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FOLLOWER, assecla (a dependent on a noble, mostly in a contemptuous sense ; then, also, e. g. , a disciple, scholar, especially of a philosopher, and a follower of a philosophical sect ; Cf. , sectator and assectator, in this sense, belong to the Silver Age) : socius : amicus (a companion, friend) : fautor : studiosus alicujus (a favorer, supporter) : suitor : admirator (an admirer) :
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gregalis (a companion, comrade, in a bad sense). The followers of anybody (in a political sense), qui sentiunt cum aliquo ; qui stant cum or ab aliquo ; qui faciunt cum aliquo ; qui alicujus partibus favent ; qui alicui student : alicujus sectam secuti (especially in a philosophical, but also in a political sense ; e. g. , Livius, 8, 19, pro Vitruvio sectamque ejus secutis). Cf. , For the followers of philosophical sects, the Latin has also proper appellatives ; e. g. , the followers of Pythagoras, Socrates, Democritus, Epicurus, Pythagorei, Socratici, Democritici, Epicurei (or Democriti, Epicuri, etc. , sectam secuti).
FOLLOWING, sequens or insequens, secutus or insecutus (used when a real following is spoken of, always in reference to something going before, which is also, frequently mentioned before ; e. g. , to create tribunes for the following year, in insequentem annum tribunos creare, Livius, 5, 36 : there are many festivals in the following month, sequens mensis complures dies feriatos habet, Plinius, Ep. , 10, 12 (24), 4, where September had been previously spoken of ; which device the following emperors also, used on their seals, qua imagine insecuti quoque principes signarunt, Suetonius, Oct. 50) : alicui proximus : secundus ab aliquo (that follows anybody in order or succession ; of persons) : adjacens (that lies near ; of things) : futurus : venturus : posterus (of succession in time). The following day, dies posterus (as opposed to to-day or yesterday) ; dies sequens or insequens (the day which follows an occurrence, etc. : vid. Suetonius, Tib. , 18 ; Dom. , 16) : on the following day (he did this or that, etc. ), postero die ; postridie (ejus diei) : all following ages, omnis perpetuitas consequents temporis. Cf. , If in narrative, reference be made to a point mentioned in the next words, then “following” must be rendered by a demonstrative, especially by hic, hæc, hoc ; sometimes by ille, illa, illud ; e. g. , he spoke the following words [vid. ” as follows, ” under To FOLLOW, 7). In the same manner, hoc. . . illud must be employed for the English, ” this (the foregoing). . . the following ;” e. g. , these things refer to enjoyment, the following to the necessaries of life, hæc oblectationis, illa necessitatis (vid. Cicero, Ecl. , p. 75).
FOLLY, || As state ; quality of mind, stultitia : dementia : fatuitas : insipientia : dementia : amentia : delirium. [SYN. of adjectives in FOOLISH. ]That is a very great folly, there can be no greater folly, quo nihil est stultius : I consider it the height of folly to, etc. , summæ dementiæ esse judico, with infinitive ; or quid est stultius, quam. . . ?To have reached such a height of folly, eo dementiæ progressum esse. || A foolish action or deed, * stulte or inepte factum ; stultitia. It is folly to, etc. , stultitia est (aliquid facere). To commit a folly, stulte or imprudenter facere (from imprudence) : to commit all sorts of folly, omnia stulte facere : to bear anybody’s follies, alicujus stultitias ferre : to give way or to submit to anybody’s follies and absurdities, alicujus stultitias et ineptias devorare : an excess of folly, insania : deliratio : mentis alienatio. || Depravity, pravitas : improbitas (moral perverseness, that tends to).
FOMENT, fovere aliquid : alicui rei fomenta adhibere or admovere.
FOMENTATION, || As action, fotus, us (Plinius) [fomentatio, Ulpianus]. || As application, fomentum (a warming application) : malagma, atis (a softening application). To apply a formentation, fomentum corpori admovere (Celsus) : warm formentations, fomenta calida.
FOMENTER, concitator : concitator et instimulator (exciter of disturbances, etc. ). Vid. EXCITER.
FOND, || Foolish, vid. || Indulgent to excess, indulgens : perindulgens : nimis indulgens. || Attached to, etc. , deditus alicui or alicui rei : studiosus alicujus or alicujus rei : addictus alicui or alicui rei. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) addictus et deditus : devotus alicui or alicui rei (stronger term). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) deditus devotusque. To be fond of, amare aliquid (to like or love it) ; delectari or oblectari aliqua re (to delight in anything) ; aliqua re gaudere (to take great pleasure in anything) : to be fond of anybody, alicujus amore captum esse ; aliquem amare ; aliquem amore amplecti ; amorem erga aliquem habere ; aliquem in amore habere ; to be very fond of anybody, alicujus esse cupidissimum : to be fond of anything (i. e. , of eating anything), aliquid appetere ; alicujus rei appetentem, or cupidum, or avidum esse (to long for or lust after it) : he was very fond of small fish, pisciculos minutos maxime appetebat : not to be fond of anything, aliquid spernere, aspernari (to despise anything ; aspernari not used in the Golden Age) : to be fond of strong drink, vino deditum esse : to be fond of pleasure, voluptatibus se dedere : to be excessively fond of music, penitus se dedere musicis (i. e. , to devote one’s self entirely to it). || Wanton, trifling, vid.
FOND,
FONDLE, blandiri alicui (with words and gestures) : permulcere aliquem ; also with addition of manu (to stroke with one’s hand) : amplexari et osculari aliquem (to embrace anybody).
FONDLING, Vid. a FAVORITE.
FONDLY, || With great affection, ardenter : vehementer : cum vi or cum impetu (ardently) : blande : amanter (tenderly, lovingly) : pie (with the love of a parent) : animo or ex animo (with all one’s heart ; opposed to simulatione, simulate). to look fondly on anybody ; perhaps molli vultu aliquem aspicere (Ovidius, Met. , 10, 609). || Foolishly, vid.
FONDNESS, || Tenderness. [Vid. AFFECTION, LOVE. ]|| Foolishness, vid.
FONT, baptisterium (βαπτιστήριον, later only).
FOOD, alimenta : penus (general terms for victuals ; alimenta, mostly with reference to the wants of an individual ; penus, to the wants of a whole family = provisions) : cibus : esca (“food ;” meat, opposed to drink, cf. Cicero, Fin. , 1, 11 ; 2, 28 ; cibus, natural food, as a means of nourishment ; esca, the food that is artificially prepared as a dish ; hence cibus, also, of the food of brutes ; but esca only a bait, prepared, as it were, like a dish, and set before them) : cibaria (the most general and usual sorts of food) : edulia (savory and select sorts of food). To take food, cibum capere, sumere, or (of the habit) cibum capessere (e. g. , animalia cibum partim dentibus capessunt) : to take too much food, little food, etc. , vid. ” to EAT much, little, ” etc. : to abstain from food, cibo se abstinere ; jejunare (to fast) : to digest one’s food, cibum conficere or concoquere : to give anybody nothing but his food, aliquem nunquam salario, cibariis tantum sustentare (Suetonius, Tib. , 46).
FOOL, s. , || A silly fellow or person, homo stultus : homo fatuus : homo insipiens : homo demens. [Vid. FOOLISH for SYN. of adjectives. ]A great fool, homo stultissimus ; homo stultior stultissimo (Plautus, Amph. , 3, 2, 25) ; stultus bis terque (after Cicero, Quint. , Fr. , 3, 8, extr. ) : a little fool, stultulus ; homuncio (as term of contempt) ; capitulum (in a joking manner ; e. g. , a droll or amusing little fool ; lepidum capitulum, in Terentius. Eun. , 3, 3, 25) : to pretend to be a fool, stultitiam simulare : to play the fool, simulatorem stultitiæ induere : to make a fool of anybody, aliquem stultum reddere ; aliquem infatuare [if = deceive, take in, vid. ] : to act like a fool, stulte, stolide, dementer facere : to be fool enough to believe anything, stolide or dementer credere : to spend one’s time, money, etc. , like a fool [vid. ” to FOOL away”]. I consider him a great fool indeed, who, etc. , bis stulte facere duco, qui, etc. : unless they are absolute fools, nisi plane fatui sunt (Cicero) : he made his pupils greater fools by half than they were when he received them, discipulos dimidio reddidit stultiores, quam acceperat : he is not such a fool as you would take him to be, præter speciem sapit or callidus est (after Plautus, Most. , 4, 2, 49, ” præter speciem stultus es”). (I see) you are no fool, haud stulte sapis. PROV. Every one has a fool in his sleeve [vid. “has his HOBBY”]. O you good, easy fool! O tuam mansuetudinem!that man is an absolute fool, hoc homine nihil potest esse dementius. Leave off playing the fool in that way, quin tu mitte istas nugas or ineptias. || A person not in his right senses, mente captus : vesanus : delirus. [SYN. in MAD. ]|| Professional jester, coprea (at court) : sannio (that amuses by gestures in general) : scurra (a person who amused the company by his wit at the table of the rich Romans) : maccus (in the Atellanic plays of the Romans, after Diom. , 488, Putsch. ). To play the fool * copreæ personam tueri or sustinere ; * copreæ partes agere.
FOOL’S-CAP, || PROPR. , * copreæ pileus (the head-dress of a court buffoon). || Paper of a largish size, charta major ; charta majore modulo ; macrocollum (the last, with reference to the paper used by the ancients, Cicero and Plinius ; the different sorts
were, charta hieratica, Augusta, Liviana, Claudia). Vid. PAPER.
FOOL, v. TRANS. , ludere : ludibrio habere : ludificari (to make or render an object of derision) : illudere (to make game of). To fool anybody with vain hopes, aliquem spe lactare et producere [ = deceive, cheat, vid. ]. || To fool away : to fool away one’s time, tempus perdere lasciviendo (after Ovidius, Met. , 11, 286) ; tempore abuti : to fool away one’s money, effundere : profundere (to spend without use ; e. g. , pecuniam, patrimonium) ; dissipare (to dissipate ; e. g. , patrimonium, possessiones) ; lacerare (to ruin ; e. g. , rem suam, bona patria) : to fool anybody out of his money, aliquem circumducere or circumvertere argento : aliquem emungere argento : perfabricare aliquem (all comedy only).
FOOL, v. INTRANS. , jocari : ludere : ludos facere : nugari : nugas agere (to commit absurdities) : jocularia fundere : ridicula jactitare (the last two, Livius, 7, 7) : to fool with anybody, cum aliquo ludere, jocari, joca agere.
FOOLERY, nugæ : ineptiæ (stuff). A truce to that foolery! quin tu mitte istas nugas or ineptias!
FOOL-HARDINESS, stolida audacia : temeritas (temerity) : stolida fiducia (a foolish confidence in one’s self).
FOOL-HARDY, stolide or stulte ferox : stolida audacia ferox : stolidæ audaciæ. (The words are found in this connection and order. ) stolidus feroxque : temerarius (rash).
FOOLISH, stultus (foolish, from want of practical wisdom, μωρός ; opposed to prudens, of persons or things) : fatuus (silly ; from want of judgement) : stolidus (from want of reasonable moderation ; from brutality) : demens (that has lost his mind ; who acts senselessly) : ineptus (without good sense) : insulsus (absurd) : mente captus : vesanus (insane, mad) : ridiculus (amusing, like a fool) : mirus (strange). A foolish affair or thing, mira res ; mirum negotium : a foolish fellow (i. e. , droll), ridiculum caput. I consider it very foolish to, etc. , summæ dementiæ esse judico, with following infinitive.
FOOLISHLY, stulte : stolide : dementer : inepte : imprudenter : insipienter. [SYN. in FOOLISH. ]To believe anything foolishly, aliquid stolide or dementer credere.
FOOLISHNESS, Vid. FOLLY.
FOOT, || The limb, so called, PROPR. and IMPROPR. , pes : calx (the heel). To come, travel, etc. , on foot, pedibus ire, venire ; iter facere : he goes on foot, pedibus incedit : to serve on foot, pedibus merere or stipendia facere ; stipendia pedestria facere (Livius, 7, 13) : to fight on foot (of cavalry), pedibus prœliari ; also, descendere or desilire ex equis (to dismount in order to fight on foot) : to make the cavalry fight on foot, equitatum or equitem deducere ad pedes : the cavalry fought on foot, pugna it ad pedes : to throw one’s self at anybody’s feet, ad pedes alicujus se abjicere, projicere, prosternere, provolvere ; ad pedes alicui or ad genua alicujus procumbere ; ad pedes alicujus procidere ; ad pedes alicujus, ad genua alicui accidere ; genibus alicujus advolvi ; prosternere se et supplicare alicui (as supplicant) : se alicui pro aliquo supplicem objicere ; supplicare alicui pro aliquo : to lie at anybody’s feet, ad pedes alicujus jacere, stratum esse, stratum jacere : to have sore or bad feet, pedibus non valere ; pedibus captum esse : one who has sore or bad feet, pedibus æger ; male pedatus (Suetonius, Oth. , 12) : not to be able to go on foot any longer, usum pedum amisisse : to set foot in any place, pedem ponere in locum or in loco : not to stir a foot beyond etc. , nusquam longius vestigium movere : not to set a foot out of doors, pedem e domo non efferre ; pedem e domo non egredi : to tread on anybody’s foot, pede suo pedem alicui premere : to tread or trample anybody under foot. , pedibus aliquem conculcare, proculcare (properly, and without pedibus ; also improperly ; vid. Lat. Dict. ). To put the best foot foremost, pleno gradu tendere : gradum addere, accelerare, corripere : a journey on foot, iter pedestre : to take a journey on foot, iter pedibus ingredi ; iter pedibus facere, conficere : one who walks on foot, pedes : a kick with the foot, * pedis ictus : the extremity of the foot, or the point or tip of the foot, pes ultimus ; digiti (pedis) summi (the tips of the toes) : the sole of the foot, vola : relating to the sole of the foot, plantaris : down to the sole of the foot, usque ad imos pedes. A covering for the feet, pedum tegmen (e. g. , to have a certain covering for the feet, aliquo tegmine pedum indui, Tacitus, Ann. , 1, 41, 1) ; fascia pedalis (a tie for the feet) : a snare for the feet, pedica : disease of the foot, pedum vitium : he tramples under foot the rights of the people, omnia jura populi obterit : to trample under foot all divine and human rights, omnia divina humanaque jura permiscere : the usage or ceremony of kissing anybody’s foot, * mos pedis osculandi : to admit anybody to kiss one’s foot, alicui porrigere osculandum sinistrum pedem (after Seneca, Benef. , 2, 12, 1). || The lowest part of anything, pes (e. g. , of a table, a bench) : the foot of a column, basis (the lower square part of which was called plinthis or plinthus) : the foot of a mountain, radices montis (Cf. , not pes montis) : at the foot of the mountain, in radicibus montis : in infimo monte ; sub jugo montis : at the very foot of the mountain, in imis montis radicibus (e. g. , ferri, of a river) : the town is situated at the foot of the mountain, oppidum monti subjectum est. Cf. , ” At the foot of anything, ” e. g. , of a letter, is to be rendered by ” extremus, ” if the very last part of anything is meant ; e. g. , the letter at the foot of which, etc. , epistola, in qua extrema, etc. || A foot as measure, pes (also with the addition of porrectus, if it runs in one line, and with the addition of contractus, if it forms an angle ; vid. Nitsch, Beschreibung des häuslichen, etc. , Zustandes der Römer, vol. i, p. 525) : one foot large, or in size, pedalis (in general, one foot long, high, etc. , but it may also mean “a foot in diameter;” e. g. , of the sun, Cicero, Acad. , pr. 2, 26, 82 : Cf. , pedaneus post-classical) : pedem longus (one foot long) : two feet large, bipedalis : half a foot large, semipedalis : one foot and a half large, sesquipedalis : five feet high, quinque pedes altus : ditches five feet deep, fossæ quinos pedes altæ : I don’t see a single foot of land in Italy, which, etc. , pedem in Italia video nullum esse, qui, etc. || Infantry, vid. || IMPROPR. , To set (anything) on foot, aliquid introducere (to introduce) ; aliquid movere, commovere (e. g. , to set on foot something new, nova quædam commovere, Cicero, Acad. , 2, 6, 18) ; initium alicujus rei facere or pellere (to start anything, to make the beginning with it ; e. g. , sermonis initium pellere, Cicero, Brut. , 87, 297) ; mentionem alicujus rei movere (to cause the mention of anything to be made, or resolution respecting anything, to be adopted ; vid. Livius, 28, 11).
FOOT, v. TRANS. and INTRANS. || To kick, spurn, vid. || To new-sole boots, * calceis soleas suffigere. || To walk on foot [vid. FOOT]. || To foot it, vid. To DANCE.
FOOT-BALL, Vid. the different sorts of balls known to the Romans, under BALL.
FOOT-BATH, * lavatio pedum : to takc a foot-bath, lavare pedes. Vid. FOOT-PAN.
FOOT-BOARD, scamnum : diminutive, scabellum (low bench, either for sitting on or for resting the fool upon).
FOOT-BOY, puer (or servus) a pedibus ; also, a pedibus only : my foot-boy, puer, cui do mandata (after Juvenalis, 6, 354).
FOOT-BREADTH, * latitudo pedis or pedalis.
FOOT-BRIDGE, ponticulus (a small bridge for foot-passengers).
FOOT-CLOTH, tapes (but only in the plural). κυρικιμασαηικο
FOOT-GUARDS, delecta manus, quæ principis corpus domumque custodit : stipatores corporis : delecta inanus, quam princeps præsidii causa circa se habet.
FOOTING, || Ground, solum (e. g. , ground to stand on) [vid. also, GROUND]. || The firm planting of the foot, or power of planting it firmly. To get a firm footing, firmiter insistere : firmo gradu consistere (properly) : consistere (improperly) : I can’t get a firm footing, gradus instabilis me fallit ; vestigium fallit (properly, I am slipping) ; sistere non possum (improperly, vid. Benecke, Justin. , 11, 1, 6) : there is no getting a firm footing, aliquid vestigium fallit or non recipit : those that could not get a firm footing, ii, quos gradus instabilis fefellit (Curtius, 7, 11, 6) : (a place) where one cannot get a firm footing, lubricus. || Condition, state, settlement, modus (the measure, as it were, according to which or by which anything is to be done) : ratio (method of proceeding) : mos (custom). To place anything on a fixed footing, * certum alicujus rei modum constituere : to place (anything) on the old footing, in pristinum restituere ; ad antiquum morem revocare : to restore anybody to his old footing (of intimacy) with anybody, aliquem restituere in alicujus veterem gratiam ; restituere aliquem alicui : to place a province on the same footing as the rest, provinciam in eandem conditionem, quam ceteras, vocare : to live with anybody on an equal footing, ex pari or ex æquo vivere cum aliquo : to be on a very intimate footing with anybody, familiariter uti aliquo ; familiaritatem habere cum aliquo.
FOOTMAN, a pedibus(puer or servus) : pedissequus (a slave who accompanies or attends his master on his walks).
FOOT-PAD, grassator (one who will lie in ambush for people coming out of the town ; vid. commentators on Suetonius, Cæsar, 72, extr. , and Oct. , 32) : latro (general term).
FOOT-PATH, semita : crepido semitæ (the side-path for foot-passengers ; trottoir in French) : callis : trames. SYN. in WAY.
FOOT-PAN, labrum (general term) : alveus (a tub) : solium (a sort of metal pan or vessel used for bathing in general).
FOOT-RACE, cursus certamen : curriculum. To run a foot-race, cursu certare.
FOOT-SOLDIER, pedes, itis. To serve as a foot-soldier ; vid. “To serve on FOOT. ” FOOT-STALK, pediculus : petiolus.
FOOT-STEP, vestigium. To follow anybody’s footsteps. , vestigiis alicujus instare ; aliquem vestigiis sequi (poetically, vestigia alicujus legere) : (improperly) vestigiis alicujus ingredi ; vestigia alicujus premere (i. e. , to follow his example) ; vestigia alicujus implere, persequi ; aliquem ipsius vestigiis persequi (to follow them exactly).
FOOT-STOOL, scabellum.
FOOT-TRAP, stimulus (Cæsar, B. G. , 7, 73, in which passage it is thus defined, talea, pedem longa, ferreis hamis infixis, quæ tota in terram infodiebatur, etc. ; stilus cæcus is, according to Hirtius, B. Afr. , 31, the same thing) : murex ferreus (a square iron machine which always turned its points or spikes upwards, whichever way it was thrown, Curtius,
4, 13, 36) : pedfca (snare, for catching an animal by the foot).
FOP, homo ineptus (absurd, empty personage) : bomo putidus (affected in manner) : trossulus (an empty fellow, a coxcomb ; vid. Ruhnken, Sen. , Ep. , 76, 1) : homo elegans or elegantior (very particular in his dress) : bellus homunculus (a spruce young fellow, a dandy, Varro, in Gell. , 13, 11, med. ) : homo pumicatus (literally, one who smoothes his skin with pumice, out of vanity, a ” petit maître ;” vid. Plinius, Ep. , 2, 11, extr. ) : homo vulsus (one who has his hair pulled out of his face to look smooth ; vid. Spald. , Quint. , 2, 5, 12, p. 265) : juvenis barba et coma nitidus, de capsula totus (our, ” as if taken out of a band-box, Seneca, Ep. , 115, 2) : Cf. , trossulus (vid. above) meant anciently eques Romanus, but was used as an epithet toward the end of the republic ; vid. Ruhnken, Sen. , 76 : an old amorous fop, cana culex (as epithet in Plautus, Cas. , 4, 3, 12) : like a fop, elegantior (e. g. dress, cultus) : to behave like a fop, * inepte se gerere.
FOPPERY, || Affectation of show, * putidæ ineptiæ.
FOPPISH, || Foolish, vid. || Vain in show or of dress, bellus : inanis : vanus : futilis.
FOPPISHLY, e. g. , to behave foppishly, * inepte se gerere.
FOPPISHNESS, Vid. FOPPERY.
FOR, prep. || In the place of, as a substitute or equivalent, in exchange of, or denoting resemblance ; pro with ablative : loco alicujus or alicujus rei (in anybody’s place) : to die for anybody, mori pro aliquo : to pay or give two “mina’s” for anything, duas minas dare pro re : to have heard for certain, pro certo habere : to buy, sell, for ready money, præsenti pecunia or præsentibus numis aliquid emere, or vendere : to exchange life for death, mortem cum vita commutare : to change the profession of war for that of a husbandman, studium belli gerendi agricultura commutare : to learn anything by heart word for word, ad verbum ediscere : to copy an author word for word, auctorem ad verbum transcribere (Plinius, Hist. Nat. , præfat. , § 22) : to carry anybody away for dead, aliquem pro mortuo auferre : to take anything for granted, sumere, or habere, or putare pro certo : to give anything in exchange for something else, mutare aliquid aliqua re or cum aliqua re ; permutare aliquid aliqua re : to serve for wages, mercede conductum esse : I don’t do it for money, non quæro pecuniam : anything that may be had for money, venalis ; pretio venalis (also of persons) : for money, or for reward, pretio ; pretio motus, adductus (i. e. , for a recompence ; e. g. , to do anything). Cf. , If the definite price of anything is stated (e. g. , to buy anything for twenty talents), the ablative is used to express the price ; after indefinite sums, ” for a low, high price, ” etc. , the genitives magni, maximi, plurimi, pluris, parvi, minoris, minimi, tanti, etc. , are used, and also after æstimare ; after verbs of ” buying and selling, ” the following stand in ablative, magno, permagno, plurimo, parvo, nihilo : what would I not give for it ! quidnam darem !to give (or be willing to give) or pay any price whatever for an object, quovis pretio aliquid redimere velle : for how much ? quanti ?to pay too much for anything, male emere : to make anybody pay for anything (improperly ; i. e. , to punish him), gratiam alicui referre : I shall have to pay for my folly, ego pretium ob stultitiam fero (comedy) : what do (or will) you sell that for? quanti hoc constat?what will you take for it? quanti indlcas? quanti hoc vendis?what or how much did you give for it ? quanti rem emisti?what do you give (or pay) for board, lodging, and tuition? quanti cœnas, habitas, doceris?for nothing, gratis : sine mercede (The words are found in this connection and order. ) gratis et sine mercede (opposed to mercede, for wages or pay) ; gratuito (without interested motives, merely from kindness ; opposed to accepta mercede, as Sallustius, Jug. , 85, 8) : to do anything for nothing, aliquid gratis et sine mercede facere : you shall have it for nothing, gratis tibi constat ; gratuitum est : to count or reckon for nothing, pro nihilo putare, habere, ducere, æstimare ; also nihilo and nihil æstimare. || Denoting intention of going to, toward, ad or in aliquem locum : to set sail for any place, vela dirigere ad aliquem locum ; navem or cursum dirigere aliquo ; petere or tenere locum (e. g. , Diam petentes primo ad Mendin tenuere, Livius, ; tenere = cursum tenere) : he sailed for the place of his destination, cursum direxit, quo tendebat : to set sail for Macedonia, classe navigare in Macedoniam : the place I am bound for, * locus, quo proficisci fassus sum : to set out for any place, ire, proficisci aliquo. || In favor of ; for the use of ; on account or for the sake of, pro with ablative(but only in cases in which contra or adversus would express the contrary notion ; the primary notion of “for” or “in anybody’s place” being always prominent) : secundum with accusative (in accordance with, but never expressing, like ex, causality) : in usum or gratiam alicujus (in favor of anybody, for anybody’s advantage, use, etc. ). To vote for anybody (e. g. , at an election, etc. ), suffragio suo ornare aliquem ; suffragio suo adjuvare aliquem in petendis honoribus ; suffragari alicui ad munus (vid. Plinius, Ep. , 2, 1, 8 ; 8, 23, 2 ; Cicero, Off. , 1, 39, 138) : to vote for such or such a thing, suffragari alicui rei (i. e. , to decide in favor of it ; e. g. , alicujus consilio) : to intercede for anybody, deprecari pro aliquo : he said a great deal for our side, multa secundum causam nostram disputavit : to speak for and against anything, de aliqua re in utramque partem or in contrarias partes disputare (Cf. , not pro et contra) : a good deal may be said both for and against the zeal you display in your duty, either that. . . or that, etc. , de officio tuo in utramque partem disputari potest ; vel in eam. . . vel in eam (vid. Cicero, De Div. , 11, 27, 7) : I neither speak for the matter nor against it, neque ullam in partem disputo : to be for or against a law (of two parties), favere adversarique legi (vid. Livius, 34, 1) ; suadere, dissuadereque legem (to advise or oppose its adoption ; vid. Livius, 45, 21, compared with 34, 1) : anything makes for the opposite party, aliquid facit or (of a thing personified) stat ab adversario ; aliquid facit or (of a thing personified) stat cum adversario : to be for anybody’s advantage, e re alicujus esse ; alicui prodesse or utile esse ; aliquem juvare : for my advantage or interest, e re mea : for the advantage or interests of the state, e republica : to lay aside his party feeling for the sake of the state, studium reipublicæ (dative) dimittere (Cæsar, B. C. , 1, 8 ; cf. inimicitias suas reipublicæ condonare, Cicero ; largiri, Tacitus). Cf. , Often “for, ” in similar phrases, is expressed by the dative only ; e. g. , to demand anything from anybody for anybody, ab aliquo petere alicui aliquid : we are not preparing ourselves for the school, but for life, non scholæ, sed vitæ discimus : for the public or general welfare, omnium salutis causa. || Towards, in : adversus (both with accusative, in a friendly as well as a hostile sense) : erga (in a friendly sense only ; e. g. , love for anybody, amor in or erga aliquem). Cf. , In many instances, however, an oblique case is sufficient to express “for ;” e. g. , a remedy for fear, remedium timoris (or timori) ; love for anybody, amor alicujus ; care for you, vestri cura : an oblique case must not, however, be used unless where it is quite free from ambiguity : an oblique case (mostly the dative) will also suffice after certain adjectives ; e. g. , after “fit, ‘ “convenient, ” etc. ; but also the genitive is sometimes used instead ; e. g. , anxious for anything, studiosus alicujus rei : So after ” it is becoming ” or ” unbecoming ” for anybody, decet or dedecet aliquem. || In proportion, according to, pro (different both from secundum, which denotes accordance, and from ex, which implies causality) : for my part, pro mea parte (i. e. , according to the measure of my strength ; Cf. , equidem has been generally explained “I, for my part ;” but Hand shows that this force does not belong to it, but that of an affirmative particle, the affirmation referring to the speaker. Since, however, “I, for my part” is often little more than this, affirming that the speaker will do so and so, whether others do or not, “I, for my part” is often sufficiently translated by equidem) : every one for himself, pro sua quisque parte : for so great a victory there was but little bloodshed, minor clades quam pro tanta victoria fuit : they are very few for the number of the well-disposed, pro multitudine bene sentientium admodum pauci : they thought that, for their numbers and their military glory, their territory was too confined, pro multitudine hominum et pro gloria belli angustos se fines habere arbitrabantur (Cæsar). Another circumlocution by which this proportional “for” is translated is with ut, where “esse” or ” exspectari poterat” must be supplied ; e. g. , he was learned for those times, erat, ut temporibus illis (sc. esse poterat) eruditus. So ; a rich man for those times, ut tum erant tempora, dives : an eloquent man for a Theban, satis exercitatus in dicendo, ut Thebanus scilicet (Nepos). || Denoting purpose, sometimes by the gerundive, or by the gerund in the genitive with “causa” or by the accusative with ad ; e. g. , Antigonus delivered up the corpse of Eumenes to his friends for interment, Antigonus Eumenem mortuum propinquis ejus sepeliendum tradidit : for the purpose of foraging, pabulandi causa (e. g. , tres legiones mittere) : for the purpose of laying Celtiberia waste, ad depopulandam Ceitiberiam. By later writers the participle future active
is used in similar cases after verbs denoting or implying motion. To do anything for the purpose of, etc. , facere aliquid eo consilio, ut etc. “For” may also be translated by the supine : for the purpose of imploring, etc. , (vemunt) rogatum, etc. ; and by ut or qui with subjunctive. || Denoting duration of time ; e. g. , for ten days, per decem dies. It may also be rendered by the accusative, but with this difference, that “per” is pointed out more exactly the uninterrupted duration of time ; and by inter of what has or has not occurred within a space of past time, Germani inter quatuordecim dies tectum non subierunt (Cæsar) : to give anybody a pension for life, * aliquem annuis, dum vivit, præbitis sustentare : for a short time, paullisper ; ad tempus (only for a while) : parumper (for a short while) : for a few days, in paucos dies : they have water on board for forty-five days, aqua dierum quinque et quadraginta in nave est : for ever, in omne tempus ; in perpetuum ; perpetuo (Terentius, Eun. , 5, 8, 13) ; in æternum (as Livius, 4, 4, in æternum urbe condita) ; in omnem vitam (for life ; as Seneca, Ep. , 108, alicui rei in omnem vitam renunciare) : for days and days, dies continuos complures (e. g. , in litore facere) : for the time to come [vid. “for the FUTURE”] : for the present ; [vid. PRESENT] : for once, non plus quam semel (not more than once) : once for all, semel ; e. g. , ut semel dicam (vid. Spald. , Quint. , 5, 13, 3) : to ask the use of his father’s chariot for a day, in diem currus paternos rogare (Ovidius, Met. , 2, 48). || As denoting the time for which some arrangement is now made, mostly in with accusative, he invited him for the next day, (ad cœnam) invitavit in posterum diem : the auction is fixed for January, auctio constituta est in mensem Januarium : not only for the present, but for next year, nec in præsens modo sed in venientem annum. || As far as, or according to (e. g. , my knowledge) : for anything I know, quantum sciam ; quod quidem nos audierimus (as far as I have heard or learnt). ||Concerning : as for me, you, such or such a thing, etc. [vid. CONCERNING] : it is not for me (i. e. , not my business), hoc non meum est ; hæ non meæ sunt partes : so much for that (i. e. , concerning that point), hæc hactenus ; de his hactenus : thus much for divination (i. e. , regarding it), hæc habui, quæ de divinatione dicerem : it is not for a young man to, etc. , non decet juvenem (with following infinitive ; e. g. , to do anything of that description, tale quid facere [vid. , also, To BECOME]). || Notwithstanding ; e. g. , for all that (speaking of dangers, for instance) the ranks remained immovable, or the soldiers kept their ground, for some time, tamen (e. g. , in tot circumstantibus malis) mansit aliquamdiu immota acies : for all my entreaties, quamquam sæpe eum rogaveram : he encountered many dangers, but for all that (he was not disheartened), multa pericula subiit, sed neque hæc perpessus, etc. : for all its fine name, qui tamen tanto nomine quam sit parvus vides (Cicero, De Rep. ) : for all his old age and grey head, he is a fool, stultus est adversus ætatem et capitis canitiem : but for all their years, they were both of them young in mind, sed in hac ætate utrique animi juveniles erant : they were found out, for all their miserable appearance, noscitabantur tamen in tanta deformitate : for all my entreaties, he returned to Rome, contemtis or neglectis precibus meis Romam rediit : for all his cries, licet alta voce clamaret : but for all that, atqui (as waiving a preceding proposition, and opposing to it something stronger or more certain). || Denoting adherence, the being favorably inclined toward : to be for anything, alicujus rei amicum, amantem esse : to be for a free government, reipublicæ liberæ esse amicum ; libertatis esse amantem : those that are for the king, regii (i. e. , the king’s party) : to be for the Persians, Persarum esse studiosum or fautorem ; cum Persis facere ; Persarum rebus or Persis favere. [Vid. “to be anybody’s FOLLOWER. “]|| Denoting propensity ; e. g. , for drink, vinolentia : to have an inclination for anything, inclinatum, proclivem, pronum esse ad aliquid (the latter bent on anything) : taste for anything [vid. TASTE]. || Respecting anybody or anything ; e. g. , to fear for anybody, metuere, præmetuere, timere, prætimere (†) alicui : to fear for one’s self, suis rebus or sibi suisque rebus timere (‘pro se adire sollicitudinem, ” Plinius, Ep. , 2, 9, 1, is an affected expression) : to entertain great fears for the state, de republica valde timere. || Against, with a tendency to resist ; e. g. , to provide wood for the winter, providere ligna in hiemem. || Denoting use or remedy ; e. g. , to be good for anything, mederi alicui rei ; remedio esse ad aliquid ; utilem esse contra aliquid, or alicui rei, or adversus morbum (Cicero) ; prodesse adversus aliquid or alicui rei (as well of medicines as other things) ; salutarem esse ad aliquid ; prodesse ad aliquid (e. g. , ad morsus serpentum) ; valere adversus aliquid ; efficacem esse contra aliquid : to give such a medicine for the dropsy, medicamentum dare ad aquam intercutem (Cicero) : do you know of any remedy for it? num medicinam hujus rei in venire potes?is there no remedy for it? huic morbo nullane est adhibenda curatio ? (vid. Cicero, Tusc. 3, 2, 4), or nullamne huic morbo medicinam facere potes?|| Denoting the use to which anything is to be put : to be good for anything, ad aliquid or alicui rei utile esse ; usui esse ; for nothing, ad nullam rem utilis : fit for anything [vid. FIT]. || Because, by reason of, on account of (denoting cause) : for fear, metu ; propter timorem ; metu coactus, permotus : for this reason, propter hanc causam ; ob eam causam : for certain reasons, certis de causis : to like anybody for his sweet disposition, aliquem pro ejus suavitate amare : for good reasons, justis de causis : to have good reasons for anything, cum causa aliquid facere ; non sine gravi causa aliquid facere : for that reason, ea de causa ; ob or propter eam causam : for more than one reason, aliquot de causis : to be praised for anything, alicujus rei nomine laudari : for your sake, tua, causa : for the sake of age and honor, ætatis atque honoris gratia : to entreat anybody for heaven’s sake, aliquem per deos orare or obtestari (Sallustius). || As : to take for granted, sumere, or habere, or putare pro certo ; pro explorato habere : you have taken for granted that the gods are blessed, deos beatos esse sumsisti : it is taken for granted by the philosophers, inter omnes philosophos constat : to know anything for certain, rem exploratam habere ; aliquid certe or pro certo scire ; aliquid certis auctoribus comperisse : I know for certain, certum scio ; certo scio ; certo comperi ; certum or pro certo habeo : to take (anybody or anything) for a model, aliquem sibi imitandum proponere ; proponere sibi aliquem ad imitandum ; aliquem exemplum sibi deligere ; also, imitari only ; aliquid ad imitandum proponere ; aliquid in exemplum assumere. || For (in negative sentences) denoting a preventive cause : you will not be able to see the sun for the multitude of their darts, solem præ jaculorum multitudine non videbitis (Livius) : the decree could not be heard for the clamor, decretum exaudiri præ strepitu et clamore non potuit. (Cf. , præ must not be used of a positive case : to leap for joy, gaudio or lætitia [not præ gaudio] exsultare ; but we may say præ gaudio vix compotem esse animi, because the joy is what nearly prevents a man fin being himself). || Denoting motive or reason : what for? cur? quam ob rem ? quapropter ? qua de causa ? quid est, quod ? etc. (asking for the motive of anything) : what are you doing that for? cur hoc facis ?|| MISCELLANIOUS EXAMPLES : for good, in omne tempus : he has given up anything for good, alicui rei in omnem vitam renunciatum est : for one’s life ; e. g. , don’t tell anybody for your life, cave, ne dicas or dixeris : to be at a loss for ; e. g. , for a proper expression, verbis satis dicere non possum : one feels at a loss for words to express anything, verbis aliquid dici non potest. Cf. , “For” often stands before the subject of an infinitive, and must be omitted in translation ; e. g. , it is right for children to obey their parents, rectum est, decet, oportet, etc. , liberos parentibus obedire. It is often a “sign” of the dative. It is impossible for me, hoc facere, efficere non possum : it is impossible for me to, etc. , fieri non potest, ut, etc. , or nequeo with infinitive ; e. g. , it is impossible for a king to live like a private person, nescit rex vivere privatus : for instance, or example, verbi or exempli causa or gratia ; sometimes vel [SYN. in INSTANCE] : for its own sake, gratis, gratuito ; often by ipse or per se ipse (e. g. , virtus per se ipsa laudabilis) : for anything I care, per me. . . licet (e. g. , per me quiescat licet). Cf. , Pro must be carefully used : dicere pro aliqua re and contra rem are right ; but “to speak for and against, ” is in utramque partem. Of price, of course “for” must be omitted. “For, ” with reference to a coming time, not pro but in hunc annum, proximum annum, etc. To be prepared for, paratum esse ad aliquid (e. g. , ad omnes casus). “For the present, ” nunc, in præsentia, hoc tempore. “Word for word” ad verbum (e. g. , ad verbum discere ; ad verbum aliquid ex Græcis exprimere) : to translate anything word for word, verbum pro verbo reddere (Cicero) : to return like for like, par pari reddere : he was left for dead, ille pro occiso relictus est, for which tamquam or uti occisus are elsewhere used (vid. Cicero, Sest. , 38 ; Cæsar, B. C. , 3, 109 ; Livius, Passim. , Krebs) : to produce arguments for the existence of the gods, afferre argumenta, cur dii sint : riches are sought after
for their use, divitiæ expetuntur, ut utare.
For this reason, that, etc. [vid. REASON].
For other combinations ; e. g. , to look for, to wait for, to wish for, etc. , etc. ; vid. To LOOK, To WAIT, etc.
FOR, conj. , (alleging a reason or cause), nam : namque : enim : etenim (with this difference, that “nam” introduces the subsequent sentence, as explicative of the preceding one ; the statement contained in the latter being defined by certain reasons alleged. The sentence joined by ” nam ” appears only as an appendix, as it were, to the preceding one ; hence “namque: ” both, as a general rule, stand at the beginning of the sentence : “enim ” is used if the subsequent sentence is necessary to render the preceding one intelligible, or establish the proof of whatever has been advanced in it : in this latter case the reason alleged is as important as the assertion itself : the copulative ” et ” is used to show the connection ; and hence ” etenim, ” which precedes the sentence for the purpose of giving prominence to the reason contained in it ; whereas “enim, ” if standing by itself, is always inserted somewhere into the sentence ; compare Zumpt, §345): Cf. , etenim and enim both sometimes assert what the speaker wishes to be taken for granted ; etenim is also, used in explanatory parentheses, and in questions, in which enim is also used ; but etenim ( = et quum ita res sit, quæso) makes the connection more distinct, Pr. Intr. , ii. , 791].
For – not, neque enim (but non enim is not so uncommon in Cicero as is supposed, Pr. Intr. ii. , 789) : for since, etenim, quoniam : for if, etenim si (ib. , 791) : for – never, neque unquam.
For nothing is, nihil est enim (Cf. , in a sentence with est beginning with the predicate, or non, num, nemo, nihil, quis, or if est is emphatic, est mostly takes the second, enim the third place, Pr. Intr. , ii. , 112). || Because, quum : quia : quod : quoniam : quandoquidem (implying also a reason, with this difference, that ” quum ” alleges a simple reason merely, our ” since ;”quia” and “quod, ” of which the former is the stronger, allege a reason founded on necessity, our ” because;” “quoniam” alleges a reason deduced from the accidental occurrence of circumstances, our “whereas ;” ” quandoquidem ” gives a reason inferred from some preceding circumstance) : siquidem ( = “since it is admitted, ” implies something known and granted ; vid. Zumpt, § 346). Vid. BECAUSE, especially on the manner of translating “for” = “because” by the relative (qui, quippe qui), a participle etc.
FOR AS MUCH AS, Vid. SINCE, INASMUCH AS, WHEREAS.
FORAGE, s. , equorum pabulum : pabulum : pastus (for cattle in general) : farrago (if consisting of grains). To suffer from want of forage, premi inopia pabuli : there is plenty of forage, magna copia pabuli suppetit : to prevent the enemy from obtaining forage, hostem pabulatione intercludere.
FORAGE, v. , pabulatum ire or proficisci : pabulari (to fetch forage for cattle). To send out soldiers to forage, pabulatum (pabulandi causa) milites mittere. || To ravage (obsolete), vid.
FORAGER, pabulator (Cicero).
FORBEAR, TRANS. and INTRANS. || To cease from anything, desist, desinere aliquid, or with infinitive (to desist from anything, opposed to cœpisse) : desistere aliqua re, ab or de aliqua re, or with infinitive : absistere aliqua re, or with infinitive (to leave off ; absistere not in Cicero, according to Görenz, Cicero, Legg. , 1, 13, 39) : mittere, with infinitive (to give over, to leave off ; e. g. , requesting or begging, mitto orare ; also, desisto rogare ; absisto petere). Sometimes parcere (as, parce, sis, fidem ac jura belli jactare, Livius). [Vid. To CEASE. ]|| To avoid, vid. Reason teaches us what to do and what to forbear, ratio docet, quid faciendum fugiendumque sit. || To abstain from, abstinere or se abstinere (a) re : se continere a re (to keep back from anything) : temperare sibi, quominus etc. : I cannot forbear, temperare mihi non possum, quominus etc. ; sibi temperare or se continere non posse, quin ; a se impetrare non posse, quin, etc. : to forbear shedding tears, lacrimas tenere ; temperare a lacrimis (Vergilius, Æn. , 2, 8 ; in Livius, 30, 20, temperare, lacrimis = to moderate one’s tears). || To pause, Vid. || Forbearing, indulgens : patiens : mitis. To be forbear toward anybody, indulgentia tractare or indulgenter habere aliquem : to be too forbearing, nimis or nimium indulgere alicui.
FORBEARANCE, || A shunning, devitatio : intermissio (omission for a time). || Command of temper, restraint of passion, imperium sui (general term, Plinius, 35, 10, 36, No. 12, § 86). [Vid. SELF-RESTRAINT. ]It has cost me, or required, a good deal of forbearance to, etc. , vix ab animo impetrare potui, ut, etc. : I can’t carry my forbearance so far as all that, * hoc a me impetrare nequeo. || Indulgence, exercise of patience, indulgentia : elementia : benignitas [SYN. in INDULGENCE] ; patientia : patiens animus : to treat anybody’s faults with forbearance, indulgere alicujus peccatis ; veniam dare errori : to treat anybody with forbearance, indulgentia tractare or indulgenter habere aliquem ; also, indulgere alicui : with much forbearance, magna esse in aliquem indulgentia : with too much forbearance, nimis or nimium alicui indulgere. To treat anything with forbearance, leniter ferre aliquid (Ovidius).
FORBID, || To prohibit, vetare, with accusative and infinitive (to forbid expressly, to declare by law, that anything is not to be done) : interdicere alicui aliqua re (in the Golden Age never alicui aliquid), or with ne (to forbid by virtue of official authority) : alicui prædicere with ne or ut ne (to impress upon anybody not to do anything ; it denotes the exhorting adviser, or friend) : to forbid anybody to do anything, vetare aliquem aliquid facere : to forbid anybody one’s house, interdicere alicui domo sua (after Suetonius, Oct. , 66) ; also, aliquem domum ad se non admittere : I am forbidden, vetor : it is forbidden, vetitum est ; non licet : the birds forbid it (in the auspices), aves abdicunt : since the physician does not forbid it, I will drink, medico non prohibente, bibam. || To hinder, impedire aliquid : impedimento esse alicui rei : impedimentum afferre alicui rei faciendæ (general terms) : obstare or officere alicui rei alicujus : prohibere [SYN. in HINDER] : non sinere aliquid, or, generally, non sinere aliquid fieri (οὐκ ὲᾶν τι , not to allow anything, not to let it pass or happen, e. g. , the passage over, transitum or transire non sinere) : to forbid anybody to do anything, prohibere aliquem aliquid facere or with ne, quominus faciat aliquid ; aliquem impedire ab aliqua re or ne, quin, quominus faciat aliquid ; non sinere aliquem aliquid facere ; aliquem arcere or prohibere aliqua re : to forbid the importation of wine, vinum importari non sinere : to forbid the approach to the shore, aliquem e nave egredi prohibere : nothing forbids our doing it, nihil impedit, quominus hoe faciamus : Heaven forbid, dii meliora ; ne id Deus sinat ; dii prohibeant, ne etc.
FORBIDDANCE, interdictum.
FORCE, v. || Compel by force, aliquem vi cogere (Cf. , cogere alone only when it means ” to compel “) : to force one to anything, aliquem vi cogere ad aliquid, with infinitive, or with ut and subjunctive ; aliquem (per vim) adigere, or aliquem subigere ad aliquid, or with ut and subjunctive ; alicui necessitatem imponere or injicere aliquid faciendi : to force one’s self, sibi vim facere ; naturæ repugnare : to force one’s self to do anything, invitum facere aliquid : the matter cannot be forced, res vi obtineri non potest : to find one’s self forced to, necessario cogi, with an infinitive : (Cf. , se coactum videre is not Latin). || To storm (a place), vid. || To break through (e. g. , the ranks of the enemy), perrumpere per aliquid (e. g. , the centre, per mediam hostium aciem or per medios hostes) : to force the passage of a river, per vim flumen transire : to force doors, locks, etc. , fores, claustra, etc. , effringere : to force a pass, vim per angustias facere. || To force a woman [vid. To RAVISH]. || To ripen anything artificially, aliquid ad maturitatem perducere (Plinius, 3, 12, 15, where he is speaking of an artificial method ; it may be strengthened by arte, or ante tempus, or non suo tempore, alienis mensibus, Vergilius, or the like), or perhaps festinare maturitatem alicujus rei (after matuvitas festinata, Quintilianus) : to force fruits for the market, * præcoces fructus esculentæ merci præparare (cf. Columella, 11, 3, p. 460, Bipont. ) : but he who wishes to have his cucumbers forced, sed qui præmaturum fructum cucumeris habere volet (Columella, 11, 3) : in this way you will force them early, sic præcocem fructum habebis : in this way cucumbers were forced for Tiberius Cæsar nearly all the year round, hac ratione fere toto anno Tiberio Cæsari cucumis præbebatur (Columella, 11, 3). || To force away, abripere : abstrahere : avellere (to tear away). || To force back [vid. To REPULSE]. || To force down, fistuca adigere (with an instrument) ; fistucare. || To force from, extorquere per vim alicui aliquid. || To force into (by beating or hammering), adigere alicui rei or in aliquid (e. g. , the wedge into a tree, cuneum arbori ; a nail into a beam, clavum in tignnm). || To force on [vid. URGE ON]. || To force open ; vid. above “to force a lock, a door, “etc. || To force out [vid. To DRIVE OUT] : to force the truth out of anybody, or a confession from anybody, alicui exprimere or extorquere confessionem ; exprimere or extorquere, ut fateatur aliquis ; cogere aliquem , ut fateatur (the last either with or without compulsion). || To force upon, objici ; se offerre
(of thoughts, opinions, fear, which press themselves upon us ; e. g. , to force itself upon one’s mind, se offerre ; objici animo) ; inculcare (of things) ; obtrudere (of persons and things) : to force one’s self upon anybody, se alicui venditare. [Vid. also, To INTRUDE. ]|| Forced (opposed to natural), arcessitus : you must take care that it does not seem forced, cavendum est, ne arcessitum dictum putetur : forced jokes, frigidi et arcessiti joci (Suetonius, Claud. , 21) : a forced interpretation, perhaps interpretatio contorta : to give a forced interpretation of a passage, * vim adhibere alicui loco : forced joy, necessitas gaudendi (opposed to gaudii fides, Plinius, Paneg. , 23, 6) : a forced style, oratio contorta : this may seem forced to somebody, hoc videatur cuipiam durius. || A forced march, magna itinera : by forced marches, magnis itineribus, or quam maximis potest itineribus ; magnis diurnis nocturnisque itineribus (e. g. , contendere aliquo, Cæsar) ; quantum potest itineribus extentis (Livius). To make a forced march, festinanter et raptim conficere iter (to march as quickly as possible) ; iter extendere (with quantum poterat, etc. , to make as long a march as possible, Livius). To make forced marches, iter continuare die ac nocte (to march by day and by night) ; magnis itineribus se extendere (Cæsar ; to take very long marches) ; magnis itineribus aliquo contendere (to any place).
FORCE, s. , || Strength, vis : vires (general terms) : robur (physical strength, corporis ; mental, animi) : nervi ; lacerti (the nerves, muscles, as the seat of the principal strength of man ; hence, figuratively = great force ; vid. Dict. ). The force of an argument [vid. COGENCY] ; to take by force, vi capere (general term) : vi eripere alicui aliquid (to take from anybody) ; urbem vi or per vim expugnare ; vi oppugnando urbem capere (to take by storm) : the force of eloquence, eloquentia (in a pregnant sense ; Sallustius, Cat. , 5, 4) : to use force, vi agere : to effect anything by force, vi manuque conficere aliquid ; per vim facere aliquid : to repel force by force, vi vim illatam defendere ; vim vi vincere ; vim vi expellere : to beat back or to repel by force, arma armis propulsare : with great force, omni vi, summa vi ; omni virium contentione : refuted by the force of truth, repulsus veritatis viribus (Phædrus, 1, 1, 9) : compelled by force, ex necessitate ; necessitate imposita ; necessitate or necessaria re coactus : to compel anybody by force, aliquem per vim adigere : to have recourse to force, vim adhibere : to exert all one’s force, omnes vires or nervos contendere ; summa ope niti or eniti ; omnibus viribus elaborare : to be in force, ratum esse (to be established, of laws, etc. ) ; exerceri (to be acted upon, of laws, Livius, 4, 51) ; also, valere, observari : to put a law in force, legem exereere ; to lose its binding force, evanescere (opposed to valere) : of no force, invalidus ; imbecillus (later form, imbecillis ; weak). If = invalid, vid. || Forces, (α) Troops, exercitus terrester or pedester ; copiæ terrestres or pedestres (all in contradistinction to copiæ navales) ; also, copiæ, exercitus only (in contradistinction to classis, vid. Curtius, 3, 1, 13) : to possess or to have great forces, copiis pedestribus multum valere ; terra multum pollere. (β) Sea or naval force, copiæ navales ; copiæ classiariorum (sea troops, marines) ; naves (ships) ; classis maritimæque res (fleet, and every thing belonging to it, in general) : to have great naval forces, permultum valere classe maritimisque rebus ; magnam navium facultatem habere : a state that has a considerable naval force, civitas navibus or classi valens ; civitas multum mari pollens. || By force of ; vid. “by DINT of. ” FORCEDLY, Vid. By FORCE, IN FORCE, and FORCIBLY.
FORCEFUL, validus, etc. Vid. POWERFUL, STRONG.
FORCELESS, Vid. WEAK.
FORCIBLE, valens : validus : firmus : potens : gravis (that produces a powerful effect on the mind) : vehemens (vehement) : violentus (violent) : fortis (strong) : nervosus (full of nerve). Vid. COGENT.
FORCIBLENESS, [Vid. FORCE. ]|| Cogency, vid.
FORCIBLY, || By force, vi : per vim : per potestatem (of a magistrate, etc. , Cicero). || Strongly, vehementer : valde (vehemently) : nervose : graviter. SYN. in FORCE or FORCIBLE.
FORD, s. , vadum. To make the army pass a ford, vado transmittere : to have no ford anywhere (of a river), nusquam vada aperire : it is crossed by a ford, vado transitur : to find a ford, vadum reperire (Cæsar).
FORD, v. , flumen vado transire. κυρικιμασαηικο FORDABLE, tenuis (of the water itself, and of rivers that are shallow) : tenui aqua, fluens (of rivers) :
Fordable places, vada, orum, plural ; loca vadosa, orum : to be fordable, vado transiri ; tenui fluere aqua (of rivers) ; summissum esse (to be low ; of water and of rivers) : to become fordable, summitti (of water and of rivers ; vid. Plinius, Ep. , 5, 6, 12).
FORE, anticus (that is in front, opposed to posticus ; e. g. , part of a house, pars ædium) : prior (that is the first ; opposed to posterior ; e. g. , the fore-feet, priores pedes) : exterior (the outer, opposed to interior ; e. g. , wall, vallum exterius) : adversus (that is opposite, opposed to aversus ; e. g. , teeth, dentes) : primores (those or such as occupy the first place or rank ; e. g. , teeth, dentes) : Cf. , anterior is not classic ; vid. Ruhnken, ad Muret. , Op. , 2, p. 924.
FOREARM, s. , cubitus : ulna.
FOREARM, v. , præmunire. || PROV. Forewarned is forearmed, * nihil ei imparato accidit, qui præmonetur : præcogitati mali mollis ictus venit (Seneca, Ep. , 76, prop. fin. ).
FOREBODE, || To prognosticate, portendere : significare (to mark, signify). || To have a secret presentiment, præsagire (with or without animo) : præsentire (to feel before) : divinare : conjectura augurari (to prophesy from a foreboding) : prædivinare (Varro). To forebode future events, præsentire futura ; conjicere de futuris.
FOREBODER, Vid. SOOTHSAYER.
FOREBODING, s. , præsagium : præsensio : animi divinatio (explained by Cicero, De Divin. , 1, 1, as præsensio et scientia rerum futurarum [vid. To FOREBODE] : præsagitio (the power of foreboding) : conjectura (a conjecture, supposition). My foreboding has not deceived me, nos nostra divinatio non fefellit.
FOREBY, Vid. NEAR.
FORECAST, s. , cogitatio (the plan as thought or existing in one’s thought merely) : consilium : consilium institutum (the plan as the result of one’s own meditation, or of consulting with others) : providentia (the precaution that calculates things to come, * Livius, 30, 5, 5 ; compare Cicero, De Invent. , 2, 53, 160) : provisio (a seeing before or avoiding ; Cicero, Tusc. , 8, 14, 30).
FORECAST, v. , ante considerare : agitare mente, or animo, or in mente (to turn over in one’s mind, to reflect) : considerare, especially with cum animo, or in animo, or secum (to take anything into consideration) : reputare (to reckon over in one’s mind, as it were ; to calculate the probable result of anything, with secum, animo, or cum animo) : prævidere, providere or prospicere ; also with animo ; futura prævidere : quæ sunt futura prospicere (to foresee). To forecast a plan, rationem inire de aliqua re perficienda.
FORECASTLE (of a ship), prora (πρώρα), or pure Latin, pars prior navis.
FORE-DESIGN, præstituere or præfinire (predetermine) : præparare ante (Livius, ; to prepare anything beforehand) : prædestinare (e. g. , triumphos, Livius, 45, 50 ; and in ecclesiastical sense).
FOREDOOM, Vid. To PREDESTINATE, To DOOM.
FOREFATHERS,
FOREGOERS, majores : priores : patres. Handed down to us from our forefathers, avitus ; proavltus.
FOREFEND, [Vid. FORBID, AVERT, PROVIDE FOR, SECURE. ] : Heaven forefend ! dii meliora !ne id deus sinat!dii prohibeant, ne, etc. : dii averruncent!quod abominor.
FORE-FEET, priores pedes : Vid. also, FOOT.
FORE-FINGER, digitus index ; from context, index only : digitus salutaris (Suetonius, Oct. , 80).
FOREGO, || To resign, renunciare aliquid or alicui rei (of enjoyments ; e. g. , ostreis in omnem vitam) : dimittere or remittere aliquid (to let go) : decedere or desistere aliqua re and de aliqua re (to desist from ; e. g. , sententia or de sententia : desistere also, with infinitive) : absistere aliqua re (also with infinitive, but no where used by Cicero ; vid. Görenz. Cicero, De Leg. , 1, 13, 39). To forego a project, desistere, absistere incepto : to forego one’s right, de jure suo cedere or decedere ; jus dimittere or remittere : to forego anybody’s friendship, alicui amicitiam renunciare : to forego honor and fame, honorem et gloriam abjicere. || To go before (obsolete) ; [vid. To PRECEDE].
FOREGONE, vid. PAST.
FOREGROUND, pars antica (the fore-part in general) : proscenium (of a theatre) : quæ in imagine eminent (of a picture or painting). To place or put anything in the foreground, aliquid primo loco ponere or collocare (in general ; e. g. , in a speech ; i. e. , to make anything a prominent part) : * in pictura alicujus rei or hominis imaginem primam ponere (in a picture).
FOREHEAD, frons : A high forehead, frons alta : a broad forehead, frons lata : a narrow forehead, frons brevis : a very narrow or small forehead, frons minima : a man with a broad forehead, fronto : to wrinkle one’s forehead, frontem contrahere, or adducere, or attrahere : to smooth one’s forehead, frontem remittere, or exporrigere (†), or explicare (†) : to strike one’s forehead, frontem ferire, percutere : to rub one’s forehead, os perfricare : anything is
written or expressed on anybody’s forehead, in fronte alicujus aliquid inscriptum est. || FIG. , A brazen forehead, os durum, durissimum, or impudens ; often os only : fiducia (confidence) : what must his forehead be, who, etc. ? quod tandem os est illius patroni, qui, etc. ? (Cicero) : you know what a brazen forehead the man has, nosti os hominis ; nosti audaciam (Cicero).
FOREIGN, peregrinus (from peregre ; that comes from a foreign country, and properly belongs to it, whether his residence amongst us is for a long or short time) : exterus : externus (what is not contained within the limits of our country ; externus simply denoting that fact, and so being merely local ; whereas exterus denotes that the object in question is therefore alien to us : thus exteræ gentes or nationes is a political expression for foreign nations ; opposed to nos, and socii nostri, etc. : externæ gentes, etc. , are foreign nations considered geographically only. Externus may be applied to things as well as persons ; not so exterus. Cf. , Extraneus in the best prose denotes “not belonging to our family ;” in the Silver Age, it obtained the meaning of not belonging to the state, considered as a greater family : exoticus is unclassic ; extrarius denotes what does not belong to myself) : adventicius (that comes or is brought to us from a foreign country, as birds, etc. ; opposed to vernaculus ; also, adventicius auxilium, “foreign aid ;” opposed to that afforded us by members of our own family, Cicero) : advecticius (imported from a foreign country, vinum, wine ; Sallustius, Jug. , 44, 5) : importatus (imported) : barbarus (not Roman, especially with reference to language, customs, etc. ).
Foreign manners, customs, barbarum (to βάρβαρον, Tacitus, Ann. , 6, 42, 1) : excessive predilection for what is foreign, peregrinitas (Cicero, ad Fam. , 9, 15, 5) : foreign pronunciation, dialect, peregrinitas (Quintilianus, 11, 3, 30) : leave off everything foreign, peregrina omnia relinque : a foreign language, sermo externus, lingua peregrina : to learn to speak in a foreign language, peregrinam linguam discere : a foreign word, verbum externum, peregrinum, especially verbum peregrinum et externum : foreign customs, manners, mores externi : to adopt foreign customs or manners, moribus externis se oblinere (said reproachfully) : our country that is not subject to a foreign power, patria soluta ab omni externo imperio : foreign aid, externa auxilia, adventiciæ copiæ (Cicero) : foreign countries, terræ externæ, loca externa (noun plural) ; terræ longinquiores or remotiores (of distant countries) : to visit a foreign country, to travel in a foreign country, peregre abire or proficisci : to fly to a foreign country, solum vertere or mutare (a gentler expression for in exsilium confugere, to go into exile ; hence, also, with the addition exsilii causa) : to be received in a foreign country, recipi in exsilium (of an exile ; explained by Cicero, himself, pro Cœc. , 34, extr. , in aliam civitatem recipi) : to dwell in a foreign country, peregre habitare : to stay in a foreign country, peregrinari : to return from a foreign country, peregre redire : to call anybody from a foreign country to the throne, aliquem peregre accire in regnum : all that is foreign, peregrina omnia (e. g. , relinque) : a foreign yoke, externum imperium, or (with reference to the subjects, servttus, utis. To deliver from a foreign yoke, externo imperio solvere ; servitute liberare. || Irrelevant, etc. ; vid. ALIEN.
FOREIGN ER, externus (as belonging to or born in a foreign country ; opposed to civis, popularis) : alienigena : homo longinquus et alienigena (one born in a foreign country ; opposed to indigena) : peregrinus (properly, any foreigner who, in travelling, stays with us a longer or shorter time, and has not the right of a citizen or inhabitant ; then, one who dwells in the Roman territory without possessing the rights of Roman citizenship ; and thus the political name for foreigner ; opposed to civis) : hospes (a foreigner as having a claim on the hospitality of the state or of some individual) : barbarus (one that is not a Roman, who has not the Roman manners, customs, language, etc. ; vid. Daehne, Nepos, Milt. , 7, 1) : advena (an emigrant from another country ; opposed to indigena ; but more directly to the aborigines, αὐτόχθονες). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) externus et advena (e. g. , rex) : alienigena et externus ; peregrinus et externus ; peregrinus atque advena ; peregrinus atque hospes. The dialect, pronunciation of foreigners (i. e. , their way of speaking the Roman language), peregrinitas (Quintilianus, 11, 3, 30).
FORE-IMAGINE, cogitatione aliquid præcipere : animo cogitare, concipere, complecti ; also, cogitare (to fancy to one’s self). Vid. To IMAGINE.
FOREJUDGE, præjudicare (properly, of a previous investigation) : præjudicati aliquid afferre (ad aliquid, improperly).
FOREKNOW, præscire : prænoscere : præsciscere (to learn before).
FOREKNOWLEDGE, præscientia (ecclesiastically) : provisio (a seeing before, animi ; Cicero, Tusc. , 3, 14, 30).
FORELAND, promontorium : lingua : lingula.
FORELOCK, cirrus (natural lock ; then, also, the hair on the forehead of horses, and the crest of some birds). PROV. , to take time by the forelock, tempori insidiari (to lie in wait, as it were, for an opportunity) ; occasionem arripere (to seize an opportunity).
FOREMAN, præses (general term for the president or head of any body : Cf. , præsidens belongs to the Silver Age) : omnium rerum alicujus transactor et minister (the head of an establishment, who conducts its business). The foreman of a jury, * præses or primus judicum selectorum.
FOREMAST, * malus anterior.
FORE-MENTIONED, de quo (qua) supra commemoravimus ; quem (quam, quod) supra commemoravimus or diximus ; quem (quam, quod) supra scripsi ; qui supra scriptus est, or qui supra scripti sunt ; de quo (qua) a nobis antea dictum est ; cujus supra meminimus ; also, ille merely : Cf. , supra dictus or commemoratus, prædictus, prænominatus are post-classical. In the fore-mentioned manner, ut supra dictum est ; ut supra scripsi or scriptum est.
FOREMOST, Vid. FIRST.
FORE-NAMED, Vid. FORE-MENTIONED.
FORENOON, dies antemeridianus (properly, Seneca, Ep. 65, 1) : tempus antemeridianum : horæ antemeridianæ (the time or hours in the forenoon). In the forenoon, ante meridiem ; tempore antemeridiano ; horis antemeridianis : that happens, or is done, or received in the forenoon, antemeridianus (e. g. , conversation, sermo ; letter, literæ) : an hour in the forenoon, hora antemeridiana (after Martisalis, 3, 66, 6, hora meridiana, and Suetonius, Gramm. , 24, extr. , hora pomeridiana) : the hours in the forenoon, horæ antemeridianæ ; tempus antemeridianum (time in the forenoon).
FORENSIC, forensis.
Forensic eloquence, eloquentia or rhetorica forensis ; genus dicendi judiciis aptum : forensic style, forense dicendi genus.
FORE-ORDAIN, præstituere : præfinire : prædestinare (in a theological sense).
FORE-PART, pars prior or antlca ; (of a ship), vid. FORECASTLE. The fore-part of a building, prior or prima domus pars (opposed to postica domus pars, i. e. , the back of the house, or interiora, the interior) : frons (the front).
FORE-RANK, acies prima.
FORERUN, aliquem præcurrere (before anybody) : aliquem antecurrere or antevertere (so that the other follows).
FORERUNNER, præcursor (properly, πρόδρομος, which Cicero, Att. , 1, 12, p. in. Orelli stands in Greek) : prænuncius or, with reference to a feminine substantive, prænuncia, alicujus rei (figuratively, announcing beforehand ; e. g. , magnarum calamitatum : it is used substantively or adjectively) : quasi dux consequents alicujus rei (as Cicero, Tusc. , 4, 30, 64, alii autem metum præmolestiam appellabant, quod est quasi dux consequents molestiæ : signum (σημεῖον, the sign or symptom from which we may gather what is about to happen) : nota futuræ alicujus rei (symptom, Celsus). Cf. , Antecursor is a military term ; but used of John the Baptist by Tertullian.
FORESAID, Vid. FORE-MENTIONED.
FORESAY, Vid. To FORETELL. FORESEE, prævidere : providere or prospicere, also with animo (to see afar off, into futurity) : præsentire (to remark or perceive before). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) animo providere et præsentire : (animo) præcipere (to foresee in one’s mind). To foresee what is coming, futura prævidere ; quæ sunt futura prospicere : to foresee far-distant things, longe in posterum prospicere : to foresee anything afar off, aliquid multo ante videre or præsentire : he had always foreseen this termination of his life, semper talem exitum vitæ suæ prospexerat animo : what he foresaw, if, etc. , quod futurum provideat, ut, etc.
FORESHAME, Vid. To SHAME.
FORESHIP, Vid. FORECASTLE.
FORESHORTEN, * obliquas imagines formare (see next word).
FORESHORTENING (in a picture), catagrapha (κατάγραφα), pure Latin obliquæ imagines (Plinius, 35, 8, 34).
FORESHOW, præmonstrare (both properly, of pointing out ; but poetical in this sense, and improperly of foreboding ; magnum aliquid præmonstrare et præcinere, Auct. , Har. Resp. ) : præsignificare (e. g. , quæ sunt futura, Cicero, Div. , 1, 38 ; nowhere else) : ostendere : monstrare : portendere : prænunciare (to be the forerunner of).
FORESIGHT, præscientia : provisio (animi ; Cicero, Tusc. 3, 14, 30) : providentia (prudence). The gift of foresight, peritia futurorum (Suetonius, Tiberius, 67).
FORESPEAK, || To foretell, vid.
|| Forbid, vid.
FORESPENT, || Tired, vid. || Spent before (of time), ante actus.
FOREST, silva (general term properly and improperly) : saltus (the mountainous forest with pastures, a wild forest, especially met with in rough defiles) ; plural, continentes silvæ (Cæsar, B. G. , 3, 28). A thick forest, magna, densa silva : a forest-nymph, nympha silvæ (poetically, nympha silvicola) ; Dryas, Hamadryas (Δρυάς, Ἁμαδρυάς, nymph of the trees) : “the woods and forests” (as office under an administration), * silvarum cura or administratio ; the holder of it, * a consiliis rei saltuariæ.
FORESTALL, || To anticipate, vid. || To buy before the thing is brought to market, præmercari (before another person, so that he cannot get it) : comprimere frumentum (to buy up corn, in order to raise the price of it).
FORESTALLER, coemtor (he who buys up, Appuleius, Apol. , p. 321, 31) : propola (in order to sell it again) : manceps annonæ (if of corn, to sell it at a higher price ; vid. Plinius, 13, 57) : dardanarius (speculator in corn ; Ulpianus, Dig. , 47, 11, 6, and Paullus, Dig. , 48, 19, 37).
FORESTER, || Inhabitant of a forest, homo silvester (Horatius, A. P. , 391 ; Cf. , silvicola, poetical). || Keeper of a forest, saltuarius (Petronius, 53, 9, and Jurisconsulti).
FORETASTE, s. ,
FIG. , gustus (Cf. , not præsensio, which means “presentiment”). To give a foretaste of anything, alicui gustum dare alicujus rei : to give anybody a foretaste of joy, aliquem gaudio delibutum reddere (Terentius, Phorm. , 5, 6, 16) : to have a foretaste of, aliquid gustare : to have only a foretaste of, primis labris gustavisse rem.
FORETASTE, v. || PROPR. , prægustare : prælibare (to taste before another person ; e. g. , as cup-bearer nectar, Statius). || IMPROPR. , Vid. “To have a FORETASTE of. ” FORETELL, prædicere : prænunciare : vaticinari : augurari [SYN. in PROPHECY. ]To foretell anybody’s fate, prædicere quid alicui eventurum sit : to foretell anybody’s death, alicui mortem augurari. If = forebode (of things), vid.
FORETELLER, vates. Vid. PROPHET.
FORETHINK, ante considerare : animo præcipere.
FORETHOUGHT, providentia (the precaution that looks into the future, and regulates its proceedings so as to avert any danger, or prevent or avoid injury or harm, * Livius, 30, 5, 5 : cf. Cicero, De Invent. , 2, 53, 160) : with forethought, consulto : judicio (with premeditation) : to do anything with forethought, aliquid consulto, or meditatum, or præparatum facere : to be done or happen with forethought, consulto et cogitatum fieri.
FORETOKEN, s. , Vid. FORERUNNER, PROGNOSTIC.
FORETOKEN, v. Vid. FORESHOW, FOREBODE.
FORE-TOOTH, dens prior or primus ; plural, dentes priores, or primi, or primores, or adversi.
FOREWARD, Vid. VAN.
FOREWARN, præmonere ; anybody about anything, aliquem de re : to do anything, ut aliquid faciat (Ovidius) ; not to do anything, ne aliquid faciat : to be forewarned of anything, præmoneri de aliqua re ; also, aliquid (e. g. , varietatem cœli præmonitus, Columella). PROV. Forewarned is forearmed, * nihil ei imparato accidit, qui præmonetur : præcogitati mali mollis ictus venit (of being armed to bear it ; Seneca, Ep. , 76, prop. fin. ).
FORFEIT, s. , || Fine, vid. || Penalty, vid. To pay the forfeit, [vid. “to suffer (the) PUNISHMENT : “the game of forfeits, * pignorum lusus.
FORFEIT, v. , multari aliqua re (to be deprived of it as a punishment) : amittere aliquid (to lose it ; e. g. , omne et exercitus et imperii jus amittere, Cicero, Phil. , 10, 5, fin. ) : (ex) aliqua re excidere (to be turned out, as it were, from a possession ; common in post-Augustan writers ; not Ciceronian) : jacturam facere alicujus rei (e. g. , dignitatis, but of one who makes a voluntary sacrifice). To forfeit his life, capitis pœnam commerere : to deserve to forfeit one’s life, capitis pœna dignum esse : to condemn anybody to forfeit his life, capitis pœnam ei constituere, qui, etc. (Cæsar) ; capitis damnare aliquem (Nepos ; the former of fixing what the punishment of an offence shall be, if anybody should commit it) : to condemn anybody to forfeit a sum of money, pœna pecuniaria, or pecunia multare aliquem : to forfeit the right of wearing the toga any longer, jus togæ amittere ; jure togæ carere : a forfeited pledge, fiducia (creditori) commissa ; pignus desertum : to forfeit anybody’s favor, gratiam amittere ; gratia excidere : to forfeit his recognizances, vadimonium deserere : to forfeit reputation, existimationem perdere.
FORFEITABLE, quod amitti, etc. , potest.
FORFEITURE, Vid. FORFEIT and FINE.
FORGE, s. , fornax (furnace). A smith’s forge, fabri officina ; officina ferraria.
FORGE, v. || To make by hammering, etc. : fabricari (general term for manufacturing) : procudere (to shape by hammering, etc. ; e. g. , a sword, gladium) : tundere (to beat, hammer, etc. ; e. g. , ferrum) : fingere (to form, to make). || To counterfeit ; e. g. , documents, etc. , tabulas corrumpere or vitiare (general term) : tabulas interpolare (by erasing words or letters, and writing others in their place) : tabulas interlinere (by smearing out words with the stylus reversed) ; (The words are found in this connection and order. ) tabulas corrumpere atque interlinere : tabulas transcribere (to falsify in copying, to counterfeit). To forge anybody’s handwriting, chirographum alicujus imitari (Cicero, N. D. , 3, 30, 74). To forge a will or testament, testamentum interpolare, or interlinere, or transcribere (with the difference above explained) ; testamentum subjicere, supponere, subdere (to put a forged will in the place of the genuine one) : to forge money, nummos adulterinos percutere (after Suetonius, Ner. , 25) ; monetam adulterinam exercere (to be an habitual forger of it ; Ulpianus, Dig. ) ; nummum falsa, fusione formare (of debased coin ; Code Theodosius, 9, 21, 3) : forged coin, nummus adulterinus (opposed to nummus bonus) : forged, ficticius (general term, not genuine) ; subditus ; subditicius ; suppositus (substituted for the genuine one ; e. g. , of a testament) ; falsus (false ; e. g. , literæ). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) falsus et corruptus (Cicero) ; falsus et ab aliquo vitiatus (Livius).
FORGER, || Counterfeiter, paracharactes (παραχαράκτης, Code Theodosius, 9, 21, 9) : falsæ monetæ reus (as accused of the crime, ibid. ). Τo be a forger of base money, monetam adulterinam exercere (Ulpianus) ; numμos adulterinos percutere (after Suetonius, Ner. , 25) : A forger of anybody’s handwriting, qui chirographum alicujus imitatur (Cicero), or * alicujus chirographi imitator. || Forger of a will, testamentarius.
FORGERY, adulteratio (Cf. , impostura, in this meaning, belongs to forensic Latinity).
Forgery of coin, monetæ adulteratio (commentators of Code Theodosius, 9, 21, 5) : accused of forgery, falsæ monetæ reus (ib. , with reference to coin) ; falsarum tabularum reus (with reference to documents, Suetonius) : the punishment of forgery, pœna falsarum et corruptarum literarum (Cicero, with reference to documents). Anything is a forgery, * falsum est chirographum ; * falsæ et corruptæ sunt literæ or tabulæ.
FORGET, oblivisci alicujus rei or aliquid (general term, also = “to leave behind one, ” as Livius, 22, 58, velut aliquid oblitus ; i. e. , as if he had forgotten something) : oblivioni dare : memoriam alicujus rei abjicere or deponere : aliquid ex memoria deponere : memoriam alicujus rei ex animo ejicere (to forget intentionally ; to dismiss from one’s mind) : negligere (to pay no attention to it) : negligentia præterire (to omit from negligence, to omit mentioning). I have forgotten anything, fugit me aliquid ; oblivio alicujus rei me cepit ; aliquid ex animo effluxit, or e memoria excessit, or e memoria elapsum est (anything has escaped my memory) : to be (or become) forgotten, e memoria excidere or dilabi ; ex animo effluere (of things) ; nulla mei ratio habetur (not to be taken notice of ; of persons) : let that be altogether forgotten, hæc evulsa sint ex omni memoria : to forget the danger entirely, alienare a memoria periculi animum : to forget one’s self, oblivisci sui (not to consider one’s self ; also to be unmindful of one’s usual valour, dignity, etc. ; e. g. Vergilius, Æn. , 3, 629) ; dignitatis suæ immemorem esse (unmindful of one’s dignity or the position one is filling) ; aliquid peccare (to be guilty of a breach of manners, of a fault, etc. ) : to forgive and forget, (veteres) alicujus injurias voluntaria, quadam oblivione conterere (Cicero, Fam. , 1, 9) : forgetting all his other duties, or everything else, omnibus negotiis posthabitis or omissis ; relictis rebus omnibus ; omissis omnibus rebus (Cæsar) : to forget one’s own name ( = to have a wretched memory), oblivisci nomen suum (Petronius, Sat. , 66) : to forget their sex, sexum egredi (of a woman, Tacitus). Anything is forgotten, fama alicujus rei obliteratur (obliteratur, especially in Livy and post-Augustan prose ; e. g. , Tacitus) : anything was not yet forgotten, alicujus rei nondum memoria aboleverat (Livius, 9, 36) : I shall be the last person to forget anything, aliquid nullius in animo quam meo minus obliterari potest (Livius, 26, 41).
FORGETFUL, obliviosus.
FORGETFULNESS, oblivio. If = neglect, vid. To show forgetfulness of one’s duty, deesse officio.
FORGIVE, ignoscere, absolutely, or anything, aliquid, or alicui rei ; anything to anybody, alicui aliquid ; also, for doing anything, quod faciam aliquid (to take no notice of the faults of others ; to pardon from generosity) : veniam dare alicujus rei
(to forgive, instead of letting the law take its course ; also to pardon from a feeling of generosity, especially of a superior) : gratiam facere alicujus rei (to remit the punishment due to anything ; to give a gratuitous, undeserved, and complete pardon for anything ; vid. Sallustius, Cat. , 52, 8 ; Jug. , 104, 5 ; Livius, 3, 56, in. ) : concedere (to pardon from kindness ; e. g. , peccata alicui, Cicero, Verr. , 2, 1, 49 ; also, [ = condono], with the cause on account of which the pardon is granted in the dative ; e. g. , peccata liberum parentum misericordiæ concedere, Cicero) : condonare (to excuse ; forgive from a disposition of kindness ; e. g. , crimen hoc nobis, Cicero ; also passive, uti. . . Jugurthæ scelus condonaretur, Sallustius) : indulgere alicui (to overlook his faults, etc. ; to forgive from kindness of heart). To forgive anybody an offence out of regard for another, alicui aliquid concedere or condonare (accusative of the offence) : to forgive one’s self, sibi ignoscere : to forgive anybody’s fault, peccatum alicui ignoscere or concedere ; peccato alicujus indulgere ; errori or errati veniam dare (an error, mistake) : to forgive anybody’s crime, delictum alicui ignoscere ; delicti gratiam facere : to forgive anybody on the ground of his youth, veniam dare adolescentiæ : to forgive anybody what is past, alicui præterita ignoscere ; aliquem venia donare in præteritum : to forgive anybody an affront, condonare alicui injuriam : anything may be forgiven, aliquid ignosci potest ; alicui rei venia dari potest ; aliquid venia dignum est : anything cannot be forgiven, aliquid condonari or excusari non potest ; alicui rei venia dari non potest ; * aliquid venia indignum est.
FORGIVENESS, venia : pœnæ remissio : pœnæ meritæ remissio (remission of punishment). To ask (anybody’s) forgiveness, veniam ignoscendi petere ; postulare, sibi ut ignoscatur ; postulare, ut ignoscat aliquis ; alicui satisfacere (to give satisfaction by asking for pardon) ; on account of anything, alicui rei veniam petere ; anybody for anything, alicui rei ut ignoscat aliquis, postulare ; ab aliquo petere or aliquem orare, ut ignoscat aliquid : I ask your forgiveness for it, id ut ignoscas, a te peto : to obtain forgiveness from anybody, aliquem ad ignoscendi voluntatem deducere ; impetrare ab aliquo veniam ; about anything, alicui rei.
FORK, s, furca : furcilla (as well for a pitch-fork as for a support, but never for our ” table-fork ;” since the ancients, as is well known, conveyed their food to their mouth with their fingers) : merga (fork for raking corn into a heap, the shape of it is unknown ; vid. Schneider Varro, R. R. , 1, 50, 2, p. 360, sq. ) : ancon (ἀγκών), or, pure Latin, ames (an instrument, in the shape of a fork, for spreading fishing-nets ; Grat. , Cyneg. , 87 ; Horatius, Epod. , 2, 33, Boettiger) : bifurcum (neuter adjective ; the forked end of anything ; e. g. , quum insertum est bifurco pastini, Columella, 3, 18) : capreolus (a support ; also, = clavicula) : clavicula (the fork-shaped twig of a vine). In the shape of a fork, furcillatus : a stable-fork, pitch-fork, from the context, furca only.
FORK, v. To fork up corn, etc. , spicas mergis legere (Columella) ; mergis elevare manipulos (Fasti, p. 124, ed. Müll). To be forked ( = divided forkwise), findere se in ambas (Vergilius) or duas (Ovidius) partes (†) : findi : bifariam procedere (Cicero, Tim. , 9).
FORKED,
FORKY, furcillatus : furcæ similis (like a fork) : bifurcus (e. g. , surculi, arbores, etc. ) : bicornis (having two horns or prongs, like a fork).
FORLORN, destitutus (destitute) : orbus : orbatus (bereaved, like an orphan, properly and improperly) : desertus (deserted, left behind) : inops : nudus (stripped, helpless) : solus (alone, forsaken) : desperatus (without hope) : spe carens : spe orbatus : spe dejectus (that has lost all hope) : Cf. , exspes is poetical only.
FORLORN HOPE, Vid. HOPE.
FORM, v. TRANS. , (A) PROPR. , formare (to give anything the definite shape that it must have, if it is to be recognized for what it is intended to represent) : conformare (to form anything with an harmonious arrangement and proportion of its parts) : figurare (to give anything the shape that is suitable to its destination) : fingere : confingere (to give a definite shape to a shapeless mass). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) fingere et formare : formam alicujus rei facere ; of anything out of anything, all ex aliqua re : fabricari (to compose of its necessary elementary or component parts). Of these collected cohorts he formed a legion, bis legionibus coactis legionem efficit : to form words, verba fabricari ; verba fingere or formare ; arbitrarily, ad arbitrium suum : to form letters, literas scribere (Cf. , not formare) : very beautiful and clearly formed (characters), compositissimæ et clarissimæ (literulæ, Cicero) : a stone that has formed itself in the bladder, lapis in vesica innatus. (B) IMPROPR. , (α) To imprint on anything the character it should have, especially in a moral and intellectual sense, fingere : formare : conformare : colere, excolere (to cultivate) : expolire (to take off the rough exterior) : instituere (to give the necessary instruction in a particular department) ; to anything, ad aliquid. To form the mind, animum, mentem fingere or conformare ; animum colere, excolere (doctrina) : to form the character, mores conformare : to form the minds of youth, puerilem ætatem ad humanitatem informare (general term, to form their manners, character, etc. ) ; juventutem ad honestatem fingere, juventutis mentem ad virtutem fingere (to render morally good, virtuous) : to form anybody’s character, aliquem formare et instituere : to form an orator, oratorem efficere or instituere : to form one’s self after anybody’s example, se formare in alicujus mores ; exemplum capere or sumere de aliquo (to take anybody as an example). || (β) To arrange, ordinare : in ordinem adducere or redigere : disponere (to assign to each part its proper place) : componere (to compose, put together in an agreeable form) : collocare : constituere (to bring or put into a proper condition) : describere (to draw a plan of anything) : explicare (to develope) : copias ordinare (to form the ranks of the troops), or disponere (i. e. , to point out to each single soldier his place and rank ; vid. Nepos, Iph. , 2, 2, “in eam consuetudinem adduxit copias, ut, sine ducis opera, sic ordinatæ consisterent, ut singuli ab peritissimo imperatore dispositi essent”) : to form the battalions for the attack, copias or aciem instruere : to form the line of march, * agmen ordinare (to form it as it is to march) ; agmen explicare (to formthe soldiers again into a line, after having been thrown into confusion on a march) : to form a council, consilium constituere. || To constitute ; e. g. , to form the right wing, dextrum cornu tenere. || MISCELLANEOUS PHRASES : to form a notion of anything, aliquid mente fingere or formare ; informare in animo alicujus rei notionem ; notionem alicujus rei animo concipere ; aliquid animo effingere ; alicujus rei notionem mente fingere : not to be able to form any notion of anything, fugit aliquid intelligentiæ nostras vim et notionem : to form a plan of anything, instituere rationem alicujus rei (i. e. , to conceive or lay down a plan ; e. g. , for a work, operis) : to form some plan respecting anything, consilium capere or inire de re : to form a plan of one’s own, consilium capere sibi separatim a reliquis ; great projects, magna moliri : to form an attachment to anybody, amore suo aliquem amplecti, prosequi ; a friendship with anybody, amicitiam cum aliquo conciliare, constituere (Quintilianus, Cic. , Pet. Cons. , 7, 27), inire, sibi parere (Nepos) ; ad amicitiam alicujus se conferre, se applicare, se adjungere : many friendships are formed, multæ amicitiæ comparantur (Quintilianus, Cic. , Pet. , Cons. , 7, 25) : to form an acquaintance with anybody, aliquem cognoscere : we have but lately formed an acquaintance, notitia inter nos nuper ad modum est (comedy) : to form plots against anybody, facere insidias alicui : I will not contradict the good opinion that you have formed of me, non fallam opinionem tuam. || INTRANS. , Of troops, se explicare : the troops formed of their own accord, sine præcepto ullius sua sponte stiuebatur acies (Livius, 9, 31).
FORM, s. , figura (the shape, with reference to its outline ; the shape, considered merely mathematically, without reference to color, beauty, etc. , σχῆμα) : forma (μορφή, the form, considered æsthetically, as the visible outward expression of the internal or real nature of anything, to which it corresponds ; hence often = pleasing form, beauty, especially of a maiden) : species (εἶδος, the shape, considered physically, as being the outward form that conceals the internal nature, to which it is opposed ; hence, also, of a form appearing in a vision. Thus figura denotes only the outlines or lineaments ; forma, or at least species, takes in the color, magnitude, etc. ; Döderlein) : facies (the natural quality in which anything corporeal presents itself, the whole exterior of a body, the whole form) : statura (form in respect of length, breadth, and thickness, in which, however, the last two are subordinate) : habitus (with and without corporis, σχῆμα, the natural constitution and form of body ; opposed to cultus ; not to be confounded with habitudo ; i. e. , external habit, ἕξις, in respect of form ; hence Appuleius, Met. , 9, p. 235, 35, sq. , says, quidam procerus, et, ut indicabat habitus atque habitudo, miles e legione, etc. ). To express the notion more closely, we also find figura et forma , forma ac figura ; forma figuraque ; figura et species ; forma atque species ; species
atque figura (or forma) ; figura atque habitus : and Cicero, Fin. , 5, 12, 35, says, corporis nostri figura et forma et statura ; but also frequently (as N. D. , 1, 32, 90) formæ figura. The beautiful form of anything, pulchritudo ac species alicujus rei : a human form, species humana : in human form, specie humana indutus (of gods) : in the form of a D, in similitudinem D literæ circumactus (e. g. , of a porticus) : to give anything the form of anything, aliquid in formam alicujus rei redigere : to take, assume, or adopt the form of anything, speciem alicujus rei induere (so that one looks like anything) ; mutari in aliquem or aliquid (so that one is changed into any person or thing) : to receive a form, formari ; fingi ; confingi ; fingi et formari ; formam induere : to adopt or receive another form, mutari (properly and figuratively). A letter (epistle) of unusual form, literæ inusitate scriptæ : in the form of a memorandum-book, ad paginas et formam memorialis libelli (Suetonius, Cæs. , 55). || (Religious) forms, ritus, uum. Vid. CEREMONIES.
FORMAL, sollemnis (solemn) : verus (true, real) : justus (proper ; such as it ought to be) : legitimus (according to the established custom or law) : fictus et simulatus or fictus simulatusque (pretended ; e. g. , pietas) : ad legem ac regulam compositus (made by strict formal rules, Quintilianus, 12, 10, 50) : Cf. , formalis = serving for a form or model, Quintilianus ; e. g. , formalem epistolam dictare (Suetonius). A formal person, * homo nimis officiosus or urbanus (over-ceremonious).
FORMALIST, * qui omnia tamquam ex aliqua formula agit ; * qui neglecta ipsius rei natura speciem tantum formamque respicit ; * homo quasi ad legem ac regulam compositus (after Quintilianus, 12, 10, 50) : to be a formalist, speciem pietatis vultu præ se ferre (after Tacitus, Agr. , 43).
FORMALITY, plural, ritus, uum : many formalities, * pompa ; ambages : formality in behavior or conduct, perhaps * molesta urbanitas ; * certis quasi formis inclusa urbanitas (after his tribus quasi formis inclusa eloquentia, Quintilianus, 12, 10, 66).
FORMALLY, rite : sollemniter : vere : juste : legitime. SYN. in FORMAL.
FORMATION, conformatio (e. g. , lineamentorum ; of words, verborum or vocum) : figura : species : forma (form). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) conformatio et figura (e. g. , of the whole face or body, totius oris et corporis) : Cf. , formatio rare ; Vitruvius, of a sketch, etc. The formation of words, fictio nominum, vocum. || With reference to the character, etc. , cultus : educatio : disciplina (by education and instruction) : institutio (in a particular department) : Cf. , formatio morum, post-classical, Seneca.
FORMER, pristinus (superior) : vetus (old). Also by the adverbs olim, quondam, antea ; e. g. , a former friend of Philip, Philippi quondam amicus ; amicus antea Philippi : Alexander’s former wife, Alexandri olim uxor. To return to one’s former state or position, in pristmum statum redire : one’s former life, vita superior : former custom, friendship, etc. , pristina consuetudo, amicitia : contrary to any former precedent, contra omnia vetustatis exempla. || Fore-mentioned, Vid. || The former (in contradistinction to ” the latter’), ille, illa, illud (opposed to hic) : prior (opposed to posterior ; e. g. , priori posterius non jungitur, Cicero, Acad. , 2, 14).
FORMERLY, olim (once, at one time, a long time ago. Cf. , it may, also, relate to the future) : quondam (once ; at some former time, that need not be more nearly defined ; opposed to nunc) : antea : antehac (before this ; antea, relative = before any time spoken of ; antehac, demonstrative = before this present time) : aliquando (at some time, relating to the past, present, or future) : antiquitus (of yore, in the olden times) : Towns that were formerly in the most flourishing state, oppida quodam tempore florentissima : it was formerly the custom, mos olim fuit.
FORMIDABLE, metuendus : timendus : terribilis : horrendus : horribilis (SYN. in FEARFUL) : Cf. , formidabilis is foreign to good prose : trux : truculentus (dreadful to behold or to hear ; e. g. , eyes, looks, words, etc. ) : immanis (monstrously great ; then monstrous in a moral sense) : ingens (enormous). A formidable war, bellum formidolosum, atrox : to render one’s self more formidable than powerful, plus timoris quam potentiæ sibi addere : to be formidable to anybody, alicui terrori esse ; to present anything as formidable, ad timorem aliquid proponere (Cicero, ad Div. , 2, 16, 4) : as very formidable, ad maximum timorem proponere (ibid. , 6, 3, 3). Vid. also, FEARFUL. FORMIDABLY, terribilem or horrendum in modum. Vid. , also, FEARFULLY. κυρικιμασαηικο FORMLESS, figura carens (without shape) : horridus. inconditus (not having a fair form or shape) : informis (that is without a definite form) : deformis (that excites displeasure or disgust by its want of proper shape) : rudis (rough, uncultivated) : crudus (undigested).
FORMULARY, formulæ (plural), or * formularum codex : album (collection of the prætor’s edicts).
FORMULA,
FORMULE, formula (a particular form laid down for a contract or an instrument, etc. , according to which it has to be drawn, to avoid any ambiguity ; vid. Cicero, Off. , 3, 14, 60) : verba, plural, (the words in which an oath is couched or framed ; e. g. , jurisjurandi verba or formula) : forma : exemplum (the formula of anything). To draw a legal formula for anything ; e. g. , in a matter of bail, vadimonium concipere (Cicero, Qu. ,
Fr. , 2, 15, 2) : to draw up the formula of an oath, jusjurandum concipere (Tacitus, Hist. , 4, 41, 1) : to repeat the formula of an oath, jurisjurandi verba concipere (ib. , c. 31, 3) : a formula for prayers, verba sollemnia (i. e. , the reading of them, nuncupatio verborum sollemnia, Vol. Max. , 5, 10, 1) ; carmen or sollemne precationis carmen (vid. Livius, 5, 41 ; 39, 15) ; præfatio (especially at sacrifices, Suetonius, Claud. , 25, Bremi) : to repeat the usual formula (of prayers), carmen præfari ; verba (sollemnia) præire : to anybody, alicui.
FORNICATION, stuprum. To be given to fornication, lubidinibus indulgere ; rebus venereis deditum esse : to commit fornication, stupra facere ; scortari (with a prostitute) : with anybody, stuprum facere cum, etc. (if only once) ; stupra facere cum, etc. ; stupri consuetudinem facere cum, etc. (if repeatedly ; the last, Suetonius, Cal. , 24). || Scripturally, it stands also for idolatry, vid.
FORSAKE, Vid. To DESERT.
FORSAKER, Vid. DESERTER.
FORSOOTH(as used ironically or sarcastically), scilicet (e. g. , meum gnatum rumor est amare. Da. Id populus curat scilicet, Terentius, And. , 1, 2, 14) : videlicet : nempe : nimirum [SYN. in CERTAINLY]. If not used ironically, vid. “in TRUTH. “As if, forsooth! quasi vero.
FORSWEAR, v. , TRANS. , || To reject upon oath [vid. To ABJURE]. || To forswear one’s self, perjurare ; pejerare ; perjurium facere.
FORSWEARER, perjurus : perfidus (faithless ; general term).
FORT, Vid. FORTIFICATION.
FORTH, sinus.
FORTH, prep, foris : foras (according to the context). In combination with verbs (e. g. , to come forth, to call, to go forth, etc. ), mostly pro-, sometimes e-, ex- . ” From this time forth, ” vid. HENCEFORTH.
FORTHCOMING, in procinctu (post-Augustan) : paratus : promptus (ready). To be forthcoming, ad manum esse ; præsto adesse ; in promptu esse ; paratum or provisum esse ; præ manu esse ; ad motum alicujus expeditum esse (the last, stronger term) ; (The words are found in this connection and order. ) paratum promtumque esse : to be forthcoming with anything, in expedito habere aliquid ; in procinctu paratumque habere aliquid (Quintilianus) : the money is forthcoming, pecuniam in numerato or præ manu habere. To be forthcoming (of a witness, accused person, etc. ), sistere se or sisti : to promise that anybody shall be forthcoming, aliquem sisti promittere (Cicero).
FORTHWITH, Vid. DIRECTLY.
FORTIETH, quadragesimus : every fortieth, quadragesimus quisque : for the fortieth time, quadragesimum : in the fortieth place, quadragesimo.
FORTIFICATION, || A fortified place, locus munitus (general term for any fortified place) : arx (the citadel) : castellum : castrum (if a height that commands the surrounding country ; a fort) : propugnaculum (any work that serves to ward off the attack of an enemy). A natural fortification, locus natura or naturaliter munitus ; castellum natura munitum : a strong fortification, oppidum munitissimum or maximis operibus munitum ; opere et natura egregie munitus locus ; oppidum operibus et natura munitum (if strong from nature and by art) : to demolish a fortification, munimenta oppidi solo æquare (or adæquare) ; castrum diruere : fortifications, operis munitio ; opus (or opera) munitionesque ; also, munitiones only ; munimenta, orum ; opera, um, or (of a town = its walls) mœnia, ium : the throwing up of fortifications, munitio ; communitio. || Act of fortifying, munitio : communitio : the art of fortifying, ars muniendi ; * architectura militaris ; * ars muniendi.
FORTIFIER, munitor : * architectus militaris (engineer).
FORTIFY, || Defend a place by works, munire : communire : præmunire (by any sort of visible protection, as walls, ditches, palisades, etc. ) : operibus munire ;munitionibus firmare (by works, fortifications, etc. ) : muris munire : mœnibus sepire (by surrounding with walls) : castellis sepire (by citadels, redoubts, etc. ) : vallo et fossa circumdare locum : vallum et fossam circumdare loco (by palisades and ditches
; e. g. , a camp). A fortified town, urbs munita : oppidum munitum : fortified by nature, loci natura munitus ; naturaliter munitus ; situ naturali munitus : fortified both by art and nature, et natura loci et manu or operibus et loco munitus ; quum manu munitus, tum natura loci : nature has fortified Italy by its Alps, Alpibus muniit Italiam natura. || Strengthen, confirm, vid.
FORTITUDE, fortitudo ( = considerata laborum susceptio et laborum perpessio, Cicero) : animi vis, virtus (of mind) : animi firmitas (of character) : animus paratus ad periculum (Cicero).
Fortitude in undergoing dangers, fortitudo in periculis. To bear anything with fortitude, fortiter et patienter ferre aliquid (e. g. , vincla, verbera) : fortiter et sapienter ferre aliquid (if wisdom is displayed in the kind of fortitude).
FORTNIGHT, quindecim dies (fourteen completed days, Cæsar, B. G. , 1, 15) : every fortnight, quinto decimo quoque die. About a fortnight after they had reached their winter quarters, diebus circiter xv. , quibus in hiberna ventum erat (cf. Held, ad Cæsar, B, C, 2, 32) : a fortnight ago, nudius quintus decimus (not ante quatuordecim dies, since the ancients reckoned the fifth day in).
FORTRESS, Vid. FORTIFICATION.
FORTUITOUS, Vid. ACCIDENTAL.
FORTUITOUSLY, Vid. ACCIDENTALLY.
FORTUNATE, felix (ὄλβιος, as well of what brings good fortune, as day, combat, result of an undertaking, etc, , as having good fortune, of persons. In the latter sense, it is said of one who is habitually favored by fortune, and especially with reference to internal goods ; e. g. , Sulla felix, because he succeeded in all his undertakings ; and Lysias felix, because he had continually a number of admirers) : fortunatus (one favored by fortune, εὐδαίμων, denoting a person who is favored by the gods in particular circumstances or cases, also with reference to external goods ; thus, Menedemus deems himself to be ” omnium fortuuatissimum, ” at the moment when he perceives the change of mind in his son ; vid. Terentius, Heaut. , 4, 8, 1) : beatus (happy, μακάριος, of persons to whom no moral or physical good is wanting to render them happy ; also of a condition or state ; e. g. , homo beatus, vita beata) : faustus (of happy omen, only of things ; e. g. , day, omen, etc. ). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) faustus et felix (e. g. , day) : dexter (properly, that is on the right hand ; hence of happy omens, especially of birds, etc. , opposed to sinister) : secundus (favorable, propitious ; properly, of the wind ; then, in general, of things that turn out according to one’s wish ; e. g. , a battle, result, circumstance, etc. ) : prosper (answering to hope and expectation, proceeding favorably ; e. g. , progress, result, return, circumstance) : bonus (good, such as is wished for ; e. g. , times, day, omen, etc. ). Τo be fortunate, felicem (fortunatum, etc. ) esse [vid. , also, “to have good FORTUNE”]. I am so fortunate as to, etc. , contingit mini, ut, etc. : Cf. , by no means ” contingit mini esse tam felici, ut, ” etc. I am a fortunate man indeed! in cœlo sum (as if in heaven ; vid. Cicero, Att. , 2, 19, 1, and 2, 20, 4) : I consider myself fortunate, indeed, whenever, etc. , digito me cœlum puto attingere, si (Cicero, Att. , 2, 1, 6) ; deus sum, si (Terentius, Heaut. , 5, 4, 3) ; immortalitas mihi data or parta est, si (Plautus, Merc. , 3, 4, 18 ; Terentius, Andr. , 5, 5, 4) : to deem anybody or one’s self fortunate, aliquem or se felicem dicere ; aliquem or se beatum prædicare : I cannot esteem myself fortunate, for, etc. , felicem dicere me hoc non possum, quod, etc. : I consider myself fortunate, because, etc. , beatus mihi videor, quod, etc. : I now consider myself the most fortunate of men, since, etc. , multo omnium me nunc fortunatissimum factum puto esse, quum etc. : you may think yourself very fortunate, that, etc. , bene tecum agitur, quod, etc. : that is very fortunate for you, bene est ; bonum factum : may it be fortunate! (as introductory formula), quod bonum, faustum, felix fortunatumque sit!To be fortunate in all one undertakes, perpetua felicitate uti : to be more fortunate than wise, * feliciorem quam prudentiorem esse.
FORTUNATENESS, Vid. FORTUNE.
FORTUNE(including “good fortune”), fortuna (the fortunate event which chance, fors, brings to pass, without any co-operation of ours ; also, fortune personified as a deity ; and in the plural = goods bestowed on anybody by fortune) : felicitas (the happy condition, fortune, as brought about by prudence, management, and talent ; consequently, with man’s co-operation) : salus (welfare) : fors : sors : casus (chance, accident, with this distinction, that fors means a change or accident we cannot account for ; sors, a man’s lot or fate, either as brought to pass by ” fors, ” or prepared by the man himself ; casus denotes a single chance or accident that befalls anybody, and may be conducive either to his happiness or the reverse ; this also, is brought to pass by “fors;” vid. Horatius, Sat. , 1, 1, 1 ; 1, 6, 53) : bonum (a good or gift bestowed on us by fortune) : fortuna secunda or prospera ; casus secundus (happy or fortunate event or circumstance ; opposed to fortuna adversa, casus adversus) : fortuna florens : res secundæ or prosperæ or florentes (fortunate circumstances, with reference to property, possession, domestic affairs, opposed to spoliata fortuna : res adversæ) : successus (favorable progress ; of undertakings) : eventus prosper (success) : exitus prosper, felix, fortunatus (happy or favorable result or end) : alea (something uncertain, risk, the trial of one’s luck). Blind fortune, fortuna cæca ; casus cæcus (a mere accident) : he has obtained such wealth by one of fortune’s freaks, temeritate fortunæ tantas opes adeptus est : by good fortune, forte fortuna (e. g. , adfuit meus amicus) ; opportune (luckily ; e. g. , venit) : may good fortune attend you! bene vertat! (as wish), quod approbet Deus, or approbent dii! hanc rem tibi volo bene et feliciter evenire : I rejoice in your good fortune, haud invideo tibi : fortune smiles upon anybody ; he is favored by fortune, fortuna alicui favet, arridet, affulget : fortuna blanditur cœptis suis (i. e. , habitually) ; fortuna prospera (secunda), or prospero flatu fortunæ utitur (in a single instance ; e. g. , in an undertaking ; the latter, Cicero, Off. , 2, 6, 19, in contradistinction to fortuna reflat) ; in omnibus rebus utitur felicitate ; res alicui semper succedunt, or semper prospere eveniunt (in all cases) : to experience good fortune in anything, fortuna uti in re : fortune favors anybody’s plans, comprobat alicujus consilium fortuna : to be a favorite of fortune, fortunæ filium or alumnum esse (Horatius, Sat. , 2, 6, 49 ; Plinius, 7, 7, 5) ; albæ gallinæ esse filium (Juvenalis, 13, 141 ; but ” fortunæ in gremio sedere, ” Cicero, De Divin. , 2, 41, 85, is said of Jupiter sitting in the lap of his nurse, the goddess Fortune ; and hence is to be avoided in this proverbial saying) : he had principally to thank his good fortune, that, etc. , multum fortuna valuit ad, etc. : not to bear one’s good fortune meekly, rebus secundis or felicitate efferri : to consider it a piece of good fortune that, etc. , felicem se dicere hoc, quod, etc. : to look upon anything as a piece of great good fortune, * aliquid in magna felicitatis suæ parte ponere : to follow up one’s good fortune, successus suos urgere ; fortunæ suæ instare : anybody’s good fortune deserts him ; fortune frowns upon anybody, a fortuna desertum or derelictum esse (in war) : to have one’s fortune in one’s own hands, fortunam in manibus habere : I have the good fortune to, etc. , contingit mihi, ut, etc. : to place one’s fortunes in anybody’s hands, alicui fortunas suas committere : to try one’s fortune, whether one is to be master or slave, in dubiam imperii servitiique aleam ire (Livius, 1, 23, 9) : to leave anything to fortune, aleam alicujus rei subire or adire : rem dare in aleam or in casum (to risk) : to try one’s fortune, fortunam tentare or periclitari. || Property, facultates : divitiæ : pecuniæ : bona, orum, plural : res familiaris : fortunæ : patrimonium : census : [SYN. in RICHES. ]To have a fortune, opes habere ; bona possidere ; in bonis esse ; in possessione bonorum esse : to have a great fortune, magnas facultates habere ; locupletem et pecuniosum esse ; copiis rei familiaris abundare : to have no fortune, facultatibus carere ; pauperem esse : to come to (a) fortune, facultates acquirere : to make a fortune, bona sibi parare or sibi colligere : to increase one’s fortune, rem familiarem or facultates augere : to squander or spend one’s fortune, bona profundere ; rem familiarem dissipare ; bona abligurire (the last by expenses of the table) : anybody’s fortune is all spent, opes familiares defecerunt : it is very rarely that a man improves his fortune by gambling, pauci admodum aleæ lusu rebus suis consuluere. || Of a woman, vid. DOWRY.
FORTUNE-TELLER, hariolus (vagrant diviner, etc. , as the gipsies of our days) : sortilegus (Cicero) : divinus : mulier fatidica (if a woman) ; also, anus saga (that pretends to foretell the fate of people).
FORTY, quadraginta : quadrageni (a distributive ; forty apiece, etc. , at once or together, especially with substantives that are used in the plural number only). Containing forty, quadragenarius (e. g. , a tube of forty inches in diameter, fistula quadragenaria) : every forty years (= once in forty years), quadragesimo quoque anno : forty years old, quadraginta annos natus ; quadraginta annorum (of forty years) : forty times, quadragies : done forty times, * quadragies factus, etc. : of forty days, quadraginta dierum : forty thousand, quadraginta
millia : each or to each forty thousand ; also forty thousand at once or together, quadrageni milleni. quadragena millia (especially of substantives used in the plural, number only) : forty thousand times, quadragies millies : the forty thousandth, quadragies millesimus. κυρικιμασαηικο FORWARD, || Prompt, ready, promptus (always at hand) : paratus (ready) : officiosus (ready to serve) : facilis (willing, obliging). To be forward to do anything, prompto or parato animo (facere aliquid). || Earnest, eager, studiosus (eager, studious) : acer (literally, sharp) : ardens (ardent, fiery) : vehemens (vehement) : fervens : fervidus (literally, fiery, glowing, fervent). To be forward, calere, with or without in agendo : to be forward in anything, sedulo facere aliquid ; naviter agere aliquid. || Advanced toward ripeness ; early ripe, quod non multum a maturitate abest (Cæsar ; which is nearly ripe) : præmaturus : præcox (the former, of fruit, which ripens before the usual time, opposed to serus ; the latter of fruit that becomes ripe sooner than fruit of the same kind ; metaphorically, of the human mind, Quintilianus, 1, 3, 3 : illud ingeniorum velut præcox genus non temere umquam pervenit ad frugem, i. e. , those forward minds seldom come to their full perfection) : an over-forward mind, immature magnum ingenium (e. g. , non vitale est, Seneca, Contr. , 1, 1) : an over-forward mind does not last long, cito occidit festinata maturitas (Quintilianus). || Hasty ; vid. || Bold, confidens (in classic prose, in a reproving sense only) : protervus (pert, almost impudent) : audax (bold, in a good and bad sense ; audens is post-Augustan).
FORWARD, v. || To despatch to its destination, perferendum curare (to take care that anything reaches its place of destination ; e. g. , to forward a letter, literas perferendas curare ; literas permittere). || To promote (e. g. , the views or designs of anybody), juvare or adjuvare aliquem or aliquid : adjumento alicui esse : alicujus rei, or in re adjutorem, or (feminine) adjutricem esse (general terms, to afford any kind of assistance) : alicujus rei esse ministrum (in a bad sense) : augere, or adaugere aliquem or aliquid (to raise) : alicui or alicui rei favere : fovere aliquid (to favor) : alicui or alicui rei consulere, prospicere (to take measures for advancing it) : alicui prodesse (to be of use) : alicui consilio, studio, opera adesse (to forward anybody by counsel and deed). To forward anything earnestly, studiose adaugere aliquid : to forward anybody’s interests, servire alicujus commodis ; rebus or rationibus alicujus consulere, prospicere ; utilitatibus alicujus parere (to be very zealous in forwarding them) : to forward the interests of the public, saluti reipublicæ consulere ; rem publicam juvare, tueri ; reipublicæ salutem suscipere. Vid. PROMOTE.
FORWARD,
FORWARDS, adverb, protinus (e. g. , pergere, proficisci, volare) : porro (e. g. , ire ; agere armentum ; both Livius) : ultra (beyond where the thing in question now is). To comb one’s hair forward, capillum revocare a vertice : to move anything forward, promovere aliquid : forward ! urge igitur !from this time forward, posthac ; in posterum : to run backward and forward, ultro et citro cursare ; in an agitated way, trepidare et cursare rursum prorsum (Terentius, Hec. , 3, 1, 35). Cf. , “Forward” is often expressed by pro in composition ; e. g. , to move anything forward, promovere aliquid : to move an army forward, to move forward (of the general), castra movere ; cum exercitu proficisci : bending or stooping forward, pronus : to go forward, (longius) progredi or procedere : to put forward, proferre (general term) ; in medium proferre (figuratively) ; afferre (e. g. , the cause of anything, causam) ; a proof, an argument, argumentum : a pretext, in speciem aliquid jactare : to bring forward a subject, mentionem alicujus rei facere, inferre or injicere ; injicere aliquid (in sermone) ; movere or commovere aliquid (e. g. , some new subjects, etc. , nova quædam) ; in medium proferre or commemorare et in medium proferre : to bring a subject forward often, mentionem alicujus rei agitare, crebro or crebris sermonibus usurpare aliquid : a subject was accidentally brought forward, incidit sermo de aliqua re.
FORWARDNESS, || Readiness, promptness (of mind), animus promptus or paratus : facilitas (willing readiness) : officium (readiness to render a service) : studium ardens : fervor : ardor (zealous forwardness) : alacritas (cheerful, active forwardness). With great forwardness, animo promptissimo ; libentissime ; studio or summo studio ; studiosissime : with great forwardness on their part, in summo eorum studio. || Rashness, præproperum ingenium (relative to character) : temeritas (thoughtlessness). || Untimely boldness, assurance, confidentia (confidence, in a bad sense = assurance, almost impudence) : petulantia linguæ (with reference to the tongue, remarks, etc. ; Suetonius, Tib. , 61). || State of advance beyond the usual degree, maturitas præcox (Columella, 1, 6, 20) : maturitas festinata (in a bad sense ; opposed to maturitas tempestiva, Quintilianus, 6, proæm. , 10) : to be in a state of great forwardness (of corn, etc. ), non multum a maturitate abesse (Cæsar) ; ante messem flavescere. || Advance in studies, progressus : processus. To be in a state of great forwardness, multum profecisse in aliqua re : his forwardness is such, that, etc. , tantos processus effecit, ut, etc. (cf. Cicero, Brut. , 78, 272).
FOSS, Vid. DITCH.
FOSSIL, s. , fossilia, um, neuter (technical term). Vid. , also, MINERAL, s.
FOSSIL, adjective, Vid. MINERAL, adjective.
FOSTER, || Feed, nourish, vid. || Cherish, promote, vid.
FOSTER-BROTHER, collactaneus (in the time of the emperors, before which a circumlocution probably was used, such as quem eadem nutrix alebat). According to Charis. , p. 62, 31, P. , collacteus (in Inscr. ) is not a good word.
FOSTER-CHILD, alumnus (if a boy) : alumna (if a girl). To be anybody’s foster-child, ab aliquo educari et ali.
FOSTER-DAM, nutrix.
FOSTERER, cultor : curator (general term for one who takes care of anything). Vid. also, FOSTER-FATHER.
FOSTER-FATHER, educator et altor (after Cicero, De N. D. , 2, 34, init. ) : foster-father and mother, educatores et altores (after Cicero, De N. D. , 2, 34, in. ).
FOSTER-MOTHER, altrix (mostly poetical) : educatrix et altrix.
FOUL, adjective, fœdus (offending natural feeling, and exciting loathing and aversion ; in nearly every meaning of the English word ; of what is foul either outwardly, inwardly, physically, or morally ; including even “foul weather, ” fœdæ tempestates ; Livius, 25, 7, 7 ; cf. Vergilius, Georg. , 1, 323) : teter (hideous, shocking, exciting fear or shuddering) : spurcus (probably sibilated from porcus = swinish : of coarse physical or moral filth ; also, of ” foul weather, ” tempestas spurcissima, Cicero, Frag. ap. Non. , 394, 2) : turpis (offending the moral feeling, and exciting disapprobation and contempt). (The words are found in this connection and order. ) turpis et fœdus ; turpis et inhonestus : obscenus (morally unclean, obscene) : non purus (opposed to purus) : impurus (morally unclean, impure). A foul monster, immane ac fœdum monstrum (in superlative, Cicero) ; homo impurus (Terentianus) ; persona lutulenta, impura (Cicero) ; homo impurus impudicusque ; caput (post homines natos) deterrimum ac spurcissimum (Cicero) : foul linen, * lintea sordida : foul water [vid. IMPURE]: foul land, spurcus ager (Columella, Præf. , 25) : a vessel that is foul, spurcum atque pollutum vas (Gellius) : a foul crime, nefarium facinus (e. g. , admittere, Cæsar) ; tetrum or immane facinus (Cicero) ; fœdum facinus (Terentianus) : foul deeds or crimes, res turpes ; flagitia ; nefaria (plural adjective) : there is or has been some foul play, dolus or aliquid doli subest : by fair means or foul, [vid. under FAIR, adjective] : to use foul means (opposed to fair means), vim facere : to fall foul of anything, incurrere in aliquid ; of anybody, incurrere atque incidere in aliquem : to fall foul of each other, inter se collidi : to be a foul feeder, in pabulatione spurce versari (of a hog ; Columella).
FOUL, v. , Vid. To DEFILE, To DIRTY.
FOULLY, spurce : sordide : obscœne : fœde : turpiter : flagitiose : nefarie. SYN. in FOUL.
FOUL-MOUTHED, maledicus (using scurrilous language ; e. g. , ut nunc sunt maledicentes homines ; Plautus). A foul person, maledicus conviciator (if vociferation and language of the mob are used).
FOULNESS, immunditia (as quality ; opposed to munditia) : spurcitia or spurcities (not Cicero, Varro). || Vileness, turpitude : fœditas : obscœnitas : dedecus : flagitium : immanitas (the terrible enormity ; e. g. , facinoris).
FOUND, v. || To lay the foundation of anything, fundamenta locare (only absolutely) : fundamenta alicujus rei jacere or (seldom) ponere (properly and figuratively) : fundamenta alicui rei fodere (to dig the ground up for that purpose : Cf. , fundare is only used in prose for “making firm and stable” something of which the foundations have been already laid) : initia alicujus rei ponere : prima initia alicujus rei inchoare or ponere (figuratively) : aliquid pro fundamento ponere (i. e. , to lay anything as or for a foundation) : condere : instituere (to found in a wider sense ; to establish) : stabilire (to make firm) : constituere (to found, with accessory notion of regularity, firmness). To found an empire, imperium constituere or condere (not imperium fundare, which conveys the meaning of ” giving stability’) : to found a state, civitatem or rempublicam constituere : to found
a new state, novas res condere : to found a town, urbem condere or constituere : to found anything at a place, aliquid exstruere, ponere in aliquo loco : to found (e. g. , a school, a sect), fundare disciplinam : he sent ten thousand Athenians to found a colony there, eo decem millia Atheniensium in coloniam misit (Cicero, Nep. ) : to be founded on anything (of notions, persuasions, etc. ), niti aliqua re or in aliqua re ; also, niti fundamento alicujus rei (to rest upon it as its foundation) ; teneri or contineri aliqua re (to be held together by it) ; cerni or positum esse in aliqua re (to rest on it). || To melt and cast metals, liquefacere :
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liquare (to make fluid ; e. g. , bronze, etc. ) : conflare (to melt down ; e. g. , victorias aureas ; i. e. , the gold statues of the Goddess of Victory). Vid. also, To FUSE, To CAST.