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GLASS, Vid. To GLAZE. GLASS-BLOWER, vitrarius, qui spiritu vitrum in habitus plurimos format (Seneca, Ep. , 90, 31). GLASS-DOOR, * fores, quibus vitrum insertum est.
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GLASS-FURNACE, fornax, qua vitri materia coquitur et liquatur (cf. Plinius, 36, 26, 66). GLASS-HOUSE, officina vitri (vid. Plinius, 36, 26, 66). GLASS-TRADE, by circumlocution with vitrum (general term), or vitrea (articles made of glass) vendere or venditare (after Gellius, 15, 20 ; Valerius, Max. , 3, 4, extr. , 2).
GLASS-WARE, vitrea, orum.
GLASS-WINDOW, vitrea (Cf. , windows came into use under the early emperors, although first mentioned by Hieronymus in Ezech. , 40, 16).
GLASSY, vitreus (made of glass or like glass), vitrea specie (looking like glass) : vitri modo translucidus (resembling glass in transparency). || IMPROPR. , glass eyes, oculi natantes (of a drunken, sleepy person) : oculi torpentes (without expression, etc. , Quintilianus, 11, 3, 76 ; where, however, others read stupentes).
GLAVE : Vid. SWORD.
GLAZE, || PROPR. , with glass, vitrea or specularia (i. e. , of lapis specularis, mica) objicere alicui loco. To glaze a window, vitreos orbes or vitrea quadrata fenestris inserere. || To incrust with a vitreous substance, obducere aliquid aliqua re, or aliquid alicui rei illinere (general term for “to coat with ;” obducere relating to the exterior ; illinere to the interior ; to these the substance must be added, in the ablative with obducere ; the accusative with illinere; or the general expression vitrum must be used ; * aliquid tamquam vitro or vitrea quadam specie obducere ; * tamquam vitrum or vitream quandam speciem rei illinere).
GLAZIER, * vitrarius : qui fenestris vitrum inserit.
GLEAM, s. , fulgor : splendor : nitor [SYN. in BRIGHT] : lux (a gleam of light). || IMPROPR. , A gleam of hope ; vid. “GLIMPSE of hope. ”
GLEAM, v. , fulgere : splendere : nitere : coruscare : lucere [SYN. in BRIGHT] : micare (e. g. , of swords, eyes, etc. ). Gleaming swords, gladii micantes. Cf. , Coruscus, poetical. Vid. To GLARE.
GLEAN, || PROPR. , spicilegium facere : racemari (in vineyards, Varro). || IMPROPR. , * omissa colligere.
GLEANER, by circumlocution, qui spicilegium facit. To leave nothing for the gleaners, e segete ad spicilegium nihil relinquere (after Varro, L. L. , 7, 6, 102) ; omnia viscatis manibus legere (improperly, to let nothing escape him ; Lucilius, ap. Non. , 332 and 396, 4).
GLEANING, spicilegium (in the field) : racematio (in vineyards ; late, Tertullianus).
GLEBE, || PROPR. , gleba [vid. SOIL, GROUND]. || Land belonging to a benefice, * fundus ecclesiasticus.
GLEDE, Vid. KITE.
GLEE, || Joy, mirth, vid. || Kind of song, * versus a singulis in ordinem decantandi.
GLEEFUL, Vid. JOYFUL.
GLEEN, Vid. To SHINE.
GLEN, Vid. DELL.
GLIB, || Slipper y ; Vid. || Fluent, voluble, vid.
GLIBLY, || Smoothly, vid. || Fluently, volubly, vid.
GLIBNESS, Smoothness, vid. || Fluency, volubility, vid.
GLIDE, labi (general term for smooth, gentle, continuous motion, through the air, on water ; the motion of water itself ; of time, etc. ) : delabi (to glide down) : defluere (properly, to flow down ; then to move in a downward direction slowly and gradually ; fall down) : effluere (to glide away ; of time). To glide away unperceived (of time), occulte labi (†).
GLIMMER, v. , tremere (of a trembling, flickering flame) : * tenui luce nitere (of shining with a feeble light). A glimmering light, lux maligna (scanty, feeble, † v. ) : * lux tremula (flickering) : languidus ignis (a glimmering fire, † Luc. ).
GLIMMER, s. , Vid. “glimmering light, ” in preceding article.
GLIMPSE, unus aspectus (the sight of an object for a single moment). To catch a glimpse of anything, prætereuntem aspicere aliquid (properly, Cicero, Brut. , of one who merely passes through the courts where a trial is going on and observes the judges, etc. ) : * uno aspectu et quasi præteriens aspicio aliquid (after Cicero, Brut. , 54, 200, the quasi being added to signify a non-literal passing by). To judge of anything at the first glimpse [vid. the similar phrase under GLANCE] : to allow a glimpse of anything to be seen, aperire aliquid († e. g. , terram inter fluctus ; Vergilius) : a glimpse of hope, levis aura spei (e. g. , objicitur, Livius, 42, 39, 1 ; so honoris aura, Cicero, Sext. , 47, extr. , where, however, the metaphor of “a breath, ” “a gale, ” is kept up, as in Livius, 29, 30) ; also, specula ; spes exigua or exigua extremaque (Cicero) ; spes tenuis : to please himself with this glimpse of hope, hac oblectari specula (Cicero) : who had caught a glimpse of hope from, etc. , aliquis aliquid ex aliqua re speculæ degustarat (Cicero ; speaking of a wicked hope) : there would be a glimpse of hope, spes aliquæ forent : scarcely a glimpse of hope, vix quidquam spei : not even a glimpse of hope is left, ne spes quidem ulla ostenditur.
GLITTER, coruscare (the proper word ; of flames, of lightning, of beams of light ; poetical) : micare (to gleam ; of arms, of stars, etc. ) : fulgere (to shine, to reflect the rays of light, of arms, etc. ) : niere (to glisten, as things rubbed, polished, etc. ) : splendere (to shine with a clear, pure light).
GLITTERING, fulgens . nitens, nitidus : micans [SYN. in BRIGHT] : fulgidus († Lucretius) : coruscus († Lucretius, Vergilius, Ovidius).
GLITTERINGLY, lucide : splendide.
GLOBATE D, globatus.
GLOBE, globus (any thick round mass ; e. g. , leaden balls for slinging, and the heavenly bodies) : pila (properly ball ; then anything of similar shape, whether solid or hollow ; e. g. , ball of silk, glass globe, etc. ) : sphæra (οφαῖρα, borrowed as technical term in astronomy, geometry, etc. , from the Greeks, for which, however, Cicero recommended globus, N. D. , 2, 18, 47).
GLOBOSE, Vid.
GLOBULAR.
GLOBOSITY, globosa forma (e. g. , of the earth, mundi, Cicero, N. D. , 2, 19, 49) : forma sphæralis (late) : figura pilæ (e. g. , of the earth) : forma in speciem orbis absoluti globata, or in rotunditatem globata (Plinius).
GLOBULAR, giobosus (Cicero). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) globosus et rotundus (Cicero) : sphæroldes (σφαiροείδής) : sphæricus (late). Hanging drops are always globular. ; vid. under GLOBULE.
GLOBULE, globulus : pilula (also = pill) : sphærion [SYN. in GLIBE]. Hanging drops always form themselves into globes, dependentes ubique guttæ parvis globantur orbibus (Plinius).
GLOOM, || PROPR. , [Vid. DARKNESS. ] || IMPROPR. , With reference to the countenance or mind, tristitia : mœstitia (sadness ; SYN. in SAD) : mœstus et conturbatus vultus (the saddened countenance) : caligo (e. g. , caligo bonorum, the gloom that filled the mind of good citizens, Cicero, Prov. Cons. , 18, 43 : also, of the gloomy aspect oj the times [vid.
GLOOMY] : tenebræ (e. g. , to throw a gloom over anybody or anything, aliquid tenebrarum offundere, Cicero, Tusc. , 3, 34, 82 ; also, lucem eripere et quasi noctem quandam rebus offundere, Cicero, N. D. , 1, 3, 6 ; also of the gloomy aspect of things, tenebræ reipublicæ, Cicero). A certain gloom of mind, contractiuncula quædam animi (Cicero). To dispel anybody’s (mental) gloom, caliginem ab animo tamquam ab oculis dispellere.
GLOOMILY, tristius : mœste : tristi fronte (with sad countenance) : severa fronte (Plautus).
GLOOMINESS, Vid.
GLOOM.
GLOOMY, || PROPR. , Dark, obscure, vid. || IMPROPR. , Of the mind, countenance, aspect of things, etc. , tetricus (= serious in an exaggerated degree ; of persons and their looks) : tristis : mœstus (of persons and their looks : tristis, also of events, seasons ; tempora, etc. Cf. , mœstus = ” naturaliter tristis et severus, σκυθρωπός” [Serv. ] is poetical and post-Augustan prose : oratores mœsti et inculti, Tacitus). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) tetricus et tristis (e. g. , disciplina, Livius) : obscurus : occultus (dark, reserved, as to character ; opposed to simplex, apertus) : A gloomy countenance, supercilium (as manifested by the contraction of the eyebrows) : vultus severus et tristis (Cicero) : mœstus et conturbatus vultus (Auct. , ad Her. ) : to put on or have a gloomy countenance, mœsto et conturbato vultu uti (id. ib. ) : a gloomy character, tristitia et severitas : austeritas (sour, stern, austere character) : ingenium obscurum, occultum (dark, reserved) : tetricus animus (Seneca) : the gloomy aspect of the times, caligo temporum, anni, etc. ; gloomy political prospects, tenebræ reipublicæ (Cicero, Prov. Cons. , 8, 43) : the prospects of the country are extremely gloomy, tenebræ cæcæque nubes et procellæ reipublicæ impendent (Auct. Or. , pro dom. , 10, 24) : he said that he had never felt so gloomy, dixit. . . nunquam sibi tantum caliginis offusum (Plinius, Ep. , 3, 9, 16) : a certain gloomy feeling proceeding from a guilty conscience, quædam scelerum offusa caligo (Quintilianus, 9, 3, 47) : still more gloomy prospects, spes asperior :
a painter who likes gloomy colors, pictor severissimus ; pictor austerior colore (both Plinius).
GLORIFICATION, by circumlocution with verbs ; for neither illustratio nor celebratio occurs in this sense : gloriatio (only in gloriatione dignum esse) = boasting of, etc.
GLORIFY, illustrare (to place in a bright light ; to make illustrious ; also, laudibus aliquem illustrare ; Luccei. ap. Cic. , Fam. , 5, 14, 1) : alicujus gloriam ornare, exornare (to set forth his glory) : decorare laude, or decorare only (to grace with praise) : celebrare (to make famous). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) illustrare et celebrare (e. g. , alicujus nomen scriptis) : canere : cantare (to celebrate in verse or song ; not = celebrare generally till post-Augustan age). [Vid. To PRAISE. ] || In a theological sense, to exalt to celestial happiness, immortalitatem dare (to confer immortality ; Plautus) : immortalem gloriam dare (Cicero) : immortali gloria aliquem afficere (Plautus, Amph. , 5, 2, 10 : Grysar had doubted the existence of the phrase) : gloriam tribuere (Phædrus, 1, 7, 3). Cf. , Though none of these are used in the full Christian sense, they all may, since it is not the phrase that requires alteration, but the notion of gloria that requires extension : Cf. , glorificare, Tertullianus. To be glorified, piorum sedem esse ac locum consecutum (or -os, Cicero) : in æterna gloria esse (Cicero ; in him improperly).
GLORIOUS, gloriosus (e. g. , facta, mors, etc. , and Suetonius, victoria : opposed to invidiosus, detestabilis, etc. ; and also calamitosus) : illustris (e. g. , of actions) : magnificus (that exalts the performer or possessor ; e. g. , of deeds ; but mostly of what is externally splendid or sumptuous, etc. ). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) illustris et gloriosus : magnificus gloriosusque : clarus : præclarus (famous, etc. ) : egregius : eximius [SYN. in FAMOUS]. Glorious actions, magnificæ res gestæ ; facta illustria et gloriosa ; facta splendida (†) anything is glorious for us, aliquid gloriosum est nobis : it is a glorious thing to, etc. , magnificum est (illud) ; or (alicui) gloriosum est, with infinitive, or accusative and infinitive : a glorious victory, gloriosissima victoria (Suetonius) : to gain a glorious victory, magnifice vincere (Cicero) : to obtain a glorious triumph, gloriose triumphare (Cicero, Fam. , 2, 3) : a glorious name, nomen illustre : the glorious name of a good man, boni viri splendor et nomen. || Vain glorious ; vid. under VAIN.
GLORIOUSLY, gloriose (e. g. , triumphare) : magnifice : laudabiliter : cum laude : splendide : nitide : egregie : eximie. Very gloriously, gloriosissime et magnificentissime (e. g. , conficere aliquid, Cicero).
GLORY, gloria : claritas : claritudo (gloria, like κλέος, represents glory under the notion of being much spoken of ; claritas, under the notion of being a bright, conspicuous object, like δεξα. Cicero uses claritas, Sallust claritudo, in this sense, which is a favorite word wilh Tacitus, not found in Cicero, Cæsar. , Quintilianus, or Suetonius, who, indeed, uses neither form) : laus (praise ; the oral recognition, whether by one or more persons, of the merit, etc. , of a person or action) : fama (the good report of a person, or the general recognition of the merit of an action). A little glory, gloriola : to be a glory to anybody, laudi or gloriæ esse : laudem afferre : to aim at or pursue glory, gloriam quærere : to thirst for glory, or make glory one’s object, gloriam or laudem quærere ; gloriæ servire ; gloria duci ; laudis studio trahi : to be filled with a passionate longing for glory, flagrare laudis or gloriæ cupiditate ; gloriæ cupiditate incensum esse : to reap or acquire glory, gloriam acquirere, capere, consequi, or adipisci ; claritudinem parare ; ad claritudinem pervenire (the last two Sallustius, not Cicero) : to be covered with glory, gloria florere ; claritate præstare (Nepos) ; in gloria (sempiterna or æterna) esse (Cicero) : to confer immortal glory upon anybody, immortalem gloriam dare (Cicero) ; immortali gloria aliquem afficere (Plautus) ; sempiternæ gloriæ aliquem commendare : to say anything to the glory of anybody, prædicare aliquid de aliquo ; to prophesy that anybody will acquire glory, alicui claritatem ostendere (Cicero) : the thirst or desire of glory, gloriæ or laudis cupiditas ; laudis studium ; gloriæ laudisque cupiditas ; also gloria only (e. g. , gloria duci) : the passionate desire of glory, gloriæ æstus : the insatiable thirst of glory, insatiabilis famæ cupido : eager in the pursuit of glory, gloriæ or laudis cupidus or avidus ; gloriæ appetens. || Vainglory ; [vid. under VAIN]. || A glory (= rays of heavenly light round a saint’s head), radii. A head with a glory round it, caput radiatum (vid. Plinius, Pan. , 52, 1, Gierig) . || The glorious existence of saints in heaven, immortalis or æterna gloria. Vid. To GLORIFY.
GLORY, v. , gloria et prædicatione sese efferre. To glory in anything, aliqua re or de, or in aliqua re gloriari (the ablative and de implying that the boast is unfounded ; in that there is just cause for it) ; also, jactare or ostentare aliquid (to plume one’s self on it ostentatiously). To glory in having etc. , gloriari in eo, quod, etc. : to have good reason to glory in anything, aliquid vera cum gloria de se prædicare posse.
GLOSS, || External lustre, nitor : splendor : fulgor : levor (Lucretius, Plinius ; smoothness). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) candorque et levor (Plinius ; of a glossy white smoothness). To put a gloss upon anything, levigare : polire (general terms for making a smooth surface ; polire also implying that the external appearance is improved by it : polire vestes, Plinius ; vestimenta, Ulpianus) ; also, splendidum or nitidum facerealiquid ; in splendorem dare aliquid ; nitorem inducere alicui rei ; candoremque et levorem alicui rei afferre [Plinius).
GLOSS, s. , || Explanation of a word, etc. , * scholion σχόλιον, an explanation ; e. g. , such as are made in Greekwriters for the benefit of learners, Cicero, ( Att. , 16, 7, 3) : Cf. , Krebs recommends interpretatio aliena (an explanation added by another hand). A marginal gloss, * verba margini ascripta (Cf. , cerula miniatula, Cicero, was a little remark or correction written with red chalk in the margin). Cf. , Not glossa, glossema, atis, neuter (γλῶσσα, γλώσσημα = vox inusitata (Quintilianus), “an obsolete foreign word, which itself requiresexplanation by one well known. ” The ancients do not use it in the sense of the explanation itself : glossæ is also = a collection of glossæ, a “glossary” [vid. under To GLOSS]. || Colorable pretext ; vid. PRETEXT.
GLOSS, v. , glossema, or, plural, glossemata interpretari (i. e. , to explain unusual words, glossemata ; Varro, L. L. , 7, 3, 88, § 34) : glossas scribere (Varro, L. L. , 7, 2, 82, § 10, to compile glossaries ; glossæ here = a collection of glossæ, unusual words, Varro) : interpretari : explanare : * verba margini ascribere. || To put a gloss upon [vid.
GLOSS, s. ]. || To gloss over anything [vid. To COLOR = ” to make plausible”]. || To make sly remarks, obliquis orationibus carpere (Suetonius ; aliquem) : oblique perstringere (Tacitus).
GLOSSARY, glossæ (= a collection of voces inusitatæ, i. e. , glossæ ; as the title of a work ; e. g. , glossas scribere, Varro, L. L. , 7, 2, 82, § 10) : glossematorum liber (Festi, s. v. Naucum. , p. 181) : glossarium (Gellius, 18, 7, 3, quoting mortuarium glossarium from M. Cat. ).
GLOSSATOR, GLOSSER, glossematum, or orum, scriptor (Festi, s. v. Naucum. , p. 161) : qui glossas scribit, or glossemata interpretatur [vid. authorities under To GLOSS] ; or (general terms) interpres, explanator.
GLOSSINESS, Vid.
GLOSS, substantive = glossiness.
GLOSSY, politus (made smooth, and hence more pleasing in appearance) : nitidus (e. g. , of glossy hair ; of the new bright skin of a snake, etc. ) : candidus (of a bright, shining white) : fulgens (shining). To make glossy ; vid. “to put a GLOSS on. ”
GLOVE, digitabulum (δακτυλήθρα, a finger-glove, Varro, R. R. , 1, 55, 1, such as were used in gathering olives). Cf. , This is probably the best word for our glove ; for manica (χειρίς), which we find for it in the moderns, is, with the ancients, a kind of long sleeve, such as were used, especially by actors, in order to lengthen the appearance of the arms. Quite as inadmissible is chirotheca, by which word the ancients understood a small chest for keeping sleeves (χειρίδες) in.
GLOVER, * digitabularius ; * qui digitabula facit (IKg§° not chirothecarius ; vid.
Glove, under chirotheca) :
GLOW, v. , candere (to be of a white heat ; and hence of a bright, glowing heat ; never improperly of passions, except in the late poet : Claudius) : candescere (inchoative, to begin to glow ; e. g. , ferrum in igni, Lucretius ; also of the air at sunrise, Ovidius) : excandescere (improperly ; e. g. , ira) : ardere (of a visible glowing heat ; whereas flagrare is to be visibly on fire ; hence ardere, improperly, of glowing with a secret passion, flagrare, of burning with a visible one, Döderlein) : inchoatives ardescere, exardescere (the former not Cicero, the latter a favorite word of his) : fervere (to be boiling hot ; hence, improperly, “to glow with passions” that cause an inward tumult)
: æstuare (stronger than fervere, to boil and bubble, etc. , from intense heat ; in the figurative sense, it does not refer to the glow, but to the tumult or agitation of passion, doubt, etc. ; inchoative, fervescere poetical, except Plinius) : rubere (to be red ; of the morning sky, etc. ; inchoative, rubescere, to become red ; † Vergilius, Ovidius) : To glow with anger, ira ardere or flagrare : he glowed with anger, ira excanduit (Cicero) or iracundia et stomacbo exarsit : to glow with love, ardere amore alicujus (Cf. , ardere aliquo or aliquem poetically). Vid.
GLOWING.
GLOW, s. , ardor : fervor : æstus [SYN. in To GLOW : all three also, improperly of passions ; ardor also of the eyes ; candor occurs only in a late poet = æstus, and should therefore be avoided]. The glow of love, calores.
GLOW-WORM, cicindela (Plinius, 18, 26, 66, § 2, who there says that the rustics called them stellantes volutatus ; the Greeks, lampyrides) : insectum, quod lucet ignis modo noctu (Plinius, 11, 28, 34) : “lampyris noctiluca (Linnæus ; it is the female that emits light).
GLOWING, candens (e. g. , of coals) : ardens (e. g. , a fire-brand) : æstuans (e. g. , humus) : flagrans (burning ; e. g. , cheeks, genæ [† SYN. in To GLOW]) : glowing red, rutilus. || IMPROPR. , Glowing language, oratio fervidior : glowing passion, præfervida ira (Livius). To paint (= describe) anything in glowing colors, lectis verborum coloribus depingere aliquid (after Gellius, 14, 4, 1) ; or simply totam alicujus rei imaginem verbis quodammodo depingere (Quintilianus).
GLOWINGLY, Vid. “in GLOWING colors. “κυρικιμασαηικο
GLOZE, Vid. FLATTER.
GLUE, s. , glutinum : gluten. To extract glue from cow-hides, boum coriis glutinum excoquere.
GLUE, v. , glutinare. To glue together, conglutinare : agglutinare (to glue one thing to another, aliquid alicui rei).
GLUEY, glutinosus : * glutino similis (resembling glue). Vid.
GLUTINOUS.
GLUM, Vid. SULLEN.
GLUT, v. , || To gorge, se ingurgitare, also, with vino, cibo, etc. : cibo vinoque satiari or exsatiari : obruere se (e. g. , vino, Cicero) : onerare se vino et epulis (Sallustius) : onerare ventrem (Sallustius, Or. de Rep. Ord. , 1) Cf. , glutire epulas, Juvenalis ; from this comes the English verb. || To satiate, cloy [vid. CLOY]. || IMPROPR. , To glut one’s self with anything, se satiare aliqua re (e. g. , sanguine civium) : exsatiari aliqua re (Livius) : to glut one’s eyes [vid. ” To FEAST one’s eyes”] : to glut one’s revenge, ultione se explere (Tacitus, Ann. , 4, 25) ; odium or animum satiare (Cicero) ; pœna alicujus satiari (Livius, 29, 9, fin. ) ; alicujus supplicio (or poena, etc. ) oculos animumque exsaturare (Cicero). || To overfill ; to glut a market, * forum nuntiinarium rebus venalibus complere ( complere = “to fill too full, ” Livius, 41, 3, in. ). The market, in which there had long been an extreme scarcity of corn, was now glutted, frumenti ex inopia gravi satias facta (Sallustius, Fragm. ap. Non. , 172, 13 ; Cf. , satias not in Cicero or Cæsar).
GLUT, s. , satietas (in Sallustius once satias) : vis maxima (a great quantity) : maxima or nimia copia. There is a glut of corn, frumenti satias facta est (Sallustius, Fr. ap. Non. 172, 13). There is a glut of anything, aliquid redundat : * refertissimum est forum aliqua re. Vid. SATIETY.
GLUTINOUS, glutinosus : viscosus (like bird-lime) : lentus († sticky) : tenax (e. g. , like wax, †) : resinaceus (like resin) : Cf. , glutinatorius and glutinativus very late, of what has a glutinous property ; glutineus (Rutilius, Itin. 1, 610) = gluey.
GLUTINOUSNESS, lentor : lentitia (both Plinius ; of pitch, resin, etc. ).
GLUTTON, homo edax, gulosus, vorax [SYN. in GLUTTONOUS] : homo profundæ et intempestivæ gulæ : gurges (insatiable eater) : helluo (habitual gourmand and glutton). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) gurges atque helluo : abdomini suo natus.
GLUTTONOUS, edax : cibi avidus : cibi plurimi (who eats a great deal) : gulosus (always endeavoring to please his palate) : vorax (a voracious eater).
GLUTTONOUSLY, gulose (Columella, Mart. ) : avide or avidius (eagerly ; e. g. , avidius vesci).
GLUTTONY, edacitas : aviditas cibi : intemperantia or intemperies gulæ ; also gula only : ingluvies (Horatius). Sometimes ligurritio (lickerishness).
GNARL, v. , in nodos torquere (Seneca, Benef. , 7, 9). Vid.
GNARLED. If = snarl, vid.
GNARLED, nodosus (e. g. , nodosi roboris uncus, Valerius Flacc) : in plures or multos nodos tortus. The more gnarled the tree, the more valuable the wood, lignum eo pretiosius, quo illud in plures nodos arboris infelicitas torsit (Seneca, Ben. , 7, 9).
GNASH, to gnash the teeth, dentibus frendere or infrendere : dentibus stridere (to grate the teeth) : stridore dentium frendere.
GNASHING (of the teeth), stridor dentium.
GNAT, culex.
GNAW, rodere, arrodere, derodere aliquid : circumrodere aliquid (to gnaw round about) : prærodere (to gnaw at one end) : exedere (to eat away or through ; of animals, corroding substances, rust ; and figuratively, of cares, anxieties, etc. ; edere is poetical in this sense). To gnaw through anything, aliquid exedere et perrumpere : trouble, etc. , is gnawing at my heart, ægritudo me or animum meum exest, pungit, or cruciat : gnawing cares, sollicitudines mordaces (Horatius, Od. l, 18, 4) : a kind of gnawing pain, quasi morsus qs doloris.
GNOME, || Maxim, gnome (γμώμη, Front. , Ep. , 3, 11, ed. Mai), or, pure Latin, sententia : dictum. || Spirit of the mines, * dæmon metallorum : * terrenus quidam dæmon.
GNOMIC POET, * poeta gnomicus (ποιητὴς γνωμικός). Gnomic poets, gnomici.
GNOMON, gnomon, onis, m. (Vitruvius, Plinius).
GNOMONICS, gnomonice : gnomonicæ res (Vitruvius). Relating to gnomics, gnomonicus (e. g. , res, rationes, Vitruvius).
GNOSTIC, gnosticus (γνωστικός ; ecclesiastical technical term, Tertullianus, Augustinus). The Gnostics, gnostici.
GNOSTICISM, * gnostica disciplina.
GO, (1) ire (general term, without any accessory notion. Cf. , The preposition ad, which is usually omitted after ire before the names of “towns, ” “small islands, ” domum and rus, must sometimes be expressed ; vid. TO ; and remark in FROM, not far from beginning of article) : vadere (to go with alacrity and a quick step ; as to go against an enemy, vadere in hostem ; to visit a friend [ad eum postridie mane vadebam, Cicero] ; also = ” to go away, ” Lentulus hodie apud me ; cras mane vadit, he goes tomorrow morning ; Cicero) : meare (poetical, and in post-Augustan prose ; of the mere mechanical motion of beasts, the stars, etc. ) : commeare ad aliquem , in locum (to go in and out, to go to and fro to a person or place, of messengers, etc. ; vid. Ruhnken, Ter. Heaut. , 3, 1, 35 ; also of the heavenly bodies) : ferri (to go rapidly ; e. g. , of streams, flumen per fines, agros, etc. , fertur [Cf. , not it] ; and of persons under the influence of strong feeling, ad aliquem summa celeritate et studio incitatum ferri, Cæsar) : cedere (with poets, to go, as general term ; in prose only so far as anybody by his going away gives up a former place ; hence together, cedere atque abire) : abire : abscedere : discedere : decedere : degredi : digredi (to go away ; SYN. in To DEPART, vid. ). To go back [vid. To RETURN] : procedere (to go forth ; e. g. , in concionem ; vid. Livius, 42, 45) : exire : excedere : egredi (to go or step out from a place) : inire : introire : intrare : ingredi (go in ; SYN. in ENTER) : transire : præterire locum (to go by a place) : ascendere, conscendere, evadere in locum (to go up) : descendere (to go down from a higher place to a lower ; opposed to of ascendere ; e. g. , from the capitol into the forum, etc. ) : anteire, antegredi, with an accusative (to go before, etc. ; of persons and things) : transire, trajicere, with an accusative (to go over, through a place, etc. ; e. g. , sol cancri signum transit) : proficisci (general term, for “to set out” on a journey, march, etc. , on foot, on horseback, etc. ) : conferre se aliquo (to betake one’s self any where) : tendere, contendere aliquo (implying exertions to reach it ; to break up in haste for a place ; to march for a place) : petere locum (to seek to reach a place) : concedere aliquo (to retire to a place, as into the country) : Cf. , venire is sometimes used for our ” to go ;” this is a sort of adaptation of the narrator’s language to that of the person’s of whom he is speaking : thus, cujus [Curii] focum, quum venerat in se ad Sabinos, visere solebat, used to visit when he went to his Sabine villa ; Cicero, Rep. , 3, 28 [since Cato would say, veni] : contra rem suam venisse me nescio quando questus est, ” that I went or have gone against his interests, ” since he would say, “you have come” or “appeared” [venisti contra rem meam]. Go (away) ! get you gone! abi! (in anger ; also, in astonishmeyit, etc. ) ; abi hinc ! apage sis ! (in anger) : you may go, ilicet : go out of my sight ! age illuc, abscede procul e conspectu meo ! (Plautus, Pers. , 4, 2, 6) : go and be hanged ! abi in malam rem or in malam crucem! (comedy) : to let anybody go, sinere ut abeat aliquis (to allow him
to go) ; aliquem dimittere (general term, to dismiss) ; aliquem omittere (to leave alone) : let me go ! omitte me ! (let me alone) : where are you going ? quo tendis ? quo cogitas, vis ?to come and go, to go and come, i. e. , to go to and fro, venire et redire ; ire et redire : to go up and down, backward and forward, etc. , ambulare (as a walk) ; ultro citroque commeare : to go upon anything (e. g. , on crutches), inniti aliqua re, artus sustinere aliqua re (to support one’s self by anything in going) : to go to anybody, adire aliquem (to go with a petition to anybody) : to go for a thing, petere aliquid (in order to fetch it) : to go to see anything, aliquid spectatum ire : to go for anybody, aliquem arcessere, arcessitum ire (in order to fetch him) : to go to see anybody, aliquem visere, visitare (in order to visit, to see, as a physician does a patient) ; ad aliquem vadere (to call on him ; vid. vadere above). For “to go to bed, church, school, law, ruin, war, ” etc. ; vid. the substantives. So for a watch goes (well, ill, etc. ). (2) Denoting a motion either in itself or toward anything ; of things, moveri (to move itself) : ferri (to move itself forward or in violent rotation ; e. g. , fluvius citatus fertur). To go into anything ; i. e. , to penetrate into anything, descendere in aliquid (e. g. , ferrum descendit in ilia). || FIG. , That goes to my heart [vid. HEART]. In a wider signification, to GO signifies the passing into a state ; ire, exire in ; e. g. , to go to seed, ire in semen. (3) A progress. (a) Of the result of circumstances and undertakings ; e. g. , to succeed, ire. ; succedere ; procedere : to be going on well, bene, prospere, feliciter procedere : it went on differently from what I had expected, secus accidit ac speraveram : the affair begins to go on better than I feared it would, incipit res melius ire, quam putaram (Cicero, Att. , 14, 15, 3) : the affair is going on very well, res prorsus it (ibid. 13, 20, 4). (b) Of a befalling, the fate, the state of a person ; it goes with me, etc. , it apud me, de me ; est mihi ; me habeo, se habet aliquid, all with an adverb of the manner, as bene, recte, male, etc. : it goes well with the good, ill with the wicked, bene est bonis, male malis (Ennius) : it has gone with me in the same manner, idem mihi accidit : see, said he to me, thus it goes with me every day, en, inquit mihi, hæc ego patior quotidie : it goes well with anybody, bene or præclare agitur cum aliquo : how will it go with you? quid tibi fiet? however it may go with me, utcumque res ceciderit or cessura est ; quicumque eventus me exceperit : how goes it with you ? quomfido vales ? (with reference to health) ; quid agis ? quid agitur? quid fit ? (with reference to one’s pursuits) ; satin salvæ ? (sc. res ; with reference to one’s circumstances) : all is going on well with me, valeo ; bene mecum agitur : I am going on very well, præclare mecum agitur ; res mihi sunt maxime secundæ : my mother is going on quite well, apud matrem recte est : Attica is going on quite well, de Attica optime it [al. est] : so things go in this world, ita vita est hominum, sic vita hominum est (so is the life of men) ; sic est vulgus (thus is the great multitude). (4) Anything goes in, through, upon anything, i. e. , (a) in respect of space ; e. g. , a space can hold anything, aliquid capit rem (e. g. , very few slaves, no more than could go in a single carriage, paucissimi servi, quos unum vehiculum caper e potest) : eggs placed in vinegar become so soft that they can go through a ring, ova aceto macerata ita emolliuntur, ut per annulos transeant : the thread will not go through the eye of the needle, filum per acum non transit, or trajici non potest. (b) In measure, value, facit, efficit (it makes) ; æquat, exæquat (it equals) ; all four with accusative of the measure, etc. : 625 feet go to a stadium, sexcenti viginti quinque pedes efficiunt or exæquant stadium : the Romans called the fourth part of a denarius, a sestertius, because there went to it two ases and a half, Romani quartam denarii partem, quod efficiebatur ex duobus assibus et tertio semisse, sestertium nominaverunt : to go to the whole, integrum exæquare : five bushels of seed go to an acre of land, occupant (or implent) jugerum seminis modii quinque ; satisfaciunt jugero seminis modii quinque. (5) To take a direction. (a) To a certain place ; i. e. , to reach, extend, pertinere ad or ad usque (of things and places ; Cf. , pertingere is quite unclassical) : excurrere, procurrere (to take its course or direction to a place, of rivers and mountains [vid. To EXTEND]) : attingere aliquid (to go as far as anything, to touch it ; a place, river, etc. ) : æquare aliquid (to equal a thing, reach as far as anything ; e. g. , altitudo fluminum summa equorum pectora æquabant, i. e. , went as high as their breasts ; Curtius 4, 9, 15) : defluere ad aliquid (to flow down to anything, of a garment ; vid. Vergilius, Æn. , 1, 404 ; pedes vestis fluxit ad imos ; Cf. , vestis fluens pedes ferit imos is poetical) : superare aliquid (to go over or above anything ; e. g. , alibi umbilico tenus aqua erat, alibi genua vix superavit, Livius, 26, 45, extr. ). (b) To go about anything, cingere, circumdare aliquid ; e. g. , urbem fossa cingit alta. (c) “To go, ” is used also of the direction or inclination to a time. The sun is going down [vid. To SET], advesperascit ; inclinatur ad vesperum ; dies jam proclinata est : he is going ten (he is in his tenth year), annum decimum agit ; annum nonum excessit, egressus est (he has passed his ninth year), (d) To pass to anybody by will or law, cedere alicui (e. g. , his farm-house went to his creditors, villa creditoribus cessit) : alicui venire ad aliquem pervenire jure (e. g. , hereditas). To allow an inheritance to go to anybody, hereditatem alicui concedere. (e) To go ( = to be sold) for so much, ire (e. g. , denario ire, Plinius, 18, 23, 53) : vendi (general term). || Of the direction of a road, etc. , esse (e. g. , via, quæ est in Indiam, Cicero, Fin. , 3, 14, 54) : via fert aliquo : Cf. , ducere, in this sense, is poetical. || To become putrid (etc. , of fruits), vitiari (general term, of meat, fruit, etc. ). || To depart, vid. Anybody’s hope is gone, discessit alicui spes : that time is gone (by), abiit illud tempus : the silver tables are gone from all the temples, mensæ argenteæ ex omnibus templis sublatæ sunt (are stolen) : the memory of them is gone from the earth, memoria eorum evanuit. || To be pregnant for so long, ventrem ferre. Mares go twelve months, equa ventrem fert duodecim menses (Varro) : does go eight months, cervi octavis mensibus ferunt partus (Plinius). || To pass for (e. g. , an old man). Vid. To BE RECKONED. I AM GOING to, etc. , by participle in rus. He is just going to, etc. , in eo est, ut, with subjunctive (the est impers. ) : jam prope est, ut (also impers. ) : as he was just going to set out, jam profecturus ; sub ipsa profectione. MISCELLANEOUS PHRASES : Works which go under anybody’s name, opera, etc. , quæ sub alicujus nomine feruntur (Quintilianus, 7, 2, 24) : to go under the name of Philip, se Philippum ferre (Velleius, 1, 11, 1 ; of a pretender) : the report or story goes, fama or rumor est : as the story goes, ut ferunt, fertur, feruntur, etc. ; also without the ut : Xenocrates, as the story goes, replied, Xenocratem ferunt (quum quæretur ex eo. . . ) respondisse. Proculus, as the story goes, etc. , declared that, Proculus dixisse fertur, etc. As times go, * ut nunc sunt tempora ; * ut nunc se mores habent ; pro eo ut difficultas temporis fert (considering the hard times) : to go from anybody’s sight, abire ex alicujus conspectu : to be going any where, iter est aliquo : whether this would go as far with anybody as that ; whether this or that would go the furthest with anybody ( = have the most effect on his mind), utrum apud aliquem hoc an illud plus valeret : fortune goes a great way (or goes for a great deal) in anything, multum fortuna valet (e. g. , ad vitandum periculum) : this goes a good (or but a little) way toward, hoc multum (or non multum) valet or momenti affert ad, etc. You see how far the matter has gone, quem in locum res deducta sit, vides : it often went so far that, sæpe in eum locum ventum est, ut, etc. ; B.
G. , 6, 43 : not to let the matter go so far, as to, non committere, ut. || you go on in this way, si ad istum modum pergas.
GO ASTRAY, deerrare, aberrare ab aliquo (aliqua re), and simply (properly and figuratively) aliqua re : to go astray from the way, deerrare itinere, aberrare via : to go astray from one’s purpose, aberrare a proposito.
GO BY, (α) Pass by, vid. (β) To act by or observe a rule, etc. , legem servare, observare, or sequi : præscriptum servare : præceptum tenere. To go by rule, ad præceptum agere : to go by the rule of anything in anything, aliquid ad normam (or norma) alicujus rei dirigere (especially in judging of anything) : a rule to go by in anything, regula, ad quam aliquid dirigitur. We must not go by the crooked rule of custom, non utendum est pravissima consuetudinis regula (Cicero).
GO INTO, [Vid. To ENTER, in both properly and figuratively, sense. ]Anything will not go into a place, locus non capit aliquid (is not large enough to hold it).
GO DOWN, [Vid. To DESCEND. ] (α) The wind is gone down, ventus sopitus est. (β) (as a time-piece), clepsydra extremum stillicidium exhausit (of the water-clock, Seneca, Ep. , 24, 19) ; horologium moveri desiit (of the sun-dial ; hence
also of a watch or clock).
GO NEAR, Vid. To APPROACH.
GO SHARES, Vid. To SHARE ; to be PARTNESS.
GO OFF, (a) To issue, evenire : exitum habere : to go off so (without harm), sic abire (Terentius, Andr. , 1, 2, 4) : not to go off so, non sic abire (Cicero, Att. , 14, 1, 1). To go off = pass their prime [vid.
Go = become putrid. (b) To go off ; i. e. , to be sold, venire : vendi : to go off well, facile vendi : to go off badly, repudiari.
GO OUT or FORTH, (from any place), exire : egredi : excedere : to go out for anything ; e. g. , for booty, prædatum exire : to go out on military expeditions, proficisci (πορεύεσθαι ; vid. Daehne, Nep. , Milt. , 2, 3). (α) Properly, to leave the house and go abroad or into company, exire domo or foras (general term) : in publicum prodire, or procedere, or egredi (to go into the streets, especially to appear in public) : deambulatum ire or abire (to go out for a walk) : to have gone out, foris esse : domo abesse : not to go out, domi se tenere : pedem domo non efferre (not to stir a foot from the house) : never to go out, publico carere or abstinere (not to appear in public) ; odisse celebritatem, hominum celebritatem fugere (not to appear in public, from bashfulness or ill temper) : one who seldom goes out, rarus egressu (Tacitus, Ann. , 15, 53, 1). (β) To be extinguished, exstingui : restingui.
GO ROUND, (α) To go round from one place or person to another, ire circa, with an accusative of the places or persons to which one goes (general term) : circumire, likewise with an accusative of the persons or places (both general term and, (a) especially to go from one person to another, to entreat, exhort, etc. ; stronger than ambire) : ambire, with an accusative of the persons or places, or more usually absolutely (to go with a request or prayer, now to one, now to another ; in the time of the republic, only of the candidates who went about to their friends and among the people, in order to obtain their votes). To go round to the houses, circa domos ire : ambire domos (as a candidate in canvassing for an office) : to go round the families, circumire per familias : to go round all the doors (round the house), omnes fores ædificii circumire. (b) Of things ; to be given or carried round, circumferri (both of things, as a bowl, etc. , which are handed round ; and of a saying, a report, which spreads abroad) : to cause the cup to go round, poculum circumferre. (β) To flow, surround a place, locum or aliquid ambire (both of persons and things) : locum or aliquid cingere (to surround, of things ; also, of a river) : circumfundi alicui loco (to flow round about ; of a river) : if = to turn round ; vid. “To TURN round. ”
GO THROUGH, (I. ) INTRANS. (1) To go through a place, etc. , (per) locum transire, pervadere, penetrare (penetrare, to penetrate) : transvehi, vehi per locum (to drive or sail through) : an army which is going through a country, exercitus transmeans : the ball went through the shoulder, * glans plumbea per humerum penetravit or adacta est : the rain goes through (the roof, etc. ), ex imbribus aqua perpluit : to cause to go through, transmittere. (2) To reach from one end to the other, pertinere, through anything, in aliquid (e. g. , in omnes partes, in omnia), or to anything, ad aliquid usque (Cf. , not pertingere). (II. ) TRANS. To go from one end to the other : (a) PROPR. , pedibus obire (e. g. regionem) : perlustrare : permeare (to wander through) : peragrare (to wander through) : percurrere (to go quickly) : per locum penetrare (with exertion and pains). (b) FIG. , To go through a thing in succession or order from beginning to end, lustrare : perlustrare (with the eyes, also with the mind) : percurrere (to go through quickly ; in reading, legendo ; in speech, oratione ; in thought, mente ac cogitatione) : strictim attingere (to go through superficially, a book) : exsequi, persequi (to go through accurately, in speech and writing) : explicare (to go through explaining or accurately, opposed to perquam breviter perstringere atque attingere, or summas rerum tantum attingere ; vid. Cicero, Att. , 2, 1, init ; Nepos, Pelop. , 1, 1) : cognoscere (to look into anything, in order to become acquainted with its contents, ἁναγεγνώσκειν ; vid. Nepos, Lys. , 4, 3, Bremi ; Cicero, ii, Verr. , 2, 6) : recensere, percensere (to count, reckon) : dispungere (to go through in order to prove or to check an account). To go through all the states (in one’s speech), omnes obire oratione sua civitates : to go through quickly and in haste, celeriter perstringere (e. g. , anybody’s course of life) : to go through again, recognoscere, retractare (e. g. , a writing for the purpose of making corrections). || To undergo, vid. || To go through with anything ; vid. To EFFECT, ACCOMPLISH.
GO TO, ire ad, adire aliquem or ad aliquem , on any business, de aliqua re : aggredi aliquem , convenire aliquem (to go to anybody in order to beg, ask, etc. , anything of him) : appellare, compellare aliquem , about anything, de aliqua re (to speak to anybody with a request, etc. ) : vadere ad aliquem (to call on him, Cicero).
GOAD, s. , stimulus (e. g. , stimulo tardos increpare boves, Tibullus).
GOAD, v. , || PROPR. , stimulo fodere or lacessere aliquem (e. g. , an ox, bovem ; Cf. , stimulo boves increpare, poetical). || IMPROPR. , stimulare aliquem or alicujus animum. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) stimulare ac pungere aliquem : stimulis fodere aliquem (e. g. , Cicero, Phil. , 2, 34, 86) : stimulos alicui admovere (Cicero, Livius) : animum stimulis alicujus rei concitare (Cicero) : incitare aliquem ad aliquid stimulis alicujus rei (all these expressions [except stimulis fodere] may be taken in a bad sense, like “goad, ” or in a good one, like ” to spur. ” In a bad sense if to goad, an adjective may be added, acres, acriores, acerrimi, etc. ). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) incitare et stimulare ; stimulare et excitare ; accendere et stimulare. [Vid. INCITE. ]Sometimes lacerare, vexare (e. g. , res malæ lacerant, vexant, stimulos ad movent, Cicero) or pungere, but these not in the sense of goading to anything. The people had been goaded to rage by anything, alicujus rei stimulis plebs furebat (Livius). Goaded by anything, stimulis alicujus rei concitatus, incitatus, furens, etc.
GOAL, meta (the pillar at the end of the Roman Circus, round which the runners, etc. , turned ; also used improperly, but as ” the end” of the race, it is principally poetical ; e. g. , metam tenere, Vergilius. The poets also use it figuratively, for the goal of life, metam vitæ, or ævi, or ultima, etc. ; so, too, Varro, R. R. , 1, 3, a quibus carceribus decurrat ad metas) : calx (in Seneca’s time, creta ; the chalked line in the Circus that served for the starting and winning post ; but as opposed to carceres, it is ” the winning-post, ” and used figuratively Cicero). To reach the goal, ad calcem pervenire (with an ut dicitur) or decurrere (both Cicero ; improperly) ; and when this (goal) is reached, ad quam [sc. calcem ; al. quem] quum sit decursum (Cicero, Tusc. , 1, 8, 15) : when the goal is reached, decurso spatio : to recall anybody to the starting-post when he had almost reached the goal, aliquem (ad carceres) a calce or ab ipsa [al. ipso] calce revocare (improperly) : to have reached the goal of one’s hopes, summam voti sui consecutum esse. “To reach the goal” (improperly) may also be translated without a figure, ad finem venire or pervenire. || Starting-post, vid. || Final purpose ; vid. PURPOSE.
GOAT, caper (general term for goat ; as opposed to capra, it is a he-goat) : hircus (an old he-goat) : hædus (a young one) : a small he-goat, bædulus (Juvenalis, 11, 65) : the adjectives are, hircinus : hædinus : a wanton he-goat, caper libidinosus ( properly poetical) : homo libidinosus (figuratively, of a debauchee). To stink like a goat, hircum olere. κυρικιμασαηικο
GOAT-HERD, caprarius.
GOAT-SKIN, pellis hircina or caprina : pellicula hædina (of a young goat).
GOATISH, hircosus (in smell) : Cf. , caprinus only = “goat, ” as used adjective, in goat-skin, etc. ; hircinus is either this, or, in a bad sense, of the smell ; hircinæ alæ (Plautus). To have a goatish smell, hircum olere. || Lustful, vid.
GOBBLE UP, absorbere (e. g. , cakes, placentas [al. absorbere], Horatius) : exsorbere (opposed to to gustare, as a far weaker expression ; Cicero, improperly) : vorare : devorare. [Vid. SWALLOW UP. ]Not merely to taste anything but to gobble it all up, non modo gustare sed etiam exsorbere (Cicero, but figuratively). || To make the noise of the turkey-cock, cicurire (Auct. , Carm. de Phil. , 24).
GOBBLER, Vid.
GLUTTON.
GO-BETWEEN, internuncius (messenger between two parties) : leno (feminine, lena, a pander ; also, go-between in other bad actions) : conciliator, feminine conciliatrix, alicujus rei (who, by his management of the parties, effects anything ; e. g. , in making a match, nuptiarum) : intercessor (as interceder ; either to prevent or effect anything ; also in money transactions, etc. ; post-Augustan) : proxeneta (προξενητής) or pure Latin, pararius (in buying and selling, and other money transactions ; post-Augustan) : sequester, feminine sequestra (post-Augustan, in this sense ; e. g. , inter patres et plebem publicæ gratiæ sequester, Cicero).
GOBLET, Vid. CUP.
GOBLIN, Vid. DEMON.
GOD, Deus (God as the Supreme Being ; a definite god, and a particularly distinguished god-like person) : numen, usually numen divinum (literally, the nod, the powerful will, the might of God ; then, also, the Deity himself, as far as he shows his majesty and power effectually) : Cf. , divus for deus was obsolete in the Golden Age, and used only in prayers, as Livius, 7, 26, 4. The gods, dii : divi : cœlestes (poetic, cœlites and cœlicolæ) : superi (properly, the higher gods, as opposed to to the inferi ; i. e. , the lower, or those in the infernal regions) : the gods of the first rank, dii majorum gentium : the gods of the second rank, dii minorum gentium : the gods of a house, lares, penates. To place anybody among the gods. aliquem ad deos immortales benevolentia famaque tollere ; aliquem in cœlum fama ac voluntate tollere ; aliquem beueficiorum memor in consilio cœlestium colloco (of individuals, from private gratitude, esteem, etc. ; vid. Cicero, Cat. , 3, 1, 2 ; N. D. , 2, 24, 64 ; Off. , 3, 5, 25) ; aliquem in deorum numerum referre ; aliquem inter deos referre ; aliquem consecrare (by a decree of state, to pronounce holy, or to make a god of anybody) : to call God to witness, Deum testari : for God’s sake (I entreat you), Deum testans : for God’s sake! (as an exclamation of astonishment), pro deum fidem ! (with us, Dei ; vid. Zumpt, § 361) : by the gods, per deos : so help me, God! ita me Deus adjuvet, amet ! May God punish me! Deus me perdat! great, almighty God! (as an exclamation of astonishment and excited feeling), maxime Juppiter ! proh Juppiter! (vid. Heindorf, Hor. , Sat. , 1, 2, 17) : God have mercy on me ! (as an exclamation of anxiety and fear), faveas mihi! (vid. Ovidius, Met. , 6, 327) : in God’s name! quod bonum, faustum, felix fortunatumque sit ! (as an introductory form) ; per me licet, nihil impedio, non moleste patiar (as a sign of consent or approval) : by God’s assistance, Deo annuente (if God allow it) ; Deo adjuvante (by the help of God) ; ducente Deo (under the leading and protection of God) : to begin anything in reliance upon God (with his help), ope divina aliquid aggredi : God grant it ! faxit Deus ! utinam Dii ita faxint ! utinam Deus ratum esse jubeat ! God grant his blessing! Deus approbet ! dii approbent ! May God grant you his blessing, annuat Deus nutum numenque suum conatui tuo (after Livius, 7, 30, extr. ) : unless some god help us, nisi quis nos deus respexerit (vid. Cicero, Att. , 1, 16) : would to God that, etc. , utinam (with subjunctive ; “not” after utinam is ne) : that may God avert or prevent! quod Deus prohibeat ! quod omen Deus avertat ! ne id Deus sinat or siverit! God forbid! (as a strong negation), minime vero ! nihil minus ! thank God ! * gratia debetur Deo ! * Deo habenda est gratia !
GODCHILD, * cujus baptismo sponsor interfui.
GODDAUGHTER, * puella, cujus baptismo sponsor interfui. GODDESS, dea (diva, antiquated). Vid.
GOD. GODFATHER, sponsor (Tertullianus, Bapt. , 18). To be anybody’s godfather, * alicujus baptismo sponsorem interesse. A present from a godfather, * donum in baptismi memoriam datum. GODHEAD, Vid. DEITY, DIVINITY. GODLESS, Vid. IRRELIGIOUS. GOD-LIKE, Vid. DIVINE, adjective. GODLINESS, Vid. PIETY, HOLINESS. GODLY, Vid. HOLY. GODMOTHER, * quæ alicujus baptismo sponsor interfuit. GODSEND, aliquid, quod se velut cœlo demissum ostendit (of what appears at a moment of great need, Livius, Fabiana acies) : quod virgula divina, ut aiunt, suppeditatur. Anything seems a godsend, aliquid nescio quod, non fortuitum sed divinum videtur (Cicero, Fam. , 7, 5).
GODSHIP, Vid. DIVINITY. GODSON, Vid.
GODCHILD. GODWIT, * scolopax ægocephala (Linnæus).
GOGGLE, distorquere oculos. GOGGLE-EYED, distortis oculis. GOGGLE-EYES, distorti oculi. GOING, itio (as the act) : itus (as the state) : ambulatio (a walking) : reditio, reditus (a going away or back ; the former as the act, the latter as the state) : Cf. , incessus and ingressus denote the manner of going, the gait. GOITRE, struma (Celsus). to have goitres, affici tumidis gutturibus. GOLD, s. , aurum : rough, unwrought gold, aurum rude, infectum : wrought gold, aurum factum : spun gold, a web of gold, aurum netum : (Alcim. , Avit. , 6, 36) : coined gold, aurum signatum : solid, massy gold, aurum solidum : pure gold, aurum purum : (made) of gold aureus ; ex auro factus : overlaid with gold, auratus : adorned with gold, auro distinctus : worked with gold, auro intextus (both ; e. g. , of cloth). To be made of gold (figuratively ; e. g. , to be very rich), divitiis abundare ; (more strongly), superare Crassum divitiis (Cicero, Att. , 1, 4, extr. ) : a vein of gold, vena auri : a bar or wedge of gold, later aureus : a grain of gold, auri mica or granum : a leaf of gold, bractea auri (poetical) : a small leaf of gold, * bracteola auri : a plate of gold, lamina auri : to plate with gold, lamina inaurare : interwoven with gold, auro intextus : the art of embroidering in gold, * ars auro pingendi : a garment embroidered in gold, vestis auro intexta or distincta (interwoven with gold, or with golden spangles, or the like, attached ; the latter was also, vestis Phrygionia, Plinius, 8, 48, 74) : a refiner of gold, auri coctor (Inscript. ) : a river whose sands roll gold, flumen, quod aurum vehit (vid. Curtius, 8, 9, 18) : that bears gold, aurum vehens (of rivers ; vid. Curtius, 8, 9, 18 ; Cf. , aurifer is poetical) ; also, auro fertilis (e. g. , flumen) : to shine with gold, auro nitere : a mass of gold, auri massa or glebula (Plin, Ep. , 10, 55, 3). PROV. You may trust him with untold gold, dignus est, quicum (ablative) in tenebris mices (i. e. , he would not deceive you even in the dark) : all is not gold that glitters, fronti nulla fides. GOLD (as adjective), [vid.
GOLDEN] : a gold thread, filum aureum : gold threads (plural), aurum netum (spun gold, Alcim. , Avit. , 6, 36) : a gold color, color in aurum inclinatus : of a gold color, colore in aurum inclinato (of a gold-like color) ; auratus, aureolus (that looks as if overlaid with gold) : a gold fish, piscis auratus, aurei coloris piscis : Cf. , The gold-fish is of the genus Cyprinus. A country that contains gold mines, regio auri ferax (after Curtius, 8, 9, 15) : gold coin, aureus or aureolus (with and without numus) : a gold mine, auri fodina ; metallum auri or aurarium : auraria, orum (sc. metalla) ; aurifodinæ ; aurariæ. GOLD-BEATER, bracteator : bractearius (late).
GOLD BROCADE, vestis auro distincta, vestis auro intexta (cloth in which gold is inwoven, Curtius, 3, 3, 13 ; 9, 7, 11 ) : vestis Phrygionia (in which gold is embroidered, Plinius, 8, 48, 74).
GOLD-COAST, ora auro or auri fertilis. GOLD-DRAWER, Vid.
GOLD-BEATER. GOLD-DUST, pulvis aureus (dust of geld, and like gold, †) : pulvis aurosus (like gold ; Pallad. . , 1, 5, 1, ed. Schneider).
GOLDEN, aureus (properly and figuratively) : ex auro factus or fabricatus (only properly, made of gold) : aureolus (mostly figuratively = eximius, egregius, i. e. , excellent ; e. g. , a speech, a writing) : auri colore (of the color of gold) : aurei coloris : colore in aurum inclinato (having a shade of gold ; of a gold hue) : the Golden Age, ætas aurea : the golden mean, aurea mediocritas : to bear golden fruit (figuratively), bonam frugem ferre (Livius, 2, 1) : a golden pheasant, * phasianus pictus (Linnæus) : having golden locks, flavus : golden locks or hair, coma or (of men) cæsaries flava (†) : of a golden-yellow, flavus, fulvus, russeus ; vid. YELLOW.
GOLDEN-EYE, * anas clangula (Linnæus).
GOLDEN-ROD, * solidago (the common golden-rod, * solidago virgaurea, Linnæus).
GOLDEN-SAXIFRAGE, * chrysosplenium (Linnæus).
GOLDFINCH, carduelis (* fringilla carduelis, Linnæus).
GOLDSMITH, aurifex : aurarius (sc. artifex, in inscriptions) : vascularius (one that makes golden vessels, as bowls, etc. , Cicero, Verr. , 4, 24, 54).
Goldsmith’s scales, statera auraria (Varro) or aurificis (Cicero).
GOLD-WIRE, filum aureum (a single thread) : * aurum in fila ductum (gold drawn out into wire).
GOLDY-LOCKS, * chrysocoma (Linnæus).
GONDOLA, navis cubiculata (Seneca, Benef. , 7, 20, 3) : navis thalamegos (Suetonius, Cat. , 52).
GONDOLIER, magister navis cubiculatæ or thalamegi. GOOD, s. , bonum (general term) : honestum (moral good) : to do much good, multa bene facere (to do many good actions) : de multis bene mereri (to lay many under an obligation to one’s self) : to do good to anybody, alicui bene or benigne facere : conferre in aliquem beneficia (much, multa). A person does me much good, optime aliquis meretur de me : to return good for good, similibus beneficiis beneficia pensare : to return good for evil, maleficia benefactis pensare : to return or requite good with evil, beneficia malefactis pensare : to turn anything to good, aliquid in bonum vertere (to turn to one’s advantage ; e. g. , detrimentum, Cæsar, B. C. , 3, 73, Held. ). || Good ; i. e. , advantage, commodum (advantage) : utilitas (use, profit, etc. ) : salus (welfare) : for my good, the good of the state, etc. , e re mea ; e republica, (also by the dative ; e. g. , to give up one’s private feelings for the good
of the state, studium reipublicæ dimittere ; vid. Held. , Cæsar, B. C. , 1, 8 ; so with dare, tribuere, etc. ) : to be for the good of anybody, e re alicujus esse ; alicui prodesse or utile esse ; aliquem juvare. || The public good, commune commodum : communis utilitas : bonum publicum : reipublicæ commoda : respublica (vid. Herzog, Cæsar, B.
G. , 5, 46) : salus communis or reipublicæ (the common welfare) : to have the public good in view, to consult for or promote it, communi commodo inservire ; communi utilitati servire ; saluti reipublicæ consulere ; rem publicam juvare ; omnium commodis or communi utilitati prospicere : to endeavor to promote the public good, reipublicæ salutem suscipere : to look only to the public good, considering one’s own interests as secondary, ad communem fructum referre omnia ; reipublicæ commoda privatis necessitatibus habere potiora. || Anything good and excellent of which you partake, bonum : the greatest good, summum bonum ; ultimum or finis bonorum : earthly goods, externa bona ; res externæ or humanæ. (2) A possession, property, usually in plural, goods ; bona ; fortunæ (goods of fortune), bona ac fortunæ : stolen goods, res furtiva ; or plural, res furtivæ or furta [vid. PROPERTY]. A receiver of stolen goods, qui subtractas res (sacras, etc. , or pecunias) ex iis qui subtraxerint, suscepit (Code Justinian). || Goods (wares, etc. ), merces [vid. WARES]. To take out so much and return it in goods, aliquid exhaurire et merces remittere (Plinius, 6, 24, 26). Dry goods, perhaps * merces, quæ ad ulnam venduntur. GOOD, adjective, bonus (general term, in a physical and moral sense, but not so extensive as the English word “good, ” since we cannot translate ” a good wind, ” ventus bonus, but secundus ventus ; “a good disposition, ” not bonus animus, but benignus animus ; also of “a good light, ” tabulas in bono lumine collocare) : jucundus : suavis : dulcis (pleasant, agreeable, of that which affects the sense, as smell, taste, etc. ; also, for anything, alicui rei or ad aliquid) : probus (that is as it ought to be, in a physical and moral view ; e. g. , silver, color, etc. ; then an artist, person, ability) : sanctus (morally good, from a principle of piety) : opimus (rich, fat, properly and figuratively ; campus, Livius ; habitus corporis, Cicero) : commodus (serviceable, convenient, good in its kind ; e. g. , silver, health ; also of persons ; e. g. , a good sort of a person, well-disposed) : opportunus (convenient, well fitted or suited ; first, of time and place ; then also, of persons ; e. g. , well suited to anything ; also for anything, ad aliquid) : prosper : secundus (conformable to one’s wish, favorable ; e. g. , ventus secundus) : utilis (serviceable, useful ; for anything, alicui rei) : salutaris (wholesome ; e. g. , remedium ; for anything, alicui rei). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) utilis et salutaris : honestus (morally good, honorable) : simplex (unassuming ; guileless) : benignus (kind ; charitable from inclination and goodness of heart) : integer (opposed to vitiatus, gone ; of fruits).
Good food, cibi suaves or jucundi (pleasant to the taste) ; cibi conquisiti or lauti (exquisitely good) : a good house, domicilium bonum or commodum : to have a good house, bene or commode habitare : a good (paved) road, via trita : a good (fertile) field, good soil, ager ferax or fertilis ; solum ferax or fertile : a good pasture, pascuum herbis abundans ; pascuum pecori alendo bonum : a good harvest, messis frugifera (poetical), or opima : a good year (for fruit, etc. ), annus frugifer ; annus frugibus locuples (poetical) ; * annus magni proventus : this is a good year, magnum proventum frugum fructuumque annus hic attulit (after Plinius Ep. , 1, 13, 1) : good times, tempora bona or felicia (prosperous) ; anni frugibus locupletes (fruitful years, poetical) : a good climate, bonum cœlum : a good air, aer purus, tenuis, salubris (Cf. , not bonus) : good weather, idonea tempestas (with reference to a particular purpose ; e. g. , a voyage ; but we find bona et certa tempestas, good and settled weather ; Cicero, Quint. Fr. , 2, 2, extr. ) : a good hand, compositissimæ et clarissimæ literæ : in good taste, purus (e. g. , ornatus, Quintilianus). Hortensius’s memory was so good, that, etc. , erat Hortensio memoria tanta, ut, etc. : a good physician, medicus arte insignis : a good soldier, miles bello bonus ; miles fortis ac strenuus : a good statesman and soldier, bonus pace belloque : good eyes, good sight, oculi acres et acuti : to have good eyes, bene or acriter videre ; oculos acres et acutos habere. My good friend ! (in a cordial address to a stranger), o bone ! sodes : a good friend of mine, mihi amicus ; amicus meus (Cf. , not bonus amicus ; i. e. , a good friend in the real sense of the words) : a good ( = considerable) part, bona pars : a good ( = considerable) while, aliquantum temporis : to have a good ( = sound) sleep, satis arte dormire : in a good manner, [vid. WELL] : to be good, præstare : to be good to anybody ; [vid. KIND].
Good-morning, night, etc. ; vid. the substantives : to make anything good again, aliquid sanare (to make sound, as it were ; e. g. , scelus) ; sarcire aliquid (to patch up, as it were, to mend, an injury, act of injustice, etc. , detrimentum acceptum) ; reconcinnare (to mend, as it were, repair ; e. g. , detrimentum acceptum) : to make much worse what cannot be made good again, ea, quæ sanari non possunt, exulcerare : to think anything good, probare, comprobare aliquid (general term, to approve of it) ; alicui rei adjicere album calculum (to give one’s approval to a thing ; to approve of or assent to anything ; Plinius, Ep. , 1, 2, 5) : anything does me good, aliquid suaviter me afficit. || Good ; i. e. , correct, of style [vid. PURE (of language)]. || Good for : to be good for anything, utilem esse alicui rei, or ad aliquid ; idoneum esse ad aliquid ; bonum esse alicui rei, or ad aliquid ; aptum esse ad aliquid ; usui esse ad aliquid : not to be good for, non utilem, or inutilem esse, ad aliquid : to be good for nothing, nihili esse ; nullius pretii esse : a good-for-nothing fellow, homo nequam ; homo nihili : a thorough good-for-nothing fellow, homo nequissimus. (Of medicines) : to be good for anything, utilem esse alicui rei or ad aliquid ; salutarem or salubrem esse ad aliquid ; prodesse ad aliquid ; efficacem esse alicui rei (e. g. , for cracked lips, labrorum fissuris ; all Plinius) ; bene facere ad aliquid (e. g. , ad capitis dolorem, Scribonius, Larg. ). : MISCELLANEOUS PHRASES. To put a good face on anything [vid. FACE]. Everybody does what is good in his own eyes, ipsa olera olla legit (Plautus, Prov. ). By good luck, forte fortuna. It was my good luck to, mihi contigit ut. To give anybody as good as he brings, par pari respondere. To make good (a promise) [vid. FULFILL]. To promise what you can’t make good, frustra polliceri aliquid. When he was as good as condemned and executed, quum pro damnato mortuoque esset : he as good as says it, though he nowhere states it in so many words, non usquam id quidem dicit omnino, sed quæ dicit, idem valent.
GOOD, interjection, bene agis ! bene facis or fecisti! (to express approbation of conduct) : bene habet ! non repugno ! non impedio ! (be it so ; I make no objection to it) : satis est! (enough!) – dictum puta! teneo (I understand ; you need not say any more ; said by one to whom a commission is given) : ponamus ; demus hæc (granted ; be it so ; of a person who grants something on which he is going to found an objection) : in this sense, nempe is also used (e. g. , Cicero, N. D. , 3, 39, 93, atque iidem etiam vota dicitis suscipi oportere. Nempe singuli vovent, etc. , good! but now sometimes one man makes a vow, sometimes another: Sed effugi insidias ; perrupi Apenninum ; nempe in Antonii congressum colloquiumque veniendum est, good! [“so far well, ” or “be it so, “] but I must still etc. ; cf. Pr. Intr. , ii, 153, d) : recte (a form of courteous assent ; e. g. , is mihi dixit se Athenis me exspectaturum, ut mecum decederet. Recte, inquam ; quid enim dicerem? Cicero).
GOOD FRIDAY, * dies per Christi mortem sacrata. GOOD-HUMORED, remissus (opposed to severus) : hilaris (cheerful; opposed to tristis, severus) : festivus (full of cheerful humor) : alacer, also with animo (ready and disposed to acting, lively; opposed to languidus) : good-humored and gay, alacer et lætus. GOODLINESS, Vid. BEAUTY, ELEGANCE. GOOD LUCK, Vid. “good FORTUNE. ” GOOD-NATURE, bonitas (general term, goodness) : (animi) benignitas (kindness, etc. ) : facilitas or facilitas et humanitas : comitas et facilitas : comitas facilitasque : mens facilis : mores faciles (of general readiness to oblige, etc. ) : suavitas (morum).
GOOD-NATURED, comes : benignus : facilis : suavis [SYN. in KIND]. To be good-natured to anybody, leni ingenio esse in aliquem : benigne or comiter aliquem tractare ; plurimum benignitatis in aliquem conferre. GOODNESS, bonitas (general term, of goodness, physical or moral) : goodness of heart, probitas ; simplicitas : natural goodness of heart, naturæ bonitas ; also, naturalis bonitas (e. g. , perpetua naturalis bonitas, Nepos, Att. , 9, 1). Have the goodness to, etc. , quæso : oro : obsecro (I beg or beseech you. When thus used as forms of courtesy, they are usually inserted after the first or second word).
GOODS, bona, orum (plural adjective). Vid. PROPERTY, POSSESSIONS. GOOD-WILL, benevolentia.
[Vid. KINDNESS. ] || To buy the good-will of (a retiring tradesman), etc. , * pretio soluto paciscor ab aliquo, ut me emtoribus suis (or iis, qui ejus opera, utantur, if an artizan) commendet. To give anybody one’s good-will, * aliquem emptoribus meis (or iis, qui opera mea utuntur) commendo. GOOSE, anser : a little goose, anserculus : a fat goose, anser pinguis, bene saginatus : “goose, ” as adjective, anserinus. GOOSEBERRY, * ribes grossularia (Linnæus).
GOOSE-GRASS, * galium Aparine (Linnæus).
GOOSE-QUILL, * penna anserina. GORE, cruor : sanguis concretus. GORE, v. , trajicere : transfodere : confodere : transfigere : configere : transverberare (e. g. , venabulo) : percutere : cornu ferire ( Vergilius ; with the horn).
GORGE, || Throat, gullet, vid. || In architecture, cymatium (κυμάτιον) ; or, pure Latin, unda. In modern architecture, the cymatium Doricum, Ital. cavetto, is distinguished from cymatium Lesbium, Ital. cimasa. GORGE, [Vid. To DEVOUR] (properly) : to gorge one’s self with, or be gorged with, vid. “GLUT one’s self with. ” GORGEOUS, Vid. MAGNIFICENT, SPLENDID. GORGEOUSLY, Vid. MAGNIFICENTLY, SPLENDIDLY. GORGEOUSNESS, Vid. MAGNIFICENCE, SPLENDOR. GORMANDIZE, heluari : luxuriose vivere. GORMANDIZER, Vid.
GLUTTON. GORMANDIZING, heluatio : ingluvies (Terentianus, Hor. , ingluvies atque voracitas, Eutropius).
GORSE, * ulex Europæus (Linnæus, the common furze).
GOSHAWK, * falco palumbarius (Linnæus). GOSLING, anserculus. GOSPEL, || The whole Christian doctrine, * evangelium : * doctrina or præcepta Jesu Christi. To preach the gospel, evangelizare (Augustinus, C. D. , 18, 31) : a preacher of the gospel, evangelizator (Eccl. ). || A gospel ( e. g. , St. John’s), * vita Jesu ab Joanne proposita (literally, the life of Jesus, by St. John) : a section of such a narrative (as read in the communion service), * lectio evangelica. || IMPROPR. , To take anything that is told him for gospel, facillime ad credendum induci (i. e. , habitually) : to take anything for gospel, aliquid cupidius credere (Livius, with reference to the hasty belief) ; * aliquid tale esse credere, quale falsum esse non possit ; or alicui rei ita assentiri, ac si (or quasi) tale fuerit, quale falsum esse non possit (with reference to firmness of belief, after Cicero, Acad. , 2, 19, 57).
GOSSIP, s. , homo garrulus : loquax (that talks much) : vulgator (publisher of news, etc. , Ovidius) : famigerator (comedy, a malicious talkative fellow) : rumigerulus (late ; Ammian) : combibo (literally, a bottle-companion) : compotor : sodalis (companion). Feminine, garrula : * vulgatrix : * famigeratrix. || Idle talk, sermo : sermones (talk) : * sermones falsi, or improbi, or aniles (i. e. , old woman’s talk) : garritus : confabulatio : foolish or idle gossip, rumusculi imperitorum hominum. To have a gossip with anybody, fabulari or confabulari cum aliquo : to have a gossip together, fabulari inter se : sermones cædere (λόγους κόπτειν) : I often have a gossip with anybody, cum aliquo fabulor insusurrans ac præbens invicem aurem (Suetonius, Cæs. , 22). || Godfather or godmother, vid. GOSSIP, v. , || To chat, vid. ; and GOSSIP, s. To gossip about anything, evulgare : divulgare : effutire foris [SYN. in DIVULGARE]. To gossip about anybody, or anybody’s affairs, aliquem differre rumoribus (maliciously) : a gossiping set or party, sessiuncula (Cicero, Fin. , 5, 20, 56). A gossiping town, urbs sermonum avida : I should like to gossip with you longer, cupiebam (in a letter) plura garrire. GOSSIPING, s. , famigeratio (Plautus, Trin. , 3, 2, 66). Vid.
GOSSIP, s. GOURD, cucurbita. To scoop out gourds, and use them for cups, bottles, * cucurbitas excavare atque pro poculis, lagenis, etc. , uti (after Cæsar, B.
G. , 2, 86, fin. ).
GOURMAND, cuppes (Plautus) : helluo : homo fastidii delicati. * cuppediorum studiosus. GOUT, arthritis (ἀρθρῖτις, medical technical term, of the moderns and ancients), or, pure Latin, morbus articularis, or articularius, or dolor (dolores) artuum or articulorum (pain in the joints) : chiragra (gout in the hands) : podagræ morbus (ποδάγρα, if in the legs, as complaint) : podagræ or pedum dolores (as pain) : * gonagra (technical term, in the knees) : Subject to the gout, arthriticus ; podagricus (if in the feet) : anybody has the gout, artus alicujus laborant : to suffer much from the gout, magnos articulorum dolores habere (general term) : to be tormented by a fit of the gout, maximis podagræ doloribus cruciari ; podagræ doloribus ardere : to suffer so much from the gout, that, etc. , tantis pedum doloribus affici, ut, etc. : to get the gout, in podagræ morbum incidere : to bring on the gout, podagram creare : one who suffers from the gout, podagricus (ποδαγρικός), or, pure Latin, pedibus æger. GOUTY, arthriticus : podagricus : pedibus æger. SYN. in GOUT. κυρικιμασαηικο GOVERN, v. , TRANS. , || To lead ; to rule, imperare, imperitare alicui : alicujus esse imperatorem : imperio regere or imperio tenere aliquem , aliquid (to have the command of anybody or anything) : dominari, dominationem habere in aliquem (to exercise an unlimited control over anybody ; especially, improperly, of inanimate and abstract subjects) : præesse alicui or alicui rei (to be placed over anybody, or at the head of anything). To govern a state, civitatem regere : imperium tractare (to be the ruler, especially with reference to royal or imperial authority) ; regnare (with collateral notion of arbitrary rule) ; rempublicam regere or moderari ; reipublicæ præesse ; clavum reipublicæ or imperii, or simply imperium tenere ; ad gubernacula reipublicæ sedere (to stand or be at the helm) : to govern a town, urbem imperio regere : to be governed by anybody, imperio alicujus teneri ; teneri in alicujus ditione et potestate ; imperium alicujus sustinere ; se regi ab aliquo pati (to allow one’s self to be governed). || IMPROPR. , To be master of anything, imperare alicui rei : moderari alicui rei (to moderate, to hold in check ; e. g. , to govern one’s tongue, linguæ or orationi) : not to be able to govern anything, impotentem esse alicujus rei (e. g. , iræ) : to govern one’s self, sibi imperare ; animi potentem esse ; animum suum comprimere, coercere ; one’s anger, iram reprimere : to govern one’s passions, etc. , cupiditatibus imperare (opposed to servire) ; cupiditates continere, comprimere, coercere, frenare, domare ac frangere. We are governed by our passions, cupiditates dominationem in nos habent : the mind governs the body, animus regit corpus : to be governed by ambition, ambitione teneri. || As grammatical term ; jungi or conjungi (cum) aliqua re (i. e. , to have a certain case or mood after it ; e. g. , potior governs the ablative case, potior jungitur, conjungitur (cum) ablativo) : recipere aliquid (with regard to the government of words by conjunctions) : ” ut” governs the subjunctives ; “ut” jungitur subjunctivo, or “ut” recipit subjunctiva ; “ut” facit poni subjunctivos (all in Grammaticus).
GOVERNABLE, qui regi potest (properly and improperly ; vid. Seneca, De Ira, 2, 15, extr. ). Vid. TRACTABLE, etc. GOVERNANCE,
GOVERNING, Vid.
GOVERNMENT. GOVERNESS, educatrix : magistra : rectrix : gubernatrix (general term for a female teacher).
GOVERNMENT, || The governing, gubematio : moderatio (e. g. , reipublicæ) : administratio (the administration, power of carrying on ; e. g. , belli, war) : procuratio (the administration of business during the absence of anybody ; e. g. , alienorum bonorum) : functio (office or duty devolving on anybody) : auctoritas (authority or command of a superior, with reference to the obedience of an inferior) : summa imperii : rerum ditio : principatus : tyrannis [vid. COMMAND]. || As state of ruling, potestas : dominatio : regnum (vid. DOMINION, DOMINATION]. To be under the government of others or another, alieni arbitrii esse : to have the government of [vid. To GOVERN] : to assume or seize the government, rerum potiri ; imperium, or regnum, or dominatum, or tyrannidem occupare : not to submit to anybody’s government, alicujus imperium detrectare ; alicujus nutum ditionemque respuere : to offer the government to anybody, alicui regnum deferre ; alicui regnum ac diadema deferre (Horatius, Od. , 2, 2, 22) ; imperium or regnum alicui tradere : to live under a just and lenient government, justo et miti imperio regi : to submit to the government of anybody, se sub alicujus potestatem subjicere (Auct. , Herenn. , 2, 31, init. ). || The seat of government, * curia reipublicæ : the form of government, imperii or reipublicæ forma ; reipublicæ ratio or status (i. e. , the peculiar constitution of the state) ; reipublicæ species (the peculiar kind of government) : the system of government, or on which it is carried on, * imperii tenendi or reipublicæ administrandæ ratio : at the expense of government, sumtu publico or publice : on the part of the government, consilio publico ; publice : an absolute government, * civitas in qua summa imperii apud unum est : a representative or constitutional government, * civitas, quæ convocandis ad comitia civium ordinibus ferendisque ex illorum arbitratu legibus popularem quandam formam induit. || IMPROPR. , The government of one’s passions, tongue, etc. [vid. CONTROL, s. ]. || The members, collectively taken, constituting the government, * qui præpositi sunt toti reipublicæ administrandæ : * qui præfecti sunt rebus
publicis : * rerum publicarum curatores. GOVERNOR, || Ruler, commander, vid. || Of a province, præfectus, or præses, or rector, or procurator provinciæ (general terms ; the last three, time of the emperors) : proconsul : proprætor (in the time of the republic ; the former, if the command of an army was attached to it) : satrapes : satrapa : satraps (σατράπης, amongst the Persians). The governor of Gaul, for the time being, quicumque Galliam obtinet (Cæsar, B.
G. , 1, 35) : to be the governor of a province, provinciæ præsidem esse ; provinciæ præesse or præfectum esse ; or præpositum esse ; provinciam obtinere : to make anybody governor of a province, aliquem provinciæ præficere or præponere ; aliquem rectorem provinciæ imponere (Silver Age) || Tutor, vid. GOWN, vestis (general term ; also collectively, for the whole dress) : indumentum (any garment that was put on and not thrown over another dress) : stola : palla (garment of a Roman lady ; Cf. , the stola, worn over the tunica, reached to the ankles or feet, and was fastened by a girdle round the waist, leaving broad folds above the breast ; the palla was thrown over the stola) : cyclas (a dress of a Roman lady, on great occasions ; but it must not be compared with the modern dress of women) : vestis muliebris : vestimentum muliebre (women’s dress in general). A gown to wear in the house, vestitus domesticus ; vestis domestica : a best gown, * vestis sollemnium dierum ; vestis seposita : silk gowns, serica, orum ; bombycina, orum : a silk gown, bombycina vestis (Plinius) ; serica vestis (ib. ) : a colored gown, vestis varia ; vestimentum versicolor : to make a gown, vestem facere : a morning gown, vestis domestica (i. e. , house dress, in general). || The gown of peace, toga (opposed to arma) : vestis forensis. GRABBLE : Vid. To GROPE, To SPRAWL. GRACE, || Beauty, gratia (charm ; e. g. , in the manner of representing anything ; of style ; vid. Quintilianus, 10, 1, 65, and 96) : pulchritudo : venustas : forma : species [SYN. in BEAUTY] : elegantia (grace, as consisting in tasteful selection) : decor (poetical ; e. g. , Tibullus, Ovidius ; and post-Augustan prose, especially in Quintilianus) : lepos (grace in words, style, speech, conversation ; vid. Herzog, Sall. , Cat. , 25, 5, p. 130) : venus (charm, etc. , ; not Cicero). Refined grace, exculta quædam elegantia (Quintilianus) ; subtilis venustas : a peculiar grace, proprius decor (Quintilianus) : female grace, muliebris venustas : grace and fulness of expression, suavitas dicendi et copia : to have a natural grace in conversation, etc. , nativus quidam lepos in aliquo est.
Graces of style, dicendi veneres : meretricious graces of style, lenocinia (Quintilianus, Præf. , 8, 26 ; opposed to ornamenta) : the grace of the Attic dialect, gratia sermonis Attici : studied grace, venustas in gestu (Auct. , Her. , 3, 15, 16 ; too theatrical for an orator; opposed to turpitudo) : without grace, insuavis ; invenustus ; injucundus : full of grace, suavitatis or jucunditatis plenus ; venustate affluens. [Vid.
GRACEFUL]. || Favour, gratia : favor : beneficium [vid. FRAVOR]. By the grace of God, * favente Deo ; juvante Deo ; * Dei beneficio (the first expressing “favor ;” the second, “help ;” the last, a benefit conferred). || Pardon, venia : indulgentia (a particular favor or indulgence shown to anybody, as Suetonius, Vit. , 5, of a prince toward a favorite) : misericordia (mercy, pity) : impunitas (impunity offered to, or obtained by anybody [vid. AMNESTY] : gratia (favor bestowed on anybody). To sue for grace, veniam delicti precari (with regard to a crime) ; veniam præteritorum precari (for the past, e. g. , on account of rebellion) ; suum periculum deprecari (in imminent danger, death, etc. ) : to obtain grace, impetrare veniam : veniam invenire ; from anybody, ab aliquo [vid. PARDON, s. ]. There is no more grace to be hoped, sublata est spes veniæ. || Thanks, vid. ; also, laudes gratesque (a prayer of praise and thanks). || As title ; e. g. , “Your grace !” * Tu, vir generosissime ! princeps (imperator) clementissime! clementia vestra ! (the last two were used in addressing the Roman Emperors ; vid.
Gesneri Thes. ). || Grace personified as a goddess, Charis (Χάρις), or, pure Latin, Gratia : the Graces, Charites (Χάριτες), or, pure Latin, Gratiæ. GRACE, v. , || To embellish, to adorn, ornare : exornare : adornare : excolere : distinguere : vestire aliqua re [SYN. in ADORN]. To grace a narrative, narrationem gratia et venere exornare : the things or objects that grace the life of man, res, quæ vitam instruunt : to grace anything by the mode of relating it, aliquid verbis exornare, or oratione exornare : to grace (e. g. , a company) with one’s presence, præsentia sua (of one) or frequentia (of several persons) ornare aliquem : to grace anybody ( = be an honor to him), honori, decori or ornamento esse ; alicui perhonorificum esse. || To favor, vid. GRACEFUL, venustus (charming and captivating the senses) : lepidus (connected with λεπτός, properly = light ; hence of a light, airy grace ; lepidi mores, Plautus ; dictum, Horatius, In Auct. Her. , lepida et concinna [opposed to magna et pulchra] = prettinesses ; petty gracefulnesses of style that soon weary) : decorus (poetical and in post-Augustan prose, especially the historians ; not in this sense in Cicero) : elegans : concinnus et elegans : comtus : nitidus et comptus : bellus [SYN. in ELEGANT]. Sometimes suavis : dulcis. To be graceful, habere suavitatem : conjunctum esse suavitate : to be exceedingly graceful, mirifica esse suavitate ; affluere venustate : to render graceful, alicui rei venustatem afferre, or amœnitatem suppeditare : a graceful attitude, formosus habitus (e. g. , in throwing a spear) : a noble and graceful exterior, ad dignitatem apposita species et forma : of a graceful shape or form, forma or specie venusta (only of persons) : a very graceful female, mulier venustissima ; mulier forma or specie venustissima ; mulier omnibus simulacris emendatior (Petronius, 126, 13) : a graceful delivery (of a speaker), suaviloquentia (Cicero, Brut. , 15, 58) : Vid. ELEGANT. GRACEFULLY, venuste : eleganter (e. g. , psallere, saltare ; agere vitam or ætatem ; causam dicere) : decore : honeste ; suaviter [SYN. in GRACEFUL] : speciose (e. g. , hasta speciosissime contorta, Quintilianus) : To speak gracefully, quasi decore loqui : suavem esse in dicendo (the latter of an orator only) ; suaviter loqui (to speak in a sweet, persuasive manner) : speaking gracefully, suaviloquens (Cicero, in Gellius, 12, 2, etc. , in which passage Gellius is of opinion that Seneca is wrong in rejecting this word) : to relate anything gracefully, jucunde narrare : to write gracefully, dulcissime scribere. Vid. also, ELEGANTLY. GRACEFULNESS, venustas : gratia, dignitas (the last, of all that is capable of bestowing dignity) : decor, oris († and post-Augustan, prose). [Vid.
GRACE. ]
Gracefulness of attitude, formosus habitus. GRACIOUS, propitius (propitious, favorable, of the gods, and, less commonly, of superiors to their inferiors) : comis (courteous, affable to all alike) : humanus (mild, as a general virtue ; from cultivation, good-will to mankind, generally, etc. ). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) comis et humanus : clemens (mild ; remitting something of the severity which might justly have been expected ; opposed to severus, crudelis) : lenis (mild ; of him who, from either real or pretended kindness of heart, avoids anything that may be harsh; opposed to vehemens, asper, acer) : indulgens (indulgent, not severe ; of one who readily excuses anything, though he disapproves of it; opposed to acerbus et severus) : misericors (merciful; opposed to durus). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) clemens et misericors (opposed to crudelis et durus) : benignus (kind, with reference to the friendly feeling and the manifestation of it) : liberalis (acting with liberality). A gracious reception, * liberalitas (comitas, humanitas), qua aliquis excipitur or accipitur : to meet with a gracious reception, benigne excipi. GRACIOUSLY, comiter : humane : clementer : leniter : benigne : liberaliter : indulgenter [SYN. in GRACIOUS]. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) benigne et liberaliter : benigne ac liberaliter. To receive or be received graciously, vid. “GRACIOUS reception. ”
GRACIOUSNESS,
benignitas animi :
benevolentia :
favor :
voluntas :
studium [SYN. in FAVOR] :
comitas (kind condescension) :
humanitas :
facilitas [SYN. in COURTEOUS] :
The graciousness of anybody’s reception, liberalitas (comitas, humanitas), qua aliquis excipitur or accipitur.
GRADATION,
gradus (degree ; gradations ; e. g. , ætatis).
There are many gradations in anything, in aliqua re multi sunt gradus :
in all the gradations, whether of rank or age, in omni vel honoris vel ætatis gradu (Cicero) :
to have or admit of no gradations, habere nullos gradus
(alicujus rei) :
gradus (alicujus rei) non habere (both Cicero) :
gradations strictly defined ; definite gradations, distincti gradus [Cf. , gradatio = the rhetorical figure, κλῖμαξ].
GRADUAL,
* quasi gradatus :
sensim et pedetentim progrediens (general, with reference to progress ; gradually increasing) ; but mostly by paullatim with a suitable participle : the gradual decline of discipline, labens paullatim disciplina :
the gradual rise of the arts and sciences, * efflorescentes paullatim literæ artesque :
in a gradual manner, gradatim ; gradibus :
gradual increase, progressio ; toward anything, progressio ad aliquam rem facta :
a gradual descent or declivity, collis paullatim ad planitiem rediens :
a gradual ascent, collis leniter editus, or clementer assurgens :
a country house is built on a gradual ascent, villa leniter et sensim clivo fallente consurgit (Plinius).
GRADUALLY,
paullatim :
sensim (represent gradual motion under the image of an imperceptible progress ; paullatim, by little and little; opposed to semel, at once ; sensim, imperceptibly; opposed to repente ; Cicero, Off. , 1, 33 ; Suetonius, Tib. , 11) :
gradatim :
pedetentim (represent it under the image of a self-conscious progress ; gradatim, step by step, likeβάδην; opposed to cursim, saltuatim, etc. ; pedetentim denotes at a foot’s pace; opposed to curru, equo, volatu, velis, Döderlein). Vid. “by degrees” in DEGREE.
GRADUATE, s. ,
* academico aliquo honore ornatus ; * qui ad academicum aliquem gradum promotus est.
GRADUATE, v. ,
|| INTRANS. , * ad academicum aliquem gradum promoveri.
|| TRANS. , To mark with degrees, * aliquid in gradus dividere (gradus, of the degrees of a circle, Manil. , 1, 579).
GRAFT, s. ,
surculus.
GRAFT, v. ,
arborem inserere ; also, inserere only, or surculum arbori inserere :
to graft a pear (on the stock of a wild pear), pirum bonam in pirum silvaticam inserere :
Cf. , arborem inoculare or arbori oculum inserere = to bud.
GRAFTING- KNIFE,
* culter insitoris.
GRAIN, s. ,
|| A single seed of corn, granum (in all the meanings of the English word ; e. g. , of corn, salt, etc. , but mica salis, after Plinius, 22, 16, 14, does not mean “grain, ” but “a few grains, ” the former being always expressed by granum salis, Plinius, 23, 8, 77).
|| Corn, vid.
|| The seed of any fruit, semen :
* granum seminale.
|| A small particle ; e. g. , a grain of salt ; vid. above.
Often by aliquid with genitive, or aliquis in agreement.
Some grain of allowance, aliquid veniæ or aliqua venia.
Anything must receive a grain of allowance, dandum est aliquid alicui rei :
anything may receive some grain of allowance, est quatenus alicui rei dari venia possit (Cicero) :
a grain of gold, auri granum.
|| The smallest weight, * granum.
|| The veins or fibres of inanimate bodies, vena (in metals, marble, trees, etc) :
fibra (in plants) :
meatus ligni (in wood) ; hence (improperly) “against the grain, ” invita Minerva, ut aiunt (Cicero), or (after his definition) adversante et repugnante natura.
|| (To dye, etc) in grain, * fila singula (or fila ipsa nondum intexta) colorare or inficere :
hence a rogue in grain, insignite improbus ; veterator (an old hand) ; * homo plane inlectus vitiis (after Cicero, Tusc. , 3, 2 ; and Leg. , 3, 13, 30) ; or trifurcifer, etc. , totus ex fraude factus.
|| Dyed or stained substance ; e. g. , of dark grain, etc. ; vid. COLOR, DYE.
GRAIN, v. , (of wood)
* marmori maculoso simile facere aliquid (like marble) :
* venas or meatum ligni pingendo imitari (like wood).
GRAINY,
GRAINED,
|| Rough [vid. COARSE] :
* marmori maculoso similis factus (of wood grained in imitation of marble) :
* in similitudinem ligni alicujus pictus, variatus, etc. :
venosus (e. g. , of a stone, lapis).
GRAMMAR,
ars grammatica or grammatica only (Cicero, Fin. , 3, 2, 5), or grammatice (as Quintilianus, 1, 4, 4), or mostly grammatica, orum (the grammar, as art and science) :
* ratio grammatica ; ratio loquendi (as theory) :
* præcepta or leges grammaticorum (grammatical rules) :
* liber grammaticus or ad grammaticam rationem pertinens (a grammar).
To write an able treatise on Latin grammar, de rations Latine loquendi accuratissime scribere.
GRAMMAR SCHOOL,
* gymnasium :
* lyceum :
schola publica (later).
GRAMMARIAN,
grammaticus.
GRAMMATICAL,
grammaticus.
GRAMMATICALLY,
grammatice (also = grammatically correct, e. g. , loqui, vid. Quintilianus, 1, 6, 27, in which passage it is distinguished from ” Latine loqui;” i. e. , to speak in accordance with the genius of the Latin language).
GRANARY,
granarium (the barn of a farmer) :
horreum (a public magazine). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) cella et horreum :
rei frumentariæ subsidium (a store, only resorted to in case of want or necessity).
Marcus Cato the wise, called Sicily the granary of our state, M. Cato sapiens cellam penariam reipublicæ nostræ Siciliam nominavit (cellam penariam, the store-room of a private house) :
Capua
(is) the granary of the whole district of Campania, Capua cella et horreum Campani agri.
GRAND,
grandis (with reference to thoughts and their expression ; sublime, of poets, orators, etc. , and their works) :
magnificus (elevated, lofty, etc. , of style ; and of things prepared on a magnificent scale, villæ, apparatus). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) magnificus atque præclarus (e. g. , dicendi genus) :
magnificus et sumtuosus (on a grand scale, and at a great expense ; e. g. , funera) :
amplus et grandis (e. g. orator) :
excelsus (elevated, with reference to character) :
admiratione dignus et magni ingenii (deserving admiration, and proving the existence of great ability in the author).
GRANDAM,
[Vid.
GRANDMOTHER. ]
|| Matron, matrona.
GRAND-DAUGHTER,
neptis :
the husband of the grand-daughter, progener :
neptis vir (Fasti) :
great-grand-daughter, proneptis.
GRAND DUCHY,
* magnus ducatus.
GRAND DUKE,
* magnus dux.
GRANDEE,
primus (one of the first of the people) :
primarius (one of the first, with reference to rank and dignity) :
patricius :
nobili or summo loco natus :
generosus [SYN. in GENTLE] :
genere clarus or illustris, or insignis :
generis dignitate conspicuus (of very noble descent, from connections, birth, power, credit, etc. ).
Grandees, proceres (nobles; opposed to commonalty) ; primores (the most influential).
GRANDEUR,
Vid.
GREATNESS.
GRANDFATHER,
avus (also with the addition of paternus, on the father’s side ; maternus, on the mother’s) :
a wife’s grandfather, prosocer :
grandfather’s brother, patruua magnus (Paullus, Dig. , 38, 10, 10, § 15) :
grandfather’s sister, amita magna (Gaius, Dig. , 38, 10, 1, and Paullus, Dig. , 38, 10, 10) :
great-grandfather, proavus.
GRANDILOQUENCE,
magniloquentia (in Cicero, not in a contemptuous sense ; e. g. , hexametrorum, Homeri ; in Livy, of boastful grandiloquence, 44, 15. Cf. , Not grandiloquentia, which Wyttenbach uses) :
granditas verborum (Cicero, but not in a contemptuous sense) :
genus dicendi, quod tumore immodico turgescit (Quintilianus, 12, 10, 73) :
tumidior sermo (Livius).
GRANDILOQUENT,
grandiloquus, ut ita dicam (Cicero) :
magniloquus († or post-Augustan, Tacitus, Agr. , 27) :
magniloquo ore tumidus (Ovidius).
GRANDMOTHER,
avia :
the wife’s grandmother, prosocrus (Modestin. , Dig. , 38, 10, 4, § 6) :
great-grandmother, proavia (Suetonius, Cal. , 10, and Jurisconsulti).
PROV.
To teach one’s grandmother to suck eggs, vid. EGG.
GRANDSON,
nepos :
great-grandson, pronepos.
GRAND TURK,
* imperator Turcicus.
GRANGE,
Vid. FARM, GRANARY.
GRANITE,
* granites lapis (technical term) :
red granite, lapis syenites :
a mass of granite, * granites saxum.
GRANT, s. ,
donatio (donation), or circumlocution with the verbs in To GRANT. Vid. CONCESSION, GIFT.
GRANT, v. ,
|| Bestow, etc. , concedere (in consequence of a request or demand ; opposed to refuse, συγχωρῆσαι) :
permittere (from confidence in a person, and liberality ; opposed to forbidding, like ἐφεῖναι ; both imply that the person has the full right to bestow the thing in question) ; indulgere (to grant something, which might properly be withheld, from evident forbearance, kindness, etc. ; e. g. , usum pecuniæ gratuitum alicui. . . indulsit, Suetonius ; it is post-Augustan, and rare in this sense) :
largiri (from bountiful kindness, etc. ).
To grant anybody his life, concedere vitam alicui (Suetonius) ; his request, concedere alicujus petitioni (Cicero) ; quod petit aliquis, dare ; præstare, quod rogatur ; alicui petenti satisfacere or non deesse ; facere, quæ aliquis petiit ; also, alicujus precibus iudulgere ; aliquem voti compotem facere (of a deity) :
not to grant it, alicujus preces repudiare ; alicui petenti deesse, non satisfacere :
to grant permission [vid. ALLOW or PERMIT] ; forgiveness, pardon ; [vid. To FORGIVE].
|| Admit in argument [vid. To ADMIT = concede ; and for ” take for granted, ” vid. ASSUME (fin. )].
This being granted, quo concesso ; quibus concessis :
but even granting this, sed hoc ipsum concedatur.
“Granting that (he, she, it, etc. ), ” may often be translated by ut (sit) ; and “granting that. . . not, ” by ne sit (or sit sane) ; but, even granting (or if I grant) this, you can not, verum, ut ita sit, non potes, etc. (so, ut verum esset ; quæ ut essent vera, etc. ) :
even granting that pain is not the greatest of evils, yet surely it is an evil, ne sit sane summum malum dolor, malum certe est (Cicero).
Granting that you cannot suppose Philip the equal of Hannibal, yet you will surely consider him equal to Pyrrhus, ne æquaveritis Hannibali Philippum, Pyrrho certe sequabitis (Livius, 31, 7).
Sometimes the perfect subjunctive is used alone ; ” granting that he was considered so (a bad citizen) by others, yet when did you begin to look upon him in this light ?” fuerit aliis, tibi quando esse cœpit ? (Cicero, Verr. , 1, 41 : so sometimes the present. Non possis [= ” even granting that you can not, ” or ” you may not indeed be able”] oculis quantum contendere Lynceus, non tamen, etc. , Horatius, Ep. , 1, 1, 28).
Sometimes fac ( = suppose that ; with infinitive). Vid. SUPPOSE.
GRANTEE,
privilegiarius (post-Augustan) : Cf. , privilegiatus
is without any ancient authority :
immunis (he who is exempt from anything ; e. g. , from paying taxes, etc. ).
GRANULATE, v. ,
TRANS. ,
in grana redigere :
molis frangere (if by a mill). [Vid. also, To CRUSH. ]
|| INTRANS. ,
* in grana redigi, formari.
GRANULATION (in surgery),
caro increscens (Celsus).
The loss will be repaired by granulation from the membrane itself, caro ab mernbrana ipsa incipit increscere, et replet id, quod vacuum est, inter ossa (Celsus).
GRAPE,
uva :
a small grape, parva uva :
dried grape, uva passa :
a single grape or berry, acinus or acinum.
To dry grapes in the sun, uvas in sole pandere :
a grape is beginning to turn, uva varia fieri cœpit :
the grape never ripens, uva numquam dulcedinem capit. Cf. , racemus is the twig on which the berries are hanging ; hence poetically, “racemi” (plural) is used either for the grape itself or for a bunch of grapes.
GRAPE-SHOT, * globus ferro secto et pulvere pyrio completus : a volley of grape-shots, * ferrei secti grando.
GRAPE-STONE, nucleus acini : acinus vinaceus, or acinus only : (plural) vinacea, orum.
GRAPHIC,
GRAPHICAL, graphicus (very rare ; graphicam in adspectu efficere delectationem, Vitruvius). A graphic description of anything, alicujus rei pæne sub aspectum subjectio ; alicujus rei sub oculos subjectio. To give a graphic description of anything, lectis verborum coloribus depingere aliquid (after Gellius) ; aliquid pæne sub aspectum subjicere ; aliquid sub oculos subjicere ; rem constituere pæne ante oculos (Cicero, Part. Or. , 6, 20) ; totam rei imaginem verbis quodammodo depingere ; or formam rerum ita exprimere verbis, ut cerni potius videatur quam audiri (Quintilianus) ; or aliquid sic exponere quasi agatur res, non quasi narretur (Cicero, : the last three of a lively dramatic description).
GRAPHICALLY, graphice (Plautus, crepidula te graphice decet), or by circumlocution, lectis verborum coloribus depingere aliquid. Vid. “to give a GRAPHIC description of. ”
GRAPNEL, || A small anchor [vid. ANCHOR]. || A hook for boarding vessels, vid.
GRAPPLING-IRON.
GRAPPLE, s. , an iron hook for boarding ships [vid.
GRAPPLING-IRON]. || Wrestler’s hold or hug ; Vid. HUG.
GRAPPLE, v. || To grapple a ship, ferreas manus or harpagones in navem injicere, or ex sua nave in hostium navem injicere (Livius, 21, 28) : ferreis manibus injectis navem religare (Cæsar, B. C. , 2, 6) : To grapple with and board, in hostium navem transcendere. || To seize fast hold of, velut hamis inuncari alicui rei (to be fixed to it as if with hooks, Columella, 7, 3, 10) : To grapple with anybody, medium arripere aliquem (seize him by the waist, Terentianus) ; complecti aliquem (e. g. , in wrestling, Nepos, Epam. , 2) ; luctari et congredi cum aliquo (improperly, of grappling with an opponent in any contest ; e. g. , in argument). When they grappled, quum sua complexu coierunt membra tenaci († Ovidius).
GRAPPLING-IRONS, harpagones (Livius, 30, 10, who describes them as asseres ferreo unco præfixi ; Curtius, makes them = ferreæ manus, but distinguishes them from corvi, 4, 2, 12) : ferreæ manus (Cæsar). To use the grappling-irons, ferreas manus or harpagones in navem injicere : ferreis manibus injectis navem religare.
GRASP, v. , || To clutch, rapere : arripere aliquid (violently) : involare in aliquid (improperly, to fly upon anything for the purpose of taking immediate possession of it ; e. g. , in alienas possessiones) : prehendere (to seize upon anything, to hold it) : corripere aliquid (to snatch at anything eagerly). To endeavor to grasp anything, aliquid appetere manibus : to grasp anything eagerly, avide arripere aliquid. || INTRANS. , To grasp at = endeavor to obtain (in a bad sense), affectare ( e. g. , at empire, regnum, Livius ; so dominationes, Sallustius, ap. Aug. , Civ. Dei, 3, 17 ; not Cicero) : petere : appetere aliquid (to seek to obtain) : sectari : consectari (to pursue) : aucupari (to lie in wait for an opportunity of seizing anything) : manus afferre or adhibere alicui rei (improperly ; to stretch out one’s hands for the purpose of taking possession ; e. g. , vectigalibus ; alienis bonis). To grasp at what does not belong to one, alienum appetere (Phædrus ; et alieni appotens, Sallustius). To grasp at every, even the emptiest shadow of glory, omnes etiam umbras falsæ gloriæ consectari (Cicero).
GRASP, s. , [vid. HOLD, s. ] ; e. g. , to come into anybody’s grasp, in manus alicujus venire : to rescue or snatch anything from anybody’s grasp, aliquid e or ex manibus, or ex faucibus alicujus eripere.
GRASS, gramen (general term, especially if serving for fodder) : herba (young grass, just shooting up ; hence frequently graminis herba ; i. e. , fresh young grass, also = a blade of grass ; vid. Livius, 1, 24 : Ovidius, Met. , 10, 87) : fœnum (cut and dried grass, hay) : cæspes (turf ; also, a piece of soil dug up with the grass and its roots). A withered blade of grass, festuca (κάρφος) : a crown made of grass, corona graminea : of the nature of grass, gramineus : a seat covered with or made of grass, sedile cæspite obductum (after Plinius, 17, 11, 16) ; sedile e or de cæspite vivo factum (after Ovidius, Met. , 5, 317) ; sedile gramineum (Vergilius, Æn. , 8, 176) : grass green, herbaceus ; herbacei coloris ; herbidi coloris : the color of grass, color herbaceus : made of grass, gramineus : rich in grass, graminosus ; herbosus : grown over with grass, gramineus ; herbidus : looking like grass (color, etc. ), herbaceus ; viridis (green, in general) : to throw one’s self on the grass, se abjicere in herba (not in herbam ; vid. Cicero, De Or. , 1, 7, 28).
GRASS-CUTTER,
GRASS-MOWER, fœniseca : qui fœnum secat.
GRASSHOPPER, gryllus.
GRASS-PLOT, campus gramineus or herbosus († a place covered with grass, or on which grass is growing) : locus herbidus (a spot covered with grass ; e. g. , quidquid herbidi terreni erat extra murum, Livius, 23, 19, 14) : * æquata loci herbidi planities (æquata agri planities, Cicero). Sometimes gramen only may serve ; as, prostrati in gramme molli.
GRASSY, herbidus : graminosus : herbosus (abounding in grass ; vid.
GRASS) : a grassy soil, solum graminosum : ager graminosus.
GRATE, s. , || A partition of iron bars, cancelli : clathri (the clathri were smaller ; e. g. , lattice-work in windows, doors, etc. ; the wooden bars or iron rods composing them were perpendicular and horizontal ; so that the openings were, of course, rectangular : in the cancelli one set of bars or rods was either perpendicular or oblique, the other set being arranged obliquely on these, so that the openings were not rectangular. The cancelli were used, e. g. , in the circus, and as partition rails, etc. ; vid. Varro, R. R. , 3, 3) : transenna (wire-work, so narrow as almost to prevent people from looking through it ; Cicero, De Or. , 1, 85, extr. ) : made like a grate, cancellatim. || In a stove or fire-place, fortax (vid. Schneider, Cat. R. R. , 38, p. 102).
GRATE, v. , TRANS. , and INTRANS. , || To wear anything by the attrition of a rough body, terere (to rub off) : conterere (to rub into small parts) : deterere (e. g. , frumentum, squillam, etc. ) : fricare (to scrape) : aliquid in pulverem conterere (to grate to dust) : terere aliquid in farinam (to meal, Plinius, 34, 18, 50). To grate one’s teeth, dentibus stridere (of a sick person, Celsus, 2, 6 ; dentibus frendere is ” to gnash the teeth”). || To furnish with a grate, clathrare (also written clatrare) ; cancellare [SYN. in GRATE].
Grated, ad cancellorum or clathrorum speciem
factus (vid. Varro, R. R. , 3, 5, 4, made like gratings) ; clathratus ; cancellatus (fitted up, respectively, with clathri or cancelli) : a grated door, fores clathratæ : cancelli (a larger one, a grating) : a grated window, fenestra clathrata ; transenna [vid. in GRATE]. || To offend by anything harsh, offendere : lædere : violare : pungere : mordere [vid. To OFFEND]. Anything grates against my feelings, habeo ad rem aliquam offensionem atque fastidium : aliquid mihi offensioni est : vehementer mihi displicet aliquid : to grate the ear, aures or auriculas radere (Quintilianus, 3, 1, 3 : Persius, 1, 107).
GRATEFUL, gratus (in both senses of the English word, with dative in the sense of ” agreeable;” with erga, adversus, in the sense of ” thankful ;” where it seems to take the dative in this sense, the dative belongs rather to the verb : it is not certain whether in aliquem or in aliquo is right, since in me, te does not decide this [Krebs] ; it is safer to use the accusative) : beneficiorum memor. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) memor gratusque. To be grateful, gratum or memorem et gratum esse : to feel grateful, gratiam habere : to show one’s self grateful, alicui gratum se præbere ; memorem in aliquem animum præstare : very grateful, gratissimo animo prosequi nomen alicujus ; for anything, alicui pro re gratiam referre : both to be and to show one’s self grateful, re ipsa atque animo esse gratissimum ; gratiam et referre et habere (referre, of an actual return ; after Cicero, Off. , 2, 20, 69) : not only to be grateful, but to have abundantly proved his gratitude, non habere modo gratiam, verum etiam cumulatissime retulisse (Cicero) : to show one’s self exceedingly grateful, cumulatissimam alicui gratiam referre : to appear grateful, memorem gratumque cognosci : to endeavor to appear grateful, gratum me videri studeo : to retain a grateful recollection of anything, grate meminisse aliquid ; grata memoria prosequi aliquid.
GRATEFULLY, grato animo : grate : memori mente.
GRATEFULNESS, || Gratitude, vid. || Pleasantness ; vid. AGREEABLENESS.
GRATER, perhaps radula.
GRATIFICATION, || Act of gratifying, expletio (the filling, satisfying ; e. g. , of anybody’s natural desires, naturæ, Cicero) ; or by circumlocution with the verb under GRATIFY. Cf. , gratificatio (Cicero) is classical, but not with genitive. To do anything for anybody’s gratification, dare, tribuere, concedere, or gratificari aliquid alicui. To give anybody up for the gratification of the Senate, the people, concedere aliquem senatui ; dare aliquem populo. || Pleasure, suavitas : delectatio : oblectatio : voluptas [SYN. in ENJOYMENT] : sensual gratification, voluptas corporis : mental gratification, delectatio or voluptas animi : to make sensual gratifications one’s first object, omnia ventre or voluptate corporis metiri : to look out or seek for sensual gratification, voluptaria quærere : full of gratification, voluptatum plenus : anything affords or gives me some gratification, juvat me, with infinitive : to feel or derive some gratification from calling anything to one’s mind, alicujus rei recordatione frui : to derive gratification from anything, voluptatem ex aliqua re capere, or percipere or habere ; libidinem in aliqua re habere (habitually, Sallustius, Cat. , 7, 4) ; delectari aliqua re ; voluptatem or delectationem capere ex re ; est aliquid mihi in deliciis (is a favorite thing) ; delectatione alicujus rei duci : not to find any gratification in anything, aliquid nolle, improbare ; a re abhorrere : aliquid mihi displicet, improbatur, non probatur : to be a gratification to the palate, palatum tergere (Horatius, Sat. , 2, 4, 24) ; palatum permulcere. || Reward, vid.
GRATIFY, || To please, gratificari (to oblige, alicui ; anybody in anything, aliquid alicui ; e. g. , cur tibi hoc non gratificer nescio, Cicero) : morem gerere alicui (to gratify his wish or humour) : delectare : oblectare (to entertain, to amuse) : voluptate afficere or perfundere (to affect with pleasant feelings) : voluntati alicujus satisfacere or obsequi : aliquem or animum alicujus explere : optatis alicujus respondere (to gratify anybody by fulfilling his wishes). Cf. , To do anything for the purpose of gratifying or to gratify anybody, is gratificari alicui aliquid ; dare or tribuere alicui aliquid (cf. Herzog, Cæs. , B.
G. , 6, 1). You have gratified me very much by etc. , gratissimum mihi fecisti, quod, etc. To gratify one’s self, se delectare : se oblectare : to be gratified by anything [vid. “to derive GRATIFICATION from”] : to gratify one’s passions, cupiditates, libidinem explere ; habitually, libidinibus se dare ; voluptatibus servire, setradere ; corporis voluptatibus (totum) se dedere : to gratify one’s appetite (habitually), ventri obedire. [Vid. To PLEASE. ] || To recompense ; vid. To REWARD.
GRATING, s. , || Grate, vid. || Grinding, stridor (e. g. , of the teeth, dentium, Celsus, 2, 7).
GRATINGLY, Vid. HARSHLY.
GRATIS, gratis (1, without receiving any payment ; 2, without making any payment ; 3, without the hope of any reward) : sine mercede. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) gratis et sine mercede (opposed to mercede, i. e. , for pay) : gratuito (with the same three meanings as gratis; opposed to mercede or accepta mercede, as Sallustius, Jug. , 85, 8). To do anything gratis, aliquid gratis et sine mercede facere ; aliquid gratuito facere (e. g. , causas defendere, Cicero) : you will obtain it or may have it gratis, gratis tibi constat ; gratuitum est.
GRATITUDE, animus gratus or memor beneficii (or beneficiorum) : gratus animus et beneficii memor : grata beneficii (or -orum) memoria. A mark or expression of gratitude, grati animi significatio. To show one’s gratitude [vid. “to show one’s self GRATEFUL”]. To feel gratitude ; vid. “to feel GRATEFUL. “κυρικιμασαηικο
GRATUITOUS, gratuitus (opposed to mercenarius, etc. ), or by circumlocution with sine mercede, sine præmio.
GRATUITOUSLY, Vid.
GRATIS.
GRATUITY, munus pecuniæ : præmium pecuniæ or rei pecuniariæ : congiarium (given to the people or soldiers ; also to literary men and artists ; Suetonius, Vesp. , 18) : honos (Cicero, payment to artists, literary men, etc. ). Vid. PRESENT, s.
GRAVE, adjective, gravis : severus : serius. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) gravis seriusque [SYN. in EARNEST] : tristis : a grave character, severitas : gravitas : austeritas. To assume a grave look, or make a grave face, vultum ad severitatem componere ; also, vultum componere only : in a grave tone of voice, e. g. , to converse with anybody, severe sermonem cum aliquo conferre (cf. Tit. , in Non. , 509, sq. ) : to look grave, vultum composuisse : to keep a grave look, vultum non mutare : to speak of anything in a grave tone, severitatem adhibere (e. g. , de seriis rebus, Cicero) : grave discourse, serius sermo (opposed to jocus) : grave demeanor, mores temperati moderatique. || Of colors ; sombre, etc. ; austerus (opposed to floridus) : nigricans : fuscus. [Vid. DARK (end). ] To be of a grave color, colore nigricare.
GRAVE, s. , sepulcrum (anyplace where a corpse is buried) : bustum (the place where a dead body was burned and buried ; then general term for grave, as place of interment ; also FIG. , like pestis or pestis ac pernicies, of a person or thing that is the ruin of another ; e. g. , Piso, bustum reipublicæ ; bustum legum ; vid. Cicero, Pis. , 1, 4 and 5) : tumulus (the hill or hillock over place of interment) : conditorium : conditivum (post-Augustan, as receptacle of a corpse, etc. ) : hypogeum (subterraneous place of interment, vault, Petronius, Sat . , 11). The stillness of the grave, silentium altissimum (improperly) : to carry anybody to the grave, aliquem efferre ; also with funere (also figuratively ; e. g. , rempublicam) ; aliquem sepelire (also figuratively, as Livius, 2, 55, in. ; cum Genucio una mortuam ac sepultam tribuniciam potestatem) : to follow anybody to the grave, exsequias alicujus comitari : exsequias alicujus funeris prosequi : to lay anybody in the grave, corpus alicujus sepulcro or tumulo inferre (vid. Tacitus, Ann. , 16, 6, 2) : to rise from the grave, ab inferis excitari or revocari. [Vid. To RISE. ]Beyond the grave, post mortem : the brink or edge of the grave (improperly) ; e. g. , anybody is or stands on the brink, etc. , mors alicui jam imminet to have one foot in the grave, capulo vicinum esse (Serv. , Vergilius, Æn. , 6, 222) ; capularem esse (Plautus, Mil. , 3, 1, 33) : an oldmanwith one foot in the grave, sepulcrum vetus
(Plautus) : He seems to me to have one foot in the grave, videtur mini prosequi se (i. e. , to follow himself to the grave, Seneca, Ep. 30, 4) : avarice is the grave of friendship, pestis in amicitia pecuniæ cupiditas. Cf. , If = MONUMENT or TOMB, vid.
GRAVE, v. , [Vid. To ENGRAVE. ]A graven image, perhaps deus falsus or commenticius ; deus fictus et commenticius : the worship of graven images, idololatria (εἰδωλολατρεία, Eccl. ).
GRAVE CLOTHES, funebris tunica (Plinius, 19, 1, 4) : * tegumentum capuli.
GRAVE-DIGGER, * qui corpora mortuorum humat or humo contegit.
GRAVE-STONE, lapis alicujus memoriæ inscriptus : Cf. , monumentum, however, is any visible object placed or erected in memory of the dead, either on his grave or elsewhere, be it in the shape of a house, a vault, or even a simple stone.
GRAVEL, s. , glarea : sabulo (coarse sand with large grains ; fine gravel) : full of gravel, or like gravel, glareosus (e. g. , terra, Varro, arva, Columella) : sabulosus (arva, loca). To put gravel on a road [vid. To GRAVEL]. A gravel road, via glarea substructa. || A disease, calculus arenosus (Celsus, 7, 3) : molles calculi et ex pluribus minutisque, sed inter se parum adstrictis compositi (ib. ). Vid. STONE.
GRAVEL, v. , viam glarea substruere. || To puzzle, aliquem in angustias adducere : in angustias pellere or compellere (general terms for to bring into difficulty) : includere ( = “to pin”) : aliquem differre dictis suis (so that he will not know what to say ; cf. Ruhnken, Terentius, And. , 2, 4, 5) : Cf. , ad incitas redigere is præ- and post-classical : to be gravelled, in angustias adductum esse, in angustiis esse or versari.
GRAVEL-PIT, * fodina unde glarea eruitur : arenaria (anyplace where gravel or sand is dug up) : specus egestæ arenæ (the hollow or pit caused by the digging).
GRAVELLY, glareosus : sabulosus [SYN. in GRAVEL]. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) glareosus sabulosusque (Columella).
Gravelly soil, terra glareosa or silicea : solum sabulosum.
GRAVELY, graviter (with dignity, in a dignified manner) : severe (seriously) : serio : extra jocum (in earnest) : ex animo ( from the bottom of the heart). To speak gravely, cum gravitate loqui.
GRAVENESS, Vid.
GRAVITY.
GRAVER, || An engraver, vid. || Graving-tool, cælum (γλύφανον in the shape of a chisel) : tornus (τόρνος, turner’s chisel ; lathe-chisel) : scalprum (for excavating or hollowing out, ξοΐς) : cestrum (κέστρον, used in encaustic painting).
GRAVING, Vid. ENGRAVING.
GRAVITATION, vis et gravitas alicujus rei (Cicero, N. D. , 2, 37, 93) : pondus et gravitas (Cicero, N. D. , 1, 25, 69) : nutus et pondus alicujus rei (Cicero, Tusc. , 1, 17, 40) : vis nutusque alicujus rei (Cicero, De Or. , 3, 45, 178). Centre of gravitation. , perhaps momentum.
GRAVITY, gravitas (grave or dignified behavior or manner) : severitas (a dignified composure) : tristis severitas : tristitia : tristitia et severitas (gloomy or dry earnestness or seriousness) : austeritas (if it displays itself by looks or the countenance in general) : immobilis rigor faciei (immoveable gravity of face, Quintilianus). To combine gravity of demeanor with affability, severitatem et comitatem miscere ; severitatem cum humanitate jungere : not to be able to preserve one’s gravity ( = abstinence from laughter), cupiens risum tenere nequeo : to disturb anybody’s gravity, movere risum alicui : anything disturbs my gravity, risum mihi aliquid movet or excitat : I had extreme difficulty in preserving my gravity, nimis ægre risum continui (Plautus).
GRAVY, * succus coctæ carnis (after succus excocti lupini, Columella) : jus ( = either broth or sauce) : embamma, atis (sauce to dip anything in) : liquamen, inis (sauce, inasmuch as it is a liquid). To put some gravy in the dish, jus addere in cibum : done over with gravy, jurulentus : liquaminatus (Apicius, 8, 7).
GRAY,
GREY, canus (approaching to white, like the hair of old people, etc. ) : ravus (a dark, yellowish, or greenish color ; as that of the sea, the eyes of a wolf, etc. ) : cineraceus (of the color of ashes) : ferrugineus (of the color of iron) : cæsius (of a bluish gray, especially of the eyes) : glaucus (of the color of the eyes of cats or of the sea) : quite gray, incanus : gray before the time, præcanus : gray = gray color, color canus ; canities : gray hair, capilli cani ; also cani only ( poetical, canities) : one who has gray hair, canus : to be gray, canere (also = to have gray hair) : to become or turn gray, canescere (also = to get gray hair) : to grow gray (= old) in anything, consenescere ; in or sub aliqua re (e. g. , in the camps, in ferro or sub armis) ; also, senem fieri in aliqua re (e. g. , in acie et in castris : Cf. , insenescere iisdem negotiis, as Tacitus, Ann. , 4, 6, 4, is poetical) : rather gray or grayish, albidus ; albens : a gray horse, equus coloris cani (Pallad : 4, 13, 4) : that has a gray beard, or with a gray beard, barba cana. || Dark, like the opening or close of the day, subobscurus (rather dark) ; sublustris (rather light) ; sublucanus (toward daylight). Vid. , also, DARK, DUSK.
GRAY-EYED, Vid.
GRAY.
GRAY-HAIRED, Vid.
GRAY-HEADED.
GRAY-HEADED, canus, A gray-headed old man, canus senex : an old gray-headed lecher, cana culex (Plautus, Cas. , 4, 3, 12) :
GRAYISH, albidus : albens (a whitish gray). vid.
GRAY.
GRAYLING, * thymallus.
GRAZE, || To feed, depascere herbas [vid. also, To FEED. || To touch slightly, stringere. The ball grazed his side, * glans latus ejus strinxit : to graze the hand, manum leviter vulnerare : a shot or ball that only grazes a part of the body, * ictus stringens (with accusative ; e. g. , the head, ictus stringens caput) : to be grazed by a ball, * ictu or telo stringi : the same sword may either graze or pierce, gladius idem et stringit et transforat (Seneca).
GREASE, s. , unguen (general term) : pingue (oily fat) : arvina ( = ” durum pingue inter cutem et viscus, ” Serv. , used for brightening shields, etc. , Vergilius, Æn. , 7, 627) : axungia (for a carriage, waggon, etc. , post-Augustan). Vid. FAT.
GREASE, v. , linere : oblinere : perlinere : illinere aliquid aliqua re : ungere : perungere aliquid aliqua re (to rub with anything fat) : illinere aliquid alicui rei (to rub into).
GREASILY, pinguiter (e. g. , lentus, Plinius, 12, 25, 55) : sordide : obscœne (improperly). Vid. also, GREASY.
GREASINESS, pinguedo. Vid. also, FATNESS.
GREASY, pinguis : pinguiter lentus (of the color of fat, Plinius, 12, 25, 55) : oleatus (oily, late) : nnguinosus (Plinius) : unctus (greased ; hence greasy.
Greasy hands, unctæ manus, Horatius ; also, of food, dishes, etc. = “rich, ” or, in a bad sense, “greasy : ” Cf. , pinguedineus is, after Plinius, 35, 15, 51, an unnecessary conjecture of Salmasius’s) : a red, greasy seed, semen colore rufum, nec sine pingui : the greasy nature of anything, pinguedo.
GREAT, adjective, magnus : grandis : amplus : ingens : immanis : vastus. (1)Magnus, grandis, and amplus, denote a becoming greatness ; ingens, immanis, and vastus an overwhelming greatness, Seneca, Ir. , 1, 16 ; nee enim magnitudo ista est, sed immanitas ; Cicero, Læl. , 26. (2)Magnus denotes greatness without any accessory notion ; opposed to parvus, like μέγας ; whereas grandis, with the accessory notion of intrinsic strength and grandeur, opposed to exilis, tumidus, minutus, exiguus ; amplus with the accessory notion of comeliness, and of an imposing impression. (3)Ingens denotes excessive greatness merely as extraordinary, like ἄπλετος ; immanis, as exciting fear, like πελώριος ; vastus, as wanting regularity uf form, like ἀχανής) : spatiosus (roomy) : altus (high
; also elevated ; of sentiments, and persons who entertain them) : celsus : excelsus (above the usual height ; they represent height on its imposing side ; hence excelsus also of high thoughts, sentiments, and persons entertaining them) : frequens : celeber (crowded, thronged ; of full assemblies, etc. ) : vehemens : gravis (represent magnitude intensively, as violent, oppressive ; e. g. pain, dolor) : clarus : nobilis : illustris : inclytus (celebrated, vid. ). A great blunder, magnum peccatum : great hope or hopes, magna spes : to be in great hopes, magna in spe esse ; magna me spes tenet (with infinitive future ; sometimes infinitive present ; e. g. , bene mihi evenire quod mittar ad mortem, Cicero) : Cf. , (l) When “great” refers to degree, it is often translated by superlative adjective ; a g. statesman, reipublicæ gerendæ scientissimus : a great friend to the aristocracy, nobilitatis studiosissimus. (2) There are particular substantives to express persons who have any member of unusual size ; e. g. , one who has a great head, nose, cheeks, etc. , capito, naso, bucco ; also, adjectives ; having great ears, auritus : a great nose, nasutus. Very great, permagnus ; pergrandis : unusually great, ingens, prægrandis, vastus, immanis (cf. SYN. above) : too great, nimius (e. g. , spes) ; nimia magnitudine (of too great size) ; immodicus (immoderate ; e. g. , gaudium, clamor). The greatest, maximus (with reference to contents, quantity, rank, merit) : summus : supremus (summus, ἄκρος ; opposed to imus : the highest indifferently, and with mere local relation ; also improperly, with reference to rank, merits, degree, perfection, etc ; absolutely, or with reference to what is still higher ; e. g. , spes, fides, constantia, gloria : amicus ; turpitudo, scelus ; also of persons, summi homines, etc. ; supremus, ὔπατος, perhaps opposed to infimus, implies elevation ; a more poetical and solemn word ; e. g. , Jupiter ; macies †, etc. )The greatest pains of mind and body that a man can undergo, tanti animi corporisque dolores, quanti in hominem maximi cadere possunt. There is no greater friend to anything than I am, tam sum alicui rei amicus, quam qui maxime (e. g. , reipublicæ, Cicero). So great, tantus, as, quantus : however great, quantuscunque (of any magnitude, be it as great or as small as you please) ; quantusvis, quantuslibet (of any magnitude you please, be it never so great, quantusvis implying a more careful selection than quantuslibet) : as great as something else [vid. EQUAL to] : twice as great, as great again, altero tanto major ; duplo major ; duplus. As great as ; vid. BIG.
A great letter, litera grandis ; town, urbs magna or ampla : a great and powerful state, ampla et potens civitas ; island, insula magna or spatiosa : a great clamor, clamor magnus, ingens. A great man (improperly), homo or vir magnus : vir laude insignis : magni nominis vir : vir summus [for the properly sense, vid. BIG] : a great girl, virgo grandis or (= grown up) adulta : a great scholar, homo or vir doctissimus ; homo nobilis et clarus ex doctrina (the latter of one who not only is, but also is allowed to be very learned) : a great orator, orator magnus (general term) ; orator amplus et grandis (with reference to fulness, elevation, etc. , of style). “The great, ” principes, procures, nobiles (the nobles in a state) : great power, potentia magna, opes magnæ (general resources) : a great army, exercitus magnus, copiæ magnæ, vires magnæ. The great mass of mankind, multi (the many ; opposed to probi, the good) : plurimi : plerique [vid. the MULTITUDE]. To be great in anything, magnum esse in aliqua re : excellere in aliqua re or aliqua re : valere aliqua re (to be strong in it ; e. g. , dicendo).
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A great deal of, multum (neuter adjective) or multus (in agreement ; e. g. , labor, sermo, aurum) ; multo (with comparative ; e. g. , carior ; and verbs implying comparison ; e. g. , malle, anteponere, anteire, præstare). There fell a great deal of rain that year, magnæ aquæ eo anno fuerunt.