caput nudare (after Sallustius, ap. Non. , 236, 20 ; a salutation by taking off the hat, as with us, was expressed by the ancients by caput aperire or adaperire, to uncover the head before anybody ; i. e. , to remove the end of the toga, which was thrown over the head as a protection against wind and heat, as soon as a magistrate met one ; vid. Plinius and Sallustius, locc. citt. , and especially, Seneca, Ep. , 64, 9, si consulem videro aut prætorem, omnia, quibus honor haberi solet, faciam ; equo desiliam, caput adaperiam, semita cedam) : * capite aperto salutare aliquem. The lining of a hat, * munimentum petasi or causiæ interius. The brim of a hat, * margo petasi or causiæ.

Hat manufactory, * officina petasorum or causiarum.  HAT-BAND, * fascia petasi or causiæ [SYN. in HAT].  HAT MANUFACTORY, * officina petasorum or causiarum.

HATCH, || PROPR. , ova excludere (to hatch, so that the young bird is produced) : pullos ex ovis excludere, also, excludere only. The cock bird helps to hatch the eggs, adjuvat mas incubare. PROV. Anybody is reckoning on his chickens before they are hatched, dibaphum aliquis cogitat, sed interfector eum moratur(Cicero). || IMPROPR. , coquere : concoquere (to brood over, as it were ; to prepare anything ; e. g. , plans ; coquere consilia secreto, Livius ; concoquere clandestina consilia, Livius) : moliri : machinari (to endeavor to effect ; moliri implying exertion, machinari craft) : comminisci (to devise) : concipere (to resolve upon anything, e. g. , on a crime) : ementiri (to invent or contrive in a lying manner). To hatch any plot against a person, excoquere, moliri alicui aliquid.  HATCHEL, s. , hamus ferreus.  HATCHEL, v. , hamis ferreis pectere (e. g. , stuppam, Plinius).

HATCHER, Vid. CONTRIVER (of plots, etc. ).

HATCHET, securis (with single edge) : bipennis (with a blade or edge on each side of the haft. The hatchet was used in war by the Asiatic nations). Vid. AXE.  HATE, v. odisse (both absolutely and with accusative of the person hated ; also, improperly, to hate [ = vehemently dislike] a thing, illud rus, Terentius ; Persicos apparatus.

Horatius) : odium in aliquem habere or gerere : odio in aliquem ferri : odium in aliquem concepisse or erga aliquem suscepisse (to harbor or entertain hatred against anybody). A person hates anything, tenet aliquem odium alicujus rei ; aliquis alicujus rei odium habet : anybody hates another very much, acerbissimum est alicujus odium in aliquem : a person hates anything very much, magnum aliquem cepit alicujus rei odium : he hates himself, ipse se fugit (vid. Cicero, Rep. , 3, 22, 33 ; De Fin. , 5, 12, 35) : to hate intensely, odium intendere ; odisse aliquem acerbe et penitus (Cicero) : to be hated by
anybody, odio alicui esse ; in odio apud aliquem esse : to be hated very much by anybody, magno odio esse alicui or apud aliquem : odium alicujus ardet in me : he is generally (very much) hated ; all men hate him (very much), omnium odia in eum conversa sunt or in eum ardent ; magno est apud omnes odio : neither to hate nor to love, neque ira neque gratia teneri. The Romans and I mutually hate each other, odi odioque sum Romanis.

HATE, s. , Vid. HATRED.  HATEFUL, odio dignus : dignus, quem odio habeas. We justly consider them hateful, eos justo odio dignos ducimus.  HATER, qui odit : inimicus, infensus alicui (an enemy to). Cf. , Osor unclassical.  HATRED, odium (opposed to amor ; also, when several are spoken of, plural, odia ; e. g. , hominum, civium) : invidia (the feeling of envy, both that which we feel at the power, authority, fortune, etc. , of others, and that which we excite in others by our power, etc. ; whereas odium always proceeds from a real or supposed injury, etc. ) : simultas (a quarrel between two persons or parties ; Döderlein says ” a political hatred proceeding from rivalry;” but Nepos says of Atticus, se nunquam cum sorore fuisse in simultate) : ira (anger, may be a manifestation of odium, which Cicero defines as ira inveterata) : Cf. , offensio, indignation, offence taken at anybody, says less than our “hatred, ” although it is frequently connected with odium, or found standing with it ; as, Nepos, Dion, 8, 2, propter offensionem populi et odium militum ; and Cicero, 2  Verr. , 1, 12, 35, in odium offensionemque alicujus irruere. To entertain hatred against anybody, aliquem odisse ;odium in aliquem habere or gerere ; odio in aliquem ferri ; alicui invidere ; in simultate esse cum aliquo (Nepos) : anybody entertains the bitterest hatred against another, acerbissimum est alicujus odium in aliquem ; aliquem aliquis male odit : all entertain the bitterest hatred against him, omnium in eum odia ardent : to conceive hatred against anybody, odium in aliquem concipere or erga aliquem suscipere : to bring hatred upon one’s self, odium (invidiam) subire : to bring upon one’s self the hatred of anybody, in odium (invidiam) alicujus venire ; odium alicujus suscipere or in se converter ; in odium alicujus incurrere or irruere : to become an object of general hatred, omnium odia in se convertere : to make anybody an object of hatred, aliquem in odium (invidiam) vocare ; alicui odium conciliare or invidiam conflare ; aliquem in invidiam adducere or trahere : to make anybody the object of general hatred, aliquem omnium odio subjicere : to declare one’s hatred of anybody, profiteri et præ se ferre odium in aliquem : to betray one’s hatred of anybody, odium in aliquem indicare : to give vent to one’s hatred, odium in aliquem expromere or effundere (opposed to odium susceptum continere).

HATTER, qui officinam promercalium petasorum or causiarum exercet (after Suetonius, Gramm. , 22).

HAUBERK, lorica serta or (†) hamis conserta.  HAUGHTILY, arroganter : insolenter : superbe. To behave haughtily, elatius se gerere : insolentius se efferre. Vid. PROUDLY.

HAUGHTINESS, superbia or superbia inanis (vain arrogance) : jactatio (boasting) : fastidium (disgust, pride, joined with contemptuous disregard of others) : fastus (pride, arising from an over-valuing of one’s self, so far as it is shown by looks and deportment, and by contempt and indifference toward others, especially among the female sex ; a species of the common superbia) : vanitas (vain boasting) : animi sublimes (Ovidius, Met. , 4, 421) : arrogantia (arrogance ; the will to exact from another an acknowledgement of one’s claims, merits, etc. ) : superbia (general term, pride) : insolentia (insolence). Cf. , Tumor occurs first in Justinus, 11, 11, 12, and in poets of the Silver Age.  HAUGHTY, arrogans : superbus : insolens : fastidiosus : Cf. , fastosus very rare, and post-Augustan, [SYN. in ARROGANT]. To act in a haughty manner, superbire : to grow or become haughty, magnos sibi sumere spiritus ; magnam arrogantiam sibi sumere ; elatius se gerere : to become intolerably haughty, haud tolerandam sibi sumere arrogantiam : to become so haughty that, etc. , eo insolentiæ procedere ut, etc. : to make or render anybody haughty, inflare alicujus animum ad intolerabilem superbiam (of fortune, Livius, 45, 31) : in a haughty manner ; vid. HAUGHTILY.  HAUL, v. , Vid. To DRAG.  HAUL, s. , || Pull, vid. || Draught (of fishes), vid.  HAUM, Vid. HALM.  HAUNCH, coxa : coxendix : femur (the thigh).

HAUNT, v. , || Visit frequently ; linger about, etc. , frequentare or (Suetonius) assidue frequentare ( e. g. , locum, domum, etc. ; to visit it frequently) : in aliquo loco versari, or (Plautus) crebro versari (to be frequently there) : circumvolitare (to flutter about ; improperly, of persons ; e. g. , limina potentiorum, Columella) : colere (mostly poetical, flumen, nemus, etc. ) : amare (poetical, nemus). || Of evil spirits, etc. A place is haunted, aliquo loco obvia hominibus fit species niortui (after Appuleius, Apol. , 315, 23) ; aliquo loco homines umbris inquietantur (after Suetonius, Cal. , 59).

HAUNT, s. , latibulum (the hiding-place, lair, etc. , of a beast) : lustrum (the place where a wild beast lives ; lair, den, etc. ; also of the dark haunts or dens of wicked, unclean men) : cubile (general term for sleeping-place ; hence, also, of “lair” of wild beasts in a forest, etc. ).

HAUTBOY, * lituus Gallicus.  HAVE, (1) To possess (in a wide sense), habere aliquid (to be in actual possessiofi of a property, whether material or intellectual, outward or inward ; e. g. , auctoritatem, potestatem. Vid. below on tenere) : est mihi aliquid (ἐστί μοί τι, for which, if the subject be of the possession of any mental quality, we may say, sum aliqua re or alicujus rei, but only when the property has an attributive [adjective] with it ; vid. examples in POSSESS) : aliquid possidere (to possess, also a mental property, etc. , ingenium, magnam vim, etc. ) : tenere (to contain within itself physically ; e. g. , to have so many countries, districts [ = contain] ; then, also, of rulers, generals, or other possessors ; tenere aliquem locum : to have the supreme command, tenere summam imperii. Also = “I have you ;” i. e. , have caught you tripping ; vid. end of article) : aliqua re præditum, instructum or ornatum e. sse (to be endued, furnished with anything ; the latter especially with an agreeable and honorable thing) : inesse alicui or in aliquo : esse in aliquo (to dwell in anybody, as a property ; inesse, with dative in historians ; Sallustius, Cat. , 58, 2, etc ; Nepos, Ep. , 5, 2 ; with in and ablative, Terentius, Eun. , 1, 1, 14 ; Cicero, Off. , 1, 37, 134, etc. ) : affectum esse aliqua re (to be affected with anything, especially with an evil ; to be in a certain state or condition) : uti aliquo or aliqua re (to have a person who is employed, or thing that is used, to enjoy the use of anything, can be used only when “to have” has these meanings ; hence it is not Latin to say, ” he had a barber for his father, ” patre usus est tonsore [= he employed his father as his barber], for natus est patre tonsore or patrem habebat tonsorem nor patria usus est insula N. N. for patriam habebat insulam N. N. : ignotis judicibus quam notis uti malle [to prefer having judges who were strangers to him, etc. ] is rigid, he having an object in this ; i. e. , that of escaping through their ignorance of his character : he had a frugal man for his father, usus est patre diligenti ; vid. examples with uti, below) : valere aliqua re (to be strong by means of anything, or in anything ; e. g. , naval power, popularity, etc. ) : penes aliquem est aliquid (anything is lodged with, or put in the hands of anybody ; e. g. , T. Quinctius had the command, summa imperii penes T. Quinctium erat). To have money, troops, ornatum esse pecunia, copiis : to have great wealth, divitiis or opibus et copiis affluere : to have children, liberis auctum esse : to have a great many children, beatissimum esse liberis : to have children by a woman, liberos ex aliqua (Cf. , not ab aliqua) sustulisse or suscepisse : to have a woman for one’s wife, habere aliquem in matrimonio : to have anybody for one’s husband, nuptum esse alicui : to have anybody for or as a friend, habere aliquem amicum ; uti aliquo amico : to have a most intimate friend in anybody, uti aliquo familiariter or intime (to have intimate intercourse with anybody) : to have anybody for an enemy, infestus est mihi aliquis : to have a good (true) friend in anybody, habere aliquem bonum amicum : to have a stout friend or enemy in anybody, fortem amicum or inimicum expertum esse aliquem (both Nepos, Them. , 9, 4) : to have equal rights (with anybody), eodem jure or iisdem legibus uti : to have a favorable wind, success in war, uti ventis secundis, uti prœliis secundis : those whom I had with me, qui erant mecum (general term, as companions) ; quos habebam mihi ad manum (as helpers, for support) : I had few (attendants) with me, pauci circum me erant : to have persons with him, homines circum pedes habere : to have a person always about one, aliquem sibi affixum habere : to have anybody for colleague, partner, etc. , aliquis socius mihi adjunctus est : to have a person over one, alicui subjunctum or subjectum esse : to have anybody under one, alicui præesse or præpositum esse : to have the enemy
before one, e regione hostis (hostium) esse or stare : to long to have anything, egere aliqua re : to have a disease, morbo correptum esse : but, to have a fever, febrem, or febrim, or (diminutive) febriculam habere (Cicero) : to have no fever, febrim non habere ; febri carere ; a febre liberari (if the pirson has had it). Cf. , “To have, ” with substantives, especially with abstract substantives. , is often expressed in Latin by verbs containing the notion of such substantives ; as, to have pleasure or delight in anything, gaudere or delectari aliqua re : to have leisure for anything, vacare alicui rei (vid. the particular substantives with which “have” is used). Not to have, carere aliqua re : to have enough, nihil ultra flagitare : no longer to have a parent, parentibus orbum, or orbatum, or privatum esse : he has enough to live upon, habet qui or unde utatur : anything has something in it, non temere fit ; est aliquid in re momenti ; alicui rei subest aliquid (e. g. , a report has something in it). Hence, “to have, ” in a wider acceptation, (a) e. g. , to have received : now you have my plans, habes consilia nostra : you have it now, hem tibi ! you have this for your time-serving, hunc fructum refers ex isto tuo utriusque partis studio. (b) To have heard, to know ; e. g. , to have anything on good authority, aliquid certo auctore or certis auctoribus cognovisse : I have the information from your brother, hoc accepi a fratre tuo ; hoc audivi de fratre tuo. (c) To get, to take, to receive, accipere (of what you deliver over) : there you have the book, accipe librum (as Horatius, Sat. , 1, 4, 14, accipe tabuias) : here you have two hundred quires (of paper), tu vero aufer ducentos scapos (Cicero, Att. , 5, 4, 4) : there! you have it! utere, accipe! (as Plautus, Mil. , 3, 1, 176) : new bread may always be had here, semper hic recentis panis est copia : that can easily be had, parabilis. (d) To wish or desire to have, i. e. , to demand, request, order, wish, desire ; e. g. , what would you have? quid vis? quid postulas? what would you have with me ? quid est, quod me velis? I would have you do so and so, tu velim facias etc. (2) To hold in the hand, to carry or wear on one’s self, habere : tenere (to hold), gestare (to carry, bear, wear) : to have in one’s hands, (in) manibus habere or tenere : to have in the hand (to lead), manu ducere : to have about, secum habere, or portare, or gestare ; esse cum aliqua re (e. g. , cum telo) : to have something perpetually in one’s mouth (to be continually mentioning it), aliquid semper in ore habere. (3) In connection with the infinitive, in various relations. (a) The infinitive after “I have, ” is often equivalent to a relative clause ; e. g. , “I have nothing to accuse old age of” = “I have nothing of which I may accuse old age, ” nihil (or non) habeo, quod incusem senectutem ; nihil habeo, quod ad te scribam : I have nothing to write, non habeo, quod scribam (but in non habeo, quid scribam, habeo would = scio, cognitum or perspectum habeo, I do not know what to write ; vid. Beier, Cic. , Off. , 2, 2, 7 ; Krüger, 615, Obs. 6) : this is what I had to say, hæc habui, quæ dicerem (Cf. , not hæc habui dicere, which is a Grecism) : he has nothing to accuse us of, non est, cur nos incuset. (b) The infinitive after “to have” is sometimes equivalent to an expression of duty, or, rather, denotes a task. Here it must be rendered by the participle of the future passive ; as, every one has to employ his own judgement, suo cuique judicio utendum est : I have many letters to write, multæ literæ mihi scribendæ sunt. In this construction, in the consequence of a conditional proposition, ” I would have, ” etc. , fuit is more common than fuisset ; e. g. , if you had lived, you would have had to undergo anything, si vixisses, aliquid tibi subeundum fuit. || To have a thing done = to get it done, is to be translated by curare, with participle in dus. I had him honorably buried, funus ei satis amplum faciendum curavi. But Cf. , a person is, as in English, often said to do what he really gets done for him ; I will have you put to death, interficiam te ; wishing to have a ring made, quum vellet annulum sibi facere. || Have = have caught (colloquial) : I have you (there) ! teneote! or hic te teneo! (colloquial ; e. g. , teneo te, inquam, nam, etc. , Cicero,   Acad. , 2, 48, 148 ; hic te, inquit, teneo ; non est istud judicium pati ; Cicero, Quint. , 10, 63). || In answers, “I hare” is really equivalent to the perfect definition of the verb asking the question: “thus have you conquered?” “I have” = “I have conquered” vici. If the question is, “have you got it? = “do you possess it?” the answer will be in the present : have you got it? tenesne? I have, teneo.  HAVEN, Vid. PORT.  HAVOC, s. , Vid. DESTRUCTION, DEVASTATION.  HAVOC, v. , Vid. To DESTROY; to lay WASTE.

HAW, || Berry of the hawthorn, * baca (or bacca) cratægi oxycanthæ (Linnæus). || Excrescence in a horse’s eyes, perhaps pterygium (Celsus).

HAW, v. , Vid. To STAMMER.  HAWK, s. , accipiter : * falco palumbarius (Linnæus).

HAWK, v. , || To endeavor to force up phlegm with noise, screare (general term) : ab imo pulmone pitultam trochleis adducere (Quintilianus, 11, 3, 56). || To sell goods as a hawker, * merces ostiatim venditare. || To hunt with hawks, * falconibus venari : * venationem falconum ope instituere.  HAWKBIT, * apargia (Linnæus).

HAWK-EYED, lynceus. to be hawk-eyed, lynceum esse. Vid. EAGLE-EYED.  HAWKER, [Vid. PEDLAR. ] || A hawker’s license, portorium circumvectionis (Cicero, Att. , 2, 16).

HAWKING, * ars falconaria : * venatio falconum ope instituta.  HAWK-WEED, * hieracium (Linnæus).

HAWK’S-BEARD, * crepis (Linnæus).

HAWTHORN, * cratægus oxycantha (Linnæus). κυρικιμασαηικο HAY, fœnum : To make or cut hay, fœnum secare, cædere, succidere ; fœnum demetere : to carry hay, fœnum percipere ; fœnum sub tectum congerere or tecto inferre (if put in a hay-loft or under cover) : to bind hay in bundles, fœni manipulos facere, vincire ; fœnum in manipulos colligare : to cock hay, fœnum in metas exstruere (Columella) : to carry and stack hay, fœnum succisum tractare et condere : to turn hay, fœnum movere or converter (Columella) : to dry hay, siccare : if the hay is stacked when too green, it will take fire, fœnum si nimium succum retinuerit, sæpe, quum concaluit, ignem creat et incendium (i. e. , sets the barn, tabulatum, on fire) : it’s no use turning the hay when it is wet, (fœnum) si permaduit, inutile est udum movere (Columella) : to throw the hay carelessly together, fœnum temere congerere (opposed to making a regular stack, componere).

HAY-COCK, fœni meta (if conical) : fœni acervus. To make hay-cocks, fœnum in metas exstruere.  HAY-FORK, * furca fœnaria.  HAY-HARVEST, fœnisicia : fœnisicium.  HAY-LOFT, fœnile : tabulatum (Columella).

HAY-MAKER, fœniseca : fœnisex (the mower) : * qui (quæ) fœnum movet, convertit (Columella) or siccat.  HAY-MARKET, * forum fœnarium.  HAY-RICK, Vid. HAY-STACK.  HAY-STACK, fœni meta, or meta major (if conical) : fœni acervus. A very conical hay-stack, fœni meta, quæ in angustissimum verticem exacuitur (Columella).

HAZARD, s. , Vid. DANGER, RISK.  HAZARD, v. , aliquid in aleam dare : ire in aleam alicujus rei (cf. Livius, 42, 59, extr. ; 1, 23, 9) : in dubium devocare aliquid (e. g. , suas exercitusque fortunas, Cæsar) : aliquid in discrimen committere, vocare, deferre, or adducere ; aliquid discrimini committere. Also, dimico de aliqua re (e. g. , de vita, de fama dimico) ; agitur aliquid (anything is at stake ; e. g. , caput, one’s life : Cf. , seldom agitur de aliqua re, in this sense) ; versatur aliquid (e. g. , salus mea). To hazard so many years of prosperity on the event of a single hour, tot annorum felicitatem in unius horæ dare discrimen. Some are hazarding their lives, others their glory, alii de vita, alii de gloria in discrimen vocantur. To hazard one’s life, committere se periculo mortis : the loss of anything, venio in dubium de aliqua re (Terentius, Ad. , 2, 2, 35) ; periclitor aliquid perdere (Plinius, 7, 44, 55) : to hazard it, aleam subire or adire ; se in aleam dare : to hazard anything unnecessarily, dare aliquid in aleam non necessariam (e. g. , summam rerum, Livius) : to hazard a battle, belli fortunam tentare (Cæsar).

HAZARDABLE, by circumlocution.  HAZARDER, by circumlocution.  HAZARDOUS, Vid. DANGEROUS.  HAZARDOUSLY : Vid. DANGEROUSLY.  HAZE, Vid. FOG, MIST.  HAZEL, corylus (κόρυλος), or, pure Latin, nux avellana. || As adjective, colurnus (made of hazel).

HAZEL-NUT, Vid. HAZEL.  HAZEL-WOOD, coryletum.  HE, is implied in Latin by the form of the verb, and in most cases sufficiently so. But if a particular emphasis is to be laid on it, it is usual to employ the demonstrative pronoun ille, or, with reference to a third party, iste ; and if he is = he himself, the master, etc. , it is rendered by ipse (vid. Ruhnken, Ter. , Andr. , 2, 2, 23) ; e. g. , they say that the Pythagoreans used to answer, “he hath said it, ” Pythagoræos ferunt respondere solitos, Ipse dixit. The pronoun is also expressed when two actions of the same person are contrasted. Is is used (1) of a person spoken of by name before (e. g. , Polemarchus est Murgentinus,
vix bonus atque honestus. Is quum, etc. ; and (2) as the simple, unemphatic antecedent to qui ; he who, is qui (often qui only ; and in general propositions, si quis). Cf. , What has been just said refers only to”he” in the nominative ; for the other cases a demonstrative pronoun must be used, except where it is sufficiently implied by the context. Also for “he, ” “him, ” etc. , when = “a person, ” the Latins use homo ; as, do you know him ? nosti hominem ? I love him very much, valde hominem diligo. In the accusative with infinitive ” he” must be translated by se (“that” being omitted). In oblique narration (to which the construction of accusative with infinitive belongs, when the principal verb and the infinitive have the same subject), “him, ” etc. , is translated by sui, sibi, se, when the person so designated is the nominative of the principal sentence ; by ipse for the nominative, und where the use of the reflexive would occasion an ambiguity ; e. g. , putat hoc sibi nocere : Gaius contemnebat divitias, quod se felicem reddere non possent. Sometimes there are also persons spoken of, and others spoken to. These must be denoted by is, hic, ille. Legationi Ariovistus respondit ; si quid ipsi a Cæsare opus esset, sese ad eum venturum fuisse ; si quid ille se velit, illum ad se venire oportere (here the speaker, Ariovistus, uses ipse and sui of himself ; and having first named Cæsar, the person spoken of, he afterward designates him by is and ille). So, too, if he had spoken to Cæsar, the direct si quid mihi a te opus esset would become si quid sibi (or ipsi) a Cæsare (or ab eo, ab illo) opus esset, etc. But even of the speaker himself, the demonstrative “is* is sometimes found ; Socrates respondit, sese meruisse. . . ut ei victus quotidianus in Prytaneo publice præberetur (Cicero, Or. , 1, 54). Vid. HIS.  HEAD, v. primum locum obtinere (general term, to stand at the head of anything) : in prima acie versari : primam aciem obtinere (to be placed in the first rank of an army) : exercitui præesse (to command an army) : principem alicujus rei esse, principatum alicujus rei tenere : principem alicujus rei locum obtinere (to be the first in il) : caput alicujus rei esse (to be the head of it) : to head an embassy, principem legatorum esse ; principem legationis locum obtinere ; a party, principem factionis esse ; principatum factionis tenere ; a conspiracy, principem or caput conjurationis esse : to offer to head anything, ducem se offerre or se addere : to head a party or cause, causæ alicujus ducem et quasi signiferum esse.  HEAD, caput (general term ; also for any upper part, whether round or not ; and, by metonymy, the whole person or animal itself, especially in enumerations and in divisions ; lastly, also, so far as the head is considered the seat of life, for life itself) : cacumen (the highest point of a thing) : bulla (a thick upper part of a thing ; e. g. , of a nail, clavi). The front of the head, back of the head, capitis pars prior, pars aversa ; the back also occipitium. One who has a large head, capito : from head to foot, a capillo usque ad ungues ; a vestigio ad verticem ; a vertice ad talos (poetical) ; a vertice, ut aiunt, ad extremum unguem ; ab unguiculo ad capillum summum ; ab imis unguibus usque ad verticem summum or ad capillos summos (all proverbially ; Cf. , for which no Latin ever said a capite ad pedes or ad calcem) : to contemplate or survey anybody from head to foot, aliquem totum oculis perlustrare : the wine gets into my head, vino incalesco : my head is full, multa simul cogito (I have many thoughts at the same time in my head) ; multa me sollicitant or sollicitum habent (there are many things which trouble me) ; multa negotia per caput saliunt (many kinds of business claim my attention.

Horatius, Sat. , 2, 6, 33) : to shave anybody’s head close, caput ad cutem tondere (Celsus) : it will also be well to have his head shaved close, neque inutile erit caput attonsum (Celsus) : to carry anything on one’s head, aliquid repositum in capite sustinere (Cicero ; of the Canephorœ). A congestion of blood in the head, implementum capitis (Cœlius, Tard. , 1, 5). Anybody is placed with his head leaning back on anybody’s lap, aliquis collocatur sic aversus, ut in gremium alicujus caput resupinus effundat (Celsus). To be over head and ears in debt, ære alieno obrutum or demersum esse ; plane perditum esse ære alieno (Cicero) ; animam debere (comedy) : twenty-five head of cattle, grex XXV. capitum (of oxen ; but of sheep, ovium must be used) : to pay for anything with one’s head, capite luere aliquid : to lose one’s head, supplicio capitis or summo supplicio affici, securi percuti or feriri (to be executed ; the former general term, the latter with the axe ; Cf. , capite minui, caput perdere are not Latin). To get anything out of one’s head, cogitationem de re abjicere ; non amplius cogitare de re : I wish you could get this out of your head, abducas velim animum ab his cogitationibus : write whatever comes into your head, quicquid tibi in mentem veniet, scribas velim. In order that the odium of the unsuccessful treatment might not fall on his head, ne in ipsius caput panim prosperæ curationis eventus rectdat : the blood of the slain is upon your head, * Manes cæsorum pœnas a te repetunt : may that be upon their heads, quod illorum capiti sit. I don’t know whether I am standing on my head or my heels, non, edepol, nunc, nbi terrarum sim, scio (Plautus). To carry one’s head high [vid. ” to be PROUD”]. || Memory, memoria : a good head, memoria tenax : a bad head, immemor ingenium (with reference to studies) : to retain anything in one’s head, aliquid memoria tenere. || Mental talents, ingenium : mens [vid. INTELLECT] (Cf. , never caput).

He has a good head for his studies, aliquis ingenio est docili : a bad head, immemor ingenium (Cicero) : anybody has a good head, ingenium alicui non deest ; ingenium alicujus non absurdum est. || The most important person, the chief, caput (general term) : princeps (the principal, most dignified, whom the others take as a pattern) : coryphæus (one that gives the tone, κορυφαῖος ; only Cicero, N. D. , 1, 21, 59, as an expression of Philo’s, who used to call Zeno coryphæus Epicureorum) : dux (a leader). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) dux et princeps : auctor (by whose advice anything is undertaken). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) dux et auctor : caput : signifer : fax (the head of a party or conspiracy, leader in a tumult). The head in a civil war (he who gave the signal for rising), tuba belli civilis (Cicero, Fam. , 6, 12, 3). The head of a conspiracy, caput conjuratorum ; princeps conjurationis : the heads of the town, of the state, capita rerum or rei publicæ ; principes civitatis : the heads of the people, capita, or principes, or primores plebis. || Heads or tails, capita aut navim (a gold coin was thrown up, and it was then seen whether the “head of Janus” or the “ship’s-beak” fell uppermost ; Macrobius, Sat. , 1, 7 ; Aur, Vict. , Orig. , 3). Neither head nor tail, nee caput nec pedes (i. e. , without beginning or end ; of a tale, etc. ; Cicero, Fam. , 7, 31 ; cf. Plautus, Asin. , 3, 3, 139 ; Cato, ap. L. Epit. , lib. , 53).

HEADACHE, dolor capitis : gravitas capitis (Plinius, 27, 12, 105). Continual headaches, longi or assidui capitis dolores : I have headaches, capitis dolores habeo ; capitis doloribus laboro ; caput mihi dolet : to get a headache, * capitis dolore or doloribus affici : to be afflicted with headaches, capitis doloribus conflictari : to be troubled with violent and continued headaches, vehementibus et assiduis capitis doloribus premi : the sun causes headaches, sol capitis dolorem facit ; sol capiti dolorem affert.  HEAD-BAND, Vid. FILLET.  HEAD-DRESS, capitis ornatus (after Ovidius, A. A. , 3, 135) : comæ ornatus (ib. ).

HEADINESS, || Rashness, etc. , vid. || Obstinacy, vid.  HEADLAND, Vid. CAPE, PROMONTORY.  HEADLESS, PROPR. , capite carens : sine capite. The Blemyæ are headless, Blemyis capita absunt. || IMPROPR. , Vid. INCONSIDERATE, RASH.  HEADLONG, adjective, præceps (also in the sense of rash, precipitate ; e. g. , consilium, mens. In this sense, (The words are found in this connection and order. ) præceps et effrenatus [e. g. , mens] : præceps et immaturus [e. g. , consilium]). To fall headlong, præcipitem ferri (improperly ; Cicero). A man of headlong courses, homo in consiliis præceps et devius (Cicero) : to rush headlong to one’s destruction, in præceps ruere ; ad pestem ante oculos positam proficisci.  HEADLONG, adverb, Mostly by adjective, præceps : raptim (in a hurried manner). To fly away headlong, præcipitem abire or præcipitem se fugæ mandare : to fall headlong in the mud, ire præcipitem in lutum (per caput pedesque ; Catullus, 17, 9).  HEAD-MONEY, Vid. ” CAPITATION tax. ”  HEAD-PIECE, Vid. HELMET. || Intellect, vid.  HEADQUARTERS, principia castrorum (among the Romans a large open space in the camp, where stood the general’s tent, prætorium, and that of the tribunes) : * prætoris castra.  HEADSHIP, principatus : princeps locus. vid. HEAD.  HEADSMAN, Vid. EXECUTIONER.  HEADSTALL, perhaps frontalia (plural ; ornament for a horse’s forehead, Livius, 37, 40, 4).  HEAD-STONE (of the corner), lapis angularis. || Grave-stone, vid.  HEADSTRONG, Vid. OBSTINATE.  HEADY, || Rash, violent, demens : inconsideratus : temerarius : in consiliis præceps
et devius. [Vid. RASH. ] || Apt to get in the head (of wine). To be heady, caput tentare (Plautus).  HEAL, || PROPR. , [Vid. To CURE. ] || IMPROPR. , To heal a fallen state, sanare ægram rempublicam or ægras reipublicæ partes ; mederi afflictæ reipublicæ : anybody is employed to heal the diseases of the state, aliquis ad reipublicæ curationem adhibetur (by anybody, ab aliquo, after Livius, 5, 3) : to heal anything by any application, alicui rei or saluti alicujus rei remedio aliquo subvenire : to heal anything by one’s advice and words, alicui rei medicinam consilii et orationis suæ afferre (Cicero).  HEALER, medicus, or by circumlocution qui sanat, etc. , or qui medicinam alicui rei attulit (improperly) : Cf. , sanator (Paullus, Nol. ).  HEALING, adjective, medicatus : medicamentosus (endowed with healing powers) : salutaris : salubris, etc. The healing art, ars medendi, ars medicina ; mostly medicina only : salutaris ars or professio (these two objectively) : scientia medendi or medicinæ (subjectively, as theoretical knowledge). To profess the healing art, medicinam exercere, facere, factitare, profiteri.

Healing powers, vis medendi (after Tacitus, Ann. , 15, 34, extr. ).

Healing springs, aquæ medicatæ or medicæ salubritatis. The healing virtues of a spring, salubritas medica fontis.  HEALING, s. , sanatio : curatio (treatment, without reference to its success) : vis medendi. The art of healing, [vid. “the HEALING art”. To be employed for the healing of a disease, ad curationem alicujus morbi adhiberi.  HEALTH, sanitas (state of freedom from disease) : valetudo (if by itself, it is mostly, from context = good health, which is bona, prospera, firma valetudo). To take care, or some care, of one’s health, valetudini parcere ; valetudinem curare ; valetudini tribuere aliquid ; habere rationem valetudinis ; dare ope ram valetudini. To take great care of one’s health, valetudini suæ servire ; magnam curam in valetudine tuenda adhibere : for your health’s sake, corporis tuendi causa : to neglect or take no care of one’s health, valetudinem negligere ; valetudini parum parcere. Bad health, adversa, ægra, infirma valetudo : your weak health, or weak state of health, ista imbecillitas valetudinis tuæ (Cf. , after curatio, excusatio, excusare, etc. , valetuao = “bad health”, just as in “to excuse himself on the ground of his health, ” “his health will not suffer him, ” etc. , it is implied that bad health is meant). To be in good health, bona (prospera, integra, or firma) valetudine esse or uti ; prosperitate valetudinis uti ; sanitate esse incorrupta, ; valetudine esse firmam ; valere (also with bene, commode, recte) ; belle se habere : to be in excellent health, optima valetudine uti or affectum esse ; optime valere ; plane belle se habere : not to be in good health, minus commoda, or minus bona valetudine uti ; ægrotare (to be sick). In the days of one’s health, bona or integra valetudine : quum valemus. To injure one’s health by the neglect of one’s usual exercise, valetudinem intermissis exercitationibus amittere : I am recovering my health, melior fio valetudine.

Health is re-established, valetudo confirmatur : to be in good health, recte valere ; bona or integra valetudine esse ; prosperitate valetudinis uti : in better health, melius valere (Horatius). To drink anybody’s good health, salutem alicui propinare (Plautus) ; * amicum nominatim vocare in bibendo : your good health! bene te! bene tibi! (vid. Zumpt, § 759) : let all drink to the health of Messala! bene Messalam ! sua quisque ad pocula dicat (Tiberius, 2, 1, 33) : to wish good health (at sneezing), sternutamento salutare : to anybody, salutem alicui imprecari ; salvere aliquem jubere : your health ! (as a wish at sneezing), bene vertat! or salvere te jubeo ! or salutem tibi ! (sc. imprecor, after Appuleius, Met. , 2, p. 228, 27 : Cf. , saluti tuæ is wrong ; it ought, at all events, to be saluti tibi sc. sit or vertat).

He lived to an extreme old age in the enjoyment of excellent health, vixit ad summam senectutem valetudine optima. Robust health, firma valetudo.  HEALTHFUL, Vid. HEALTHY, WHOLESOME.  HEALTHFULLY, salubriter : salutariter : utiliter.  HEALTHFULNESS, Vid. HEALTHINESS.  HEALTHILY, belle : bona or prospera valetudine.  HEALTHINESS, sanitas : bona, prospera, or commoda valetudo (good state of health ; Cf. , valetudo alone = “state of health, ” and cannot be used for “good health” without bona, etc. , unless the context sufficiently implies it) : salus : integritas [SYN. in HEALTH, vid. ] : salubritas : salubris natura (health of a place, climate, etc. ; opposed to pestilens natura loci).  HEALTHSOME, Vid. HEALTHY.  HEALTHY, sanus (the proper word, both of bodily health and of a sound state of mind) : salvus (of the good state of the body and its parts) : integer (still undiminished, fresh, in possession of full power ; also with reference to intellect, ratio integra) : valens : validus (healthy, and therefore vigorous, able to act) : firmus (of firm, lasting health) : robustus (strong, robust, able to endure). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) robustus et valens, firmus et valens (i. e. , strong and healthy) : saluber or salubris, salutaris (that brings or affords health, healthsome, wholesome ; the former also of places and countries; opposed to pestilens ; Cf. , saluber for sanus occurs no where in Cicero or Cæsar, and is to be avoided as unusual). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) sanus et salvus : salvus et sanus. A healthy person, homo sanus, or sanus only ; integer : a healthy climate, aer salubris (the healthy air of a place ; opposed to pestilens, Vitruvius) ; cœlum salubre (healthy climate) : a healthy year, annus salubris : a healthy residence, habitatio salubris ; ædes salubres. A healthy intellect, mens sana ; ratio integra. To have a healthy look, * valetudinem ore prodere. To be healthy [vid. “to be in good HEALTH”]. PROV. Early to bed, etc. , vid. BED.

HEAP, s. , acervus (a heap of things brought together, and laid on one another, usually of the same kind ; also of a heap of dead bodies) : congeries (a number of things of different kinds brought together and laid one on another without respect to the height ; Cf. , congestus præ- and post-classical) : strages (a number of things hurled upon the ground, especially of corpses, arms, etc. ; likeivise without respect of height) : strues (a heap of things piled in layers, so far as they may be placed or are placed over each other in a certain order) : cumulus (properly, a heap that comes up to the full measure . With acervus, the difference lies in the quantity ; with congeries, in the disorderly lying on each other ; with strages, in the lying on the ground ; with strues, in the lying in layers ; in cumulus, the arched form and the superabundance, as Livius, 3, 34, 6, in hoc immenso aliarum super alias acervatarum legum cumulo) : multitudo : vis : copia (general term, multitude, great number, with this difference, multitudo denotes any multitude, without any other idea ; vis brings the great quantity prominently forward and copia, the multitude in respect of the use to be made ; hence it cannot be used of persons unless they are to be considered as an instrument or means, as armatorum, virorum fortium copia). A confused heap, turba (properly of men, but also of animals and things, arborum, negotiorum, inanium verborum, etc. )

HEAP, v. , acervare : coacervare (to make a heap of anything, to heap together or upon one another) : aggerare : exaggerare (to heap up, to heap up high ; in prose, post-Augustan) : cumulare : accumulare (the former, to heap up to the full measure ; the latter, to be always adding to a heap ; cumulare, also, figuratively = constantly to increase) : augere (to increase) : addere aliquid alicui rei (to be constantly adding to anything) : congerere (figuratively, to bring together or utter as in heaps ; e. g. , reproaches upon anybody, maledicta in aliquem). To heap crime upon crime, scelus sceleri addere : to heap benefit upon benefit, beneficia priora posterioribus cumulare : to heap victory upon victory, victoriam victoriæ addere (after Livius, 1, 3) : to heap anything upon anybody, congerere aliquid in aliquem (general term, good and bad things) ; onerare aliquem aliqua re (with something unpleasant ; to load with anything) : ornare aliquem aliqua re (with something pleasant and honorable ; to adorn, honor, etc. , with anything ; e. g. , posts of honor, etc. ). || To heap up, cumulare : acervare (to heap) : accumulare : coacervare : construere (to heap up, heap together, accumulate ; e. g. , money, treasures : one who does this, accumulator opum, Tacitus, Ann. , 3, 30, 1 ; accumulare, mostly † ; once only in Cicero, auget, addit, accumulat ; in Plinius, often of heaping up earth round the roots of trees) : aggerare (to form into a heap, bones, ossa). To heap tip money, pecunias coacervare ; acervos numorum construere : to heap up riches, opes exaggerare (Phædrus, 3, prol. 25) : to heap up earth round the roots of trees, accumulare terram (Plinius) : to heap up earth about a tree, aggerare arbore (Columella) ; adaggerare (Cato) : to be heaped up, cumulari, accumulari ; crescere (to increase).  HEAPER, accumulator (e. g. , opum ; Tacitus, Ann. , 3, 30). By circumlocution  HEAR, v. , || (1) To have the sense of hearing, audire. To hear well, acutely, acuti auditus esse ; sollertis
auditus esse (of a fox) : not to hear well, auribus non satis competere : to hear with difficulty, tarde audire ; tardis esse auribus (to hear slowly) ; surdastrum esse (to be somewhat deaf ; Cicero, Tusc. , 5, 40, 116 : Cf. , graviter and male audire, in this signification, are wrong). Not to hear at all, sensu audiendi carere ; auditus alicui negatus est : not to hear from fear, timor auribus officit : not to be able to see or hear at all from fear, præ metu neque oculis neque auribus satis competere. || (2) To direct the sense of hearing to anything, to listen to, audire : auscultare (to listen to ; very rare in Golden Age) : to hear anything, aliquid audire : not to hear anything, aliquid non curare (not to attend to) ; alicujus rei rationem non habere (not to regard) : to hear anybody, alicui aures dare (to listen attentively to anybody) ; audire aliquem , auscultare alicui or (Cf. , but not in Cicero) aliquem (to listen to anybody, or to hear and follow anybody’s advice or warning).

Hear! audi! heus tu! eho! do you hear? audin’? hoccine agis annon? (are you attending to what I say ? vid. Ruhnken, Ter. , Andr. , 1, 2, 15). [Vid. to LISTEN TO ; to OBEY. ](3) To apprehend by hearing, audire (general term, also = to attend to : Cf. , only poets and later writers use exaudire) : exaudire (to hear from a distance and distinctly) : inaudire (to hear a whisper, hint, etc. , of anything, quiddam, numquid, etc. ) : auscultare aliquid or alicui rei (to listen, hearken to anything openly or secretly) : percipere (to apprehend accurately ; to hear clearly, of the hearing itself ; to observe, perceive, receive information of anything, orally or by tradition) : excipere, with or without auribus (properly, to catch up what one properly ought not to hear ; but then, also = to hear or perceive with peculiar interest ; vid. Plinius, Ep. 4, 19, 3 ; 10, 1, 86, Frotscher) : cognoscere aliquid or de aliqua re (to hear or perceive anything, to attain to the knowledge of anything) : comperire (to obtain exact information of or respecting anything, to hear or perceive with certainty or exactly, especially by oral information). I often hear people say, or I hear it commonly said, audio vulgo dici. (When the persons are indefinite, the passive should be used ; when a definite person or persons are mentioned, either the active participle, when this person is represented as acting, or the passive participle, when the person is represented as passive ; e. g. , I hear you coming, audio te venientem : I rejoice to hear you praised, audio te libenter laudatum : Cf. , audivi te canentem = ” I heard you sing, ” audivi te canere = ” I heard [from somebody] that you sang ;” or “I heard that you sang [a particular song];” e. g. , excidium Trojæ ; Z. 636 ; but audio libenter te laudari = the intelligence that you are praised rejoices me. “I hear anybody say” is also aliquem or ex or ab aliquo audio quum dicat, the ex or ab, when the person from whom the speaker heard it was himself the reporter ; I often hear Roscius say, sæpe soleo audire Roscium, quum dicat, etc. ; I often heard him say that he, etc. , sæpe ex eo audiebam, quum se. . . diceret, Krüger, 628, Obs. 2 ; Zumpt, 636, 749). As far as I hear, quantum audio : as far as I have heard, quod nos quidem audierimus : let me never hear that again from you, cave posthac umquam istuc verbum ex te audiam : I have already heard it more than a thousand times, plus millies jam audivi : I can hear nothing for the noise, fremitus or strepitus aurium usum intercipit : I have heard it all from the door, omnia ego istæc auscultavi ab ostio : to hear (receive information) of anything, venit or pervenit aliquid ad aures meas ; inaudire aliquid (privately) : not to hear a word of anything, ne tenuissimam quidem auditionem accipere de re : to hear anything from anybody, aliquid ab or ex aliquo audire, accipere, cognoscere : to hear anything of anybody, aliquid de aliquo audire, accipere : to hear of anybody with pleasure, volenti animo de aliquo accipere (Sallustius, Jug. , 73, 1) : to let nothing be heard of him, silentium est de aliquo : no one hears anything of him, literæ ejus conticescunt (he does not write) : to refuse to hear anything on any subject (i. e. , to listen to any proposal), aliquid auribus non admittere (as Livius, 23, 19, qui nullam ante pactionem auribus admiserat ; i. e. , who would not hear of any compact). In a wider sense, to hear anybody is, (a) = to listen or hearken to, auscultare alicui (general term, to listen or hearken to, very rare in Golden Age) : audire aliquem : alicui operam dare (to be a hearer, scholar of anybody) : I hear him very gladly, æquissimis meis auribus utitur : I hear him only too gladly, nimis libens ausculto ei. (b) To consent to listen to anybody’s defence, etc. , causes probandæ veniamci dare : not to be heard, causæ probandæ veniam non impetrare (cf. Cicero, Sull. , 1, extr. ) : to condemn anybody without hearing him, aliquem causa indicta condemnare. || To hear a cause (of a judge), cognoscere (either absolutely, as Verres cognoscebat, Verres judicabat, or with causam, Quintilianus, 4, 1, 3 : after hearing the cause, causa cognita, Sallustius, Cat. , 42, fin) : sedere judicem in aliquem : esse judicem de aliqua re (these two especially of a juryman). The judges who heard the cause, judices, apud quos causa agebatur : to hear a cause before the time it was set down for, repræsentare judicium (Quintilianus, 10, 7, 1). || To hear favorably (i. e. , to listen to, to grant), audire (Cf. , exaudire poetical and post-classical) : obedire : parere (to obey ; e. g. , alicujus dictis) : to hear anybody, or the prayers of anybody, audire aliquem or alicujus preces ; alicujus precibus locum relinquere ; alicui petenti satisfacere or non deesse ; preces alicujus admittere : to hear anybody’s advice, aliquem monentem audire : to hear a prayer, precationem admittere (of the gods) : God hears his wish, Deus ejus voto adest : not to hear anybody or his prayers, preces alicujus spernere (poetical) or aversari ; preces alicujus repudiare.  HEARER, qui (quæ) audit : audiens : auditor.  HEARING, || (1) A hearing, auditio [vid. HEARSAY]. || (2) The sense or power of hearing, auditus : sensus audiendi (the sense of hearing) : auditus membra, -orum (the organs of hearing) : aurium judicium or mensura (so far as a person judges by it ; vid. Cicero, N. D. , 2, 58, 146 ; De Or. , 3, 47, extr) : an imperfect hearing, auditus imbecillitas : hardness of hearing, auditus, or aurium, or audiendi gravitas ; aurium or audientis tarditas (so far as anybody hears very slowly) : to be hard of hearing, * auribus tardis esse ; * tarde audire ; surdastrum esse (general term, to be somewhat deaf ; Cicero, Tusc. , 5, 40, 1 16 : Cf. , Neither graviter audire, i. e. , to hear with indignation, nor male audire, i. e. , to be evil spoken of, belongs here) : a fine hearing, auditus sollers (properly ; e. g. , of the fox) : to lose the sense of hearing, etc. [vid. “to be, to become DEAF”]. ||(3) The listening to what another says, audientia (attention to a person speaking, especially so far as it is procured for a speaker in a public assembly by means of the herald or crier ; vid. Livius, 43, 16) : to obtain or procure a hearing for anybody, alicui aures impetrare (general term, to secure attention to anybody) : alicui audientiam facere (especially of a speaker in a public assembly, of the herald) : to obtain a hearing, audiri : to find a favorable hearing, benigne audiri (of persons) : not to obtain a hearing, non audiri (general term ; of persons) ; causæ probandæ veniam non impetrare (for one’s defence ; cf. Cicero, Sull. , 1, extr. ) ; non admitti (not to be admitted, of persons). I receive a favorable hearing, ab aliquo audior ; aliquid ab aliquo auditur (e. g. , a request) : to give or grant a hearing, audire aliquem (general term, to hear or listen to anybody ; then to hear or listen to him in order to follow him) ; aures præbere alicui and alicui rei (to lend an ear to a person or thing, also aures alicui dare or dedere ; Cf. , audientiam alicui præstare is not Latin) ; aliquem admittere (to allow anybody to come before one to plead his cause) ; causæ probandæ veniam alicui dare (to allow him to prove his statement, etc. ). To give an attentive, very attentive hearing to anybody, attente, perattente audire aliquem ; aliquem diligenter attendere ; ab ore alicujus pendere (Vergilius, Æn. , 4, 79) : silentio auditur aliquis (is listened to in silence) : to give a willing hearing to, faciles habere aures : to obtain a hearing, facere sibi or orationi audientiam : to give an impartial hearing to, æquo animo or æquis auribus accipere aliquid ; æquus audio aliquid (Livius, 5, 6) : not to obtain a favorable hearing, minus æquis auribus audiri : the king has no time to grant him a hearing, non vacat sermoni suo rex. || Reach of the ear, extent within which sound can be heard : to be within hearing, audiri posse : in my hearing, me audiente. || Judicial hearing, cognitio (cs or alicujus rei).  HEARKEN, || To listen, vid. || To hear favorably, grant ; vid. “To HEAR favorably. ”  HEARKENER, auditor : auscultator (Cicero) : dicto audiens (obedient).  HEARSAY, auditio : levis auditio (e. g. , to act upon hearsay ; levem auditionem pro re comperta habere, to believe any unauthenticated report) : fama (a report). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) fama et auditio. It is, however, better, in most cases, to use circumlocution
with audire : I know this from hearsay, hæc auditu comperta habeo ; hæc auditione et fama accepi : I know it only from hearsay, nihil praster auditum habeo : I state this not from hearsay, but from my own experience, hæc non auditum, sed cognitum prædicamus.  HEARSE, plaustrum, quo corpora mortua ad sepulturæ locum devehuntur : vehiculum, quo corpora mortua exportantur. [Vid. BIER. ]

Hearse-cloth ; vid. PALL.  HEART, (A) In a physical sense, properly and figuratively, cor (the heart in the animal body) : pectus (the breast, under which the heart is concealed) : formella cordis (the shape of the heart, as a kitchen utensil ; after Apicius, 9, 11, where formella piscis). The heart beats, cor palpitat ; cor salit : to press anybody to one’s heart, aliquem premere ad pectus, or ad corpus suum (†) ; aliquem artius complecti ; aliquem amplexari. With one’s hearts blood, de visceribus suis (Cicero). || IMPROPR. , the heart of a country ( = its interior), interior alicujus terræ regio ; interiora alicujus terræ ; e. g. , to penetrate into the heart of India, interiorem Indiæ regionem or interiora Indiæ petere : the heart of the republic, viscera reipublicæ.

Heart of a tree (oak), os arboris ; lignum firmissimum. (B) In a moral sense : (1) the internal power of feeling, soul, mind, etc. , animus : mens (mind, disposition, intelligence, spirit ; hence together animus et mens, i. e. , heart and spirit) : voluntas (inclination) : natura (human nature, the mode of thinking or disposition implanted by nature in men ; e. g. , the human heart is too weak to despise power, imbecilla natnra est ad contemnendam potentiam : a man of an honest and good heart, natura justus vir ac bonus) : pectus (the breast, as the seat of the feelings : cor is used in good prose only in certain forms of expression ; vid. below). A good heart, bonitas (general term, good-heartedness, as a property of anybody) ; animus benignus, benignitas (a beneficent disposition) ; animus mitis (a gentle mind) : a bad or evil heart, animus malus (a naturally corrupt one) ; animus improbus, improbitas (a wicked, ungodly disposition) : a depraved, corrupt heart, voluntas depravata : from the heart, animo or ex animo (opposed to simulatione, simulate) : to love anybody from my heart, aliquem ex animo amare ; aliquem ex animo vereque diligere : to love anybody with one’s whole heart, toto pectore aliquem amare : to speak from the heart, ex animo vereque dicere : oh ! that this expression came from your heart! utinam istud verbum ex animo diceres : to all appearance. . . but in heart, simulatione. . . sed animo ( e. g. , to all appearance he was against Cæsar, but in heart he favored him, simulatione contra Cæsarem, sed animo pro Cæsare stetit) : anything or anybody is near to my heart, aliquid or aliquis mihi curæ or cordi est (Cf. , not curæ cordique est) ; mihi curæ est de aliqua re (Cf. , but only in epistolary style, and unusual) : an object is near to my heart, aliquid mihi summæ curæ est (I interest myself about it) ; aliquid mihi in medullis est (it is very dear to me) : my heart prompts me to do anything, est mihi cordi aliquid facere : nothing lies nearer my heart, nihil est mihi aliqua re antiquius : anything is nearer to my heart than another, amicior alicui rei quam. . . sum (Nepos, Milt. , 3, 6). There is nobody to whose heart anything is nearer than it is to mine, tam amicus sum alicui rei, quam qui maxime : no object is nearer to my heart than to, etc. , nihil mihi potius est, quam ut, etc. (vid. Cicero, Somn. Scip. , 1) : anybody takes anything more to heart than another, propior dolor alicui alicujus rei est (cf. Livius, 7, 21, 3) : to take anything to heart, aliquid sibi curæ habere ; cura alicujus rei in animum alicujus descendit (Livius, 3, 52) ; aliqua re moveri or commoveri (to be moved, touched with anything) ; de aliqua re laborare, aliquid ægre ferre (to vex one’s self about anything) ; aliquid in pectus or in pectus animumque (of several, in pectora animosque) demittere (to impress anything deeply upon one’s self) : not to take anything to heart, non laborare de aliqua re, negligere aliquid (both ; e. g. , the death of anybody) : anything lies or presses upon my heart, aliquid animum meum pungit ; aliquid me or animum meum soilicitum habet : a thing goes to my heart, tangit aliquid animum meum ; aliquid animum meum perciitit : to go to the heart, animum alicujus movere, commovere ; in animum alicujus penetrare ; alte in alicujus pectus descendere (to make a deep impression, of lessons, etc. ; Sallustius, Jug. , 11, 7) : a thing makes a deep impression on my heart, aliquid alte in pectus meum descendit (Sallustius, Jug. , 11, 7 ; is of the impression on the mind). I shall not take it much to heart if, levissime feram, si, etc. PROV. To have one’s heart in one’s mouth, * nec aliud sentire ; nec aliud loqui ; nec aliud clausum in pectore, nec aliud promptum in lingua habere (after Sallustius, Cat. , 10, 5). When I converse with anybody, be it who it may, I always speak from my heart, quicum ego colloquar, nihil fingam, nihil dissimulem, nihil obtegam (Cicero, Att. , 1, 18, in) : to be able to see into anybody’s heart, apertum alicujus pectus videre : the searcher of hearts, qui in omnium mentes introspicit (vid. Cicero, De Fin. , 2, 35, 118) ; qui hominum voluntates introspicit (vid. Tacitus, Ann. , 1, 7, 8) : if we could look into the hearts of tyrants, we might, etc. , si recludantur tyrannorum mentes, posse, etc. (Tacitus, Ann. , 6, 6, 2). Oh! that you could see into my heart ! utinam oculos in pectora mea posses inserere! († Ovidius, Met. , 2, 93) : to sink into anybody’s heart, influere in alicujus animum (e. g. , of sounds) ; (se) insinuare alicujus animo (e. g. , of a suspicion) : to be able to bring one’s heart to, etc. , (in) animum inducere posse, followed by infinitive or ut : not to have the heart to, etc. , not to find it in one’s heart to, a se or ab animo suo impetrare non posse, with ut, etc. : to speak in all sincerity of heart, vere et ex animi sententia loqui : what comes from the heart finds its way to the heart, oratio, quæ habet sensus, facile in sensus et mentes hominum intrat (after Cicero, De Or. , 3, 25, init. , and 2, 25, extr. ). Do not make my heart sad, * noli me angere ; * noli me or animum meum sollicitare. To open one’s heart to anybody, alicui sensus suos aperire ; totum se patefacere alicui : to pour out one’s heart to anybody, alicui cordolium patefacere (to tell one’s sorrow to anybody, Appuleius, Met. , 9, p. 226, 28) ; cum aliquo conqueri fortunam adversam (to complain bitterly to a person of one’s misfortune) : cum aliquo conqueri de aliqua re : to give one’s heart to anybody, animum suum alicui dare or dedere (vid. Livius, 1, 9 ; Terentius.

Hec. , 3, 1, 14) : to surrender one’s heart to a female, animum adjicere ad puellam (comedy) : a person’s heart is still free, aliqua nondum (amore) captus est : his heart is no longer free, aliquis alibi animum amori deditum habet (Terentius.

Hec. , 3, 1, 14). To be of one heart and of one mind with anybody, familiariter or intime uti aliquem : they are of one heart and of one mind, intime juncti sunt. || As a term of endearment : κυρικιμασαηικοmy sweet heart! meum cor! anime mi! mi animule! meum corculum ! (comedy). (2) Courage (vid. COURAGE), animus. To give heart to anybody, to put in heart, animum alicui facere or addere ; alicui virtutem addere ; animum alicujus confirmare, incendere (to strengthen, confirm one’s courage). A man of good heart, vir fortis (a brave man) ; vir metu vacuus (that knows no fear). To take heart, (in) animum inducere, followed by infinitive (general term, to endeavor to prevail upon one’s self) : audere, followed by an infinitive (to venture, dare). || The shape of a heart, cordis species (Plinius, 37, 10, 58, cordis speciem repræsentare) : cordis formella (as a kitchen utensil, after Apicius, 9, 11). || By heart (i. e. , in the memory), memoriter, ex memoria : to know by heart, memoria tenere ; complecti ; in memoria habere : to learn by heart, ediscere ; memoriæ mandare, tradere, committere, infigere : to know every word of a writing by heart, ad verbum libellum ediscere : || Heart’s blood. To pay anybody with one’s hearts blood, de visceribus suis satisfacere alicui (Cicero, Quint. Fr. , 1, 3, 7).  HEART-ACHE, cordolium (Plautus, Cist. , 1, 1, 67, and Pœn. , 1, 2, 89 ; Appuleius, Met. , 9, p. 226, 28) : animi angor : ægritudo : sollicitudo : dolor : mœror. Anybody gives me the heartache, aliquis mihi ægritudinem or dolorem, or mœrorem affert ; aliquis me sollicitudine or mœrore afficit (the first ; e. g. , of a degenerate son).  HEART-BREAKING, miserabilis : flebilis : animum exedens : quod magnam (maximam) miserationem habet (Cicero) : acerbissimus.  HEART-BURN, * cordis dolor : cardialgia (technical term) : ardor stomachi : æstus ventriculi.  HEART-BURNINGS, Vid. DISCONTENT.  HEART-FELT, ardens (e. g. , love) : vehemens.

Heart-felt prayers, * precatio ex animo facta ; * preces ex animo fusæ : to offer anybody one’s heart-felt congratulations on any event, in aliqua re alicui gratulari vehementer or tota mente.

Heart-felt joy, animi lætitia ; summa lætitia.  HEART-RENDING, Vid. HEART-BREAKING.  HEART-SHAPED, quod cordis speciem repræsentat.  HEART-SICK, æger animo : miser ex animo (Plautus, Trin. , 2, 3, 6).

HEART WHOLE, integer (not
affected by passion, e. g. , by love). || Not dispirited, metu vacuus.  HEARTEN, alicui animum facere, afferre or addere ; alicujus animum incendere, erigere, augere. animum recreare or reficere.  HEARTH, focus. One’s paternal hearth, focus patrius : domus patria (one’s paternal house) : to fight for hearth and home, pro aris et focis pugnare, pro tectis mœnibusque dimicare (of the inhabitants of a country).

HEARTILY, ex animo (from the heart) : vere (truly, really) : sincere (uprightly, sincerely) : valde : vehementer (very ; e. g. , to rejoice heartily, valde gaudere) : To laugh heartily, valde or vehementer ridere ; it must also frequently be expressed in Latin by other terms ; e. g. , to greet anybody heartily, alicui plurimam salutem impertire or aliquem plurima salute impertire : to be heartily loved by anybody, hærere in alicujus medullis ac visceribus : to wish anything heartily, tota cogitatione cupere aliquid. To congratulate anybody heartily, aliquem vehementer or tota mente gratulari : I bid you heartily welcome, plurimum te salvere jubeo : all will welcome you heartily, gratus omnibus exspectatusque venies.  HEARTINESS, animus verus or sincerus.  HEARTLESS, ignavus (cowardly) : inhumanus : durus (without the tenderer feelings of humanity). To be heartless, omnem humanitatem exuisse or abjecisse.  HEARTLESSLY, Vid. FEEBLY, TIMIDLY.  HEARTLESSNESS, ignavia (cowardliness) : animus durus : inhumanitas (hard-heartedness).

HEART’S-EASE, * viola tricolor (Linnæus).

HEARTY, verus (true) : sincerus (upright) : A hearty prayer, congratulation, etc. ; vid. HEART-FELT.

HEAT, (A) PROPR. , calor (warmth in a higher or milder degree; opposed to frigus) : ardor (burning heat, the heat of a fiery or burning body ; also, fire itself) : fervor (heat in a still higher degree, to the point when it makes itself known by hissing and roaring, as in red-hot metal, boiling liquids) : æstus (the highest degree of heat, where the whole mass really, or, as it were, is agitated and roars ; especially, also, of internal heat, in fevers, etc. , which makes itself known by restlessness and violent motion). All these words are used by the Latins also in the plural, in order to bring forward more prominently the duration and vehemence of the heat. The heat of the sun, ardor or ardores solis ; æstus solis : the heat increases, calor or æstus increscit : the heat abates, æstus minuit ; calor se frangit : the heat abates much, multum ex calore decrescit. (B) FIG. , (a) Great vivacity, vehemence, impetus : ardor : fervor (for difference, vid. above ; all three, also, with animi, when the subject is of violence of disposition) : youthful heat, ardor juvenilis ; ardor or fervor ætatis. In the first heat; e. g. , of the battle, primo pugnæ impetu (Livius, 6, 13). (b) Anger, etc. ira : impetus et ira : iracundia : to kill anybody in the heat of passion, impetu et ira aliquem occidere.  HEAT, v. , TRANS. , calefacere (properly and figuratively) : feryefacere (properly, to make hot by boiling) : incendere : inflammare (to excite, figuratively). To heat very much, percalefacere (properly) : to heat one’s self, confervescere (properly ; figuratively only with the poets) ; calefieri (properly ; e. g. , by running) : to be heated with wine, incalescere vino. To order the bath to be heated, balneum calefieri jubere. INTRANS. , concalescere (especially of corn, frumenta).

HEATH, || The plant, erice (Plinius) : * erica (Linnæus). || Place overgrown with heath, loca deserta or inculta : campi deserta (general terms for wild, uncultivated tracks). Poetical, deserta et inhospita tesqua.  HEATHCOCK, tetrao.  HEATHEN, s. , paganus.  HEATHEN, adjective, ethnicus (ἐθνικός), or, pure Latin, paganus, gentilis (ecclesiastical). The expressions are to be retained as technical terms, in theological treatises. In other terms of compositions we may use circumlocution ; as, * sacrorum Christianorum expers ; * veræ religionis ignarus ; * qui verum Deum non agnoscit, etc. : the heathen, also gentes barbaræ.  HEATHENISH, ethnicus (ἐθνικός), or, pure Latin, gentilis.  HEATHENISHLY, ethnice.  HEATHENISM, gentilitas : paganitas (ecclesiastical) ; * religiones a Christi doctrina alienæ ; * sacra a Christi doctrina aliena (noun plural) ; * sacra (noun plural) gentium barbararum.  HEATHY, by circumlocution : ericæus (Plinius, belonging to heath).

HEATING, calefactio (post-classical) : by circumlocution. For the heating of our bodies, ad corpus calefaciendum.  HEAVE, || TRANS. , [Vid. To LIFT, To RAISE. ]To heave the lead, * cataproraten jacere : to heave (up) the anchor, ancoram moliri (Livius) : to heave a sigh, (ab imo pectore) suspirare ; suspirium alte petere (Cf. , suspiria trahere or ducere, poetical) : to heave anything overboard, alicujus rei jacturam facere (i. e , to incur the loss of it voluntarily), aliquid in flumen (or mare) effundere (Ulpianus). || INTRANS. , tumescere (to swell ; e. g. , maria) : intumescere (poetical and post-Augustan ; e. g. , fluctus, Plinius) : fluctuare (to rise and sink alternately, as the sea, or a ship, etc. , upon the sea). To heave in sight, vid. “to become VISIBLE. ”  HEAVEN, THE HEAVENS, cœlum (in all the relations of the English word, even for God, the gods ; but in this signification first in post-Augstan poetry and prose ; in præ-Augustan prose, always Deus, dii. A poetic expression for heaven is polus) : Olympus (heaven, as the residence of the gods, in the poets) : piorum sedes et locus : loca cœlestia, noun plural (as the seat or residence of the blessed). The whole heavens, omne cœlum (Cf. , the plural, omnia cœla, is a Hebraism) : toward heaven, in or ad cœlum : to ascend to heaven, in cœlum ascendere ; sublime (Cf. , not in sublime) ferri ; sublimem abire : from heaven, down from heaven, e cœlo ; de cœlo ; divinitus (by divine ordinance. Cf. , Avoid, as unclassical, cœlitus) : to fall from heaven, e cœlo cadere : to come down, be despatched from heaven, de cœlo delabi or demitti : to move heaven and earth, cœlum ac terras miscere (Livius, 4, 3) [vid. “to leave no stone UNTURNED”] : to go to heaven, in cœlum venire or migrare : to be admitted into heaven (the region of the blessed), piorum sedem et locum consequi (Cicero, Phil. , 14, 12, 32) ; or vitæ immortalitatem consequi (ib. , extr. ) : heaven stands open for anybody, aditus ad cœlum alicui patet : his spirit returned to heaven, whence it came, animus ejus in cœlum, ex quo erat, rediit. I feel myself in heaven (quite happy), in cœlo sum (vid. Cicero, Att. , 2, 19, 1 ; 2, 20, 4) : I think myself in heaven when, etc. , digito me cœlum puto attingere, si, etc. (Cicero, Att. , 2, 1, 6) ; deus sum, si, etc. (Terentius.

Hec. , 5, 4, 3) ; immortalitas mihi data or parta est, si, etc. (Plautus Merc. , 3, 4, 18 ; Terentianus, Andr. , 5, 5, 4, Ruhnken. ) :

Heaven (i. e. , God) crown your wishes! dii tibi dent (or, for us, Deus tibi det) quæ optas ! if it please Heaven, si diis (or Deo) placet : si Deus annuit nutum numenque suum (after Livius, 7, 30, extr. ) :

Heaven be praised! diis (or Deo) gratia! for heaven’s sake (with prayers, adjurations), per Deum (per deos) ; e. g. , oro te per deos : heavens! (as an exclamation of wonder and excited feeling) proh Juppiter ! maxime Juppiter! (vid. Heindorf.

Hor. , Sat. , 1, 2, 17) ; per deos immortales ; proh deum fidem ! proh deum atque hominum fidem! A chart of the heavens, tabula, in qua solis et lunæ reliquarumque stellarum motus insunt (afterCicero, Rep. , 1, 14, 22).

HEAVENLY, cœlestis : divinus (godlike, divine). A heavenly messenger, nuncius de cœlo demissus : nuncius deorum (to us, Dei). The heavenly bodies, cœlestia ; res cœlestes ; astra : the heavenly bodies in their regular courses, ordines rerum cœlestium ; ordines astrorum.  HEAVENWARD, in cœlum : to rise heavenward, sublime (post-Augustan, in sublime) ferri ; sublimem abire : to raise one’s thoughts heavenward, supera ac cœlestia cogitare.  HEAVILY, graviter (e. g. , to fall, cadere or concidere †) : tarde (slowly ; e. g. , to dance, membra tarde or minus molliter movere ; after Horatius, Sat. , 1, 9, 25). Anything falls heavily upon me, or bears heavily upon me, grave mihi est aliquid ; grave mihi duco (with infinitive. ) : to complain heavily, graviter queri aliquid :

Heavily-laden, gravis oneribus ( e. g. , of a ship) : to breathe heavily, ægre ducere spiritum : to walk heavily, tarde ire or ingredi ; tardo pede or gradu incedere ; lente incedere (of men or animals) : to move heavily, lente moveri (of things ; e. g. , machines).   HEAVINESS, gravitas (the being heavy, as a property) : pondus (the measure or degree of heaviness, the weight) : onus (burden ; weight as oppressive to him who bears it) : duritas (hardness ; heaviness of expression, of a verse) : tarditas (slowness, heaviness of intellect, etc). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) vis et gravitas alicujus rei : pondus et gravitas ; nutus et pondus alicujus rei ; vis nutusque alicujus rei (Cicero, De Or. , 3, 45, 178).

Heaviness (of intellect), tardum ingenium : tarditas ingenii : heaviness of spirit, ægritudo animi, mæstitia : intemperies, quæ μελαγχολία dicitur (Gellius, 18, 7, 4, of a confirmed gloom of spirit, etc. ).

HEAVY, (A) PROPR. , with reference to weight,
gravis (opposed to levis) : ponderosus (weighty, having a considerable weight ; e. g. , corn, a letter, a loaf). A heavy burden, onus grave : heavy armor, armatura gravis : a heavy weight, pondus grave ; pondus vulgari gravius (more than usually heavy ). (B) IMPROPR. , || Not light, with reference to its constituent parts, gravis (opposed to levis).

Heavy food, cibus gravis, firmus, valens (that has much nourishment in it) : cibus difficilis ad concoquendum (indigestible) : a heavy dress, amiculum grave : a heavy toil, solum pingue (rich) ; solum spissum (a strong soil). || Not moving lightly, gravis (opposed to levis) : tardus (slow ; opposed to velox). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) tardus et pæne immobilis (of very slow animals) : vasti corporis (clumsily, heavily built) : inhabilis (not easily managed ; e. g. , a ship) : durus (hard ; e. g. , of expressions, verses, style, etc. ). “Heavy and laden with booty” (Bacon), gravis præda :

Heavy ( = sleepy) eyes, oculi graves (general term) ; oculi vino graves (of a drunken man’s) : a heavy gait, incessus tardus : to have a heavy gait, tardum esse incessu ; tarde ingredi.

Heavy cavalry, infantry [vid. HEAVY-ARMED cavalry, infantry]. || Depressed with cares, etc. , sollicitus : anxius. My heart is heavy, angor animo ; me illa cura sollicitat angitque : anything makes my heart heavy, angor (de) aliqua re ; aliquid me sollicitat angitque ; aliquid me sollicitum habet, or me angit et sollicitum habet : to make anybody’s heart heavy, aliquem sollicitum habere (of persons or things) ; aliquem angere or sollicitare ; aliquem sollicitare angereque ; aliquem angere et sollicitum habere (of things ; e. g. , accidents, events) ; aliquem cura et sollicitudine afficere (to cause anybody care and sorrow ; e. g. , of a reprobate son). || Encumbered with difficulties, difficilis ; non facilis (general terms ; opposed to facilis) : arduus (difficult to execute) : impeditus (encumbered with difficulties ; complicated, intricate) : magni negotii (requiring great exertion and trouble ; opposed to nullius negotii). A heavy task, magnum opus et arduum [vid. DIFFICULT]. || Dull or slow of intellect, tardus : ingenio tardo (slow of comprehension ; also, in reference to learning, tardus ad discendum or in discendo) : lentus (slow; opposed to hasty and over-hasty, and as an euphemism with blame ; over-slow) : segnis (opposed to promptus, etc. , sluggish from a natural want of energy) : piger (lazy, disinclined to stir) : longinquus (seeming long ; passing heavily ; e. g. , noctes). A heavy fall, gravis casus (Livius, 8, 7). MISCELLANEOUS,

Heavy rain, imber magnus or maximus ; imber crassæ aquæ († Martisalis, 12, 26) : a heavy cloud, crassa nebula : heavy sleep, vehemens or artus somnus : heavy debts, magnum æs alienum : heavy bread, panis durus (hard) ; * panis male coctus (ill-baked) ; panis sine fermento (without leaven) ; * panis male fermentatus (not leavened properly) : the market is heavy, pretia rerum jacent.  HEAVY-ARMED, gravis armaturæ.

Heavy-armed cavalry, equites gravis armaturæ (general term) : equites ferrati or cataphracti (cuirassiers).

Heavy-armed infantry, pedites gravis armaturæ ; gravius peditum agmen (on the march) : legiones (the Roman legions, which were always heavy-armed ; opposed to levis armaturæ ; cf. Cicero, Phil. , 10, 6, 14).

HEBDOMADAL, Vid. WEEKLY.  HEBETATE, Vid. To BLUNT, To DULL.  HEBRAISM, * Hebraismus : * Judaismus. A Hebraism, * linguæ Hebraicæ proprietas. Anything is a Hebraism, * aliquid linguæ Hebraicæ proprium est.  HEBRAIST, * qui Hebraice (bene) scit.  HEBREW,

Hebræus :

Hebraicus. A good Hebrew scholar, * qui Hebraice bene scit. || A Hebrew.

Hebræus : Judæus.  HECATOMB, hecatombe (ἑκατομβή, Varro). To offer a hecatomb, hecatomben facere (Varro, ap. Non. , 131, 19) ; hecatombion litare (Sidon. , Carm. , 9, 205 ; celebrare hecatombas, Trebell. , Gallien. , 9).

HECTIC, tabidus (general term) : phthisicus (consumptive) ; or * hecticus as technical term.

Hectic fever, tabes : phthisis, or * hectica as  technical term.  HECTOR, s. , homo gloriosus (empty boaster) : lingua fortis (boastful, cowardly bully) : miles gloriosus (alluding to the comedy of Plautus, Cicero, 26, 98 ; Off. , 1, 38, 137).

HECTOR, v. , TRANS. [Vid. To BULLY. ]To hector anybody into anything, terrore cogere aliquem : anybody was hectored into doing anything, aliquis fecit aliquid terrore coactus : to hector anybody out of anything, minis extorquere alicui aliquid. || INTRANS. , gestire et se efferre insolentius (general term, to behave in a boastful, swaggering manner) : lingua esse fortem (to be a cowardly boaster ; cf. Livius, 23, 45, extr. ) : de se gloriosius prædicare : insolentius se jactare : imitari militem gloriosum (Cicero, Off. , 1, 38).

HECTORING, * quasi Thrasoniana quædam jactatio ; or by circumlocution with imitari militem gloriosum, etc. Vid. To HECTOR (intrans. ).

HEDGE, s. , sepes : sepimentum (any kind of hedge or fence) : indago (surrounding part of a forest) : septum (a hedge, and the place hedged in ; e. g. , for the chase, venationis). A quick hedge, naturale sepimentum vivæ sepis ; viva sepis : a hedge cut into shape, opus topiarium : to put a hedge round anything, aliquid sepire or consepire (general term) ; circumsepire ; septo circumdare aliquid (when the hedge goes all round) ; sepis munimento cingere (when the leading notion is that of protection or defence).

HEDGE, v. , * sepe viva circumdare : * cingere munimento sepis vivæ, or the general terms, sepire, consepire (aliqua re) ; circumsepire ; or vepribus et dumetis sepire (Cicero ; but speaking of what was covered with brambles, etc. , from neglect).

HEDGE-HOG, erinaceus (Plinius) : ericius (Varro, ap. Non. , 49, 10, and 106, 18 ; cf. Isidorus, Orig. , 12, 3, 7). Sea-hedgehog, * echinus.  HEDGE-HOG-THISTLE, cactus.  HEDGE-HYSSOP, * gratiola (Linnæus).

HEDGE-MUSTARD, * erysimum (Linnæus ; in Pliny of a different plant).

HEDGE-SPARROW, * motacilla.  HEED, v. , Vid. ATTEND TO, To NOTICE, To MIND.  HEED, s. , || Prudential attention, care (both in order to gain a good and to avoid an evil). To take heed to anything, rem curare ; rationem alicujus rei habere : to take heed to one’s self, cavere aliquem and aliquid or ab aliquo and ab aliqua re ; præcavere ab aliqua re ; or either expression may be followed by ne. . . ; cautionem adhibere in aliqua re (to go cautiously to work) ; vitare aliquem, aliquid (to avoid) ; also by videre, providere, animum advertere, followed by ne.  HEEDFUL, Vid. ATTENTIVE, CAREFUL.  HEEDFULLY : Vid. Attentively, Carefully.  HEEDFULNESS : Vid. ATTENTIVELY, CAREFULLY.    HEEDLESS, : Vid. THOUGHTLESS, INATTENTIVE.  HEEDLESSLY, Vid. CARELESSLY, INATTENTIVELY.  HEEDLESSNESS, Vid. CARELESSNESS, INATTENTION.  HEEL, s. , calx. To be at anybody’s heels, instare alicujus vestigiis : alicujus vestigia premere : aliquem vestigiis sequi : I shall be always at his heels, me sibi ille affixum habebit : to take to one’s heels, in pedes se conjicere ; a pedibus auxilium perere ; terga dare (especially of soldiers) : to lay anybody by the heels [vid. To IMPRISON] : to be out at heels, * laceratis tibialibus muniri : to trip up anybody’s heels, supplantare aliquem (properly) ; circumscribere aliquem (to get an advantage over him by some trick, etc. ) : to kick up one’s heels, calcitrare (e. g. , of a horse) ; from joy, gaudio or lætitia exsultare ; triumphare gaudio. Neck and heels, mostly by adjective, præceps (headlong), for which Catullus has per caput pedesque (17, 9). || Of a shoe, probably, calx. Shoes with high heels, vid. HIGH-HEELED.  HEEL, v. , To heel over (of ships), * in latus inclinari : labare (of the unsteadiness of a ship without ballast, Ovidius, Met. , 2, 163).

HEFT, || Effort, vid. || Handle (of knife), etc. , manubrium (e. g. , bidentis, cultelli, etc. ).

HEG1RA, * Hegira, or Hegira, quæ vocatur or dicitur, as technical term.  HEIFER, juvenca (†) : junix ( = juvenix, Plautus, Pers. ).

HEIGH-HO! væ mihi! væ mihi misero ! me miserum! (woe is me!) hei ! or hei mihi! (e. g. , hei! non placet convivium : hei, vereor, etc. ) : eheu!  HEIGHT, altitudo, excelsitas, sublimitas (all three properly and figuratively ; Cf. , there is no good authority for celsitas) : proceritas (properly, slimness ; vid. in HIGH, the difference of the adjectives). The height of a mountain, altitudo montis, excelsitas montis ; but if “height” be = the highest point (properly and figuratively), the Latins express it either by fastigium (the highest point, culmination point), or with summus ; e. g. , the height of a mountain (its highest point), montis fastigium ; mons summus. It is the height of madness, etc. , extremæ est dementiæ, etc. : to such a height of (madness, etc. ), huc or eo, with genitive (e. g. , huc arrogantiæ venire ; eo impudentiæ procedere, etc. , followed by ut ; scire videmini quo amentiæ progressi sitis = to what a height of madness : Cf. , This is common in Livy, Sallustius, but not found in Cicero). κυρικιμασαηικοTo such a height of perfection did rhetoric attain without art, in tam sublime fastigium sine arte venit rhetorice : to attain
to the height of fortune, of glory, summam lortunam, summam gloriam consequi (Cf. , but altitudo fortunæ, gloriæ, denotes the almost unattainable height of fortune, etc. ). to make the towers of an equal height, turres ad libram facere. || A height, locus editus, or editior, or superior (general term, a place that lies high) : clivus (a height with a gentle ascent) : tumulus (a moderate elevation in a plain, whether natural or artificial) : despectus (from which there is a perpendicular view) : agger (a heap made of earth, brush-wood, rubbish, etc. ; a mound) : heights on the mountains, montani colles : to occupy the heights, loca edita (editiora) occupare or capere.  HEIGHTEN, || Carry up higher (of a building), aliquid altius efferre (after Cicero, Rep. , 3, 3, 4). || To increase anything in extent, strength, intensity, etc. , efferre : majus reddere : augere : exaggerare (opposed to extenuare aliquid, to represent it as great, noble, etc. ) : acuere (to sharpen ; e. g. , industriam). To heighten the beauties of anything (by a description), aliquid verbis adornare or oratione exornare.  HEINOUS, nefarius : immanis : fœdus : flagitiosus : atrox (e. g. , facinus, Livius).

Heinous crimes, scelera ; flagitia : nefaria (adjective) : the most heinous crimes, rlagitiosissima facinora (Sallustius).

HEINOUSNESS, fœditas : immanitas : atrocitas (e. g. , rei, Cicero ; sceleris, Sallustius ; facinoris, Suetonius).

HEIR, heres (one that enters into the rights and obligations of a dead person, according to the civil law ; by the prætorian law, he was called possessor bonorum ; figuratively, for successor ; e. g. , heres artis ; vid. Plinius, 36, 4, 6). The sole heir, heres ex asse, heres ex libella (vid. Plinius, Ep. 8, 18, 7 ; Cicero, Att. , 7, 2, 3) ; heres omnibus bonis institutus (Plinius, 7, 36, 36) : the substituted heir (i. e. , the one who, after the death of the first, or, in the event of his incapacity to inherit, enters upon the inheritance), heres secundus ; heres substitutus (Quintilianus, 7, 6, 10) : an heir to the half, third part, etc. , heres ex dimidia parte, ex tertia parte or ex teruncio : an heir of eleven twelfths, heres ex deunce : to be heir to anybody, alicui (not alicujus) heredem esse or exsistere : to make anybody one’s heir, aliquem heredem instituere ; aliquem heredem (testamento) scribere, facere ; aliquem heredem nuncupare (this the proper word, if it be done before witnesses orally ; also with voce ; a will so made is called nuncupatum testamentum) : to substitute anybody as one’s heir, aliquem heredem secundum instituere or scribere ; aliquem heredem substituere (Quintilianus, 7, 6, 10) : to make anybody an heir equally with one’s sons, testamento aliquem pariter cum filiis heredem instituere : to put in as heir with others, aliquem inter heredes nuncupare : to put in as sole heir, aliquem heredem ex asse instituere ; aliquem palam facere ex libella (Cicero, Att. 7, 2, 3) ; aliquem heredem omnibus bonis instituere (Plinius 7, 36, 36) : to leave anybody one’s heir, aliquem heredem relinquere testamento : to come into a good property, as heir to anybody, relinqui ab aliquo in amplis opibus heredem : to settle with the other heirs, conficere cum coheredibus (of principal heirs, cf. Cicero, Fam. , 7, 2, 2) : to dispossess the true heirs, movere veros heredes ; veros heredes ejicere (by force) to leave no heirs, sine liberis decedere ; alieno herede mori : to leave or have no male heir, virilem sexum non relinquere.  HEIR, v. , Vid. To INHERIT.  HEIRDOM, Vid. INHERITANCE.  HEIRLOOM, * res hereditaria.  HEIRSHIP, hereditas.  HELIOTROPE, heliotropium (ἡλιοτρόπιον, Plinius).

HELIX (Wilkins), helix (ἔλιξ, a small ornament on the capital of Corinthian pillars, Vitruvius 4, 1) :

HELL, sedes ac regio, quam scelerati (impii) apud inferos habitant, sceleratorum (impiorum) sedes ac regio (with Cicero, Cluent. , 61, 171) : loca inferna, -orum (opposed to cœlum, Lactantius, 6, 3, 11). Cf. , Inferi denotes, general term, the region of the dead ; and Tartarus (Τάρταρος), as also, abyssus (ἄβυσσος, Prudentius.

Hamart. , 834), are poetic : to go to hell, agi præcipitem in sceleratorum sedem ac regionem (Cicero, l. c. ) : a descent into hell, * descensus in sedem ac regionem sceleratorum : the torments of hell, supplicia, quæ impii apud inferos perferunt (with Cicero, Cluent. , 61, 171).

HELLEBORE, helleborus (ἡλλήβορος), or, pure Latin, veratram. The white hellebore, * veratrum album (Linnæus) : the black hellebore, melampodium (Plinius, μελαμπόδιον) ; * helleborus orientalis.  HELLENISM, A hellenism, * Græcæ linguæ proprietas. * quod Græcæ linguæ proprium est.  HELLISH, infernus (properly, and with veluti also figuratively ; e. g. , veluti infernus aspectus) : terribilis (figuratively, terrible) : nefandus (figuratively, devilish).

HELLISHLY, Vid. DEVILISHLY.  HELM, || Helmet, vid. || Rudder, gubernaculum : clavus (properly ; the angular handle of the rudder ; the tiller ; by metonymy, for “rudder”). To sit, stand, be, etc. , at the helm, ad gubernaculum sedere : gubernaculum regere : clavum tenere (properly and figuratively). || FIG. , The helm of the state, etc. , gubernacula reipublicæ, civitatis, or imperii ; clavus imperii : to be at the helm of the slate, ad gubernacula reipublicæ sedere ; gubernaculis reipublicæ assidere ; gubernacula reipublicæ tractare ; clavum imperii tenere. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) clavum imperii tenere et gubernacula reipublicæ tractare ; sedere in puppi et clavum tenere ; summas imperii tenere ; reipublicæ præesse ; rempublicam regere ac gubernare : to take the helm, ad gubernacula accedere : to retire from it, a gubernaculis recedere : to be driven from the helm, repelli a gubernaculis (Cicero).

HELMET, cassis, cassida (a helmet of metal) : galea (γαλέη ; a helmet of leather, and properly of the skin of a weasel : Tacitus, Germ. , 6, paucis loricæ, vix uni alterive cassis aut galea) : cudo (κεύθων : a helmet of an unknown shape). To put on one’s helmet, sumere cassidem in caput (Plautus) : galeam inducere (Cæsar) : with a helmet on his head, cum casside ; galeatus.  HELMSMAN, gubernator : rector navis : qui clavum tenet. || FIG. , The helmsman of the stale, custos gubernatorque reipublicæ : rector et gubernator civitatis (both Cicero).

HELP, v. || Assist, juvare : adjuvare : adjumento esse alicui : auxilium ferre alicui : auxiliari alicui : esse alicui auxilio. opem ferre alicui : opitulari alicui : succurrere alicui : alicui subsidio venire : alicui subvenire : sublevare aliquem ; with anything, aliqua re ; in anything, in aliqua re [SYN. in AID, v. ] : subsidium or auxilium ferre alicui. To help each other, tradere mutuas operas : to help anybody in (doing) anything, aliquem opera juvare in aliqua re ; alicui opitulari in aliqua re facienda ; operam suam commodare alicui ad aliquid ; operam præbere alicui in aliqua re : to help anybody to look for anything, alicui opitulari in aliqua re quærenda ; to write or compose anything, aliquem adjuvare unaque scribere (Terentius, Ad. , Prol. , 6). So help me God! ita me Deus adjuvet or amet ! God help you! Deus te sospitet! To come to help anybody when it is too late, navem mortuo applicare (Prov. , Auct. Quint. , Decl. , 12, 23). (α) To help anybody to anything, opitulari alicui in aliqua re (e. g. , to a fortune, in re vel quærenda vel augenda) : prospicere alicui aliquid ( e. g. , to a husband, maritum) : quærere alicui aliquid (e. g. , to a husband or wfe, conditionem = “a match”) : expedire alicui aliquid (e. g. , to money, pecuniam). To help anybody to a place or office, * efficere, ut munus alicui deferatur ; to a thought, alicui aliquid subjicere or suggerere (to suggest it to him) ; alicujus cogitationis initium afferre (to put him on the right track, as it were). (β) To help anybody into his carriage, tollere aliquem in currum ; upon his horse, subjicere aliquem in equum. (γ) To help anybody out of anything [vid. To EXTRICATE]. || To help forward [vid. To FORWORD, PROMOTE]. || Forbear, avoid. By facere non possum (or sometimes non possum only) with quin, etc. ; or fieri non potest, ut non etc. ; or non possum non, with following infinitive. I cannot help exclaiming, non possum, quin exclamem : I cannot help thanking you, non possum, quin tibi gratias agam : I can not help confessing, that I am excessively delighted (that, etc. ), non possum non confiteri, cumulari me maximo gaudio (quod etc. ). || Prevent, etc. , prohibere aliquid, ne fiat : medicinam alicujus rei invenire : (to lament for) what you might have helped, quod potuisti prohibere, ne fieret : it cannot be helped, they [the witnesses] must be produced, nihil potest, producendi sunt.

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I could not help, non potui prohibere (e. g. , aliquem, quin proficisceretur). || Help to anything (at table), apponere (to place before ; e. g. , panes convivis, Suetonius, Calig. , 37). To help (= carve) a joint, etc. ; vid. To CARVE.