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FOUNDATION, fundamentum (mostly in the plural, fundameuta) : substructio : substructionis moles (the foundation, if consisting of a wall) : sedes (the ground, etc. , that forms its site ; e. g. , domum convellere sedibus suis). The foundations of the Capitol are of free-stone, Capitolium quadrato saxo substructum est : to be the foundation of anything, fundamentum esse alicujus rei ; aliqua re teneri or contineri (figuratively ; i. e. , to consist in anything principally) : anything is or forms the foundation of anything, fundamentum alicujus rei positum est in aliqua re :
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to shake the foundation, fundamenta subducere (figuratively) : to lay the foundation of anything, fundamenta alicujus rei jacere or (seldom) ponere (properly and improperly) ; initia alicujus rei ponere ; prima initia alicujus rei ponere (figuratively) : to dig the foundation for anything, fundamenta alicui rei fodere ; fundationem alicujus rei fodere (properly) : to lay anything as a foundation, aliquid pro fundamento ponere (figuratively) : to raise or build a house from the foundation, domum a fundamentis inchoare : to destroy anything from the foundation, funditus evertere ; a fundamentis disjicere (properly) ; funditus tollere (properly and figuratively) ; fundamenta alicujus rei evertere (e. g. , of a state, reipublicæ) ; convellere sedibus suis (properly of a house ; so montem convellere sede) : from the foundation of Rome, ab urbe condita : from the foundation of the world, inde ab hominum memoria ; post hominum memoriam ; post homines natos (the last two after negatives) : at the foundation of the world, quum primi fingerentur homines : without foundation (= reasonable ground), rationi adversus (not tenable, of argument, assertions, etc. ; contrary to reason) ; vanus (only apparently ; opposed to verus) ; futilis (that is not valid in its kind, vain) ; fictus (invented) ; commenticius (stronger term ; opposed to what is morally true, Cicero) ; (The words are found in this connection and order. ) fictus (or futilis) et commenticius : want of foundation, vanitas : to build on another man’s foundation, quod alius intriverat, exedere (after Terentius Phorm. , 2, 2, 4). || The point of support (point d’appui), fundamentum or quædam quasi sedes constituendæ alicujus rei (Cicero, Partit. , 9, 31) : columen : ornamentum (the former, whatever serves for the stability of an empire, a realm, etc. ; the latter, whatever tends toward the maintenance or promotion of friendship ; as Cicero, Læl. , 22, 82) : firmamentum (the principal point of support). To shake the foundation of the state, fundamenta (reipublicæ, etc. ) labefactare, or subducere, or evertere, or pervertere : the foundation of anything is, aliquid fundamentum est alicujus rei ; firmamentum alicujus rei est ; firmamentum alicujus rei continetur aliqua re ; aliquid fundamentis alicujus rei constitutum est (Cicero, Senect. , 18, 62) ; aliquid fultum est aliqua re (anything is based upon, etc. ). || An institution, institutum : * res in morte alicujus testamento instituta (founded by anybody’s will ; cf. Cicero, Cæcin. , 4, 10). A foundation school, * schola legato alicujus instituta.
FOUNDER, conditor (e. g. , of a town, urbis ; of an empire, imperii ; of a religion, sacri, cf. Livius, 39, 17 : Feminine, conditrix, Appuleius, etc. ) : Cf. , fundator is poetical only : auctor ; parens (the author of anything in general, the latter used as our “father, ” but only in the higher style, as in Cicero : Romulus, hujus urbis parens, or philosophiæ parens Socrates jure dici potest : the founder of our welfare, salutis nostræ auctor or parens). The founder of our liberty, a quibus initium libertatis profectum est : everybody is the founder of his own fortune, faber est quisque fortunæ suæ (Prov. , Sallustius ad Cæs. de rep. ord. , 1) ; sui cuique mores fingunt fortunam (Nepos, Att. , 11, 6) ; ut quisque fortuna utitur, ita præcellet (Plautus, Pseud. , 2, 3, 13). Cf. , Sometimes “founder” may be rendered by circumlocution ; e. g. , Solon was the founder of the Areopagus, a Solone Areopagus constitutus est ; and for the founder of a school, etc. , we may use * qui aliquid in morte ejus testamento instituit or institui jussit (if it was by will). Anybody was the founder of anything, * aliquid legato alicujus institutum est. || Founder of metals, fusor (Code Justinian, 10, 64, 1, and Inscr. ) : faber ærarius : statuarius (of statues) : cælator : toreutes (τορευτής, in basso rilievo ; vid. O. Müller’s Archæol. , § 311, 1) : * tormentorum fusor (of guns) : * campanarum fusor (of bells).
FOUNDER, v. , naufragium facere (general term, to suffer shipwreck ; of ships as well as of the crew. Cf. , Never naufragium pati) : elidi et naufragio interire (Cæsar, B. C. , 3, 27) : (aqua or undis) submergi (to be sunk ; also, figuratively, to have nearly foundered, summersum pæne esse, Livius, 24, 8 ; of the state, under the image of a vessel). It is a bad pilot, whose ship founders when he is first sailing out of port, pessimus gubernator, qui navem, dum portum egreditur, impegit (Quintilianus, 4, 1, 66). Vid. “to suffer SHIPWRECK. ” FOUNDERY,
FOUNDRY, * officina operum fusorum : * campanarum officina (of bells) : * tormentorum officina (of guns).
FOUNDLING, infans expositus.
Foundlings, qui libere nati, expositi, deinde sublati a quibusdam et educati sunt, ii, quos θρεπτούς vocant.
FOUNDLING-HOSPITAL, brephotropheum (βρεφοτροφεῖον, Code Justinian, 1, 2, 19) : the director of a foundling hospital, brephotrophos (Code Justinian, 1, 3, 42, § 9).
FOUNDRESS,Vid. FOUNDER.
FOUNT,
FOUNTAIN, fons (both the water that issues forth, and the place where it issues) : scaturigo (the water, as gushing violently forth) : caput (the head of the spring) : aqua saliens : aquæ salientes (whence the water shoots forth ; e. g. , an artificial fountain). Opposite there is an (artificial) fountain, contra fons egerit aquam et recipit ; nam expulsa in altum in se cadit, junctisque hiatibus et absorbetur et tollitur (Plinius, Ep. , 5, 6, 37) : to take from the fountain, e fonte haurire aliquid. The fountains of the great deep were broken up, flumina tellus largius fundit, aperitque fontes novos (Seneca, N. Q. , 27 ; of the flood). || figuratively, = Original source, fons (general term) : caput : principium (the first beginning). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) principium et fons : origo (origin) : causa (cause) : unde fit aliquid (whence anything exists or takes its source). The fountain of all things, a quo omnium rerum principia ducuntur : the fountain of life, vitæ fons (poetic only).
FOUR, quatuor : quaterni, æ, a (each, or to each four, in divisions ; also, = four at once, especially with substantives that are used in plural only ; e. g. , on each waggon there were four men, quaternos viros singuli currus vehebant : four letters, quaternæ literæ ; i. e. , epistles) : four or five, quatuor quinque ; quatuor aut quinque : twice four, bis quatuor : containing four pieces, quaternarius (also = of four feet in diameter, breadth, etc. ; e. g. , pit, scrobs) : one of a committee composed of four men, quatuorvir (their rank was quatuorviratus) : lasting four months, quadrimestris : four years old, quadrimus : (each) four years old, quaternorum annorum (e. g. , boys, pueri) : lasting four years, quadriennis : a space of four years, quadriennium (e. g. , four years after the taking of Veii, quadriennio post Veios captos) : every four years, quarto quoque anno : at four (o’clock), hora quarta : four per cent, quadrans : a carriage and four, quadrigæ : to ride in a carriage and four, curru quadrigarum vehi : made or intended to be drawn by four horses, quadrijugus or quadrijugis ; e. g. , currus quadrijugus or quadrijugis ; also, quadrigæ (i. e. , a team of four horses) : that has four hands, quatuor manus habens ; quadrimanus or quadrimanis (the last two seldom occur) : a musical piece arranged for four (à quatre-mains), * modi musici quatuor manibus clavichordio canendi : (a song) composed for four voices (a quartette), modi musici quatuor vocibus descripti : tetrachordos (τετράχορδος ; i. e. , that has four sounds) : the four, numerus quaternarius (general term) ; quaternio (on dice ; e. g. , to throw the four, quaternionem mittere) : that has four legs, quadrupes : four-threaded, or made of four threads, “quatuor fila habens ; * quatuor filis constans : that has four corners, quadratus ; quadrangulus (of four angles) : that has four sides, quatuor lateribus ; quadrilaterus (only in later writers) : of four syllables, * tetrasyllabus (τετρασύλλαβος) : of four (or lasting four hours), quatuor horarum : lasting four days, quatuor dierum : a space of four days, quatriduum : four times, quater : four times as big, or as much again, quadruplum : four times as much as, etc. [vid. FOUR-FOLD] : four times bigger, quadruplo major (e. g. , the lungs of the elephant are four times as large as those of a bull, elephanto pulmo quadruplo major bubulo) : a piece of poetry consisting of four lines, carmen tetrastichum : also, tetrastichum only (tetrastichus, τετράτιχος, grammatical term) : that has four prongs, quadridens : that has four teeth, quadridens : consisting of four different sorts, quatuor generum ; quatuor (four, in general) : four and a half, quatuor et dimidius (as adjective) : four times as much as, quater tantum, quam quantum (after Cicero, Verr. , 3, 45, 112) ; quater tanto amplius, quam quantum (after Cicero, Verr. 3, 97, extr. ) : on all fours, per manus et genua (e. g. , reptare) ; more bestiarum quadrupes, or quadrupes only. || Four hundred, quadringenti ; quadringeni (each, or to each four hundred, also, four hundred at once ; especially with substantives that are only used in the plural, number ; e. g. , each horseman received four hundred “denarii, ” equitibus quadringeni denarii tributi : consisting each time of four hundred pieces, men, etc. , quadringenarius ; e. g. , cohorts of four hundred men, cohortes quadringenariæ) : four hundred times, quadringenties.
Four thousand, quatuor millia (with following noun in the genitive plural) ; quaterna millia : quaterni milleni (with such nouns as are used in the plural only).
FOUR-CORNERED, quadratus : quadrangulus.
FOUR-FOLD, quadruplus : quadruplex : quadrifariam (the last adverbially taken) : quadruplicate (by four times, with comparative, etc. ) : to make four-fold, quadruplicare.
FOUR-FOOTED, quadrupes : a four-footed animal, quadrupes (i. e. , bestia or animal ; hence sometimes feminine, sometimes neuter).
FOUR-OARED, quadriremis : a four-oared vessel, quadriremis ; navis quatuor scalmorum.
FOUR-POUNDER, * tormentum bellicum globos quadrilibres mittens.
FOUR-SCORE,Vid. EIGHTY.
FOUR-SQUARE, quadratus.
FOUR-STRINGED, tetrachordos (τετράχορδος).
FOUR-WHEELED, * quatuor rotarum : quatuor rotas habens. It was the Phrygians who first invented four-wheeled carriages, vehiculum cum quatuor rotis invenere Phryges (Plinius, 7, 56, 57, § 199).
FOURTEEN, quatuordecim : quaterni deni (distributive ; each, or to each fourteen ; also, fourteen at a time or at once, especially with substantives that are used in the plural only).
Fourteen hundred, mille et quadringenti : fourteen years old, quatuordecim annorum : quatuordecim annos natus (of men) : fourteen times, quater decies.
FOURTEENTH, quartus decimus : for the fourteenth time, quartum decimum.
FOURTH, quartus. Every fourth (man, etc. ), quartus quisque : for the fourth time, quartum : in the fourth place, or regarding the fourth, quarto.
FOURTHLY, quarto : Vid. also, the lists in FIRST.
FOWL, s. , || A bird, vid. || Fowls = poultry, pecus volatile : aves cohortales (farm-yard fowls, e. g. , geese, chickens, etc. ; opposed to the rest of domestic animals) : fattened fowl, altiles, ium, f. (especially chickens) : a young fowl, pullus gallinaceus. || Chicken, hen, vid.
FOWL, v. , aucupari (Varro, Gai. ).
FOWLER, auceps : A skilful fowler, aucupii peritus. All fowlers, omnes, quos aucupia alunt.
FOWLING, aucupium : avium captura.
FOX, || An animal, vulpes (feminine) : a small fox, or a fox’s cub, vulpecula (Cicero, N. D. , 1, 31, 88 ; Horatius, Ep. , 1, 7, 29 : Schmid. , Auct. , Carm. de Philom. , 59) : belonging to (or of) a fox, vulpinus (e. g. , lingua, jecur, Plinius) : a fox’s kennel, vulpis specus : vulpis fovea : vulpis cubile : the fur of a fox, pellis vulpina : a cloak lined with fox-skin, * amiculum ex pellibus vulpinis consutis factum (cf. Ammianus, 31, 2, § 5) : to wear a cloak of fox’s fur or skin, tergis vulpium indutum esse (Seneca, Ep. , 90, 14) : the brush of a fox (technical term of sportsmen), cauda vulpina. || FIG. A sly or crafty fellow, vulpes : homo versutus : homo callidus : a sly old fox, veterator.
FOXGLOVE, * digitalis purpurea (Linnæus).
FOX-HOUND, canis venaticus.
Fox-hounds, canes venantium. To keep fox-hounds, canes alere ad venandum. An excellent fox-hound, canis ad venandum nobilis (where, of course, ad venandum depends on nobilis).
FOX-HUNTING, venatio vulpium.
FOX-LIKE, vulpinus (i. e. , belonging to a fox).
FOX-TAIL GRASS, alopecurus (ἀλωπέκουρος, Linnæus ; Sprengel makes the ancient alopecurus the * saccharum cylindrium).
FRACTION, fractura. || In arithmetic, numerus fractus ; * fractura : to reduce fractions to their lowest terms, * fractiones ad minimos numeros reducere (so * fractionum ad minimos numeros reductio) : to be reduced to their lowest terms, * ad minimos numeros reduci.
FRACTIONAL, * fractus : A fractional number, * numerus fractus.
FRACTIOUS,Vid. CROSS, QUARRELSOME.
FRACTURE, s. , fractura (e. g. , of a bone, ossis).
Fracture of the bone, fractum os (i. e. , the fractured bone itself).
Fracture of the thigh, fractum crus or femur (i. e. , the broken thigh itself) ; fractum cruris or femoris (the fracture of the shin or thigh ; all Celsus, 8, 10, in. and No. 5) : fracture of the arm, fractum brachium (the fractured arm itself, after Celsus, 8, 10, No. 3) ; fractura brachii (the fracture of the arm ; after Celsus, 8, 10, in. ).
FRACTURE, v. , frangere : confringere : defringere (Plautus : crura aut cervices sibi). To fracture one’s arm, thigh, etc. , frangere brachium, coxam, crus, etc. To set a fractured limb, vid. To SET.
FRAGILE, fragilis (properly and improperly) ; in the improperly, sense, (The words are found in this connection and order. ) fragilis et caducus ; fragilis caducusque ; fluxus et fragilis (Sallustius). Vid. FRAIL.
FRAGILITY, fragilitas (properly and improperly) : brevitas (shortness ; e. g. , of life).
FRAGMENT, fragmentum (portion broken off ; poetically, fragmen : there is no classical authority for the use of this word for a fragment of anything that is not material ; hence, though fragmenta codicum manuscriptorum, etc. , would be correct for the actual parchment, etc. , fragmenta orationis, libri, scriptoris alicujus, etc. would not : better reliquiæ, pars non integra, quæ restat [for partes non integræ quæ restant] ex libro, qui periit, etc. ).
Fragments of a play of Menander’s, trunca quædam ex Menandro (Gellius, 2, 23, extr. ). [Matthiæ and Kraft recommend the retention of fragmentum as technical term].
FRAGRANCE,
FRAGRANCY, odor suavis ; from the context, odor only ; e. g. , odores incendere : odoramentum (balm, incense, etc. , Columella and Plinius) : the fragrance of flowers, suavitas odorum, qui afflantur e floribus : to inhale the fragrance of anything, odorem totis navibus trahere (Phædrus, 3, 1, 4).
FRAGRANT, bene olens (to smell well, imparting a good smell ; poetically, odorus) : odoratus (full of fragrancy, also if artificial, thus = perfumed) : suavis (sweet) : more fragrant, odore præstantior (after Plinius, 15, 18, 19) : to be fragrant, odorem habere, præstare, emittere (poetically, spargere, spirare, diffundere) ; bene or jucunde olere.
FRAGRANTLY, suaviter (i. e. , pleasantly, in general) : bene (e. g. , olere).
FRAIL, fiscina (a basket made of rushes, Spanish broom, brambles, etc. , for fruit, making cheese, etc. , Cicero and Vergilius, etc. ).
FRAIL, adjective, fragilis : fluxus (inconstant ; anything that can not be depended upon). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) fluxus et fragilis : caducus (literally, inclined or fated to fall ; hence perishable in its nature). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) fragilis caducusque : fugax (easily or quickly passing by) : brevis (short) : imbecillus (that is deficient in strength ; a later form is imbecillis) : infirmus (that has no stability and duration) : caducus et infirmus (e. g. , corpus) : debilis (weak from disease) : (multis) erroribus obnoxius : ad vitia proclivis or propensus (morally frail ; cf. Cicero, Tusc. , 37, fin. ).
FRAILTY, fragilitas (properly and figuratively) : imbecillitas : infirmitas : debilitas [SYN. in WEAKNESS] : vitium : error (fault, foible) : brevitas (shortness of life). No man is exempt from frailties, nemo nascitur sine vitiis (Horatius) : humanum est errare : to have many frailties, multis erroribus obnoxium esse : to feel one’s frailty, minimum in se esse arbitrari (opposed to plurimum sibi confidere, i. e. , to feel one’s self equal to anything, Cicero, Læl. , 9, 29) : human frailty, infirmitas humana ; error humanus (as act caused by it) : to have erred (in anything) through human frailty, aliqua culpa teneri erroris humani (Cicero).
FRAME,[Vid. To FASHION, To FORM. ] || To put into a frame (e. g. , a picture), picturam in forma lignea includere : picturam tabula marginata includere. κυρικιμασαηικο FRAME, || A fabric, vid. || Edge, etc. , of what contains anything, margo (a frame, of which the edge projects) : tabula marginata (a frame with a back to it). To put a picture into a frame [vid. To FRAME]. || Of a window, * margo ligneus fenestræ. || Frame of the mind, habitus or affectus animi : temporarius animi motus (vid. Quintilianus, 5, 10, 28). || Order, ordo : dispositio : ordinatio : constitutio : descriptio (a framing, ordering ; SYN. in ORDER). || Frame of the body, mostly corpus only ; sometimes membrorum compositio (e. g. , apta, the symmetry of the members).
FRAMER, opifex : fabricator (the workman of anything) : auctor (the author of anything ; he to whom the invention or execution of an object is due) : conditor (the founder of anything) : parens (the father of anything ; vid. FOUNDER). The framer of laws, vid. LEGISLATOR.
FRANCHISE, s. , immunitas (exemption from performing public services or paying taxes) : beneficium : commodum (a grant or privilege ; beneficium, inasmuch as it is conferred ; commodum, inasmuch as it has been received) : privilegium (a privilege, in general ; all three post-Augustan terms). The electoral franchise, suffragii
jus, mostly suffragium only. To restore to the people their electoral franchise, suffragia populo reddere.
FRANCHISE, v. , Vid. To ENFRANCHISE.
FRANK, liber (not checking his tongue from respect of persons, fear of consequences, etc. Cf. , The “liber, ‘ if he carries his freeness of speech beyond the above meaning, becomes “maledicus ; ” vid. Quintilianus, 2, 12, 4) : apertus (open, without deceit, of persons and their character ; opposed to tectus) : simplex (straightforward). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) apertus et simplex : candidus (pure ; of character) : ingenuus (open, honest, as becomes a free-born man) : simulationum nescius (unable to act a part). To be frank with anybody, alicui aperte, quod sentio, loqui (Cicero) ; se aperire or se patefacere alicui : to make a frank avowal of one’s opinion, [vid. “I will tell you FRANKLY what I think”] (Cf. , memorem libertatis vocem mittere, Livius, 3, 36, does not apply to ordinary occasions). To be frank with you ; vid. “to speak FRANKLY. ” FRANK, s. , Vid. To FRANK.
FRANK, v. , (a letter), * nomine inscripto epistolam a vecturæ pretio immunem facere (to write upon it the name of a person who can exempt it from postage) : * epistolæ perferendæ mercedem persolvere (to pay the postage) to any place, ad locum. A letter is franked, * epistola a vecturæ pretio immunis est.
FRANKINCENSE, tus : Vid. INCENSE.
FRANKLY, libere : sincere : candide : vere : simpliciter : aperte : sine fraude ; sine dolo ; sincera fide ; ex animo ; ex animi sententia. [SYN. in FRANK. ]To confess (anything) frankly, aperte et ingenue confiteri : to speak frankly, loqui sincere, sine dolo or fraude : I will tell you frankly what I think, quid ipse sentiam, vere, ingenue, aperte, ex animi sententia dicam : to speak or say (anything) frankly, libere dicere : to speak frankly (as inserted in a sentence apologetically), ne mentiar ; si quæris (or quasritis, etc. ),si verum scire vis ; ut ingenue or aperte dicam : to declare (anything) frankly to anybody, alicui aperte, quod sentio, loqui (Cicero).
FRANKNESS, animi candor (the purity of sentiment) : simplicitas (straightforwardness) : sinceritas (sincerity, openness) : animus apertus (openness) : ingenuitas (ingenuousness). To speak with frankness ; vid. FRANKLY.
FRANTIC, phreneticus (φρενητεκὀς, Cicero, etc. ) : vesanus : insanus : vecors : delirus : furens : rabidus : furiosus : rabiosus [SYN. in MAD]. To make anybody frantic, in furorem impellere aliquem, amentem facere aliquem ; in rabiem agere aliquem ; in insaniam redigere aliquem : to become frantic, in furorem verti or impelli ; amentem fieri ; in insaniam incidere ; ad insaniam venire ; in rabiem agi : to be frantic, furere ; insanire ; delirare (to be in a delirium). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) delirare et mente captum esse.
FRANTICLY, furiose : insane : rabiose : furenter. SYN. in MAD.
FRANTICNESS, furor (rage ; the state when one exercises no control over one’s mind) : rabies (especially of a sudden breaking out of rage) : amentia (want of sound mind, madness) : insania (insanity) : lymphatus, us (the disease of the lymphaticus, Plinius).
FRATERNAL, fraternus.
Fraternal sentiments or feelings, fraterna plena humanitatis et pietatis voluntas : a letter not written in very fraternal terms, epistola parum fraterne scripta.
FRATERNALLY, fraterne (e. g. , facere, amari) : To love anybody fraternally, aliquem sic amare, ut alteram fratrem : a letter not written very fraternally. , vid. FRATERNAL.
FRATERNITY, fraternitas (post-Augustan) : necessitudo fraterna : germanitas (i. e. , the connection between brothers, etc. ) : sodalitas : sodalitium (close or intimate connection between friends ; comradeship) : collegium : corpus (a brotherhood ; association of persons holding the same office, etc. ).
FRATRICIDE, || Murderer of his brother, fratricida : parricida (murderer of any near relation). || Murder of a brother, parricidium fraternum : fraterna nex : fratris eædes : from context, parricidium only (murder of any near relation) : fratricidium (late). To commit fratricide, manus sanguine fraterno cruentare (after Nepos, Epam. , 10, 3) ; parricidio fraterno contaminari ; also, fratrem necare or vita privare.
FRAUD, fraus : fraudatio : dolus malus, or dolus only : fallacia. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) doli atque fallaciæ : ars : artes : machinæ [SYN. in DECEIT] : circumscriptio (a drawing a line, as it were, round anybody, that he may not escape ; hence imposition, especially upon young people) : error (error, deception, instead of which fraus also is used). Without fraud, sine fraude : full of fraud (of persons) [vid. FRAUDULENT] : to commit a fraud, fraudem inferre : to intend or meditate fraud, fraudem moliri ; dolum parare, commoliri ; aliquid ad fallendum instruere : to be guilty of a fraud in anything, fallaciam in re facere : to practise a fraud against anybody, fraudem alicui facere ; dolum alicui struere, nectere, confingere ; fabricam fingere in aliquem ; tragulam in aliquem conficere ; technis aliquem fallere (the last three comical) : to practise a similar fraud, consimilem ludere lusum (comedy) : to try to practise a fraud against anybody, fraude aliquem tentare ; fallaciam in aliquem intendere : there is some or no fraud in the matter, aliquid or nihil doli subest : to be condemned for practising fraud, falsi damnari.
FRAUDULENCE,
FRAUDULENCY, fraudatio (opposed to fides) : fallendi studium (the propensity to practise fraudulence). Vid. FRAUD.
FRAUDULENT, ad fallendum instructus : fraudulentus : fallax (inclined to deceive, artful) : dolosus (full of intrigue ; all, of persons and things) : qui totus ex fraude et fallaciis constat (a thorough-going deceiver) : vafer (sharp) : veterator (grown old in cabuls and intrigues) : vanus (vain, deceitful, of things ; e. g. , hope, spes) : in a fraudulent manner ; vid. FRAUDULENTLY.
FRAUDULENTLY, fraudulenter : fallaciter : dolose : per dolum. To act fraudulently, dolose or mala fide agere.
FRAY, s. , Vid. COMBAT, FIGHT.
FRAY, v. || To frighten, vid. || To wear away by rubbing, atterere : usu deterere (by use).
FREAK,Vid. CAPRICE.
FREAKISH, Vid. CAPRICIOUS.
FREAKISHLY, ad libidinem (suam) : ex libidine (Sallustius).
FREAKISHNESS, mutabilitas mentis (the changeableness of the mind) ; (The words are found in this connection and order. ) inconstantia mutabilitasque mentis (Cicero, Tusc. , 35, 76) : mobilitas (the movableness, also of a personified object ; e. g. , fortunæ). FRECKLE, lenticula : lenticulæ, plural : also, lentigo (or, of the frekles of several persons, lentigines) : æstates (after Plinius, 28, 12, 50). To have frekles in one’s face, lentiginem habere ; also, sparso esse ore (Terentius, Heaut. , 5, 5, 20) : to cause or produce freckles, faciem lentigine obducere (Plinius) : to remove frekles, lentigines e facie tollere ; lentigines emendare, corrigere, or sanare ; lenticulas curare ; lenticulam tollere (Celsus) : one who has frekles in his face, lentiginosus.
FRECKLED,
FRECKLY, lentiginosus : lentiginosi oris (Val. Max. ). To be freckled, lentiginem habere ; also, sparso esse ore (Terentius, Heaut. , 5, 5, 20).
FREE, (1) Not impeded or oppressed by any encumbrance, liber (the proper word) : solutus (delivered from anything that acts as a constraint). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) liber et solutus ; liber solutusque ; solutus ac liber.
Free from anything, liber, liberatus re or a re ; vacuus re or a re (especially from anything burdensome or troublesome) ; expers alicujus rei (not partaking in or not subject to anything, especially of mental agitations and passions ; cf. Cicero, Verr. , 4, 10, 23, ” vacui, expertes, soluti ac liberi fuerunt ab omni sumtu, molestia, munere”) ; intactus aliqua re (not yet affected or stirred by anything ; e. g. , by superstition ; of passions, desires). Cf. , “Free from anything” may also be sometimes expressed by the negative prefix “in ;” e. g. , f. from imposts, taxes, etc. , immunis : free from guilt, innocens : free from intermixture, immixtus, etc. : free from burdens, imposts, etc. , vid. “EXEMPT from : “an estate free from all encumbrances, prædium solutum (opposed to obligatum, Cicero. Rull. , 3, 2, 9) : free from fear, liber metu : free from care, liber cura (et angore) ; cura or curis vacuus ; cura et angore vacuus ; curæ expers ; curis liber solutusque ; a sollicitudinibus et curis remotus (that has no care or grief ; the last three of persons only) ; securus (without care ; of one who feels no anxiety even when there is sufficient cause for it) : to be entirely free from care, omnes curas abjecisse : in utramvis aurem or in dextram aurem dormire (Prov. , Terentius, Heaut. , 2, 2, 100 ; Plinius, Ep. , 4, 29, in. ) : free from blame or guilt, vacuus a culpa ; liber culpa ; innocens ; also, liber a delictis : free from passions, solutus or remotus a cupiditatibus : cupiditatum expers : to be free from anything, vacationem, immunitatem habere alicujus rei (the former of anything oppressive, but especially, like the latter, of any impost or duty, as military service, taxes, etc. ) ; abesse, abhorrere a re (to be free from, e. g. , of suspicion) ; carere aliqua re (not to have anything ; e. g. , a disease, mental agitation, fear, etc. ) : to make or set anybody free, Vid. To FREE. (2) Not subject to the commands or power of others, especially not to any civil coercion, liber (of people,
states, etc. ) : ingenuus (free-born, or, like liberalis, worthy of a free-born man). A free man, homo liber, ingenuus ; corpus liberum : the free population, plebs (opposed to slaves and nobility ; vid. Dilthey, Tac. Germ. , 11, p. 98) : a free state, people, etc. , liber populus ; libera civitas ; civitas libera atque immunis (of one that had been tributary) : to set free (a prisoner), aliquem e custodia emittere : to make a slave free, servum manu mittere. Vid. To EMANCIPATE. (3) Not subject to limitations or restrictions ; and (a) Locally, patens, apertus (open) : purus (καθαρός, without trees, buildings, etc. ) : liber († liber campus, Ovidius). (b) With reference to the body, to matter : to let anything have its free course, aliquid non impedire : to set anybody free, aliquem e custodia emittere, or (if by violent means) aliquem e custodia eripere : I have free access to anybody, patet mihi aditus ad aliquem ; est mihi aditus familiaris in alicujus domum : to escape scot-free, pœnas non dare aliquid impune facere (or fecisse) [vid. SCOT-FREE]. To have one’s hands free (improperly), libere agere or facere posse : if I had my hands quite free, si essent omnia mihi solutissima : free motion, motus solutus et liber. (c) With reference to the free-will of man, liber : solutus (not tied down). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) liber atque solutus : to be free, sui juris or suæ potestatis, or in sua potestate esse, integræ ac solidæ libertatis esse (to be one’s own master) : nulla necessitate astrictum esse (not to be tied by anything) : not to be free, ex alterius arbitrio pendere (Cf. , not aliunde or extrinsecus pendere, which, torn from the context of Cicero, ad Fam. , 5, 13, 2, we sometimes find, in modern writers, in this meaning) : a man’s free will, voluntas libera or soluta ; potestas libera ; arbitrinm. I am free to, etc. , liberum est mihi ; meum arbitrium est : I am still free to, integrum est ; res mihi integra est : I am no longer free to, etc. , non jam mihi licet, neque integrum est, ut etc. : to reserve to one’s self the free right to, de aliqua re (or de aliquo) integrum sibi reservare : if it were free to me to, si integrum daretur (Cicero, Partit. , 38, 132) :
Free choice, soluta eligendi optio [vid. CHOICE] : a free discussion, liberior in utramque partem disputatio (Quintilianus). || A free agent. As a free agent, or from his own free will, volens (opposed to coactus) : non coactus : non invitus ( = ἑκών, ἑκούσιος) : voluntate (opposed to vi, or invitus et coactus). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) judicio et voluntate : (sua) sponte. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) sua sponte et voluntate : ultro ( = αὐτομάτως, opposed to jussu alicujus, or jussus). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) sponte et ultro. || Free trade, jus commercii or commercium (the right of trading, general term) : potestas merces exportandi (the right of exporting ; after potestas equos educendi, Livius, 43, 5, 9), or * exportandi et invehendi : portoria sublata (plural, the abolition of all port dues and other duties, Cicero, Att. , 2, 16) : * liberum commercii jus. (4) || Licentious, unrestrained, liberior : ad licentiam alicujus rei (e. g. , scribendi) liber (Cicero) : to be free in censuring anybody, vocis libertate perstringere aliquem : to be too free in censuring anybody, libertate intemperantius invehi in aliquem. (5) || Without pay, gratuitus (e. g. , lodgings, hospitium ; dwelling, habitatio) : to have one’s lodging free, gratis habitare : to offer anybody a free lodging, * habitationem gratuitam alicui offerre : free-schooling, disciplina gratuita : a free table, victus gratuitus : anybody is a free scholar, * inter eos alumnos, qui publice (or regio sumtu) aluntur, locus alicui assignatur (in an institution, school, etc. ) : to give anybody his board free, * gratuitum victum alicui providere. (6) || Not tying one’s self down, or following the usual mode of thinking or acting, liber : solutus (not tied down). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) liber atque solutus : to be so free ( = to take the liberty ; e. g. , to speak), audere ; sibi sumere : a free imitation, * imitatio soluta ac libera : a free translation, * verba scriptoris non totidem verbis translata : a free life, licentia : free manners, procacitas ; protervitas : too free in one’s manners, procax : protervus.
FREE, v. || To place in a state of freedom, libertatem alicui dare, largiri, concedere : aliquem in libertatem vocare, vindicare (general terms) : aliquem manu mittere : aliquem manu asserere in libertatem (of a slave ; the latter, of one who had before been free, publicly before the prætor ; vid. Ruhnken. Ter. Ad. , 2, 1, 40) : e custodia emittere, or (if by force) eripere (to set a prisoner at liberty), libertatem alicui reddere : aliquem in libertatem restituere (to restore the freedom of anybody). To free one’s self (from prison), e vinculis se expedire ; ex vinculis effugere : carceris vincula rumpere (the last, if by force) ; also, se liberare ; in libertatem se vindicare ; libertatem capessere (to free one’s self, in general) : to free one’s self from a yoke, jugum exuere ; jugo se exuere ; from one’s misfortunes, ex malis se emergere or se extrahere : to free from bondage or slavery, servitute liberare or excipere ; servitio eximere ; e servitute in libertatem restituere or vindicare ; servile jugum e cervicibus alicujus dejicere ; ab aliquo servitutis jugum depellere ; alicui conditionem servilem eripere. || To rid from, to exempt, liberare re or a re : exsolvere re (to deliver) : eximere re, or ex, or de re (with de re = to exempt from anything) : levare re (to relieve from anything unpleasant ; e. g. , care, grief, fear, etc. ) : expedire re (to extricate) : extrahere ex re (to drag out of) : eripere ex or a re (to snatch out of ; the last three, from dangerous positions, etc. ). To free from disgrace, levare infamia ; from torment, tormentis eripere ; from fear, metu liberare, levare ; a metu vindicare ; from taxation, tithes, etc. , agrum eximere de vectigalibus : freed from taxes or imposts, immunis liberque : freed, liberatus ; liber ; solutus ; solutus ac liber. [SYN. in FREE. Vid. To EXEMPT ; and for “to free anybody from a charge,” vid. To CLEAR. ] || To clear from obstruction, vid. To CLEAR.
FREEBOOTER, latro (as soldier ; then robber, in general ; compare Herz. Sall. , Cat. , 59, 5) : prædator (as soldier) : prædo (as robber) : pirata (at sea) : in the manner of a freebooter, prædatorius.
FREEBOOTING, prædatio.
FREEBORN, ingenuus. Vid. also, FREE.
FREEDMAN, libertus (the freedman, with reference to his master ; opposed to servus) : libertinus (with reference to his rank, opposed to civis and ingenuus).
FREEDOM, libertas (explained by Cicero, Parad. , 5, 1, 34, potestas vivendi, ut velis, as well of a single individual as of a state ; in the latter meaning it is also libertas communis). Cherishing or loving freedom, libertatis amans, libertatis amore incensum esse (stronger term) : to procure the freedom of [vid. To FREE]. To obtain one’s freedom, libertatem accipere : to recover it, libertatem recuperare : to lose one’s freedom, libertatem perdere, amittere : to deprive anybody of his freedom, libertatem alicui eripere : to enjoy freedom, libertatem habere ; in libertate esse ; liberum et sui juris esse : the love of freedom, libertatis amor : a lover of freedom, libertatis amans : to be a lover of freedom, libertati studere : to be a devoted or ardent lover of freedom, libertatis amore incensum esse or ardere : this is a land of freedom, hic omnibus est æqua libertas (Terentius, Ad. , 2, 1, 29). || Moral liberty, i. e. , liberty of the will, arbitrium : arbitrium liberum (the free will to do or act as one likes) : potestas (as conceded, either by the law of nature, civil law, or by the will of an individual ; mostly with genitive of the word in which that freedom consists) : optio (free choice ; vid. LIBERTY). To bestow freedom of choice upon anybody, liberum arbitrium, potestatem, optionem alicui dare or facere : to take away anybody’s freedom (in any matter), alicui adimere potestatem alicujus rei : (he maintained) that there should be in a free state freedom of thinking and speaking, in civitate libera linguam mentemque liberas esse debere (Suetonius, Tiberius, 28). To use great freedom of speech, est in aliquo summa libertas in oratione : to attack anybody with great freedom of speech, multa cum libertate notare aliquem (†) ; vocis libertate perstringere aliquem : with too much freedom, libertate intemperantius invehi in aliquem. || The freedom of a town (i. e. , the right of participating in its franchises), civitas : civitatula (of a small town, Seneca, Apol. , p. 852) : jus civitatis (the right of acquiring the freedom, or entering into the rights of a citizen ; vid. Cicero, Cæcin. , 34, 98 ; 35, 102 ; Cicero, Arch. , 5, 11, etc. ). To give anybody the freedom of the city, civitatem alicui dare, impertiri, tribuere ; civitatem alicui donare ; diploma civitatis alicui offerre (Suetonius, Ner. , 12) ; aliquem in civitatem accipere or recipere ; aliquem inscribere civitati or in civitatem ; aliquem in civitatem or in numerum civium asciscere (to receive among the numbers of citizens) ; civem aliquem facere : to receive the freedom of the city, consequi civitatem ; recipi in civitatem ; civitate donari ; civitati alicui ascribi ; in civitatem pervenire : to lose it, civitatem perdere, amittere. || Freedom of the press, * libertas sentiendi, quæ velis, et quæ sentias, literarum formis exscribendi. The freedom of the press is established or exists in a state, * in civitate sentire, quæ velis,
et quæ sentias, literarum formis exscribere licet (both after Tacitus, Hist. , 1, 1, 4) :
FREE-HEARTED,Vid. LIBERAL.
FREEHOLD, * feudum liberum, immune et liberum : prædium liberum (opposed to servum, Cicero, Rull. , 3, 2, 9) : prædium immune liberumque ( after Cicero, Verr. , 2, 69, 166) : that is held or possessed as freehold, immunis liberque (e. g. , ager) : privata possessio (an individual’s own property, Jurisconsulti).
FREEHOLDER, possessor : agrorum possessor (possessor, as opposed to tenant) : qui agrum immunem liberumque arat (with reference to feudal tenure, Cicero, Verr. , 2, 69, 166).
FREELY, libere : solute. To confess or acknowledge freely, ingenue confiteri : to say it freely, libere profiteri : to speak it freely, libere dicere, loqui, vociferari ; libero ore loqui : to speak too freely about anybody, vocis libertate perstringere aliquem : to speak too freely against anybody, libertate intemperantius invehi in aliquem : I will freely tell you what I think (of it), dicam ex animo, quod sentio ; quid ipse sentiam, vere, ingenue, aperte, ex animi sententia dicam : to speak freely, ne mentiar ; si quæris, or quæritis, or quærimus ; si verum scire vis ; ut ingenue or aperte dicam : to breathe freely, spiritus libere meat (properly) ; libere respirare (improperly) : I can now breathe freely again, * nunc molestis negotiis expeditus sum (I have got rid of vexatious business), or * jam libere respirare possum (libere respirare, Cicero). || Copiously ; e. g. , to drink freely, plurimum bibere (to be given to drink) ; plus paullo adhibere (Terentius, Heaut. , 2, 1, 8) : to confer honors too freely, in decernendis honoribus nimium esse et tamquam prodigum (Cicero). || Liberally, large : liberaliter. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) large liberaliterque, benigne : munifice : munifice et large. || Without compulsion, of one’s own free will ; vid. “As a FREE agent” (3, end).
FREEMAN, manumissus (no longer a slave) : libertus (with reference to his former master) : libertinus (with reference to his position itself). In the post-Augustan writers the minute distinction between libertus and libertinus seems not to be carefully observed : this, however, is not to be imitated. The condition of a freeman, libertinitas (Jurisconsulti). Cf. , Liberalis = worthy of a freeborn man. The freemen of a city, etc. , cives : to act as a freeman, pro cive se gerere.
FREEMASON, * latomus (λατόμος, as technical term in the free-mason’s records).
FREEMASON’S LODGE, || The place itself, * porticus, in quam latomi conveniunt. || The order, * societas latomorum.
FREE-MASONRY, * disciplina et instituta latomorum.
FREENESS,Vid. FRANKNESS.
FREESTONE, lapis arenaceus : saxum quadratum : lapis quadratus (as dressed for building). To lay a foundation of freestone, aliquid saxo quadrato substruere : a freestone pit, lapidicina, de qua saxa quadrata eximuntur (Vitruvius, 2, 7, 1).
FREEWOMAN, civis.
FREEZE, congelari ; nive concrescere : frigoribus conglaciare : gelu consistere : from the context, also durescere only (almost all Cicero, Nat. D. , 2, 10, init. ). It is freezing, gelascit : it has been freezing, gelavit : rivers frozen over, amnes gelati (Plinius).
FREIGHT, s. , || The load of a ship, * onus navi impositum ; from the context onus only. || The money paid for transport, vectura : portorium (the money paid for carrying over). To pay the freight, pro vectura solvere : I inquired the freight, interrogavi, quanti veheret (sc. navis).
FREIGHT, v. , (a ship). onera or merces in navem imponere (Cicero) ; navem onerare (Cæsar) ; with provisions, arms, and other things, naves onerare commeatu, armis, aliisque rebus (Sallustius).
FREIGHTER, navis dominus (Greek ναύκληρος, which stands only, Plautus, Mil. , 4, 3, 16, in Latin).
FRENCH, * Francogallicus : * Francicus. To translate anything into French, * Francogallice reddere aliquid : to understand French, * Francogallice scire ; very well, * linguæ Francogallicæ intelligentissimum esse : to speak French, Francogallica lingua (not Francogallicam linguam) loqui ; * Francogallice loqui ; very elegantly, * Francogallice elegantissime loqui.
FRENCH-BEAN, * phaseolus vulgaris (Linnæus).
FRENETIC,Vid. FRANTIC.
FRENZY,Vid. FRANTICNESS, MADNESS.
FREQUENCY, frequentia (rare, except in the meaning of “a numerous assembly, ” and therefore to be used with caution ; e. g. , as to the frequency of your letters, I make no complaint on that score, de frequentia literarum te nihil accuso) : crebritas (e. g. , literarum, officiorum, Cicero) : celebritas or multitudo et celebritas (e. g. , judiciorum, Cicero ; celebritas periculorum, Tacitus).
FREQUENT, adjective, frequens : creber (often implying blame) : crebrior : repetitus (repeated). After frequent entreaties, sæpius rogatus : after frequent admonitions, sæpius admonitus.
FREQUENT, v. , frequentare : celebrare (of numbers). To frequent anybody’s house, frequentare or (of many) celebrare alicujus domum ; frequenter or multum, or frequentem ad aliquem ventitare : to frequent a society, celebrare conventum ; a market, obire nundinas, mercatum ; ad mercatum venire : to frequent bad company, uti familiaribus et quotidianis convictoribus hominibus improbis, malis, or perditis ; in familiaritate malorum hominum versari.
FREQUENTED, frequens : celeber : a town much frequented for the sake of its mineral waters, locus amœno salubrium aquarum usu frequens : a much frequented mart, forum rerum venalium maxime celebratum ; celebre et frequens emporium.
FREQUENTER, frequentator (Gellius).
FREQUENTING,
FREQUENTATION, frequentatio (if it takes place repeatedly ; as for instance, going to school).
FREQUENTLY, frequenter : sæpe, sæpenumero : crebro : non raro : compluries (not pluries) : multum [SYN. in OFTEN] : frequens (with reference to a person) ; often by solere or frequentative verb. I frequently do anything, soleo aliquid facere : to read frequently, lectitare : he was frequently in his place in the senate-house, frequens aderat in senatu : he is frequently with us, ille frequens est nobiscum : very frequently, frequentissime (Cicero), persæpe ; sæpissime : too frequently, nimium sæpe ; sæpius justo : to do anything frequently, frequenter or crebro facere aliquid : after being frequently asked, sæpius rogatus.
FRESCO, || Coolness ; e. g. , al fresco, in aperto. || Style of painting, opus tectorium (as thing). To paint in fresco, udo colores illinere (Plinius, 35, 7, 31) : to paint anything in fresco, opere tectorio exornare aliquid : a painter in fresco, tector (vid. Böttiger’s Aldobrandinische Hochzeit, p. 62).
FRESH, || Cool, frigidus : rather fresh, subfrigidus frigidiusculus (later) : to make fresh, refrigerare ; frigidum facere (frigerare and frigefactare were uncommon in prose) : to become or grow fresh, refrigerari : refrigescere : fresh water, aqua recentis rigoris (Columella, 9, 14, 7 ; fresh drawn, and therefore cool, sparkling, etc. ) ; dulcis aqua (spring water ; opposed to aqua marina, salt water) : a draught of fresh, water, potio frigida : fresh air, ær frigidus ; ventus frigidus ; aer refrigeratus (cool air) : to breathe the fresh air, refrigerationem auræ captare (Columella, 11, 1, 16) ; cœlo libera or liberiore frui ; libero aere redintegrari (Varro, R. R. , 3, 7, 6). || New made, recently produced or formed, recens : fresh bread, panis recens : a fresh wound, vulnus recens, crudum (not novum) : fresh marks of stripes, recentia vestigia plagarum. || Not gone by or withered, recens (e. g. , oysters, herrings, etc. ) : viridis (still green, e. g. , wood, etc. ) : fresh turf, cæspes vivus. || Not salted, sale non conditus. || Not used or worn out, hence lively, recens : integer. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) recens integerque (not yet tired or worn ; opposed to defatigatus, saucius ; e. g. , troops, horses, etc. ) : vegetus : hilaris or hilarus (lively, brisk, e. g. , color, etc. ) : alacer : alacer et promptus (lively, brisk for acting) : a fresh color, nitidus color : to have anything fresh in one’s recollection, in recenti memoria habere : the recollection of anything is quite fresh, recens est alicujus rei memoria : fresh breeze, ventus secundus (inasmuch as it may be favorable) : the fresh appearance of a tree, arboris hilaritas. || Unexperienced, vid.
FRESHEN, v. , TRANS. || To soak or steep in water for the purpose of freshening, macerare (to soak, salsamenta).
FRESHEN, v. , INTRANS. The wind freshens, ventus increbrescit.
FRESHLY, nuper, nunc nuper : proxime [Vid. also, LATTERLY] : non ita pridem : non pridem (not a very long while ago) : modo (only now).
FRESHMAN, * recens apuerili institutione tiro.
FRESHNESS, || Coolness, frigus (inasmuch as it refreshes ; vid. Horatius, Od. , 3, 13, 10, frgus amabile) : algor (inasmuch as it is felt) : rigor recentissimus (aquæ, of water, Columella, 9, 147). || Ruddiness, color validus (of the face) : vigor (of the body) : hilaritas (cheerful look). || Newness, novitas.
FRET, animi motus, commotio, concitatio : permotio (the last, Cicero, Acad . , 2, 44, 135) : animi cura or sollicitudo : to be in a fret, æstuare (Cicero ; about anything, de aliqua re) ; sollicitudinem habere ; in sollicitudine esse ; ægritudinem suscipere, etc. : to keep one’s mind in a continual fret, nullum quietum spiritum ducere (of the person himself) ; aliquem quiescere or conquiescere non pati (of a person
or thing that does not suffer him to rest) : to be in a fret about anything ; vid. To FRET, v. , INTRANS.
FRET, v. , TRANS. , ægre facere alicui (to disturb anybody’s mind ; Plautus, Cas. , 3, 4, 17 ; Terentius, Eun. , 4, 1, 10) : lacessere aliquem (to be always at him) : aliquem quiescere or conquiescere non sinere (never to let him rest) : vexare aliquem : mentem alicujus excitam vexare (Sallustius) : anxium et sollicitum me habet aliquid. This frets my husband, hoc male habet virum (puts him in a bad humor ; Terentianus) : to fret one’s self to death, mœrore se conficere ; mœrore confici. || To wear off by rubbing, atterere : usu deterere (if by use) : || To form into raised work, cælare. κυρικιμασαηικο FRET, v. , INTRANS. , æstuare (to have the mind in a slate of ferment ; either absolutely, or with ablative of the cause) : tumultuari (to be in a state of restlessness ; cf. Off. , l, 23, 80) : mœrere ; in mœrore esse or (stronger) jacere (to be grieved) : to fret about anything, ægritudinem suscipere ex re ; æstuare aliqua re or desiderio alicujus rei (if the possession of it is desired) ; mœrere aliquid or aliqua re ; sollicitum esse de re ; laborare ; anxium et sollicitum me habet aliquid ; ægritudinem suscipere propter aliquem (about anybody). Don’t fret, ne sis perturbatus (Terentianus) : he frets about, ægre ille fert, quod, etc. : to fret about trifles or nothing, a rebus levissimis pendere. || To fret (of wine, etc. ). Vid. To FERMENT.
FRETFUL, morosus (ill-humored or tempered) : difficilis (full of bad humor) : natura difficilis (difficult to please) ; (The words are found in this connection and order. ) difficilis et morosus : anxius et sollicitus.
FRETFULLY, morose : stomachose.
FRETFULNESS, natura difficilis : morositas (bad humor).
FRET-SAW, lupus (hand-saw ; Pallad. , 1, 43, 2, explains it by serrula manubriata).
FRET-WORK, opus cælatnm.
FRIABILITY, by circumlocution with friare, friari posse.
FRIABLE, friabilis (Plinius).
FRIAR, cœnobita (ecclesiastical) : monachus (late). To become a friar. , * collegio monachorum accedere.
FRIARY, cœnobium (ecclesiastical) : monachium : monasterium (late).
FRICASSEE, s. ,* carnes in frustula concisæ et frixæ.
FRICASSEE, v. , * carnes in frustula concisas frigere.
FRICATION,
FRICTION, fricatio : fricatus : tritus : attritus : fricatura (the last, Vitruvius, 7, 1, 4, a rubbing off).
FRIDAY, * dies Veneris. Good Friday, * dies per Christi mortem sacrata.
FRIEND, amicus (with genitive or dative, fratris mei or fratri meo) : sodalis (companion, comrade ; also of the cicisbeo of a lady ; Martisalis, 9, 3) : necessarius (standing in some intimate connection with one) : familiaris (so intimate as to be looked upon as almost a member of the family) : studiosus, amator alicujus or alicujus rei (one whose affection or liking is fixed on a person or thing) : cultor alicujus rei (one who likes to practise it ; e. g. , a friend to cold-water bathing, cultor frigidæ) : consectator alicujus rei (passionately fond of anything) : diligens alicujus rei (attached to anything from preference, as an act of judgement ; e. g. , diligens veritatis). A good or great friend of anybody alicui or alicujus amicus, or amicissimus (never bonus or magnus amicus ; magnus amicus would be ” a powerful friend’) : “My good friend” (in addressing anybody ; especially a common man), o bone! sodes! my good friend (in apposition), amicus meus : a very intimate friend, amicus conjunctissimus : a treacherous friend, amicus ad fallendum accommodatus. To be an intimate friend of anybody, aliquo uti familiariter ; familiaritate (also with magna, arta, maxima, intima) or magno usu familiaritatis cum aliquo conjunctum esse ; arta familiaritate complecti aliquem : he and I are old friends, vetustate amicitiæ cum eo conjunctus sum : all of them are old friends of mine, veteres mihi necessitudines cum his omnibus intercedunt : a friend of my boyhood, amicus mihi jam inde a puero : we are excellent, or the best possible, friends, nihil potest esse conjunctius, quam nos inter nos sumus ; nihil est nostra familiaritate conjunctius : to have a friend in anybody, or anybody for my friend, aliquem amicum habere : to be one of a person’s friends, in amicis alicujus esse ; ex familiaribus alicujus esse : to make anybody one’s friend, aliquem sibi facere or reddere amicum ; animum alicujus sibi conciliare et ad usus suos adjungere ; alicujus amicitiam sibi comparare, conciliare ; parere sibi amicitiam cum aliquo (Nepos, Alc. , 7) : anything wins friends, or makes men our friends, aliquid (e. g. , obsequium) amicos parit : to make an intimate or confidential friend of anybody, sibi conjungere aliquem familiari amicitia. The right of a friend, jus amicitiæ. To be anybody’s friend, i. e. , supporter, favorer, alicujus fautorem esse ; alicui favere or bene velle. A man’s friends ( = supporters, partisans), qui cum aliquo faciunt ; qui stant a or cum aliquo. Both friends and foes, æqui et iniqui (supporters and opponents). To be a friend to anything, alicujus rei esse studiosum, amantem, amatorem ; aliqua re gaudere, delectari (to economy, delectari parsimonia) : to be no friend to anything, abhorrere, alienum esse a re ; displicet mihi aliquid.
FRIEND, BEFRIEND,Vid. To FAVOR.
FRIENDLESS, inops amicorum : desertus ab amicis (forsaken by friends).
FRIENDLINESS, comitas : humanitas : urbanitas : benignitas : liberalitas : affabilitas [SYN. in FRIENDLY] : friendliness in conversation with others, comitas affabilitasque sermonis : to combine friendliness with an earnest, serious character, comitatem cum severitate conjungere : with friendliness ; vid. “in a FRIENDLY manner. ” FRIENDLY, amicus ; to anybody, alicui (having friendly sentiments toward anybody ; also, improperly, of favorable things ; mostly poetical in this sense) : benevolus, to anybody, alicui or erga aliquem (being anybody’s well-wisher, etc. ) : amans, to anybody, alicujus (entertaining affection toward ; also, of what gives evidence of such a feeling) : familiaris (intimate, confidential, etc. ; also of a friendly, unceremonious invitation) : benignus (kind of persons and things ; e. g. , invitation) : officiosus : officii et amoris plenus (full of obliging expressions, offers of service, etc. ; e. g. , a letter) : benevolentiæ plenus (full of expressions of kindness ; e. g. , a letter) : fidelis (faithful, upright ; e. g. , advice) : comis (obliging) : humanus (mild, gentle in the most extensive sense) ; (The words are found in this connection and order. ) comis et humanus : urbanus (polite, courteous) : officiosus (ready to render a service, obliging) : liberalis (anticipating a person’s wishes ; obliging) : blandus (gentle in words or speech and behavior) : affabilis (condescending in conversation) : mansuetus (pleasant in intercourse in general) : civilis (in the sense of friendly, affable, belongs to post-classical prose).
Friendly behavior, comitas ; liberalitas : a friendly face, vultus hilaris, familiaris : to receive anybody in a friendly manner, vultu hilari, familiari, or (Livius) benigno aliquem excipere : friendly invitation, invitatio benigna, familiaris : in a friendly manner, amice ; benevole ; amanter ; comiter ; humane or humaniter ; officiose ; benigne ; liberaliter ; blande [SYN. above] ; also familiariter (as friends are wont to do ; or like a friend) : to salute anybody in a friendly manner, benigne aliquem salutare : to address anybody in a friendly manner, comiter, blande appellare : to answer in a friendly manner, alicui respondere liberaliter : to invite anybody in a friendly manner, benigne aliquem invitare : to invite or ask anybody in a friendly manner to stay (when he is about to leave), familiari invitatione aliquem retinere : to receive anybody in a friendly manner (as a guest or visitor), aliquem comi hospitio accipere : to be friendly toward everybody, erga omnes se affabilem præstare ; unumquemque comiter appellare (in addressing anybody) : to be very friendly with anybody, amicissime amplecti aliquem : to be on friendly terms with anybody, amice vivere cum aliquo ; familiariter uti aliquo : on very friendly terms, arta familiaritate complecti aliquem ; intime uti aliquo : to act in a friendly manner toward, or to deal in a friendly manner with anybody, amice facere erga aliquem : to speak in a friendly manner with anybody, amice, familiariter loqui cum aliquo.
FRIENDLY,Vid. “in a FRIENDLY manner. ” FRIENDSHIP, amicitia : necessitudo (friendly intercourse between persons in general, in business, between relations, etc. ) : usus : consuetudo (habitual intercourse). An ordinary friendship, amicitia mediocris : close friendship, conjunctio : intimate friendship, familiaritas : to make friendship with anybody, amicitiam cum aliquo facere, jungere, instituere, conciliare, inire, sibi parere ; ad amicitiam alicujus se conferre, se applicare, se adjungere ; amicitia aliquem sibi conjungere : a closer friendship, amiciorem aliquem sibi conciliare : an intimate friendship, consuetudinem jungere ; familiaritatem contrahere cum aliquo ; in consuetudinem alicujus se dare : to obtain anybody’s friendship, in amicitiam alicujus recipi : intimate friendship, in alicujus familiaritatem venire, intrare ; in alicujus intimam amicitiam pervenire : to steal into anybody’s friendship, in alicujus amicitiam se insinuare : to vow friendship to anybody, amicitiæ alicujus se devovere : to entertain or feel friendship for anybody, amore suo aliquem amplecti, prosequi : to break or violate friendship, amicitiam violare, dirumpere, dissolvere, discindere : to break off
one’s friendship with anybody by degrees, amicitiam sensim dissuere (opposed to repente præcidere, to break it off abruptly) : friendship begins, increases, lasts, drops, or is declining, amicitia oritur, crescit (or accrescit), manet, cadit : our friendship is a most intimate one, nihil est nostra familiaritate conjunctius ; nihil esse potest conjunctius, quam nos inter nos sumus : to show anybody much friendship, multa officia in aliquem conferre or alicui præstare ; officiosum esse in aliquem : all possible (marks of) friendship, omnibus, quibus possum, officiis aliquem colo, prosequor : you will do me a great act of friendship, if, etc. , or by, etc. , gratissimum mihi feceris ; magnum beneficium mihi dederis : to do, allow, etc. , anything out of friendship toward anybody, dare, concedere, largiri, etc. , alicui aliquid : the tie of friendship, amicitiæ or amoris vinculum : demonstration of friendship, * amicitiæ significatio : feelings or sentiments of friendship, officium (Cicero, Fam. , 10, 1, extr. ) : a service rendered from friendship, officium : beneficium (especially with relation to the consequence it has for the receiver ; vid. Cæsar, B. G. , 1, 33 ; Nepos, Att. , 3, 1).
FRIEZE, || A stuff, * pannus frisius. || In architecture, zophorus (ζωοφόρος, frieze of a column between the epistylium and the coronis, Vitruvius, 3, 3) : hyperthyrum (ὑπέρθυρον, over a door, Vitruvius, 4, 6).
FRIGATE, * navis bellica minor (as compared with ships of the line).
FRIGHT,
FRIGHTEN, metum, timorem, formidinem [SYN. in FEAR, s. ] alicui injicere, incutere ; metum, timorem alicui afferre, inferre, offerre ; aliquem in metum compellere, conjicere (to fill with fear) : aliquem terrere, exterrere : terrorem alicui afferre, inferre, offerre, injicere, incutere : aliquem in terrorem conjicere : terrore aliquem complere : pavorem alicui injicere, incutere (to terrify) : to frighten anybody dreadfully, perterrere, perterrefacere aliquem ; pavore percellere alicujus pectus (stronger term) : consternare (especially of animals ; e. g. , a horse) : anything frightens me, facit mihi aliquid timorem ; very much, aliquid me summo timore afficit. || To be frightened, in metu or timore esse ; metuere, timere [vid. To FEAR] : terreri : exterreri : to be frightened at anything, facit mihi aliquid timorem ; timor mihi incutitur ex aliqua re ; terreri aliqua re ; aliquid expavescere, exhorrescere (to tremble, shudder at anything) ; also, commoveri, permoveri aliqua re (to be violently agitated ; vid. Herz. , Cæs. , B. G. , 2, 12) ; at anybody or anybody’s sight, alicujus aspectu conturbari, alicujus conspectum horrere : to be dreadfully frightened, timore magno affici ; terrore percuti, perterreri ; at anything, aliqua re ; aliquid me summo timore afficit : they were or became so much frightened, as to, etc. , tantus repente terror invasit, ut, etc. : to be frightened about anybody, in metu esse propter aliquem ; alicui metuere or timere : my friends are much frightened about me, maximo de nobis timore affecti sunt amici : they were all much frightened, timor omnium incessit magnus ; timor incessit omnes magnus : they were much frightened at, etc. , timor magnus alicujus rei incessit : I am so frightened that I can hardly speak, mihi lingua metu hæret : 1 am frightened out of my senses, vix sum apud me, ita commotus est animus metu.
FRIGHT [vid. FEAR] : to be in a fright [vid. To Be FRIGHTENED, in To FRIGHTEN] : to put into a fright, pavorem injicere or incutere alicui [vid. also, To FRIGHTEN] : to take fright, pavescere : expavescere (general term) ; consternari (especially of a horse, etc. ) : I am seized with fright, terror mihi incidit or me invadit : to be in a fright, terrorem habere ab aliquo or a aliqua re : for fight [vid. “for FEAR”] : what a fright you look! * qualis appares (general term) ! quæ fades! qui vultus! (with regard to anybody’s looks) ; * qui cultus or habitus ! (with regard to dress).
FRIGHTFUL, Vid. FEARFUL.
FRIGHTFULLY,Vid. FEARFULLY.
FRIGID,Vid. COLD, COOL.
FRIGIDITY,Vid. COLD, COLDNESS.
FRIGIDLY, frigide (figuratively in Horace ; also, gelide) : lente (sluggishly). Vid. COLDLY.
FRILL, perhaps * collare leniter inflexum.
FRINGE, fimbriæ. With long fringes hanging down on either side, fimbriis hinc atque illinc pendentibus (Petronius).
FRIPPERER, scrutarius (dealer in second-hand things ; Lucilius, Gelt. , 3, 14, med. ) : scruta vendens (Horatius, Ep. , 1, 7, 65) : circitor (that goes about with old clothes, * Ulpianus, Dig. , 14, 3, 5, § 4).
Feminine, * scruta vendens (after Horatius, Ep. , 1, 7, 65).
FRIPPERY, || Place where old clothes are sold, * forum scrutarium (if in the market) : * taberna scrutaria (a booth). || Old clothes, scruta, orum ; scrutaria, æ (all sorts of second-hand things, Appuleius, Met. , 4, p. 146, 17) : to deal in frippery, scruta vendere (Horatius, Ep. , 1, 7, 65) ; scrutariam facere (Appuleius, etc. ).
FRISK, salire (to leap) : exsilire (to jump up, in general) : exsultare : gaudio exsilire or exsultare : to frisk around anything, saltare circum aliquid ; circumsaltare (only in later writers) ; circumsilire modo huc, modo illuc (Catullus, 3, 9, of a sparrow) : to frisk for joy, lætitia exsultare ; like a lamb, lascivire (e. g. , agnus lascivit fuga, Ovidius).
FRITH, fretum : euripus : fauces angustæ or artæ. SYN. in STRAIT.
FRITTER, v. , carptim dividere (Suetonius) : articulatim comminuere (Plautus). To fritter away time, tempus articulatim comminuere (after diem comminuere articulatim, Plautus, fr. ap. Gell. ; but he is speaking of the breaking up a day into small portions, by the invention of hours) : * tempus perdere (general term).
FRITTER, s. , perhaps laganum. Vid. Schneider, Lex. , and λάγανον.
FRIVOLITY, levitas : levitas animi (lightness ; want of steadiness and depth of character) : mobilitas (fickleness) : inconstantia (unsteadiness, and consequent inconsistency).
FRIVOLOUS, frivolus (Auct. , ad Her. , ; not Cicero) : vanus (vain, that cannot be depended upon) : inanis (without value, empty or void of thought) : non sufficiens : non satis idoneus : parum idoneus (not sufficient or adequate to the case) : parvus (small) : minutus (insignificant) : infirmus (weak). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) inanis et infirmus (of arguments, etc. ) : levis (light, not sterling ; without worth) : futilis (not tenable ; e. g. , opinion, sententia) : vilis (worthless) : Cicero connects vanus, futilis ; vanus, levis, futilis (of persons) :
Frivolous talk, verba inania ; voces inanes ; sermo inanis ; sermo vanus : so frivolous, tantulus (so trifling ; e. g. , matters, res ; vid. Cæsar, B. G. , 4, 22) : frivolous pretexts, falsæ causæ : to ask frivolous questions, res minutas quærere ; minutas interrogationes proponere.
FRIVOLOUSLY, futiliter (Appuleius) : inaniter : tenuiter (Cato) : leviter. SYN. in FRIVOLOUS.
FRIVOLOUSNESS,Vid. FRIVOLITY.
FRIZZLE,Vid. To CURL.
FRO : To and fro, ultro et citro : ultro ac citro : ultro citroque : ultro citro (cf. Drak. , Liv. , 9, 42, 2, and [on ultro citro] Klolz ; all Cicero, Læl. , 22, extr. p. 198) : huc illuc : huc et or atque illuc (hither and thither) : modo huc, modo illuc (now hither, now thither). To run to and fro, ultro et citro cursare or (rapidly) concursare ; in alarm, trepide concursare (Phædrus) ; trepidare et cursare rursum prorsum (Terentius, Hec. , 3, 1, 35). To hop to and fro, circumsilire modo huc, modo illuc (of a sparrow Catullus).
FROCK, tunica : vestis muliebris : vestimentum muliebre : palla (upper garment of a Roman lady, thrown over the stola) : cyclas (a garment for great occasions, ornamented with gold and purple, but not proper to express the female dress of our days). || A smock frock, amiculum linteum.
FROG, rana. A small frog, ranunculus. The frog croaks, rana coaxat.
FROLIC,Vid. FUN, JOKE.
FROLIC, v. , lascivire : exsultare atque lascivire.
FROLIC, s. , facinus lepidum et festivum (Plautus, Pœn. , 1, 2, 95) : ludus (general term).
FROM, || Denoting distance, parting from one point to another in space and time, a : ab : de : e : ex (a and ab denote the distance from any object in a horizontal direction ; de in an oblique or perpendicular one ; e and ex the direction out of the interior of an object ; comp. Grotef. , § 126,Observ. 4 : Ramsh. , § 150, 1 ; e usually stands before consonants, ex before vowels ; with respect to a, ab, abs, (1) abs, in Cicero’s time, was nearly confined to account-books [Or. , 47, 158] : it occurs only, and that but seldom, before c, g, t : (2) ab may stand, as well as a, “before all consonants” [Freund ; Krebs excepts m and v] : (3) ab must stand before vowels and h). To go away from anybody, ab aliquo discedere : to come down from the rostra, de rostris descendere : to alight from a horse, ex equo descendere : to come down from a hill, etc. , into the plain, ex loco superiore in planitiem descendere. Cf. , With many verbs and adjectives “from” is not expressed, but implied by an oblique case, mostly by the ablative : e. g. , to free or exempt anybody from punishment, aliquem pœna liberare : free from guilt, liber a culpa ; vacuus a culpa. ; liber culpa. The preposition “from” is not expressed before the names of a town or small island, but the ablative is used to express the relation : a preposition however becomes necessary, if a place is to be pointed out more distinctly or minutely ; or if only a part of a town or its neighborhood
are spoken of [e. g. , Libo discessit a Brundisio = from the harbor of Brundisium ; Cæsar, B. C. , 3, 24] ; in a similar manner, if that preposition has a stress upon it, and stands in contradistinction [usque a Dianio ad Sinopen navigarunt, Cicero, Verr. , 2, 1, 34 ; erat a Gergovia despectus in castra, Cæsar. Ab Athenis proficisci in animo habebam, Cicero, Fam. , 4, 12, 2] : likewise, if an appellative, as urbs, oppidum, locus, stands in apposition to the name of the town [as, ex oppido Gergovia, Cæsar, ; ex Apollonia, Ponti urbe, Plinius] : with domus the preposition is used when domus does not mean “home” as usual residence ; but = “house” as building, or “family. ” So rus = “country, ” is without the preposition, but takes it when a particular “estate” is meant. Sometimes, however, the accusative is used ; to desert from anybody, aliquem deserere (also, ab aliquo deficere, or desciscere). Cf. , In several cases the Latins make use of certain adverbs, ofplace and time, to express this preposition ; e. g. , from that place (thence), that time, inde : from that very same place, indidem : from hence, hinc (not abhinc) : from afar, procul : from all sides, undique : from both sides, utrimque : from without, extrinsecus : from within, intrinsecus : from town to town, oppidatim : from house to house, ostiatim : from man to man, viritim. Cf. ,(α) To recover from a disease, convalescere ex (Cf. , not a) morbo : to return from a journey, redire, reverti ; venire ex (Cf. , not ab) itinere : all the way from (even from) the ocean, etc. , usque ab oceano. (β) In poetry the ablative of the place whence may be used without a preposition, where in prose the preposition must be expressed [e. g. , cadere nubibus ; descendere cœlo ; labi equo, etc. , Z. , 481]. (γ) Ex is used like our from, to denote a change from a previous state ; e. g. , I made you frommy slave a freed man, e servo te libertum feci ; so nihil est tam miserabile, quam ex beato miser. (δ) “From, ” when it follows a substantive, is often expressed by the objective genitive ; as, death is a rest from all labors and troubles, mors laborum ac miseriarum qnies est. (ε) To denote a person’s residence, or the place of his birth, etc. , an adjective is mostly used ; e. g. , Milo from Croton, Milo Crotoniates ; but sometimes, especially by Livy, a is used ; e. g. , Turnus ab Aricia [Livius, 1, 50, 3] = Turnus Aricinus. (ζ) From his very boyhood, jam indo a puero (Cf. , not inde a puero without jam). (η) After “different” from is translated by ac, atque. I hear a somewhat different report from that which I sent you, nescio quid aliter audio atque ad te scribebam : different from what I now am, alius atque nunc sum.
From a boy ( = from his boyhood up), a puero ; a parvo ; a parvulo [vid. ζ] : from his youth up, ab adolescentia ; ab adolescentulo : from his earliest boyhood or youth, a primis temporibus ætatis : from the cradle, a primis cunabulis ; inde ab incunabulis : from day to day, in dies (implying daily increase or decrease) ; diem ex die (e. g. , exspectare, Cicero ; ducere, Cæsar) ; diem de die (e. g. , prospectare, differre, both Livius) : from head to foot, or top to toe, a capillo usque ad ungues ; a vestigio ad verticem ; a vertice ad talos (†) ; a vertice ; ut aiunt, ad extremum unguem (all proverbially for “entirely”) : from the very beginning, ab ultimo initio : from the beginning to the end, a carceribus usque ad calcem (proverbially) : to tell or relate anything from the beginning, ab ultimo initio repetere ; altius ordiri et repetere ; ordine rem omnem narrare : from the beginning of the world, post hominum memoriam : from time to time, nonnumquam (occasionally ; not unfrequently) ; interdum (now and then, but Cf. , not subinde, i. e. , several successive times) : from anybody, ab aliquo (i. e. , regarding him, as to him) ; alicujus verbis (i. e. , as anybody’s substitute or representative, even when no words are used ; e. g. , give her a kiss from me, suavium des ei meis verbis) ; alicujus nomine (when the person, by being authorized to speak in another’s name, acquires thereby the right to speak with the authority which his principal’s word ought to have) : from me, meis verbis : salute Tiro from me, Tironem meum saluta nostris verbis ; also, simply ego eum saluto, or ei salutem dico. Salute Attica from me, tu Atticæ salutem dices (Cicero) : to purchase from, emere ab or (more commonly) de aliquo (Krebs). || Denoting a cause or motive, a (seldom ; e. g. , vates adhibere a superstitione animi, Curtius) : e or ex (e. g. , to be languid from the effects of his journey, e via languere : from which circumstance I fear, ex quo vereor) : per (e. g. , per iram, from a feeling of anger ; per metum * mssari, Plautus ; per ætatem inutiles esse, Cæsar) : propter (e. g. , propter metum, Cicero ; propter eam ipsam causam, Cicero ; propter frigora, Cæsar). But Cf. , the notion of cause is mostly expressed by the ablative only, or with the partciple, ductus or adductus (led by) ; motus or permotus (moved by) ; inductus (induced by) ; impulsus or incitatus (impelled by) ; incensus, inflammatus (inflamed by) ; coactus (compelled by) ; captus (seized by) ; impeditus (hindered by) ; e. g. , from hatred, odio ductus : from an inclination to philosophy, philosophiæ studio ductus : from shame, pudore adductus : from fear, metu (also, propter metum, timorem) ; metu coactus or permotus : from compassion, captus misericordia : to leave anybody from the desire of learning more, discendi studio impeditum deserere aliquem. || From governing the participial substantive, eo or ex eo, quod (e. g. , either from thinking that, etc. , sive eo, quod . . . existimarent : from remembering where, etc. , ex eo, quod meminisset, ubi etc. ) : quod (in the form “not from. . . but. . . “; e. g. , not from despising. . . but because, etc. , non quod. . . aspernaretur. . . sed quod, etc. ) : ne, quominus and (after a negative) quin (after verbs of hindering, etc. , prohibere aliquid ne or quominus fiat [seldom fieri, and then mostly in passive infinitive] : not to be far from, nihil, paulum, non procul or baud multum abest, quin [abest, impersonal] : not to be able to restrain one’s self from, non, vix, ægre abstineo, tenere me or temperare mihi non possum, quin, etc. ).
Far from doing this, he, etc. , tantum abest, ut faciat hoc, ut etc. [vid. FAR. ] || Denoting inference or conclusion ; e. g. , from this (or hence) may be inferred, ex quo effici cogique potest : to judge from one’s self, ex se conjecturam facere [e. g. , de aliis ex se conjecturam facere ; ex se de aliis judicare, after Nepos, Ep. , 6, 2] : from the appearance, specie or speciem ; fronte or in frontem (opposed to pectore) from the first appearance, prima specie or fronte : to judge of anything from its appearance, dijudicare aliquid ex prima fronte to say, do, know, etc. ,anything from personal experience, in me expertus dico, facio, scio aliquid. All other combinations with “from” are to be looked for under the respective substantives and verbs to which it is joined ; e. g. , from hand to hand [vid. HAND] : to hinder from ; vid. To HINDER, etc.
FRONT, s. , frons (in all the meanings of the English word ; in font, a fronte [military technical term ; opposed to a tergo, a latere] intervalla trabium in fronte saxis effarcire, Cæsar ; cohortes in fronte constituere, Suetonius ; ante frontem castrorum copias struere, Cæsar ; ante frontem ædium, Vitruvius) : pars antica (opposed to pars postica) : pars prior (e. g. , capitis, Plinius, opposed to pars aversa) : In font of the camp, ante frontem castrorum ; ante castra ; pro castris : to present their font to the enemy, in hostem obverti (Curtius, 4, 15, 21). Wounds received in font, vulnera adversa (so cicatrices adversæ). The font of a building, frons. || Face, impudence, os (e. g. , durum, ferreum, etc. ) : frons (e. g. , inverecunda, Quintilianus ; proterva, Horatius).
FRONT, v. , || To stand opposite to, * exadversus aliquem stare (of persons) : contra aliquid esse or positum esse : ex adverso positum esse (general terms of things) : ex adverso constitutum esse (to be placed or drawn up in font of ; e. g. , of ships ; also, classes ex adverso stant, Suetonius, Just. ). To font the street [vid. To FACE]. || To face boldly, to oppose, alicui obsistere, resistere.
FRONT, as adjective, anticus (opposed to what is in the back part, posticus) : prior (opposed to posterior ; e. g. , the font legs, priores pedes) : adversus (what is opposite to us ; opposed to aversus, what is turned from us).
Font teeth [vid. TOOTH]. The font ranks, primi ordines.
FRONTAL, frontale (as ornament for the head of a horse). Vid. FRONTLET.
FRONTIER, in the plural, fines : * locus utrumque sub finem situs (the place where two countries are divided, after Horatius, Sat. , 2, 1, 35) [vid. BOUNDARY] : confinium (the place where two territories, etc. , touch one another, and which thus determines the border). To dwell on a frontier, utrumque sub finem habitare (after Horatius, Sat. , 2, 1, 35) : a frontier fortress, castellum finem sub utrumque structum or positum (after Horatius, Sat. , 2, 1, 35) : a fontier river, flumen, quod utrumque sub finem fertur (that flows along the frontier of two countries, after Horatius, Sat. , 2, 1, 35) : a ditch, dividing the fontiers, fossa finem sub utrumque ducta (after Horatius, Sat. , 2, 1, 35) : a fontier town, urbs utrumque sub finem sita (after Horatius, Sat. , 2, 1, 35) : soldiers quartered on the fontiers, milites limitanei (late) : a dispute about fontiers, controversia finalis : jurgium finale (Leg. Agr. , p. 341 and 342, Goes. ) : to have or to be involved in such differences, de finibus ambigere : there is some misunderstanding
on the question respecting the fontier, de finibus controversia est.
FRONTIER TOWN,Vid. FRONTIER.
FRONTING, contrarius :
Fronting a place, alicui loco adversus et contrarius ; quod contra locum est or positum est ; quod ex adverso or exadversum situm (positum) est, jacet ; or by preposition, contra, adversus, exadversus, or -um (all with accusative) : e regione (with genitive of place, dative of person ; fronting like two parallel lines : Cf. , not regione only, which = “in the district of;” Cf. , Suetonius, Cæs. , 39).
FRONTISPIECE (of a book), * pictura linearis or imago per æneam laminam expressa (general term, a plate).
FRONTLESS,Vid. in IMPUDENT.
FRONTLET, || A tie for the head, fascia : tænia (general term for any tie) : redimiculum frontis (consisting either of a tie or a chain ; vid. Juvenalis, 2, 84) : nimbus (worn by women, to give the forehead a smaller appearance ; a woman that wears it, mulier nimbata, Plautus, Pœn. , 1, 2, 135) : infula (a wide, broad frontlet, as worn by the priests, made of woollen stuff) : mitra : mitella (μίτρα, a tie, with side-pieces, covering part of the cheeks, which were tied under the chin ; worn by the inhabitants of Asia, and afterward by the Greeks and Romans ; but only by females or effeminate males).
FROST, gelu (cold, as causing things to freeze, only used in the ablative) : gelatio (the frost, inasmuch as it penetrates the soil, etc. ) : gelicidium (the frost, inasmuch as it turns liquids into ice) : frigora, um (frost or frosty weather). To suffer from frost, gelicidio infestari (of plants, etc. ) : that cannot bear the frost, frigoris impatiens : algoris non patiens : not to be able to bear the frost, frigora non facile tolerare : to be able to bear frost, algoris patientem esse : to be stiff from frost, frigore rigere (of the soil) ; gelu torpere (to be benumbed, of persons) : a severe frost followed, magna gelatio consecuta est : to leave anything exposed to the frost, rem relinquere ad gelicidium retectam (Varro, R. R. , 1, 52, 2). || Hoar-frost, vid.
FROST-BITTEN, gelu rigens (Phædrus, of a snake) : prærigens (Tacitus) : His hands were so frost-bitten, that they actually fell off, ita præriguere (militis) manus, ut truncis brachiis deciderent (Tacitus, Ann. , 13, 35, 4).
FROSTY, gelidus : frigidus : (The words are found in this connection and order. ) frigidus et gelidus : alsiosus (bitterly cold ; of aspects, etc. ).
Frosty weather, gelicidiorum tempestas : frigora, plural (continued cold) : the frosty weather injures anything, gelicidiorum tempestas nocet alicui rei. A frosty sky, cœlum frigidum et gelidum (Plinius). || Without warmth, of affection, etc. , frigidus : gelidus.
FROTH, s. , || Foam, vid. || Empty words, inanis verborum strepitus ; inanium verborum turba or flumen.
FROTH, v. , Vid. To FORM.
FROTHY. Vid. FOAMY. || Of language, inanis (empty) : tumidus (bombastic ; without a sulid substratum of sense).
FROWARD, pertinax : pervicax : obstinatus : offirmatus : contumax [SYN. in OBSTINATE] : præfractus (not yielding) : perversus (perverse, not so as it should be) : difficilis : natura difficili (obstinate, difficult to manage or to treat). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) difficilis et morosus. Cf. , refractarius (Seneca) and præfractus (in this sense) do not belong to standard prose.
FROWARDLY, perverse : pertinaciter : contumaciter : præfracte : pervicaciter [SYN. in FROWARD] : obstinato animo : offirmata voluntate.
FROWARDNESS, pertinacia : pervicacia : contumacia [SYN. in OBSTINACY]: pervicax animus (Terentianus) : perversitas, or improbitas perversitasque. κυρικιμασαηικο FROWN, v. , frontem contrahere (frontem rugare, not præ-Augustan ; Cf, never frontem corrugare) : supercilia contrahere (angrily, ira, Quintilianus, 11, 3, 79 ; opposed to deducere tristitia ; remittere hilaritate. Cicero has superciliorum contractio ; hence the phrase is, no doubt, quite classical) : vultum adducere : vultus acerbos or tristes sumere (to look sullen). You are frowning, vultus tuus rugas colligit et trahit (al. attrahit) frontem (i. e. , assumes a serious or gloomy air, Seneca, Benef. , 6, 7, 1) : to frown at anybody (improperly), aliquem inimico vultu intueri ; iratos oculos defigere in aliquem (stronger term, Ovidius, Am. , 2, 8, 15) ; also, animo iniquo infestoque intueri (Livius).
FROWN, s. , vultus severus ac tristis : supercilium (inasmuch as one contracts or wrinkles the eyebrows ; vid. Cicero, Sext. , 8, 19 ; Martisalis, 11, 2, 1) : oculi truces : vultus trux (a gloomy and furious look).
FROWNING,The act of frowning, superciliorum contractio (Cicero).
FROWNINGLY, e. g. , to look frowningly upon anybody. Vid. “To FROWN upon. ” FROZEN,Vid. To FREEZE.
FRUCTIFEROUS,Vid. FRUITFUL.
FRUCTIFICATION,Vid. FERTILIZATION.
FRUCTIFY,Vid. To FERTILIZE.
FRUGAL, diligens (careful and economical) : attentus ad rem (careful) : parcus (sparing ; opposed to nimius) : restrictus (close, opposed to largus). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) parcus et restrictus (all these of persons only) : sobrius (of persons or things ; a frugal table, mensa sobria) : simplex (simple ; e. g. , frugal fare, cibus simplex) : frugi (indeclinable of a person, is a prudent, well-conditioned, respectable person, opposed to nequam : frugalis not used before Appuleius, but frugalior in Terentius and Varro ; parcissimus, modestissimus, frugalissimus, Cicero). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) frugi et diligens.
FRUGALITY, diligentia : * animus attentus ad rem (both of an economical person or character) : parsimonia alicujus rei : frugalitas (love of order, moderation, etc. ). Sometimes modestia : continentia.
FRUGALLY, diligenter (Cicero, carefully) : parce (sparingly). Sometimes moderate, modice : temperanter : continenter.
FRUIT, || PROPR. , fructus (only in the plural ; general term for every kind of fruit, considered as the valuable produce of the fields, gardens, etc. ; hence used whenever the peculiar kind is not specified, or need not be specified ; vid. Cicero, Off. , 2, 4, 12, frugum fructuumque reliquorum perceptio et conservatio, i. e. , of the fruits of the earth, or of the field, and the other kinds of fruit ; Cf. Cicero, Cat. , Maj. , 7, 24 ; 19, 17 ; Cæsar, B. G. , 1, 28 : Livius, 2, 5, 45, 13 [campi and agri fructus].
Fructus, however, is especially the produce of trees and gardens) : fruges (if taken collectively, denotes fruit as that produce of the earth which serves for the sustenance of mankind ; especially, however, and in prose usually, the fruit of the earth ; i. e. , corn, frumenta, as well as leguminous plants, such as pease, beans, etc. , legumina ; vid. Plinius, 18, 17, 9 ; sometimes, however = corn only, the legumina being then mentioned besides ; vid. Cicero, N. D. , 2, 62, 156, terra feta frugibus et vario leguminum genere ; it is found in Cicero, as opposed to to baccæ arborum ; vid. below. Lastly, the singular, frux, occurs in a collective sense and tropically) : segetes ( = the fruges, when not yet ripe for the harvest ; e. g. , lætæ sunt segetes ; i. e. , the crops are very healthy or promising) : fetus (the fruit, in the sense of something brought forth, as well of crops in general as of the fruit of a tree) : pomum (any fruit of a tree, just as common as “fruit” in English) : bacca (any small and round fruit, a berry ; it is frequently used by Cicero, in the plural, for fruit of a tree, in contradistinction to “fruges terræ ;” vid. Cat. , Maj. , 2, 5 ; De Div. , 1, 51, 116). To bear fruit, fructum ferre, reddere ; more abundantly, uberiores efferre fruges (of land) : to bear no fruit, sterilem esse (of land, etc. ). || Fruit collectively (ripe garden fruit), poma : baccæ arborum (vid. SYN. above). There is a great deal of fruit, magna est ubertas pomorum (of garden fruit) : fruit keeps, poma durant (opposed to poma fugiunt ; i. e. , does not keep) : the fruit falls off, or is ailing off, poma decidunt : to gather fruit, poma legere [vid. GATHER] : to sell fruit, poma vendere or venditare : a picture representing fruit [vid. FRUIT-PIECE or PAINTING]. || IMPROPR. The good or bad consequences of anything, (α) The good ones, frux : fructus (with this difference, that frux is the produce or good thing itself ; fructus, the use or advantage proceeding fin it ; vid. Cicero, Cœl. , 31, 76 ; Livius, 2, 1 ; and Cicero, Planc. , 38, 92 ; Pis. , 24, 57) : commoda, orum. utilitas (general terms for advantages, benefit) : merces : pretium (wages, reward). The fruits of peace, pacis bona (also fruges sometimes) : to bear fruit, fructum ferre, reddere ; utilitatem afferre (all figuratively for to afford advantage or gain) : to enjoy the fruits of anything, fructum capere or percipere ; utilitatem capere ex re ; also, fructum alicujus rei capere : to bear golden fruits, bonam frugem ferre (Livius, 2, 1) : anything is the fruit of our own industry, * aliquid nostra agendi sollertia effecimus (agendi sollertia, in Cicero, Off. , 1, 44, 157) : he enjoys the fruits of his exertions, laborum suorum fructum capit : anybody will not fail to enjoy the fruits of anything, aliquis alicujus rei fructu non carebit. (β) Evil consequences, mala : incommoda, orum (disadvantages) : pœna (punishment). You are now reaping these fruits of your guilt, * hanc improbitatis tuæ mercedem habes. (γ) Wages, merces. (δ) The fruit of the womb : partus : fetus : procreatio (the last, Vitruvius, 2, 9, 1). præseminatio is the embryo (Vitruvius, 2, 9, 1). To
bring forth fruit, partum or fetum edere ; fetum eniti ; fetum procreare.
FRUIT-BASKET, corbis (for gathering fruit) : canistrum (that is put on the table) : Cf. , calathus is either a flower-basket, or used to put wool in for female fancy-work.
FRUIT-BEARER,Vid. FRUIT-TREE.
FRUIT-BEARING, s. , quod poma fert : pomifer (bearing or bringing forth fruit ; e. g. , autumnus, Horatius) : frugifer : fructifer : frumentarius (of a corn-field).
FRUIT-PAINTING,
FRUIT-PIECE, pictura fructuum or pomorum (after Plinius, 16, 33, 60) : tabula picta fructuum or pomorum : tabula, in qua sunt fructus or poma (the picture itself, as thing ; after Plinius, 35, 4, 7 and 8) : he painted nothing but fruit-pieces, * nihil nisi fructus (or poma) pinxit.
FRUIT-TRADE, * quæstus pomarius : to carry on a fruit-trade, * poma vendere or venditare.
FRUIT-TREE, pomus : arbor fructifera (Cf. , seldom frugifera) : arbor pomifera (rather poetical).
FRUITERER, pomarius (Horatius, and Lampr. ).
Feminine, pomaria.
FRUITERY, the place or loft where fruit is kept, oporotheca ( = ὀπωροθήκη, Varro) : pomarium (Plinius). || Fruit, in a collective sense, vid. FRUIT.
FRUITFUL, ferax ( vid. the proper word, having a strong tendency to produce much and often) : fecundus (εὔτοκος, full of productive energy and power ; properly, of living and breeding animals ; then, also, by personification, of a district, province, etc. , opposed to infecundus) : fertilis (having the capability of bearing much ; opposed to sterilis, of inanimate things) : opimus (rich, with respect to corn and to productiveness generally). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) opimus et fertilis : uber (rich in nutritive matter ; productive). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) uber et fertilis : fecundus et uber : fructuosus : frugifer : fructifer (fruitful ; fructifer, of the earth or trees ; frugifer, of the earth, seldom of trees [Tacitus, Germ. , 5, 2 ; Suetonius, Galb. , 4] ; fructifer only of trees) : pomifer (bearing fruit for eating, of trees).
Fruitful in anything, ferax, fecundus, fertilis alicujus rei (the construction with the ablative belongs to the Silver Age and poetry). To make fruitful, feraciorem reddere ; fecundare ; lætificare [vid. FERTILIZE] : to make the earth fruitful by anything, aliqua re terris dare fecunditatem. || FIG. , a fruitful writer, multorum librorum scriptor or auctor : an age fruitful in every vice, * sæculum vitiorum ab omnibus partibus feracissimum : a fruitful year, annus fertilis (opposed to sterilis) : this year was very fruitful, magnum proventum frugum fructumque hic annus attulit (after Plinius, Ep. , 1, 13, 1). || Fertile in ideas, ferax, fecundus, uber. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) uber et fecundus (Cicero) [vid. FERTILE] ; in quo est magna inveniendi copia (Quintilianus, with reference to oratorical invention).
FRUITFULLY,Vid. FERTILELY.
FRUITFULNESS,Vid. FERTILITY.
FRUITION, fructus (the proper word) : usus (the use of anything ; both as state, when we have the enjoyment of anything) : usura (the use without the full possession : natura dedit usuram vitæ, tamquam pecuniæ). Often by circumlocution ; the happy man must have the fruition of the good things he possesses, utatur suis bonis oportet et fruatur, qui beatus futurus est.
FRUITLESS, infecundus (of the soil ; opposed to fecundus) : sterilis (barren ; of a year ; opposed to fertilis : of the soil, opposed to opimus) : inutilis (useless) : vanus (that remains without effect, vain ; e. g. , undertaking, inceptum) : irritus (opposed to ratus ; followed by no substantial effect ; e. g. , inceptum ; fruitless requests, preces ; labor, labor). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) vanus et irritus ; irritus et vanus : fruitless things, cassa, orum ; inania, ium : to take fruitless trouble or pains, operam perdere ; operam frustra consumere or conterere ; oleum et operam perdere (the last proverbially, Cicero, ad Div. , 7, 1, 3) ; saxum sarrire (also proverbially, Martisalis, 3, 91, 20) ; frustra laborem suscipere.
FRUITLESSLY, frustra (without success ; with reference to the disappointed person) : nequidquam (without effect ; with reference to the thing which has come to nothing) : incassum (without accomplishing one’s end, mostly when the failure might have been anticipated ; casse, used by Livius, 24, 26, and cassum, by Seneca, Her. , Œt. , 352, are not usual). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) frustra ac nequidquam (Catullus, 75, 1) ; incassum frustraque. You take pains fruitlessly, operam perdis.
FRUSTRATE, v. , [Vid. To DEFEAT = frustrate. ] Thus this undertaking of theirs was frustrated, ita frustra id inceptum iis fuit : frustrated, vanus : irritus.
For “to frustrate a will ;” vid. “to make INVALID. ” FRUSTRATE, adjective, vanus : irrftus : futilis (that can not be supported) : inutilis (of no use).
FRUSTRATION. Vid. DEFEAT, s. = frustration.
FRY, s. , fetus piscium (their young) : examen piscium or pisciculorum, with or without minutorum (Terentius), parvorum (Cicero ; examen piscium, Plinius, 31, 1, 1). A fry of little fishes, pisciculi parvi (Cicero). A dish of fried meat, * caro frixa, or * frixa, orum (if small pieces). Vid. To FRY.
FRY, v. , frigere, or (for more distinctness) frigere ex oleo (Plinius) ; * frigere ex butyro or adipe (as the case may be), or frigere in sartagine (in a frying-pan, Sidon. Ep. , 41).
Fried, frixus. Compare To ROAST.
FRYING-PAN, sartago : frixorium (a pan for frying or roasting large pieces). To jump out of the frying-pan into the fire, ire tendo de fumo ad flammam (old Prov. ap. Aminian. , 14, 31, 12) : take care that you don’t jump out of the frying-pan into the fire, ita fugias, ne præter casam, ut ajunt (Terentius, Phorm. , 5, 2, 3, Ruhnken).
FUDDLE,Vid. To INTOXICATE.
FUDDLE-CAP,
FUDDLER,Vid. DRUNKARD, BIBBER.
FUDGE! gerræ! FUEL, lignum : ligna, ortim (logs ; opposed to materia or materies ; i. e. , timber ; but arida materies may be used for fire-wood) : cremia, orum (small wood, or twigs for burning, Columella, 12, 19, 3 ; Plinius, 12, 19, 42) : igniaria, orum (wood for kindling or making a fire) : ignis alimentum (for keeping up the fire) : res, quibus ignis excitari potest (Cæsar, B. G. , 7, 24, 4, of whatever will get up a fire). To send out to cut wood for fire [vid. To CUT]. To add fuel to the flames (improperly), oleum addere camino (Prov. , Hor. , Sat. , 2, 3, 321) ; incendium excitare or * incendium jam factum non restinguere sed excitare ; flagranti jam alicui rei velut faces addere (e. g. , militum animis, Tacitus, Hist. , 1, 24).
FUGACIOUS,Vid. FUGITIVE, adjective.
FUGACIOUSNESS,
FUGAC1TY,
FUGITIVENESS, Vid. FLEETINGNESS, INCONSTANCY, INSTABILITY.
FUGITIVE, adjective, fugax (that passes by quickly) : fluxus : caducus (transitory, passing by) : volucer (fleeting ; not remaining or lasting ; e. g. , fortuna, spes, cogitatio) : instabilis (that is not stable, of no continuance) : vagus (roving ; hence figuratively = inconstant) : volubilis (that will change or turn) : mobilis (that is easily turned or moved) : inconstans (inconstant) : levis (flowing, slippery).
FUGITIVE, s. , profugus (the unfortunate man who is obliged to forsake his home, and, like a banished man, wanders in the wide world, like φυγάς) ; mostly domo or patria profugus : fugitivus (theguilty person who flees from his duty, his post, his prison, his master, like δραπέτης) : extorris (the banished person, as wandering about without any country of his own).
FULFILL, implere : explere : ad effectum adducere (to carry it into act ; e. g. , a plan) : respondere, satisfacere alicui rei (to answer ; e. g. , anybody’s expectation, to perform) : To fulfill a duty, officium facere, præstare, exsequi ; officio fungi ; officio suo non deesse ; officio satisfacere (officium explere and officii partes implere, seldom, and never in Cicero) : to fulfill every duty, nullam partem officii deserere ; toward anybody, nullum munus officii cuipiam reliquum facere : to fulfill a plan, ad effectum consilii pervenire (Cicero), or aliquid ad effectum adducere (Livius ; opposed to spe concipere, Livius, 33, 33, fin. ) : to fulfill a command, imperium observare ; imperato satisfacere ; punctually, imperium diligenter exsequi : to fulfill a law, legem servare : to fulfill an agreement, pacto stare : to fulfill a promise, fidem persolvere ; promissum præstare ; fidem suam liberare : he has not fulfilled his promise, non exsolvit, quod promiserat : to fulfill our promises to the state, quæ reipublicæ polliciti sumus (or simus) exitu præstare (Planc. ap. Cic. , Fam. , 10, 8, 3) : to fulfill anybody’s desires, optata alicujus explere ; alicujus optatis respondere ; voluntati alicujus obtemperare ; alicui morem gerere (to comply with or suit one’s self to his ways) ; anybody’s desires, spem implere or explere : may Heaven fulfill your desires! dii tibi dent, quæ optes ! dii dent, quæ velis! your prayers! tibi dii, quæcumque preceris ! to be fulfilled ; i. e. , to have the expected result, evenire ; evadere (e. g. , dreams are fulfilled, somnia or quæ somniavimus, evadunt). Anybody’s prophecy is fulfilled, aliquis non falsus vates fuit ; ab aliquo prædictum est fore eos eventus rerum, qui acciderunt : to fulfill anybody’s vows, vota ad bonos exitus ducere (of the god who grants the request) ; votum solvere, dissolvere (of the person who
pays his vow). To fulfill his destiny, fata implere (Livius, 1, 7).
FULFILLING,
FULFILLMENT, conservatio (observance, e. g. , of one’s duties) : exitus : eventus (issue, result ; to which bonus or secundus may be added) : exsecutio : peractio (the execution, accomplishment) : absolutio : perfectio (the state of perfection). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) absolutio perfectioque : confectio (completion) : consummate (consummation). May Jupiter grant the fulfillment of my wishes, utinam Juppiter mea vota rata esse jubeat.
FULGENCY,
FULGOR,Vid. BRIGHTNESS, SPLENDOR.
FULGENT,
FULGID,Vid. BRIGHT.
FULIGINOUS, fuligineus (sooty ; soot-colored ; e. g. , nubes, Petronius, color, Arn. ).
FULL, || Filled with anything, plenus, of anything, alicujus rei or aliqua re (the proper word. Cf. , Not with the ablative in Cicero, except where the genitive would cause ambiguity ; vid. Muret. , Var. Lect. , 17, 4) : repletus, of anything, aliqua re (filled to the brim) : completus, of anything, aliqua re (quite filled up) : oppletus, of anything, aliqua re (filled, so that the surface is covered) : confertus, of anything, aliqua re (crammed full) : refertus, of anything, aliqua re or alicujus rei (crammed full ; e. g. , of a treasury) : abundans or affluens aliqua re (abounding in) : consitus aliqua re (planted with, etc. ; e. g. , a wood full of tall trees, nemus proceris arboribus consitum) : frequens (numerous, filled with people ; e. g. , theatrum senatus).
Full to the very brim, ad margines plenus (e. g. , lake, lacus) ; impletus ad summum (of an amphora, Columella) : full of sublime thoughts, sententiis clarissimus (of an author) : to be full of wine, vini plenum esse : to stuff one’s self full (with food), cibo se complere ; cibo et potione se implere : to be full of joy, gaudio impleri, perfundi (perfusum esse, etc. ) ; of anxiety, pectus alicujus anxiis curis impletur ; of astonishment, admiratione impleri, imbui : to be full of expectation, exspectationis or exspectatione plenum esse ; of hope, certain spem habere : with his (her, etc. ) eyes full of tears, multis cum lacrimis ; oculis lacrimantibus : to have one’s hands full, maximis occupationibus distineri : full of life [vid. LIVELY] : half full, semiplenus : to moke full, [vid. To FILL. ] || Entire, wanting nothing to its completeness, plenus (that has no empty space in it, in general ; also, full in number, etc. ) : integer (undiminished). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) plenus atque integer : solidus (that has no gap, that constitutes one whole ; of years, days, hours, payments, etc. ) : totus (entire, originally full, in contradistinction to the single parts) : justus (proper, such as it ought to be ; of weight, height, age).
Full (in number), plenus (e. g. , legio, not completus) : justus (that has the full or proper number to constitute one whole) : integer (vid. above) : frequens (assembled in proper number, e. g. , senate). The full interest, usura solida : of full age [vid. AGE] : full power, potestas aliquid faciendi : infinita licentia : arbitratus (cf. Kritz, Sallustius, Jug. , 105, 1) : to give anybody full power, alicui alicujus rei faciendæ licentiam dare or permittere (cf. Cicero, Verr. , 3, 94, 220 ; Sallustius, Jug. , 103, 2) ; infinitam licentiam alicui dare : to do anything, alicujus arbitrio rem gerendam tradere or committere. [Vid. PLENIPOTENTIARY. ] To have full authority from anybody, mandata habere a aliquo : at full speed, incitato cursu : at full gallop, equo citato or admisso : a full excuse, idonea excusatio ; probably cogere.
Full dress, dierum sollemnium vestis (after Columella, 12, 3, 1), or vestis seposita (kept for grand occasions, Tib. ). || Having a breadth of sound, plenus, plenior (opposed to exilis ; e. g. , vox : ampla vox, Gellius) : a voice that is too full, sonus (vocis) nimium plenus : to have a full voice, voce plenum esse : a man with a full voice, homo plenior voce. || Having a depth of color, satur (color, Plinius, 37, 10, 61). || Omitting no particulars ; given in detail (of narratives, etc. ), plenus (full) : accuratus (careful) : multus : longus(multus, with reference to the number of words used ; longus, with reference to the matter ; both implying too full) : copiosus, or (stronger) uber, uberior (containing a rich supply of facts, etc. ) : verbosus (wordy) : fusus (pouring itself out, as it were ; opposed to what is compressed, concise, abrupt ; a poem, speech, author, etc. ) : A full proof, argumentatio plena et perfecta : to give anybody a full account (by letter), accurate, diligenter, multis verbis scribere ; of anything, quam diligentissime scribere de aliqua re ad aliquem ; latius perscribere aliquid : to speak at full length, copiose et abundanter loqui : to relate anything at full length, ordine narrare (to go into detail, relating each occurrence in its order) : to discuss at full length, uberius or fusius disputare, dicere ; latius et fusius disserere ; accurate disputare : to give a full explanation of anything, aliquid accurate or pluribus verbis explicare : to quote anybody’s words at full length, * alicujus verba omnia dare : to have a full knowledge [vid. KNOWLEDGE]. || With reference to the memory or mind that is full to overflowing with a subject. Anybody is full of anything, aliquis totus hoc scaturit (Cœlius, ap. Cicero, Fam. , 8, 4, 2) aliquis aliquid semper in ore habet : everybody is full of, etc. , aliquis or aliquid in omnium ore (et sermone) est ; aliquis or aliquid per omnium ora fertur (for good or evil, tota cantari urbe, † Horatius) : the whole town or country is full of anything, aliquid tota urbe or regione percelebratur. || Wide, large (of a dress), laxus (e. g. , toga). || Seen in its broadest dimension : a full face, adversa facies (Quintilianus, 2, 13, 9) : tota facies (id. ib. , 12, opposed to imaginem alicujus latere tantum uno ostendere).
FULL, s. , * justa mensura. [Vid. FULLNESS. ]To pay anybody in full, solidum suum alicui solvere (Cicero, Rabir. , 17, 40) : to claim payment in full, solidum petere ; suum totum exigere (both Quintilianus, 5, 10, 105) : to give anybody a receipt in full, * apocha testari solidum suum sibi solutum esse or se accepisse : a receipt in full, perhaps * solidi accepti apocha ; but apocha only is mostly sufficient. To the full ; vid. FULLY.
FULL, v. , || To thicken (cloth) in a mill, probably cogere, since coactilia = cloth so thickened. || To cleanse, whiten, etc. , cloth, curare polireque (e. g. , vestimenta ; of the fuller, Ulpianus, Dig. , 47, 2, 12) : album or candidum facere (the great business of the fuller at Rome being to “whiten” the robes of candidates for the great magistracies, etc. ; hence Livius, 4, 25, legem promulgare, ne cui album in vestimentum addere petitionis liceret causa) : detergere (to cleanse from stains, etc. ).
FULL-BLOODED, sanguine multo (e. g. , homines, Vitruvius, 6, 1).
FULL-BLOWN, || PROPR. , (of flowers), apertus, expansus : dehiscens. || IMPROPR. , vid. TUMID, INFLATED.
FULL-BODIED (of wine), plenum vinum (strong, Celsus).
FULL-BRED, generosus (e. g. , equus, Quintilianus, 5, 11, 4) : nobilis (e. g. , mare, equa). Twenty thousand full-bred brood mares were sent into Macedonia, viginti milia nobilium equarum in Macedoniam missa ad genus faciendum.
FULL-EARED, * plenus spicarum.
FULL-FED, multo cibo et potione completus (Cicero) : cibo (vinoque) gravatus (Livius) : vino atque epulis oneratus.
FULL-GROWN, adultus : adulta ætate : adultæ ætatis. A full-grown man or person, pubes (genitive, eris) : full-grown youths, robusti juvenes.
FULL-LENGTH, iconicus (εὶκονικός, technical term ; vid. Plinius, 34, 4, 9 ; 35, 8, 34 ; e. g. , a full-length figure, effigies iconica ; simulacrum iconicum, especially if of stone, plaster, etc. ) : statua iconica (a statue as large as life). To take a full-length portrait of anybody, aliquem iconicum pingere. Looking-glasses in which a man may see a full-length image of himself, specula totis paria corporibus.
FULL-MOON, plenilunium (also used in the plural) : luna plena. It happened to be full-moon, ea nocte accidit, ut esset plena luna : at the full-moon, quum impletur luna (opposed to quum inchoatur luna).
FULL SUMMED,Vid. “full in number” in FULL.
FULLER, fullo : coactor linarius (Inscript. Grut. , 648, 3). A fuller’s shop, fullonica : a fuller’s business or trade, fullonica : to carry on the business or trade of a fuller, fullonicam facere ; vestimenta curare polireque (Ulpianus).
FULLER’S EARTH, creta fullonia.
FULLING (of cloth), fullonica : fullonia ars (Plinius).
FULLING-MILL, fullonica (sc. officina).
Fulling-mills, fullonia, orum (Ulpianus).
FULLNESS, plenitas (as quality, when anything is full) : plenitudo (the lasting condition ; e. g. , of a body, etc. , i. e. , its thickness). || IMPROPR. , e. g. , to pray from the fullness of one’s heart, * ex animo fundere preces. || Fullness (as disease), implementum (e. g. , capitis, Cœlius, Aur. , Tard. , 1, 5). || Fulness, (α) of color, saturitas (Plinius, 9, 39, 64). (β) Of sou nd, plenus sonus : Cf. , gravitas linguæ, Cicero, De Or. , 3, 11, 42, is a faulty fullness ; a heaviness or thickness of utterance. κυρικιμασαηικο
FULLY, plene : integre : absolute [SYN. in FULL] : accurate (carefully ; e. g. , scribere) : perfecte (perfectly) : omnino (entirely, in every respect; opposed to magna ex parte, etc. ) : prorsus [entirely, without exception ; e. g. , prorsus omnes)
: plane : in or per omnes partes, per omnia (in every respect) : penitus : funditus : radicitus (thoroughly, from the very bottom of the thing) : cumulate (in heaped up [ = very abundant] measure, Cicero). To accomplish anything fully, aliquid plene perficere : to express anything fully so, plene et perfecte sic dicere aliquid.
FULMAR, Procellaria * glacialis (Linnæus).
FULMINATE, intonare (Cicero, Liv. , of a speaker) : tonare (Cicero, of Pericles : tonare, verba, † Propert. ). To fulminate threats against anybody, * verborum fulmine or fulminibus percellere aliquem ; verborum or suum fulmen intentare alicui (after Livius, 6, 39, dictatorium fulmen sibi intentatum) ; minas jactare (Cicero) ; minas interfere alicui (Tacitus) ; terrere aliquem minis (Ennius).
FULMINATION, verborum fulmina (Cicero, Fam. , 9, 21, 1, quoting an expression of Pætus’s) : fulmen (e. g. , verborum, suum, etc. ) alicui intentatum (cf. Livius, 6, 39). To imitate anybody’s fulminations, alicujus verborum fulmina imitari (Pætus, ap. Cicero, Fam. , 9, 21, 1). Anybody utters these fulminations, hæc intonat aliquis, plenus iræ (Livius, 3, 48). FULSOME, fastidium creans or afferens : teter (nauseous ; of smell, taste, looks ; e. g. , sapor, odor, etc. ) : molestus (creating displeasure) : putidus (offensive) : odiosus (troublesome) : intolerabilis (unbearable).
Fulsome flattery, assentatio nimia or molesta.
FULSOMELY, odiose : putide : moleste [SYN. in FULSOME].
FUMBLE, * læve, rustice, imperite, etc. (according to the meaning) manibus contrectare (to handle awkwardly). To fumble in one’s pocket, * manum in imam fundam raptim perturbateque demittere (or in imam crumenam, in imum sinum [vid. POCKET]). If the patient fumbles with his blanket, si æger in lodice floccos legit (picks at it ; after Celsus).
FUMBLER, * imperitus artifex.
FUMBLINGLY, inepte : incommode (not properly) : imperite (in an inexperienced manner). To do anything fumblingly, vid. To FUMBLE.
FUME, s. || Smoke, vid. || Vapour, vid. : halitus : anhelitus (the fume of wine, etc. : postero die ex ore [ebriorum] halitus cadi, Plinius) : crapula (κραιπάλη), the fumes of wine that one has drunk). To sleep off the fumes of the wine, crapulam edormire atque exhalare (Cicero). || Heats of passion, ira : impetus et ira : iracundia (passionateness).
FUME, || To smoke, Vid. || To pass away in vapor [vid. To EVAPORATE]. || To be hot with anger, ira incendi, excandescere : furenter irasci : effervescere stomacho iracundiaque vehementius : ira or iracundia ardere.
FUMIGATE, odores incendere ; odoribus suffire : to fumigate with anything, suffire aliqua re ; e. g. , with thyme, thymo. To fumigate anything : fumigare : suffumigare aliquid (general term ; e. g. , casks, dolia) : suffire aliquid : suffitionem alicujus rei facere (with incense, e. g. , casks).
Fumigated, suffitus.
FUMIGATION, suffitio : suffitus (with incense ; the latter, Plinius ; also, in plural) : Cf. , suffumigatio, in Vegetious, etc. , denotes the smoking from below ; e. g. , to kill bees.
FUMITORY (a herb), fumaria (Plinius, 25, 19, 98 ; ib. , 15, 23, capnion = καπνιον). The common fumitory, * fumaria officinalis (Linnæus).
FUN, jocus : ludus (amusement). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) ludus et jocus : res ridicula (laughable thing, occurrence). “Fun” is often best translated by the plural, ludi, joca or jocularia ; ridicula (ludicrous speeches and actions). In fun (opposed to in earliest) [vid. “in JOKE”]. To say anything in fun, jocari aliquid ; dicere aliquid per jocum (for a joke) : it was only my fun, jocabar : to make fun of anything, jocari de aliqua re ; aliquid in ludibrium vertere, with accusative (e. g. , religion, res divinas in ludibria vertere, after Tacitus, Ann. , 12, 26, 2) : to be full fun, jocularia fundere, ridicula jactitare (to be cutting jokes ; at a given time ; both Livius, 7, 2) : to make fun of anybody, aliquem ludibrio habere ; aliquem ludos facere (comedy) ; putare sibi aliquem pro deridiculo et delectamento ; alludere alicui (if with words ; e. g. , Trebatio, Quintilianus, 3, 11, 18).
FUNCTION, actio : negotium (business) : officium (duly ; part to be performed) : ministerium (service) : vicis (genitive ; nominative singular not found ; duty as performed by a substitute) : munia (plural, only in this form ; candidatorum, belli, ordinum, consulatus). Anybody’s functions, alicujus negotia, partes, officia, or munia : the functions of the consul, actio consularis : the functions of the tribunes, actiones tribunorum (Livius) : the natural functions of the body, naturales corporis actiones (Cf. , officium is also used of natural functions in poetry, officium quod corporis exstat, Lucretius, 1, 337 ; and neque pes neque mens satis suum officium facit, performs its functions, Terentius, Eun. , 4, 5, 3). To perform functions, officiis fungi ; officia exsequi ; munia facere (Livius), obire, or implere (Tacitus) ; munia alicujus rei facere (Livius, ; e. g. , belli) ; vice alicujus rei fungi (to serve for it ; to serve its purpose) ; anybody’s functions, munia alicujus implere (e. g. , ducis, Tacitus) ; officiis alicujus fungi (Auct. , Heren. , 4, 34) ; vice alicujus fungi (the two last of being a substitute for him ; doing the work that was usually done by another).
FUNCTIONARY,Public functionary, magistratus (magistrate) : (homo) publicus (cf. Cæsar, B. G. , 6, 13) : minister publicus (e. g. , lictores ceterique ministri publici, Appuleius, Met. , 9, p. 237, 26 ; the best phrase for the lower public functionaries). The high functionarys of state, summis honoribus fungentes : summi magistratus, or qui summis rnagistratibus præsunt (cf. Cæsar, B. G. , 1, 16).
FUND, || Stock or capital, supply of money. [Vid. CAPITAL, MONEY. ]There are no funds to meet this expense, * non est, unde sumtus isti tolerentur : that these funds should be reserved for supplying the military chest, militare ærarium eo subsidio niti (Tacitus, Ann. , 1, 78, 2). Cf. , For “not to have funds, ” “to undertake anything without funds,” etc. [vid. MONEY]. || Money lent to a government, * æs alienum publice contractum (public debt), or pecunia publica (or regis, principis) fide sumta mutua (borrowed on the national faith, after pecunia sua aut amicorum fide sumta mutua, Sallustius, Cat. , 24, 2) : versura publice facta (considered as the state’s borrowing from others to pay its immediate creditors). To put money into the funds, perhaps pecuniam apud principem (regem, etc. ) collocare (to lend one’s money to the king), or “pecuniam publica fide mutuam dare. The funds fall, * ærarii fiducia conturbatur (after conturbatur arcæ nostræ fiduciam, Cicero) ; or * syngraphæ de versura publica caventes minoris veneunt (the price of public scrip is lower) : the funds are low, * pretia syngrapharum de versura publica caventium jacent (after pretia piædiorum jacent, Cicero) ; * fides publica est angustior : the funds rise, * ærarii fiducia augetur ; * syngraphæ de versura publica caventes majoris veneunt : the funds are stationary, * fides publica non commutata est : to try to raise the funds (of stock-jobbers, etc. ), * fidem publicam incendere, excandefacere, or incendere et excandefacere, flagellars (the terms for raising the price of corn, annonam) : to lower the funds, * fidem publicam levare or laxare (terms for corn).
FUNDAMENT, podex : anus (the former the obscene term from “pedere ;” the latter the euphemistic one from ” anus, ” orb) : nates : clunes (the seat ; nates, of men ; clunes, of men and beasts) : sedes (is a more euphemistic term for nates). Diminutive, cluniculæ (Favorin, in Gell. , 15, 8, 2).
FUNDAMENTAL, adjective, primus : primarius (first) : principalis ( primary ; chief ; e. g. , causa). A fundamental law, lex primaria : a fundamental notion, prima notio or notitia : principium : intelligentia quasi fundamentum scientiæ (Cicero, Legg. , 1, 9). A fundamental principle or rule, præceptum firmum et stabile (Cicero) : the fundamental articles of a constitution, instituta prima : the fundamental principles of human nature, principia naturæ, quibus parere et quæ sequi debes (Cicero, or debent omnes).
FUNDAMENTAL, s. ,
Fundamentals, * capita doctrinæ sacræ prima or principalia, or * doctrinæ sacræ principia.
FUNDAMENTALLY, primo : principio : primitus (originally) : vere : præcipue : imprimis, necessario (essentially). [SYN. in ESSENTIALLY. ]To be fundamentally different, ipsa rei natura, diversum esse.
FUNERAL, funus (ἐκφορά ; general term, the carrying out of the corpse) : exsequiæ funeris, and simply exsequiæ all that follows the corpse ; a funeral train ; funeral procession) : pompa funeris, and simply pompa (a splendid funeral profession, when the persons who accompanied it were attended also with further pomp, as the bearing of the images of ancestors, etc. ) : justa, orum, neuter ; justa funebria, neuter plural (the last duties paid to a corpse, which were prescribed by law or adopted by custom) : sepultura (the way and manner of burying a corpse ; burial as a solemnity). A numerously attended funeral, celebritas supremi diei (Cicero, Milan. , 32, 86) : a splendid funeral, funus amplum, apparatissimum : an honorable funeral, funus honestum : to celebrate a funeral, funus facere ; funus exsequiis celebrare : to make a funeral for anybody, funus alicui facere, ducere ; funere efferre aliquem ; alicui or alicujus funeri justa facere, solvere : a magnificent funeral, funus quanto possum apparatu facio ; justa magnifice facere : to make a magnificent funeral
for anybody, amplo, or magnifico, or apparatissimo funere aliquem efferre : to make anybody a magnificent and honorable funeral, funus alicujus omni apparatu et honore celebrare ; alicui pompam funeris honestam et magnificam facere : to give anybody a princely funeral, efferre aliquem sollemni principum pompa (after Suetonius, Claud. , 45, where, for efferre, the un-classical funerare) : to give anybody a royal funeral, prope regio funere aliquem efferre ; regio more alicui justa facere : to make anybody a plain funeral, aliquem sine ulla pompa funeris efferre : to order one’s own funeral to be made (in one’s own lifetime), sibi vivo et videnti funus dici jubere (as the Emperor Charles V. did ; after Cicero, Quint. , 15, extr. ) : componi se in lecto et velut mortuum a circumstante familia se plangi jubere (to cause one’s self, in one’s lifetime, to be lamented as if dead, by one’s domestics, as Turranius did, accusative to Seneca, De Brev. vit. , 20) : to attend anybody’s funeral, funus exsequi ; exsequias comitari ; exsequias funeris alicujus prosequi ; alicui in funus prodire ; in funus alicujus accedere (to join one’s self to anybody’s funeralprocession) : to invite anybody to a funeral, aliquem evocare ad funus ; to the funeral of anybody, ut aliquis alicui in funus prodeat.
FUNERAL, adjective, used in the composition of words, e. g. , FUNERAL SERMON, ORATION ; vid. those compound words.
FUNERAL CRY, lamentatio funebris ; lamenta, orum ; plangor et lamentatio (general term, the crying at a funeral ; plural, when joined with beating on the breasts, etc. ) : lessus (especially the funeral howl of the female mourners, in Cicero, De Legg. , 2, 23, extr. , explained by lugubris ejulatio).
FUNERAL EXPENSES, sumtus funeris (Ulpianus, Dig. , 11, 7, 12) : impensa funeris omnis (Phædrus, 4, 19, 25).
FUNERAL FEAST, cœna funebris : epulum funebre or ferale (if a public one). To give a funeral feast, sepulcrum epulis celebrare.
FUNERAL FEES, arbitria funeris : merces funeris ac sepulturæ (but, Cf. , pretium pro sepultura is not Latin). To have no funeral fees to pay, nummum ob sepulturam dare nemini.
FUNERAL HYMN, nænia : carmen funebre (general term, a hymn or dirge that was sung at a funeral ; the latter we find, in definition of the former, in Quintilianus, 8, 2, 8) : cantus funebris (inasmuch as it is sung ; vid. Cicero, Milon. , 32, 86) ; also, carmen ferale.
FUNERAL ORATION, oratio funebris (general term) : laudatio funebris ; from the context, laudatio only (in praise of the deceased) : laudatio post mortem sollemnis (of the usual public oration). To write a funeral oration, orationem ad funebrem concionem scribere : to deliver one, de mortui laude dicere ; aliquem mortuum laudare ; orationem habere supremis alicujus laudibus. Cf. , Not concio funebris, which in Cicero, De Or. , 2, 84, 341 = “an assembly for the purpose of celebrating a funeral. ” Epitaphius (sc. λόγος) is used in Cicero, Tusc. , 5, 12, 36, as the title only of a Greek funeral oration.
FUNERAL PILE, rogus : The Greek pyra (πυρά) is poetical, and of a later date only, and signifies rogus ardens ; i. e. , the pile while burning. To raise a funeral pile, rogum exstruere : to put (a corpse) on the funeral pile, in rogum imponere or inferre : to light it, rogum acœndere : to ascend it, in rogum ascendere.
FUNERAL POMP, exsequiarum apparatus (all that is necessary for a funeral) : pompa funebris (the procession itself).
FUNERAL PROCESSION, exsequiæ : pompa (if attended with any pomp or show).
FUNERAL RITES, justa, or justa funebria, or justa exsequiarum (the last, Cicero, Legg. , 2, 17, 44, the rites prescribed by law or custom) : Cf. , parentalia = the funeral sacrifice offered to the manes of a parent or other relation ; exsequiæ, properly = the train of mourners, etc. To perform funeral rites to anybody, alicui justa facere (Sallustius) ; alicujus funeri justa solvere (Cicero) ; justa præstare or persolvere (Curtius), peragere (Plinius). After the performance of the funeral rites, justis funebribus confectis (Cæsar) : to be deprived of burial and the customary funeral rites, sepultura et justis exsequiarum carere (Cicero).
FUNERAL SERMON,Vid. FUNERAL ORATION.
FUNERAL SONG,Vid. FUNERAL HYMN.
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FUNERAL TORCH, fax funebris.
FUNERAL TRAIN,Vid. FUNERAL PROCESSION.