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EXCESSIVE, immodicus :immoderatus :effusus : profusus.Excessive height (of body), statura, quæ justam excedit (Suetonius, Tib, 68) :excessive joy, lætitia effusa, profusa, præter modum elata, or se superfundens.
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EXCESSIVELY, immodice ; immodice et redundanter (Plinius, Ep., 1, 20, 21); immoderate; extra, supra, or præter modum; effuse; profuse :vehementer (e. g., gaudere; commoveri aliqua re, etc.).
EXCHANGE, mutatio :permutatio : ( Cf., not commutatio, which means only “change,” ” alteration,” in classical writers).To make an exchange [vid. To EXCHANGE]. || Exchange of money, collybus (Cf., not cambium).To pay by a bill of exchange, permutare alicui pecuniam, etc. :by a bill of exchange payable at Athens ; to give anybody a bill of exchange on Athens for his annual expenses, curare, ut permutetur Athenas quod sit in annuum sumptum alicui (Cicero, Att., 15, 15, fin.). || An exchange (place of business), basilica (roofed and with pillars, for the convenience of merchants, etc.) :conciliabulumf (general term) :* conciliabulum mercatorum : mercatus, us : * forum mercatorium.
EXCHANGER, mensarius (Cicero) :mensarius nummularius (Fest.) :Seneca has diminutive, mensularius.
EXCHEQUER, ærarium :fiscus (privy-purse) :gaza (of the Persians, etc.).A well-filled exchequer, copiæ ærarii (Cicero) :an exchequer bill, * syngrapha pecuniæ ex ærario dandæ or persolvendæ. || Chancellor of the Exchequer, procurator principis or Cæsaris (in Rome, the officer who superintended the income and disbursements of the fiscus, or treasury, under the emperors; vid. Tacitus, Ann., 12, 60, init.; Plinius, Paneg., 36, 3) :* ærarii curator.
EXCISE, v., Vid. To TAX.
EXCISE, s., * vectigal rerum venalium : centesima rerum venalium (after Roman customs) :portorium (in a wider sense, but properly of articles of export and import) :perhaps vectigal portorii nomine exactum (after Cicero, Font., 5, 5, 19).
EXCISEABLE, vectigalis (opposed to immunis).
EXCISEMAN, publicanus :vectigaliarius (Firm., Math., 3, 13).The exciseman takes so much for each hogshead of wine ; to be formed after Titurium quaternos denarios in singulas vini amphoras portorii nomine exegisse (Cicero, Font., 5, 9).
EXCISION, excisio (the pulling down of a house, Auct., Or. pro dom.: as ” cutting out,” plagæ, Pallad.) :exsectio (e. g., of the tongue; Cicero).
EXCITABILITY, * proclivitas ad irascendum, ad accipiendam offensionem, etc.: mollis ad accipiendam offensionem animus (Cicero, of readiness to take offence) :animus alicujus irritabilis (Cf., irritabilitas very late; Appuleius) :animi mobilitas (that is unsteady from its natural excitability ; Sallustius) :mollitudo animi (opposed to indolentia, stupor, immanitas, Cicero, Tusc., 6, 12) :* tener quidam et mollis animus (after est natura fere in animis tenerum quiddam et molle, quod ægritudine, quasi tempestate, quatiatur; Cicero, Tusc., 3, 6, 12).Or by circumlocution.A person of great excitability, qui facile commovetur, irritatur, etc. :a person of considerable excitability, commotior animo (Tacitus). || Excitability of the nerves, etc., * incitabilitas (as technical term).
EXCITABLE, || Easily excited, qui (quæ, quod) facile movetur, excitatur, etc.. in quo facile motus excitantur : proclivis ad perturbationes or ad motus animi nimios (cf. Cicero, Off., 1, 38, 136). || Irritable, irritabilis (Cicero) :pronus ad iram : iracundus : acriculus (sharp, vehement; e. g., senex, Cicero, Tusc., 3, 17, 38) :he is somewhat excitable, iracundior est paullo (Horatius) :commotior est animo (Tacitus).To be excitable, facile irritari.
EXCITATION, exsuscitatio (Auct., ad Her. = act of exciting) :incitatio (quite classic). Cf., Excitatio very late (Arnob.).
EXCITE, excitare (to rouse up from a state of inactivity or depression, aliquem or alicujus jacentem animum; aliquem ad aliquid; also, risum, plausum, suspicionem alicui; motum in animis hominum, emotion, opposed to motum sedare) :concitare (to put in a state of violent activity, aliquem ad aliquid ; by anything, aliqua re ; multitudinem ; aliquem ira ; animos, opposed to remittere, Quintilianus) :incitare (to set in motion, and urge onwards to an object, or, figuratively, against a person, aliquem , alicujus animum, libidines; studium alicujus rei; aliquem ad aliquid : aliquem in or contra aliquem , against another) :excire, conciere or concire (in classic prose, only = to stir up the mind passively to any action ; seldom to produce a passion, evil of any kind, etc.; e. g., iram concire ; seditionem concire ; terrorem excire) :movere, commovere (to move, agitate, stir the mind or senses; then = to produce some emotion or passion, or something evil; e. g., misericordiam, se ditionem, bellum movere or commovere ; suspicionem, risum movere) :conflare (to blow up, to kindle = to cause, alicui invidiam : bellum) :instigare (to urge on; to instigate, not very common; te instigante, Cicero ; Romanos in Hannibalem, Livius) :acuere :exacuere (to sharpen ; and hence, to produce vigor, alacrity, vehemence ; acuere aliquem ad crudelitatem ; acuere aliquem [opposed to languorem afferre alicui, Cicero]; acuere pectora virorum fortium, Livius; exacuere aliquem [opposed to deterrere, Cicero] ; exacuere aliquem ira, Nepos :irritare (e. g., animos ad bellum, Livius ; aliquem ad necem alicujus, Velleius) :stimulare (to spur on, stimulate; with accusative of object; in aliquid ; ut, ne, and poetically, infinitive ; anybody against anybody, aliquem in aliquem) :inflammare (to kindle a violent feeling, aliquem in aliquem ; against anybody, sensus animorum atque motus [opposed to exstinguere, Cicero] ; invidiam alicujus ; aliquem aliqua re, and ad aliquid). Cf., Exstimulare, poetically, and in post-Augustan, prose. (The words are found in this connection and order.) incitare et stimulare (Livius); stimulare atque excitare (Cicero); inflammare et incendere; excitare et inflammare; accendere et stimulare ; impellere et incendere. The Romans also expressed it, figuratively, by stimulos alicui admovere or addere; stimulos subdere alicujus animo; calcaria alicui adhibere or admovere ; ignem alicui subjicere (especially to excite the envy of anyone).To excite to battle or to war, ad certamen, ad bellum incitare or irritare aliquem :to excite to learning, irritare aliquem ad discendum :to excite to anger, alicui acuere iram; aliquem ad iram irritare; or simply irritare aliquem :to be excited by anger, ira exacui or incendi :to excite desire, cupiditatem afferre ; in anybody, after anything, alicui alicujus rei :to be excited (of the senses), moveri (e. g., ut sensus moventur in summis voluptatibus ; Cicero). Cf., For to excite admiration, surprise, thirst, appetite, etc., [vid. those substantives.
EXCITED, incitatus (by anything, aliqua re) :animi quodam impetu concitatus; mente incitatus (Cicero) :commotus or commotior (e. g., animus ; Cicero) :inflammatus, by anything, aliqua re :violently or passionately excited, inflammatus ac furens (aliqua re ; e. g., libidinibus, Cicero).To pacify the excited multitude, multitudinem concitatam reprimere (Nepos).
EXCITEMENT, || Act of exciting, instigatio : irritatio :incitatio :concitatio :impulsus :stimulatio :instinctus (all of the action) :hortatio :cohortatio :adhortatio (exhortation). || Thing that excites, hortamen : hortamentum :incitamentum :stimulus : concitamentum (Seneca, De Ira, 3, 9). || State of excitement, animi concitatio, impetus or (stronger) perturbatio : motus animi turbatus or perturbatus : animi motus, commotio or permotio.A temporary excitement, temporarius animi motus (vid. Quintilianus, 5, 10, 28) :a vehement excitement, acerrimus animi motus : vehemens animi impetus :to speak in a state of excitement, concitate dicere (Quintilianus). Cf., Concitatio is also used of political excitement.
EXCITER, hortator :adhortator (who exhorts a person to do anything) :impulsor :stimulator (who urges anybody on) :exstimulator (very rare; rebellionis, Tacitus) :concitator (belli, Hirtius ; turbæ ac tumultus, Livius; concitator et instimulator seditionis, Pseud.Cicero) :instigator, -trix (Tacitus).Sometimes fax (torch, fire-brand), or tuba (trumpet of the exciter of sedition, civil war, etc.) ; e. g., furia faxque hujus belli, Livius ; fax belli Sertorius, Velleius ; tuba belli civilis, Cicero). Excitator very late (Prudentius).
EXCLAIM, exclamare : clamare : conclamare (of several) :clamitare (with continued exclamations; in alarm, etc. ; twice, Cicero, : very common after the Augustan Age.). [Vid. CRY OUT.]I feel inclined to exclaim as etc., mihi libet exclamare, ut, etc. :they exclaim, bravo! excellent! clamant, pulchre, bene, recte ! (Horatius) :they exclaim as loud as they can, exclamant quam maxime possunt :to exclaim against anything, fremere adversus aliquid (of a multitude). Cf., After exclamare, the exclamation is either (1) a sentence in direct discourse; or (2) accusative and infinitive; or (3) a sentence with ut :it then contains an exhortation, direction, etc.[(1) exclamat : Alcumena adest auxilium; ne time :(2) exclamare eum sibi esse sodalem :(3) exclamavit, ut bono essent animo (Cicero); ut equites ex equis desilirent (Livius)].
EXCLAIMER, qui exclamat, etc. (clamator, Cicero ; of a noisy would-be orator, etc., bawler).
EXCLAMATION, exclamatio (as a rhetorical figure = ἐπιφώνημα, Cicero, De Or., 3, 54, 207 ; but also, properly, acutæ vocis exclamationes, Auct. ad Her., 3, 12, 21) :acclamatio (as rhetorical figure,
Quintilianus, 8, 5, 11) :vox(e. g., of pain, qualis dolore exprimitur) :conclamatio (of several, not Ciceronian ; exclamations, by singular, Cæsar, totius exercitus ; by plural, Tacitus, lacrimæ et conclamationes) :vociferatio (loud crying, Cicero). [Vid. CRY, s., SHOUT, s.] Not a single exclamation was heard from them, that, etc, nulla ab iis vox, quæ – sit, etc. :to force, wring, etc., an exclamation from anybody, vocem exprimere :to interlard a speech with theatrical exclamations, dulces exclamationes theatri causa producere (Quintilianus 11, 3, 179). || A note of exclamation, signum exclamationis (grammatical technical term).
EXCLAMATORY, by circumlocution, perhaps dulces exclamationes producens (vid. quotation from Quintilian, under EXCLAMATION) :clamatorius, Plinius, is used of a bird whose cries are unfavorable.
EXCLUDE, excludere (to shut out, properly and improperly, aliquem foras, aliquem a mœnibus, a republica, from a share in the government, its magistracies, etc.) :segregare (to separate from some troop or body, aliquem a republica, aliquem a numero civium, etc.) :removere (to remove as unserviceable, undesirable, etc, arbitros ; aliquem ab hoc sermone; aliquem a legibus ferendis, Cicero) :eximere (to take out, aliquem de reis) :excipere (to take out, to except). (The words are found in this connection and order.) excipere et secernere (e. g., hos homines libenter, Cicero).To be excluded from all offices of honor, omnibus honoribus exemtum esse :to exclude anybody from a company or society, a cœtu or circulo aliquem removere :to exclude anybody from a religious community, sacrificiis alicui interdicere, eumque numero impiorum ac sceleratorum habere (Cæsar, B. G., 6, 13) [vid. EXCOMMUNICATE] :to exclude anybody from the rights of citizenship, aliquem a civium numero sejungere, segregare, and (stronger) aliquem ex numero civium ejicere, or aliquem numero civium excidere :to exclude anybody from all knowledge of one’s plans, expertem aliquem omnium consiliorum (de re) habere.
EXCLUSION, || Act of shutting out, exclusio (Terentius ; ventorum, Vitruvius). || Exception, vid.
EXCLUSIVE, proprius (belonging to one’s self as a peculiar possession).Sometimes præcipuus (e. g., an exclusive right, præcipuum jus, Cicero).To devote one’s exclusive attention to anything, se totum conferre ad rem, omne studium ponere in aliqua re cognoscenda :an exclusive right, privilegium (but post-classical in this sense), jus præcipuum [vid. PRIVILEGE] :the exclusive right of selling salt, salis vendendi arbitrium (Livius) :anybody has the exclusive right of doing anything, alicui soli licet hoc facere :to give anybody an exclusive right, alicui privilegium dare ; to anything, alicui privilegium or beneficium alicujus rei dare :to have or enjoy an exclusive right, privilegium habere ; præcipuo jure esse ; to do anything, privilegium aliquid faciendi habere :to deprive anybody of an exclusive right, alicui beneficium or privilegium alicujus rei adimere :the Pythagoreans were so popular, that they were considered to enjoy the exclusive possession of wisdom, sic viguit Pythagoreorum nomen, ut nulli alii docti viderentur. Cf., On the translation by omnis, totus, etc., vid. EXCLUSIVELY. Cf., Exclusorius very late; Dig. || Admitting few to intimacy, ad aliquem difficiles sunt aditus; * in domum suam or in familiaritatem nisi admodum paucos non admittere; * angustos quosdam circulos et sessiunculas consectari (after Cicero, Fin., 5, 20, 56).
EXCLUSIVELY, proprie : præcipue :Often by adjectives, omnis, unus, totus, solus ; e. g., to grant anything to a person exclusively, uni, soli alicui dare, etc. :to apply one’s self exclusively to anything, se totum conferre ad rem ; omne suum studium ponere in aliqua re (facienda) ; omnibus rebus posthabitis totum se in aliqua re facienda collocare. [Vid. EXCLUSION, EXCLUSIVE.]Exclusively of anything, * ita ut aliquid excludatur, eximatur; hoc (eo, etc.) excepto : præter aliquem or aliquid.
EXCOGITATE, excogitare :Vid. DEVISE.
EXCOGITATION, excogitatio (Cicero).Vid. INVENTION, CONTRIVANCE.
EXCOMMUNICATE, sacrificiis interdicere alicui (Cæsar) :* sacris or rebus divinis (or sacra, res divinas) alicui interdicere :* aliquem devovere :* a sacris aliquem excludere : * sacrum aliquem esse jubere :* e Christianorum hominum communitate aliquem exterminare :* ex numero Christianorum aliquem ejicere, expellere :* ab ecclesia Christianorum excludere :anathematizare (Augustin).All these have been recommended ; but excommunicare may be retained as technical term (Krebs.) To be excommunicated, * prohiberi usu sacrorum ; * exclusum esse a cœtu Christianorum.
EXCOMMUNICATION, sacrificiorum interdictio; anathema, -atis, neuter :perhaps devotio (Nepos, Alc., 4 = solemn curse) (Cf., the most absurd is Bembo’s, aqua et igni interdictio) :* segregatio ab usu sacrorum et a consuetudine Christianorum ; but excommunicatio (Augustin), as technical term.To put under excommunication, sacrificiis interdicere alicui (Cæsar, B. G., 6, 13, who thus explains this expression, quibus ita interdictum, ii numero impiorum ac sceleratorum habentur; iis omnes decedunt, aditum eorum sermonemque defugiunt, ne quid ex contagione incommodi accipiant ; neque iis petentibus jus redditur, neque honos ullus communicatur) ; aliquem anathematizare, excommunicare (Eccl.) :devovere aliquem (to pronounce a curse upon him, opposed to resacrare aliquem , to revoke the curse).
EXCORIATE, desquamare (the proper word) :terere (to rub, gall; e. g., collum labore, † Prop.) :abradere (e. g., fauces, Lucretius). [Vid. EXCORIATION.] The excoriated parts, desquamata : Cf., excoriare very late (App.).
EXCORIATION, intertrigo (from riding, lying, walking, etc.) :desquamata, plural, (the excoriated parts, ἀποσύρματα).Τo prevent excoriation, intertrigines prohibere (Plinius) :to cure excoriations, mederi desquamatis :to treat excoriations, desquamata curare (both Plinius).
EXCREMENT, excrementa, plural, ( post-Augustan) : stercus (of men and beasts) ; also, alvus (e. g., liquida, pallida, etc.).
EXCREMENTAL, by circumlocution ; not excrementosus, which Burmann has.Excremental matter, excrementum (e. g., narium, Tacitus).
EXCRESCENCE, quod excrescit or excrevit : caro excrescens (on the body) :ecphyma :sarcoma (ἔκφυμαa, σάρκωμα, on the bodies of animals) :gibber (hump, lump, etc.; gibba only Suetonius, Dom., 23; and gibbus, Juvenalis, 6, 109; 10, 294 and 303) :excrescences, carnes excrescentes; excrescentia, -ium, plural :a fleshy excrescence on the nose, polypus :that has such an excrescence, polyposus (vid. Martisalis, 12, 37, 2) :he had a fleshy excrescence on his side, caro excreverat in latere ejus (Suetonius) :arsenic destroys every excrescence, arsenicum tollit quicquid excrescit.
EXCRETION,Vid. EXCREMENT and SECRETION.
EXCRUCIATE, excruciare (properly and figuratively, Cicero). Vid. TORTURE.
EXCULPATE, excusare :purgare (clear, excuse) :aliquem culpa liberare or ex culpa eximere ; culpam ab aliquo demovere or (Livius) amovere (remove all blame from) :to exculpate one’s self, se excusare, purgare ; to anybody’s satisfaction, satisfacere alicui (vid. Cæsar, B. G., 1, 41). Vid. To EXCUSE.
EXCULPATION, libelatio culpæ (the being cleared from blame; e. g., ab aliquo impetrare, to obtain one’s exculpationfrom anybody) :excusatio :purgatio (excuse) :excusatio peccati : remotio criminis (Auct., ad Her.).A lame attempt at exculpation, perfugium, quod sumit sibi aliquis ad excusationem (Cicero). Vid. EXCUSE.
EXCULPATORY, by circumlocution :an exculpatory statement, excusatio :to allege all manner of exculpatory arguments, omnes excusationis causas colligere (Hirtius, B. G., 8, præf. extr.).
EXCURSION, * iter animi voluptatisque causa susceptum; or by circumlocution with excurrere.To make an excursion into the country, excurrere rus; to my Pompeian villa, excurrere in Pompeianum.|| Digression, excursio :excursus (varios habere excursus, Quintilianus) :egressio. Vid. DIGRESSION.
EXCUSABLE, venia dignus : quod excusationem or aliquid excusationis habet (e. g., vitium) :cui ignosci potest, ignoscendum est, etc. :cui venia or venia et impunitas dari potest, etc. A fault that is not excusable, erratum cui – nulla venia proponitur (Cicero).To be excusable, excusationem or aliquid excusationis habere :to render anybody excusable, dare alicui justam excusationem (of things, Cicero) :to be hardly excusable, non facile esse expurgatu (Tacitus) : Cf., excusabilis, poetical, Ovidius.
EXCUSABLY, ita ut alicui or rei ignosci possit.
EXCUSE, v., excusare ; to anyone, alicui or apud aliquem :purgare (to justify) to anyone, alicui or apud aliquem [SYN. in EXCUSE, s.] : excusationem alicujus rei afferre (to bring forward an excuse for anything) : veniam alicujus rei dare (to pardon) :to excuse one’s self, se excusare, se purgare; from anything, de aliqua re :to excuse one’s self on the plea of anything, excusare aliquid (e. g., on the plea of sickness, etc., excusare morbum, valetudinem; excusatione valetudinis uti) ; aliquid alicujus rei excusatione defendere :to excuse one’s self against anyone, uti excusatione adversus aliquem :to excuse one’s self satisfactorily to anyone, satisfacere alicui (vid. Cæsar, B. G. 1, 41; cf. Cortte, Cicero, ad Fam., 5, 13, 3) : purgare se alicui :to wish or endeavor to excuse one’s self to anyone, parare excusationem ad aliquem :to endeavor in every way and manner to excuse one’s self, omnes excusationis causas colligere (Hirtius, B. G., 8, præf. extr.).No man can excuse himself by saying that the sin was committed in behalf of a friend, nulla est excusatio peccati, si amici causa peccaveris (Cicero)
:a desperate shift to excuse one’s self, perfugium, quod sumo mihi ad excusationem (Cicero) :anything excuses you, aliquid dat tibi (justam) excusationem (Cicero) :to excuse one’s self by throwing the blame on another, culpam in aliquem transferre :to pray to be excused on the ground of, excusare aliquid (vid. above) :deprecari aliquid excusatione (alicujus rei).
EXCUSE, s.,excusatio :purgatio :satisfactio (purgatio is a full justification, the clearing one’s self from a suspicion or accusation; excusatio, the partial and relative excuse, it being acknowledged that the thing is or seems to be wrong; but one’s innocence being asserted : satisfactio is the satisfaction made to the feelings of another by a purgatio or excusatio, if one is innocent; by a veniæ petitio, or a pœna, if one is guilty) :causa, latebra (a false excuse to which one has recourse).To allege an excuse, excusatione uti, excusationem afferre; on account of anything, alicujus rei :to plead anything as an excuse, excusare aliquid (e. g., morbum) ; deprecari, followed by an accusative and infinitive (to say by way of excuse, in a supplicating tone, Sallustius, Jug., 104, 4) :to allege any evasive excuse, se conjicere in latebram :to accept an excuse, excusationem, satisfactionem accipere :not to accept, etc., excusationem non accipere, non probare :to look about for some excuse, excusationem, latebram quærere :a ground of excuse, excusatio :to plead all manner of excuses, omnes excusationis causas colligere; that not etc., ne etc. (Hirtius, B. G., 8, præf. extr.). It is no sufficient excuse to say, etc., nulla est excusatio peccati, si dixeris, etc. (feceris, etc., etc.) A sufficient excuse, satis justa, or justa et idonea excusatio :to admit of no excuse, nihil excusationis habere ; excusationem non habere; alicui rei venia nulla proponitur (Cicero, all of things).No excuse for non-attendance was admitted, nemini civi ulla, quominus adesset, satis justa excusatio visa est (Cicero).
EXCUSELESS :Vid. INEXCUSABLE.
EXCUSER, by circumlocution with verb (Cf., excusator, very late; Augustin) EXECRABLE,Vid. ABOMINABLE.
EXECRABLY,Vid. ABOMINABLY.
EXECRATE, v., exsecrari :male precari (Cicero, Pis., 14, 33) :devovere :detestari in caput alicujus minas et pericula : detestari in caput alicujus iram deorum : Cf., not detestari alone : Cf., exsecrari means ” to curse,” when one would exclude a guilty person from human society as devoted to the infernal gods, in opposition to blessing; detestari means “to curse,” when one wishes to deprecate evil by an appeal to the gods against a person or thing; in opposition to ” praying in behalf of :” devovere (also with diris) is to devote to the infernal gods. Vid. To CURSE.
EXECRATION, [vid. CURSE, s.].adding that imprecatio is Silver Age :dira imprecatione affligere aliquem.
EXECT (for ” exsect,” Harvey), exsecare.
EXECTION, exsectio (Cicero).
EXECUTE, exsequi :persequi (to follow up anything till it is done, especially of things done by rule or direction, officium, mandata) :conficere (to bring to an end, so that the labor is over ; to finish, without reference to the production of a perfect work : itinera, mandata, conficiuntur, non perficiuntur nec absolvuntur, D.) :efficere :κυρικιμασαηικο ad effectum adducere (to bring to actual existence) :perficere (to carry through to the end; to make anything perfect; opposed to inchoare, to begin) :absolvere (to finish off, so that no more remains to be done ; to make complete ; opposed to inchoare, instituere). (The words are found in this connection and order.) absolvere ac (et) perficere :peragere (to carry a business through) :sometimes facere alone (opposed to cogitare).To be able to execute anything, * parem esse alicui rei exsequendæ :to execute a commission, jussum or imperatum facere :mandata efficere, conficere, perficere, exsequi, persequi ; in the exactest manner, mandata exhaurire :imperio alicujus defungi :to execute a will, testamentum facere (general term) or conficere . || Punish capitally, supplicium capitis sumere de aliquo : supplicio capitis afficere aliquem :aliquem supplicio punire :aliquem morte multare :to execute (if the mode is beheading), caput alicujus præcidere (with the sword; it would be wrong to say caput cervicibus abscidere ; unless the person is first strangled, Cicero, Phil., 2, 2, cervicibus fractis caput abscidit) :securi ferire or percutere (with the axe, as the instrument used by the executioner) :decollare (as a general term, post-Augustan ; Seneca and Suetonius, and even then rejected from the more elevated style) :to be tortured and then executed, omni supplicio excruciatum, or omnibus cruciatibus affectum necari.
EXECUTION, || Performance, exsecutio (post-Augustan; e. g., operis, Plinius) :effectio (e. g., artis, Cicero) :confectio (e. g., the drawing up of a book, libri) :exædificatio (the building up of anything very rare, Cicero) : Cf., absolutio, perfectio, not found in this sense.It will often be necessary to use circumlocution, e. g., for ” the execution of commissions,” mandata exsequi, perficere, efficere, facere (Curtius), perficere (Livius) ; exhaurire mandata alicujus :your careful execution of that important commission, cura tua de illo meo primo et maximo mandato (Cicero) :to attend to the execution of anybody’s commissions, alicujus mandata persequi, conficere, etc. To attend to the minutest details of its execution (of a work of art), argutias operis custodire quoque in minimis rebus :to despair of its execution, desperare effectum operis :to prevent the execution of anything, ne res conficiatur, obsistere :to follow up deliberation by the rapid execution of his resolves, consultis facta conjungere :the careful execution of anything, res diligenter effecta (e. g., una [materia] diligenter effecta plus proderit quam plures inchoatæ et quasi degustatæ, Quintilianus, 10, 5, 23) :|| Writ of execution, bonorum emptio (a sale of this kind was, in effect, as to a living debtor, an execution, Dict., Antiqq., p. 165 ; with reference to the debtor, it was bonorum venditio) :manus injectio (” was, in effect, in some cases, a kind of execution” Dict. Antiqq., p. 617; it was a sort of arrest, and is fully explained at the page referred to) :acerbissima exactio vectigalium ( vid. Cicero, ad Div., 3, 8, 5) :to put an execution in anybody’s house, in possessionem bonorum debitoris mittere (vid. Dict. Antiqq., p. 165); * bona alicujus propter vectigalia non soluta vendere ; * ex alicujus bonis ad solvenda vectigalia pecuniam exigere (after Vitruvius, ex ejus bonis ad perficiendum pecuniam exigere, of an architect who has greatly exceeded his estimate, and has to pay the excess out of his own pocket, Præf., lib. 10). || Capital punishment, (capitis) supplicium :anybody’s execution, supplicium de aliquo sumtum.To be led to execution, ad mortem duci :to have anybody tortured before his execution, aliquem omni supplicio excruciatum necare (Cicero) :to send anybody to execution, aliquem ad mortem ducere; aliquem morte afficere; supplicium de aliquo sumere. || Destruction, slaughter, strages :clades :cædes :To do great execution, strages facere (Cicero), edere (Livius); cladem facere (Sallustius) :magnam cladem afferre alicui (Cicero); cædes facere, afficere (Cicero ; all with magnus, quautus, etc.) :Sometimes nocere, etc., will do.
EXECUTIONER, || Hangman, etc., carnifex : exactor supplicii. Cf., exsecutor in Code Justinian, 8, 17, 17.To be an executioner, carnificinam facere (comedy) :to seize upon the office of executioner, munus carnificis occupare :to die by the hands of the executioner, securi or securi illa funesta percuti (if the axe was used). || Executor, vid.
EXECUTIVE, circumlocution by regnum exercere, etc. The executive power, * magistratus, etc., qui ea, quæ imperavit princeps (rex, senatus, etc.), faciunt : * ii, penes quos “omnis est curatio et administratio rerum” (as a body of men) :* jus or potestas leges exercendi (as a power).
EXECUTOR, || Performer, exsecutor (Velleius, 2, 5, malorum propositorum) :effector : confector [SYN. in EXECUTE]. || Executor (of a will). Cf., In Roman law, a will was not valid without the name of some heres written; but till the time of Vespasian this heres might have to give up all the estate to legatees and fideicommissarii ; he then became a mere executor; but Vespasian enacted that he should always retain one fourth of the property.The form was, ” Lucius Titius heres esto :rogo te, Luci Titi, ut quum primum peteris hereditatem meam adire ( = to administer) eam Caio Seio reddas, restituas.” (Inst. Just., 2 ; Tit., 23, 2) :* testamenti exsecutor, quem dicimus (after exsecutor propositorum, Velleius, etc.).
EXECUTORSHIP, * testamenti exsecutio, quæ dicitur.
EXECUTRIX :Vid. EXECUTOR.
EXEGESIS, interpretatio :explanatio (explanation of the author’s meaning) :enarratio (oral exposition of his meaning) :* ars interpretandi, explanandi, explicandi (veteres scriptores, etc., as a science) :enarratio auctorum ( vid. Quintilianus, 1, 9, 1).
EXEGETICAL, by circumlocution. We must consult some exegetical. work, explanationes adhibendæ sunt interpretum (after Cicero,Div., 1, 51,11).
EXEMPLAR,Vid. EXAMPLE.
EXEMPLARILY, || Excellently, Vid. || In a signal manner.To punish exemplarily, vid. “to make an EXAMPLE of.’ EXEMPLARINESS,e. g., of moral conduct, summa morum probitas ; morum sanctitas :there is but one opinion among your fellow-citizens of the exemplariness of your conduct, omnes cives sic existimant, quasi lumen aliquod (exstinctis ceteris), elucere sanctitatem (et prudentiam et dignitatem) tuam (Cicero).
EXEMPLARY,An exemplary person, vir sanctus, gravis : vir exempli
recti : exemplum innocentiæ.To inflict exemplary punishment on anybody, in aliquem insigne documentum dare (Livius) :exemplum severitatis in aliquo edere (Cicero) :pœna aliquem afficere, ut aliis documento sit (Cicero) :graviter statuere de aliquo (Cicero).By an exemplary punishment, exemplo severitatis. Vid. “to make an EXAMPLE of.’ EXEMPLIFICATION, || Example, copy, vid. || Act of exemplifying, circumlocution by verbs under EXEMPLIFY.
EXEMPLIFY, exemplo confirmare aliquid :exempli causa ponere, or proponere aliquid : * exemplo (alicujus rei) uti : exemplum alicujus rei proponere, supponere : exemplum alicui rei adjungere.That I may exemplify my meaning, exempli causa or gratia :ut exemplo utar.
EXEMPT FROM, eximere (e. g., a field, etc., agrum de vectigalibus, Cicero) :immunitatem alicujus rei (post-Augustan, a re) dare : vacationem alicujus rei, or a re alicui dare (e. g., vacationem sumtus, laboris, rerum omnium, and [improperly] malorum ; but especially militiæ ; all Cicero : vacationem a causis, Cicero) :immunem facere rei, re (militia, Livius), or a re (ab onere, Suetonius) :immunem a re præstare (Suetonius).One century was exempted from serving, una centuria facta est immunis militia (Livius) :to exempt from tribute for five years, tributum in quinquennium remittere (anybody, alicui) ; quantum ærario aut fisco pendit aliquis, in quinquennium remittere.
EXEMPT, adjective, immunis (free from state burdens, from military service, and the like) :liber (free from public services, socage, etc.; opposed to servus) :immunis liberque (both of persons and possessions) :omnibus muneribus vacans (free from every service) :immunis militia, militiæ munere vacans (free from military service) :to be exempt, immunem esse (general term) :militiæ munere vacare, militiæ vacationem habere (from military service) :not exempt from, non sine (aliqua re).
EXEMPTION, immunitas (general term, rei or a re ; muneris, omnium rerum ; malorum, Lampr., Commod., 14 ; a tributis, Suetonius) :vacatio (rei or a re, especially militiæ ; also sumtus, laboris, rerum omnium, a causis, all Cicero ; ab belli administratione, Livius).To grant anybody an exemption, [vid. To EXEMPT] : Cf., with vacatio, the number of years stands in the genitive ; e. g., quinquennii vacatio militiæ. To decree to anybody an exemption from military service for five years, alicui quinquennii militiæ vacationem decernere (Livius).It is false that they paid for an exemption, falsum est ob vacationem pretium datum (Cicero) :to pray for an exemption, deprecari vacationem :to enjoy an exemption from anything, vacationem or immunitatem rei habere :they alone enjoy an exemption from the payment of tribute, from military service, from every public burden, neque tributa una cum reliquis pendunt; militiæ vacationem omniumque rerum habent immunitatem. More under To EXEMPT.
EXENTERATE, exenterare :eviscerare.
EXEQUIES,Vid. OBSEQUIES.
EXERCISE, || Bodily exercise, motus :exercitatio (of prescribed bodily exercises) :ambulatio (by walking) :gestatio (by being borne in a litter) :vectatio (on a horse or in a carriage ; vectatio et iter reficiunt animum) :to take exercise, ambulare, spatiari (to walk) to take moderate exercise, modicis exercitationibus uti :to take strong exercise, acri ambulatione uti.Horse-exercise, vectatio equi (e. g., vectatio assidua equi post cibum, Suetonius, Cal., 3). || Military exercise, exercitium, armatura (the former, exercise in arms; the latter, the art of evolutions, etc.; vid. Salmas., Æl. Lampr., 1, 1012, Haack) :to introduce the Roman exercise into our army, exercitum ad Romanæ disciplinæ formam redigere (vid. Velleius, 2, 109, in.). || Practice (vid.), exercitatio (e. g., of virtues, vices) :functio (e. g., muneris).|| An exercise ( = boy’s task), pensum (general term for a “task;” used of a mental task by Cicero, meum munus pensumque) :* pensum Latine (or Græce) convertendum (a task to be translated into Latin or Greek).
EXERCISE, exercere (general term) :facere (to do, practise, carry on) :factitare (to carry on trades and arts). [Vid. To PRACTICE]. || To exercise troops, (1) TRANS., exercere (soldiers, etc.: to exercise the soldiers thoroughly, milites perpetuis exercitiis ad Romanæ disciplinæ formam redigere (to make them acquainted with Roman military duty) ; milites frequentibus exercitiis ad prœlia præparare (to make them ready for battle) :to be well exercised, * armorum usum habere :* armorum usu præstare.(2) INTRANS., exerceri :whilst the cavalry were exercising, quum exercerentur equites. EXERT, Cf., exsergre is not found in any sense of this word (except the Latinized meaning = ” to thrust forth”), till Pliny, exseram in librum tuum jus, quod dedisti ; for exercere, exigere, experiri.To exert force, vim exercere, proferre, afferre, adhibere, præbere, etc. (Krebs). [Vid. To USE, EMPLOY.] || To exert one’s self, vires, nervos intendere or contendere :to exert one’s self very much, omni ope atque opera eniti (ut etc.) :to exert one’s self beyond one’s strength, se supra vires extendere :to exert all the little strength one has, nervulos suos adhibere :to exert one’s self beyond one’s years, præter ætatem facere :to exert one’s self to no purpose, inanes impetus facere; in anything, frustra conari aliquid :to exert one’s self in speaking, voce contendere :to exert one’s self too much in speaking, voci nimis imperare (Plinius, Ep., 5, 19, 6) :not to exert one’s self in speaking, voci parcere. Vid. “to make EXERTION.” EXERTION, contentio :intentio (as action) :labor (severe xertion) :conatus (endeavor, effort). (The words are found in this connection and order.) conatus studiumque :exertion of body, in speaking, summa vis atque contentio :vain exertions, inanes contentiones or impetus :immoderate exertion, effusa contentio :to make great exertion in anything, acerrime agere, obnixe facere aliquid :to require great exertions, positum esse in labore :to render anybody’s exertions fruitless, conatum infringere :with great effort and exertion, contente :with great exertion, enixe ; obnixe :with the greatest exertion, manibus pedibusque :not without the greatest effort and exertion, non sine summa industrial :to speak without any great exertion (of the voice), voci parcere.To make every exertion, omnes nervos contendere or intendere, ut etc. ; summo studio anniti, ut etc. (or ad aliquid) ; omnia tentare, ut etc.; rem magno conatu studioque agere ; in anything, omnibus viribus agere aliquid ; omni virium contentione incumbere in aliquid or laborare in re ; omni studio incumbere ad or in aliquid ( Cf., alicui rei is not classical) ; omnem curam atque operam conferre ad aliquid :for anything, summa ope niti pro re.
EXFOLIATE (of bones), squamam remittere :ossi squama abscedit :ab osse squama recedit (Celsus).
EXFOLIATION,by circumlocution for the act; squama, squamæ, for the substance that exfoliates.
EXHALATION, exhalatio :exspiratio :aspiratio : respiratio :vaporatio. [SYN. in EVAPARATION, vid.] Noxious exhalations, afflatus noxii (Plinius) :Exhalationes from the earth, terræ exhalationes, etc. : Cf., evaporatio, -onis, in late writers, not classical. Vid. EVAPARATION.
EXHALE, || Send forth vapour, exhalare (in Cicero only with vinum, crapulam) :exspirare (not Cicero, or Cæsar) :emittere (to send forth ; e. g., vaporem) :spirare (to breathe forth, odorem, Vergilius poetical and post-Augustan prose; not Ciceronian) :halare (e. g., nectar floribus, of flowers, Lucretius, †).To exhale an odor, odorem præstare, emittere (Cf., odorem spargere, spirare, diffundere, all poetical).The flowers exhale a sweet odor, odores e floribus afflantur. || Draw forth vapor, vaporem ex aliqua re excitare (e. g., ex agris, aquis, etc., of the sun, Cicero) :vaporare (to fill with warm vapor, lævum latus sol decedens vaporat).
EXHALEMENT,Vid. EXHALATION.
EXHAUST, || To use quite up, exhaurire (properly and figuratively ; e. g., strength, money, allies, affection, etc.) :conficere (figuratively, to weaken one’s strength) :Cf., exanclare is not found in good prose. My patience is exhausted, rumpo or abrumpo patientiam (Cf., not rumpitur patientia; vid. Suetonius,Tib., 25; Tacitus, Ann., 12, 50, 3) :to exhaust a subject in a speech, etc., omnia accurate exponere ; nihil intactum relinquere ; rem ab omni parte considerare :the whole question is completely exhausted, abunde satisfactum est huic toti quæstioni. || To weary (vid.).To be exhausted, wearied, exanimari (Cæsar) et lassitudine confici. || To weaken, etc., infirmare (properly and figuratively) : enervare (to enervate, only properly) :debilitare, attenuare, minuere, comminuere, imminuere (figuratively, to weaken, lessen) :frangere (figuratively, to break, to weaken, enfeeble very much) :vires alicujus consumere (Cæsar).To exhaust the spirits, animum debilitare or comminuere :to exhaust the enemy, hostes frangere, hostium res accidere :a country is exhausted, alicujus terræ opes attritæ sunt ; through very great wars, through the expenses of princes, terra exhausta est maximis bellis, sumptu, etc. :land is exhausted, solum (ubertate nimia) effetum et defatigatum est (Columella).
EXHAUSTED, exhaustus (emptied ; e. g., of a treasury ; also of a land, a state; e. g., sumtibus et jacturis) :confectus (quite spent, especially of wounded soldiers) :fessus (wearied ; e. g., vulneribus). (The words are found in this connection and order.) fessus conf’ectusque :lassitudine confectus (wearied from fatigue) :effetus (properly, by much bearing ; then also of the body, corpus, Cicero) :enectus (worn out by hunger and other bodily sufferings).Land exhausted by over bearing, ubertate nimia prioris ævi effetum et defatigatum solum (Columella) :an ox exhausted with
labor, bos confectus vexatione operum.
EXHAUSTION, || Lassitude, lassitudo, languor (of body or mind) : confectio (improperly, deprivation of all strength) :virium defectio (Cicero).To be suffering from exhaustion, lassitudine confici. || Weakness, infirmatio, debilitatio (as an action) :infirmitas, debilitas (as a state).Exhaustion of the resources of a state, opes civitatis attritæ or comminutæ.
EXHAUSTLESS,Vid. INEXHAUSTIBLE.
EXHIBIT, v., exponere, proponere, propalam collocare (to expose in public fo show) :spectacula pandere (Horatius).To exhibit a service of silver plate, paintings, and statues, argentum proponere, tabulas et signa propalam collocare.Apelles used to exhibit his works in a stall, after their completion, for the passers-by to see, Apelles perfecta opera proponebat pergula transeuntibus :to exhibit goods (for sale), merces exponere, venales proponere : Cf., exhibere must be used carefully, its use being far less extensive than that of our “exhibit:” it is used of exhibiting documents, etc., in a court, tabulas, rationes, etc.; of exhibiting one’s self in any character, colors, etc., to anybody, exhibere se aliquid [quid me putas … populo nostro exhibiturum? Cicero].
EXHIBITION, || Act of bringing forth, prolatio (the production ; used by Cicero of quoting examples) :ostentatio (mostly ” boastful exhibition,” but in Latin, ab ostentatione sævitiæ ascitum cognomen, from this exhibition of his cruel disposition).Mostly by circumlocution with afferre, (in medium) proferre, monstrare, ostendere, præstare, etc. || An exhibition of works of art, etc., spectaculum (any sight ; e. g., not only of plays, gladiators, etc., but of naumachiæ, Cæsar).By circumlocution with proponere or propalam collocare.An exhibition of paintings, sculpture, etc., tabulas (signa, etc.) propalam collocatæ (after tabulas et signa propalam collocavit, Cicero, De Or., 1, 35, 126) :tabulæ, signa, etc., quæ ad spectationes populo comparantur (after Vitruvius, præf., lib. 10) ; perhaps spectatio only (ea omnia, quæ – ad spectationes populo comparantur, the apparatus provided for their public exhibitions, sights). || Pension, etc., beneficium annuum :* annua in beneficii loco præbita, plural : or stipendium.To confer an exhibition on anybody, aliquem or alicujus tenuitatem beneficio annuo sustentare. Cf., exhibitio is used for “support” in Ulpian, quod exhibitioni frugaliter sufficit.
EXHILARATE, hilarare, exhilarare aliquem (Cicero) :relevare, recreare, confirmare aliquem.To exhilarate the mind, animum relaxare, discutere :resolvere animi tristitiam :tristes cogitationes discutere (Celsus). Vid. To CHEER.
EXHILARATION, animi relaxatio or oblectatio : hilaritas :animi remissio (as state).
EXHORT, hortari :adhortari :cohortari (to exhort by a strong and friendly appeal to a person’s will and resolution ; the immediate object of the exhortation being an action) :all with ad aliquid, with ut, ne, or ad aliquid faciendum ; the first two also with subjunctive only ; also hortari or adhortari, de aliqua re, on any subject : monere :admonere (to exhort by warning a person of the actual state of affairs, of the danger of not acting, etc. The monens endeavors to work upon the reason and understanding of the person exhorted). (The words are found in this connection and order.) monere atque hortari ; hortari et suadere. To exhort soldiers, milites cohortari (the proper word) ; also milites adhortari (Cicero, Phil., 4, 5).To exhort persons to concord, concordiam suadere ; also aliquos ad concordiam cohortari (Suetonius) :to recover their liberty, ad recuperandam libertatem cohortari : Cf., exhortari belongs to poetry and post-Augustan, prose; cohortari is followed by infinitive in Hirtius, Bell. Al., 21, and in Tacitus.
EXHORTATION, monitio :admonitio :hortatio : adhortatio, cohortatio :hortatus, us [SYN. in To EXHORT] :not to listen to anybody’s exhortation, aliquem monentem non audire :by my exhortation, me monente :by anybody’s exhortations, alicujus hortatu.
EXHORTATORY, hortativus (e. g., genus dicendi. Quintilianus) :exhortativus (Quintilianus) :suasorius (e. g., materia, oratio).
EXHORTER, hortator :adhortator : suasor or suasor et impulsor (to anything, alicujus rei).
EXIGENCE,
EXIGENCY,necessitas :angustiæ :difficultas [vid. NECESSITY] : (summum or extremum) discrimen or discrimen ac dimicatio (the decisive moment of extreme danger, etc.) :from the exigency of the case, necessitate urgente ; ex necessitate : necessitate or necessaria re coactus :not from any exigency of the case, nulla re cogente :to submit to the exigency of the case, necessitati parere. Vid. NECESSITY.
EXILE, v., alicui aqua et igni interdicere :aliquem exsilio afficere, in exsilium agere or exigere, ex urbe or ex civitate pellere, expellere, ejicere, exturbare : aliquem relegare (to a certain place, without depriving of the rights of a citizen and of one’s properly) :deportare (to transport).
EXILE, s.,Vid. BANISHMENT.
EXIMIOUS,Vid. ILLUSTRIOUS, DISTINGUISHED.
EXIST, exsistere :manere (to remain; e. g., parietes, quorum ornatus per tot secula manserat, Cicero). [Vid. To BE, To LIVE.]It is often, however, to be turned by a relative sentence with nunc.The indifference to religion that now exists, hæc, quæ nunc tenet seculum, negligentia deorum :the poems of Homer did not originally exist in their present form, * Homeri carmina formam, quam nunc habent, primo non habuerunt. Cf., With reference to past time, sometimes tum may help ; from the spoils of any city that then existed, (neque) exunius tum urbis præda (sperandum, etc., Livius, 1, 55) :the generation that then existed, qui tum vivebant homines (Ennius). || Existing, mostly by nunc, in a relative sentence, qui (quæ, quod) nunc est ; and often by the demonstrative pronoun hie.Under exist circumstances, ut nunc est :the magnificence of our existing public works, horum magnificentia operum (Livius 1, 55); the now-existing neglect of anything, hæc, quæ nunc tenet seculum, negligentia alicujus rei :the existing generation, hi (Varro; potius ad antiquorum diligentiam, quam ad horum luxuriam, etc.).” The then existing,” may sometimes be translated by tum.
EXISTENCE, by circumlocution with esse ; as, he denies the existence of the gods, nullos esse deos putat ; deos esse negat :he maintains the existence of gods, deos esse dicit :he entirely rejects the existence of a God, Deum ex rerum natura tollit. Sometimes it may be translated by vita (life) ; e. g., to prolong his existence, vitam trahere :to be indebted to anybody for his existence, aliquo natum esse; propter aliquem vivere :to fulfil the end of our existence, * legi, qua nati sumus, respondere or satisfacere.
EXIT, || A going out, exitus (Cicero ; reditus gloriosus : non exitus calamitosus) :egressus (a going forth ; e. g., in provinciam, Cicero) :abitus (departure). || Passage out, exitus (e. g., in angusto portarum exitu, Livius) :egressus (only in Petronius) :effugium (for escape; into the street, in publicum).Sometimes via only.Without any exit (as adjective), non pervius (e. g., angiportum).To make one’s exit, scenam relinquere (properly, of an actor) ; a negotiis publicis se removere ad otiumque perfugere (i. e., retire from public life) ; de præsidio et statione vitæ decedere (to quit this world).
EXONERATE, exonerare (properly and figuratively) :levare : liberare :solvere aliqua re (figuratively, to set free from; free from).For “to exonerate from a charge,” etc., and “to exonerate one’s self.” [Vid. EXCULPATE.]For “to exonerate from suspicion,” vid. SUSPICION.
EXORABLE, exorabilis (opposed to implacabilis, Cicero ; both of things and persons).
EXORBITANT, nimius : immanis (e. g., pecuniæ, magnitudo, etc.) ; ingens (very great; e. g., pecunia). (The words are found in this connection and order.) ingens immanisque : effusus :profusus (e. g., lætitia, sumtus) :immoderatus (e. g., cupiditates : luxuria) :immodicus (libido possidendi) :impotens (lætitia,. postulatum; also, in anything, alicujus rei) :intemperans (e. g., licentia; but especially of persons) :immodestus(e. g., laus) :effrenatus (e. g., audacia : cupiditas : libido) [SYN. in IMMODERATE.] To make an exorbitant demand, immodeste postulare. || Anomalous, vid.
EXORBITANTLY,[Vid. IMMODERATELY.]Exorbitantly dear, carissime (e. g., emere aliquid) or impenso (pretio).
EXORCISE, adjuratione divini nominis expellere (to expel by calling upon the name of God, dæmonas, Lactantius 2, 17, extr.) :to exorcise evil spirits, exorcizare (ἐξορκίζω), Ulpianus, Dig. 50, 13, 1, § 3).
EXORCISM, exorcismus (ecclesiastical, Tert.) :theurgia (ecclesiastical, Augustin) or * dæmonum expulsio (after dæmonas expellere, Lactantius ; expulsio, Cicero).
EXORCIST, exorcista (ecclesiastical Tert.) :theurgus (Augustin) :* dæmonum expulsor, or qui dæmonas adjuratione divini nominis expellit ac fugat.
EXORDIUM, exordium (introduction or opening of a speech, Cicero) :exorsus, us (only once; exorsus orationis meæ, Cicero, De Imp. Pomp., 4, 11) :proœmium (Cicero, Cluent., 21 ; mostly = introduction to the subject to be treated of, e. g., in a philosophical treatise).To consider vfhat my exordium is to be, cogitare, quo utar exordio (Cicero). Cf., Præfatio is used by Cicero, and Livy in the sense of a solemn form pronounced before some public act, etc.; in Quintilian and Pliny = preface, prefatory matter ; dicere præfationem (Plinius, Ep.).
EXORNATION,Vid. ORNAMENT, DECORATION.
EXOSSATED, exos (Lucretius, 3, 721); or sine osse (ossibus).
EXOTERIC, quod ἐξωτερικὸν appellant : populariter scriptus (Cicero, Fin.,
5, 5, 12).
EXOTIC, externus (e. g., externæ arbores, Plinius, 14, init.) :peregrinus (e. g., arbores, Plinius, 15, 13, 12) : Cf., exoticus only Plautus ; e. g., exoticum, an outlandish dress; Epid., 2, 2, 48.
EXPAND, pandere (e. g., vela, retia : pennas ad solem, Vergilius) :extendere (to stretch out; e. g., digitos) :explicare (to unfold). || INTRANS.) dispandi (very rare; properly ; e. g., arbor vastis ramis, Plinius) :se aperire (general term ; to discover itself) :corroborari et coi firmari (to be strengthened ; of the intellect ; ingenium). || Of flowers, se aperire or pandere; florem expandere.
EXPANSE, spatium :the expanse of heaven, spatium cœli or spatium only (both Lucretius); cava cœli (Ennius) :the boundless expanse of the heavens, * cœli spatium infinitum or longe lateque patens.
EXPANSIBLE,
EXPANSIVE,Vid. DILATABLE.
EXPANSION, extensio or extentio (Vitruvius, 9, 1, 13) :distentio (distention ; Celsus) :ambitus (the space filled by the expanded thing : Cf., dilatatio very late laminæ, Tertullianus).Vid. EXTENTION.
EXPATIATE, latius, uberius dicere, disputare :pluribus dicere :multa verba facere de re : late se fundere : longum esse ; too far, effusius dicere.
EXPATRIATE,[Vid. To BANISH.] To expatriate one’s self, domo emigrare (to quit one’s home) :domo emigrare, aliud domicilium, alias sedes petere (especially of a nation; Cæsar B. G., 1, 31, 14) :solum vertere (with or without exsilii causa; euphemistic term for to go into banishment ; of political refugees).
EXPECT, exspectare ( (1) to wait for; aliquid and aliquem , Horatius, Sat., 2, 1, 58 ; and (2) to expect the happening of something with some feeling of hope, fear, desire, prophetie foreboding, etc.; rem ; epistolas longiores ; majorem Galliæ motum, etc. ; also, aliquid ab [seldom ex] aliquo = to look to him for it) :opperiri (to wait for the arrival of anybody or anything; or the happening of anything ; with the intention of then doing something ; classem, Nepos ; sua tempora, Livius) :præstolari alicui (to stand ready to receive anybody ; to be present on the arrival of anybody ; especially of a servant who is waiting for his master) :manere aliquem or dum aliquis adveniat (to remain till a person comes ; not to go away) :κυρικιμασαηικοsperare (also followed by fore ut) :spem habere ad aliquid or alicujus rei (followed by an accusative and infinitive) :to be earnestly expecting anything, aliquid avidissime exspectare; magna cum spe exspectare (Cicero) :earnestly expected by all, carus omnibus exspectatusque (venies) :to expect anybody’s arrival with eagerness, alicujus adventum non mediocriter captare (Cicero) :to expect a result or issue, exitum or eventum alicujus rei exspectare; alicujus rei eventum experiri :to expect an opportunity, occasionem captare ; occasioni imminere ; not first to expect an opportunity, non occasionis tarditatem exspectare (Cicero, Phil. 2, 46, 118) :you perhaps expect him to say, etc., exspectas fortasse dum dicat (Cf., not eum dicturum esse, Cicero, Tusc., 2, 7, 17).I confidently expect that etc., magnam spem habeo (followed by an accusative and infinitive) :to expect safety, deliverance, etc., from anybody, in aliquo spem salutis ponere :more is expected from justice than from arms, in æquitate plus quam in armis ponitur spei :what I do not expect, id quod non spero :as one might expect from a man who knows what a definition means, ut ab homine perito definiendi. ” More, less, etc., than one would expect.” is expressed in Livius, and Tacitus (Cf., not in Cicero, and Cæsar) by quam pro re; as, the slaughter was not so great as one might have expected from so great a victory, minor clades quam pro tanta victoria fuit (cf. Zumpt, § 484, extr.).
EXPECTANT, by circumlocution.An expectant heir, heres institutus (who is appointed by will, but may be cut off; e. g., instituto herede abdicato) ; or heres proximus, verus, etc. (heir-at-law) ; quem aliquis heredem palam factitat (whom a man is often declaring his intention of making his heir).
EXPECTATION, exspectatio :spes : opinio (hope, opinion, that anything will happen, etc.; respecting opinio, vid. Herz., Cæsar, B. G., 5, 48, in.) :intense expectation, summa rerum exspectatio :eager expectation, desiderium :to cause expectation, exspectationem movere, commovere, facere, concitare :to excite anybody’s expectation, alicujus exspectationem erigere (Plinius, Ep. 8, 3, 3); aliquem exspectatione erigere (Livius 36, 34) :to excite the most eager expectation, aliquem ad summam adducere exspectationem :to answer or satisfy one’s expectation, exspectationem explere, complere, tueri; exspectationi respondere :to deceive, or not to answer or satisfy expectation, exspectationem decipere, destituere, frustrari :to exceed expectation, vincere alicujus exspectationem or opinionem :to have great expectation from anybody, magnam spem in aliquo ponere or collocare :a person has great expectation from anybody, non parvam aliquis sustinet exspectationem :to be in anxious expectation of anything, animo (animi) pendere alicujus rei :to put anybody in a state of anxious expectation, aliquem suspendere exspectatione :to be in painful expectation, exspectatione torqueri or cruciari ; exspectando exedi (Plautus, Epid., 3, 1, 1) :full of expectation, plenus exspectatione; animi (or animo) pendens ; erectus exspectatione or in exspectationem (or erecta exspectatione) ; also, from context, erectus only :full of anxious expectation, erectus suspensusque (vid. Livius, 1, 25) :to be full of expectation, exspectatione plenum esse ; pendere exspectatione or spe animi :contrary to expectation, præter or contra exspectationem or opinionem ; præter spem alicujus :a thing fell or turned out contrary to all expectation, res præter opinionem cecidit ; aliter cecidit res ac putabam; evenit aliquid præter spem; res aliter ac ratus eram evenit.
EXPECTORANT, * expectorans remedium (technical term).
EXPECTORATE, exscreare : exscreare per tussim : extussire (Celsus, 2, 8, med.) :sputum edere (to bring up ; Celsus, 2, 8, med. ; from context, edere only ; edere sputa per fauces tussi, Lucretius, 6, 1188) :exspuere (e. g., pus, Celsus, 2, 8) : Cf., expectorare præ-classical, Ennius, ap. Cicero, is to drive or bunish from the heart.
EXPECTORATION, sputum (matter brought up; Celsus ; extussitum sputum, Cœlius, Aur., Acut., 2, 16) :exspuitio :exscreatio (act of spitting out ; Plinius) :exscreatus, us ( Cœlius, Aur., Tard., 2, 11) :destillatio pectoris (Scribonius, Larg.; of habitual expectoration).If there is no expectoration during the first days, si sputum primis diebus non fuit (Celsus, 2, 8, med.).
EXPEDIENCY, utilitas (opposed to honestas) :utilia, plural adjective (opposed to honesta) :commoda, plural, (the advantages derived).To be the slave of expediency, servire commodis utilitatique ; omnia ad utilitatem suam referre :expediency and honour are at variance, utilitas certat cum honestate :to prefer honor to expediency, præferre honestum utili (Horatius).
EXPEDIENT, utilis (opposed to honestus) :salutaris (opposed to perniciosus, pestifer). (The words are found in this connection and order.) utilis et salutaris. To be expedient, expedire alicui; or usui, or utilitati, or utile esse; utilitatem or usum afferre, habere, præbere :prodesse : conducere (to be advantageous) ; also, ex re or in rem esse alicujus :it is expedient for all good men, that the, etc., omnibus bonis expedit, with accusative and infinitive (e. g., rempublicam esse salvam).
EXPEDIENTLY, || Fitly, vid. || Hastily, vid.
EXPEDITE, || To free from impediment, expedire (opposed to impedire). || Hasten, maturare (e. g., iter, fugam, nuptias). [Vid. HASTEN, transitively.] || Despatch, vid.
EXPEDITE, adjective || Quick, vid. || Easy, free from impediments, expeditus (opposed to impeditus).”An expedite way” (Hooker), via expedita (via expeditior, Cicero).
EXPEDITION, || Military expedition, expeditio. To go on an expedition, in expeditionem ire; expeditionem suscipere ; proficisci (πορεύεσθατ, of soldiers, and of generals with soldiers) :copias in expeditionem educere ; in bellum proficisci with and without cum copiis (of the general). || Haste, vid.
EXPEDITIOUS,Vid. QUICK.
EXPEDITIOUSLY :Vid. QUICKLY.
EXPEL, expellere (from a place; ex, de, a loco, or loco only ; e. g., aliquem ex urbe, ex republica ; plebem ex agris ; aliquem a patria ; aliquem domo sua, all Cicero ; aliquos agris, finibus, possessionibus, all Cæsar ; me civitate, Cicero ; aliquem patria, Livius) :exigere (e. g., aliquem ex civitate; hostem campo or e campo, Livius ; aliquem domo, Livius). Cf., Afrer expellere, exigere, the place from which must be expressed with ex etc., unless it is evident from the context : ejicere (to cast out, aliquem e senatu, Cicero; de senatu, Livius; ex oppido, Cæsar; de collegio, Cicero ; a suis diis penatibus, Cicero ; aliquem finibus, Sallustius; domo, Cæsar; aliquem , Cicero) :exturbare (aliqua re or ex aliqua re ; to drive out headlong or in confusion, aliquos e possessionibus, ex agris, e civitate; hostem [ex] ruinis muri ; also aliquem focis patriis disque penatibus præcipitem exturbare, Cicero) :exterminare (to drive beyond some boundaries ; very seldom, except in Cicero ; aliquem ex urbe, ex hominum communitate ; de civitate ; a suis diis penatibus [with expellere a patria], aliquem urbe atque agro; also, aliquem absolutely ; all Cicero). (The words are found in this connection and order.) expellere atque ejicere ; exturbare et expellere ; expellere atque exturbare (Cf., Cicero uses together ex urbe expellere, exterminare, projicere) :depellere ( aliquem aliqua re or de aliqua re; e.
g., urbe, ex urbe, de provincial) : dejicere (to drive anybody from a place he occupies or possesses, de possessione alicujus rei, de fundo ; especially as military technical term dejicere hostes ex castello, ex saltu, etc. ; also muro, turribus, loco).|| FIG., To expel hunger, famem sitimque cibo et potion e depellere; weariness, lassitudinem ex corpore depellere ; cares, curas pellere ; empty cares, inanes curas pellere, dispellere or fugare; sadness, tristitiam ex animo pellere :to expel devils, dæmonas adjuratione divini nominis expellere ac fugare (Lactantius).
EXPEND,Vid. SPEND.
EXPENSE, sumtus (both as expenditure and as sum expended; considered as diminishing wealth and capital; similar to our ” expense,” and like this sometimes with the idea of excess and squandering ; cf. Livius, 1, 20 ; unde in eos sumtus pecunia erogaretur) :impensa (disbursement ; the outlay of money, etc., which is made or which it is necessary to make; cf. Livius, 44, 23, in : quia impensa pecuniæ facienda erat) :impendium (mostly plural ; once only in Cicero; charges, expenses which arise, are occasioned, in Livius, 7, 21, opposed to jactura, i. e., a sacrifice which one makes; hence, also, impendio alicujus = to the detriment, prejudice of any one) :jacturæ (expenses of a magistrate who spends his money to gain the favor of the people). (The words are found in this connection and order.) sumtus jacturæque. Cf., Both sumtus and impensa or impendium are used also in the plural, if great and various expenses are spoken of : arbitria, orum, plural, (dues which must be paid on any solemn act to the persons assisting at it; e. g., at a funeral, funeris). Immense expenses, sumtus infiniti. Cf., Not expensa, expensæ ; but expensa pecunia (outlay) is correct.Household expenses, sumtus domesticus. A book of receipts and expenses, tabulæ or codex accepti et impensi :necessary expenses, sumtus necessarii :to lessen or curtail expenses, sumtus minuere, remittere, circumcidere :to limit one’s expenses, modum facere sumtibus :to avoid unnecessary expenses, sumtus supervacaneos vitare (Seneca) :the public expenses, impensæ publicæ :at the expense of anybody, sumtu alicujus ; de pecunia alicujus ; alicujus impensis ; alicujus impendio; cum damno alicujus (to the loss of anybody) :at one’s own expense, privato sumtu; impendio privato (at one’s own charge); sua pecunia (from one’s own money) ; de suo (from one’s own) ; ex sua re familiari (e. g., muros reficere, Nepos) :at the public expense, publico sumtu; de publico; publice (so that the state bears the expense) ; impensa publica (so that the state furnishes the money); impendio publico (so that charges are occasioned to the state) :at a great expense, magna impensa :without expense, nulla impensa, nullo sumto :with no expense to you, sine sumtu tuo :to live at anybody’s expense, alicujus impensis ali (after Nepos, Phoc., 1, 4) :to endeavor to enrich one’s self at the expense of others, incommodo aliorum suum commodum augere :at the expense (to the detriment) of health, cum damno valetudinis :he saves money at the expense of his health, tam parcus et continens est, ut necessitates valetudinis restringat frugalitate :a thing is too dear, if procured at the expense of honesty, nimium est alicujus rei pretium, si probitatis impendio constat (vid. Quintilianus, 6, 3, 35) :at the expense of another’s good name, sub aliena invidia (cf. Livius, 24, 25, 2) :to be at expense, sumtum or sumtus facere :to occasion expense (of a thing), impendia facere (e. g., of a state; vid. Plinius, Ep., 10, 57 (52) in.) :to occasion expense to anybody, sumtum alicui afferre, sumtui alicui esse (of persons and things) :not to be the least expense to anybody, alicui ne minimo quidem sumtui esse :to be at expense (about anything), sumtum or impensam, or impensam et sumtum facere in rem ; sumtum impendere or insumere in rem ; sumtum ponere in re :to bestow expense and trouble upon anything, sumtum et laborem insumere in rem (after Cicero, De Invent., 2, 38, 113) ; laborem et sumtum impendere in rem :to bestow trouble and expense upon anything in vain, operam et oleum perdere (proverbially) :to bear the expense, sumtus sufferre, pati, tolerare (Terentianus) :to bear or meet the expense from any source, impensas tolerare ab aliqua re (vid. Plinius, 12, 14, 32, unde impensæ publicæ tolerantur) :to repay the expenses of anything, quod impensæ in aliquid factum est præstare (Cf., impensas restituere is not Latin) :to spare neither expense nor trouble, nec impensæ nec labori parcere :spare no expense, sumtui ne parcas; argento parci nolo :to spare no expense in procuring or in the purchase of anything, aliquid animosissime comparare (Suetonius,Cæs., 47) : animosiorem alicujus rei emptorem esse (Javolenus, Dig., 17, 1, 36, § 1) :that spares no expense, animosus (e. g., corruptor, Tacitus, Hist., 1, 24, 2; emptor, Javolenus, Dig., 17, 1, 36, § 1) :to charge expenses to the account of anybody, sumtum alicui inferre :to cover the expenses, quod impensæ factum est in rem, efficere (e. g., of an estate bringing back what has been spent upon it ; after Livius, 2, 18) :aliquid sarcit or resarcit sumtum suum (after Terentius, Heaut., 1, 1, 91, Ruhnken); omnem impensam alicujus rei pretio suo liberare (Columella, 3, 3).I do not cover my expenses (e. g., in the management of an estate, etc.), impendia exsuperant reditum.These expenses eat up all the profit, in hos sumtus abeunt fructus prædiorum.
EXPENSIVE, sumtuosus (causing great outlay ; a wife, games, parties) :pretiosus :magni pretii :multorum nummorum (that has cost much ; furniture, estates, a library, wares, etc.) :lautus (recherche, of furniture, parties, etc.) :carus (dear).Sometimes magnificus :splendidus. My establishment is a very expensive one, magni mihi sumtus domi quotidiani fiunt (Terentius, Heaut., 4, 5,6).|| Given to lavish expenditure, prodigus :profusus ; in anything, prodigus or effusus in aliqua re.
EXPENSIVELY, sumtuose :pretiose : egregie : prodige (e. g., vivere).To dress expensively, vestibus pretiosis uti.
EXPENSIVENESS, || Dearness, caritas.|| Prodigality, effusio :profusio (as act) :sumtus effusi or profusi (lavish expenditure) :profusa luxuria (luxurious and expensive mode of living).
EXPERIENCE, usus :usus rerum (Cf., experientia unclassical in this sense; Celsus, præf.).Sometimes prudentia (the cautious judgement, such as experience would give).From experience, re doctus (Cicero, Fam., 13, 5, 1); expertus ; usu doctus (Cæsar) :by or from one’s own experience, expertus; expertus in se (e. g., illud tibi expertus promitto : omnia, quæ dico, dico expertus in nobis, Cicero, Planc., 9, 22).Experience in the management of political affairs, usus reipublicæ ; great, usus in republica rerum maximarum :military experience, in castris usus :experience in nautical affairs, scientia atque usus rerum nauticarum :a man of great experience, vir plurimo rerum usu, or magno usu præditus, or (Cæsar) usu atque exercitatione præditus ; vir usu et prudentia præstans ; vir multis experimentis eruditus (Plinius, Ep., 1, 5, 16) :to have had great military experience, magnum in re militari usum habere (Cæsar) ; magnum in castris usum habere (Livius) :having had no military experience, nullo (etiam nunc) usu rei militaris percepto (Cæsar) :to be considered a general of no experience, nullius usus imperatorem haberi (Cæsar) :to have had no great (military) experience, non magnum rei militaris usum habuisse (Cæsar) :to be gaining experience, usum consequi :to have or possess experience, usum babere; usu præditum or imbutum esse ; ætate et usu doctum esse ; in anything, usum alicujus rei percepisse ; great experience in anything, magnum usum habere in re : great and varied experience, multarum rerum usum habere :to know by or from experience, expertum scire (Cf., experientia edoctum scire not good) ; experientia didicisse; usu cognitum habere (aliquid) : which I know from experience, quod me docuit usus; * quod scio expertus in me (from personal experience of it in my own case) :to know from long experience, cognitum habere observatione diuturna (after Cicero, de Divin., 2, 12, 28) :what they have learned from books, I have learned from experience in the field, quæ illi literis, ea ego militando didici (Sallustius, Jug., 85, 13) : to know anything more from experience than from books, experiendo magis quam discendo cognovisse :it is very difficult to form an opinion without experience, judicare difficile est sane nisi expertum. I speak (i. e., in a letter) from experience, expertus scribo, quæ scribo :I can recommend this method of cultivation from experience, hunc ordinem culturæ experti comprobavimus :I have had personal experience of etc., in me ipso expertus sum, ut etc. :I answer according to my own experience, id respondeo, quod animadverti :taught by the experience of others, per aliena exempla doctus; per aliena experimenta doctus (Tacitus, Agr., 19, 1) :a very careful person of great experience, experientissimus ac diligentissimus (e. g., arator) :experience has taught, experimentis cognitum est (Tacitus, Ann., 12, 14, 2) ; usus docuit (e. g., id verum esse, Sallustius) :anything of which we have had experience, aliquid expertum (passive) perspectumque (Cicero, Balb., 6, 16).Many lessons are taught us by experience, dies multa affert.
EXPERIENCE, v.,usu discere or cognoscere ; usu cognitum habere ; usu aliquid mihi venit (to know by experience) :experiri aliquid (e. g., to have experience of it, alicujus amorem, taciturnitatem, etc.) :sentire (to feel ; e. g., famem, voluptatem) :evenit alicui aliquid (happens to him).
EXPERIENCED, (usu) peritus; usu atque exercitatione præditus (that has experience and exercise) :expertus (tried) :callidus (clever, intelligent).Experienced in anything,
peritus alicujus rei (rarely with ablative; an infinitive after it is a Greek construction) :gnarus alicujus rei (skilled in a thing) :exercitatus, versatus in re (exercised, practised in a thing) :instructus, eruditus aliqua re (instructed, taught in a thing) :very industrious and experienced, experientissimus ac diligentissimus (e. g., arator, Cicero) :experienced in military matters, rei militaris or belli gerendi peritus; usu militari præditus : experienced in jurisprudence, eruditus discipline juris :a very experienced person, vir plurmo rerum usu or magno usu præditus; vir usu et prudentia præstans; vir multis experimentis eruditus (Plinius, Ep., 1, 5, 16) :a very experienced and intelligent man, vir usu sapientiaque præstans :to be very experienced, multarum rerum peritum esse :to be very experienced in anything, bene or probe versatum esse in re ; magnum usum habere in re (e. g., in military affairs, in political science, etc.).
EXPERIMENT, v. [Vid. To EXPERIENCE ; “to know by EXPERIENCE.” EXPERIMENT, s., tentatio :tentamen (general term for trial ; the former as act ; the latter only in Ovidius, but doubtless current in prose) :experimentum (trial for the purpose of obtaining experience) :periculum (trial attended with risk) :periclitatio (with more abstruse meaning than periculum ; e. g., herbarum utilitates longinqui temporis usu et periclitatione percipimus) :conatus; plural, conata (endeavors).An unhappy experiment, res infelicis operæ ; res infeliciter tentata ; conatus frustra captus :to make an experiment, periculum facere :conatum facere or incipere.
EXPERIMENTAL, || Gained by trial or experiments, usu cognitus :experimentis cognitus (Tacitus). || Founded or built on experiments, cognitus observatione diuturna (after Cicero, Divin., 2, 12, 28); quod aliquis experiendo cognovit ; quod aliquis experiendo comprobavit.Experimental philosophy, * physica experimentalis (technical term). || Taught by experience ; [vid. under EXPERIENCE, s.]. An experimental Christian, * Christianus, qui se ipse perspexit totumque tentavit : Christianus, qui, quid possit vera religio, in se ipso expertus est.Christianus multis experimentis eruditus (after Plinius, Ep., 1, 5, 16).|| Instituted, etc., for the purpose of trial.An experimental squadron, * navigatio periclitandarum experiundarumque navium causa suscepta.
EXPERIMENTALLY, usu or rerum usu : experiendo (e. g., cognovisse aliquid) :usu doctus.
EXPERT, Vid. SKILLFUL.
EXPERTLY,Vid. SKILLFULLY.
EXPERTNESS,Vid. SKILL.
EXPIABLE, quod expiari potest (Cicero, Leg., 2, 9, 21) :piabilis († Ovidius).
EXPIATE, aliquid luere, expiare ; pœnas alicujus rei dare, pendere, dependere, expendere, solvere; by death, with his life, luere morte, capite. Sometimes compensare aliquid cum aliqua re or aliqua re (to make a compensation or give an equivalent for it).
EXPIATION, expiatio (atonement for a crime, sceleris, rupti fœderis, etc.) :compensatio : satisfactio (what satisfies an injured person).To make expiation for anything, expiare aliquid (of making amends for a crime; by anything, aliqua re. Also, expiare aliquem aliqua re); pœnas alicujus rei dare, pendere, dependere, expendere, solvere :to demand the expiation of a crime, piaculum exigere ab aliquo.
EXPIATORY, piacularis :An expiatory sacrifice, sacrificium piaculare (as a holy action) :piaculum (as a means of expiation) :hostia piacularis (the victim; also hostia only) :expiatio (means of expiation; Cicero).To offer an expiatory sacrifice, piaculum hostiam cædere.
EXPIRATION, by circumlocution with participles, anno exacto, or circumacto, or præterito (Cf., Anno præterlapso or elapso is not Latin).After the expiration of two years, biennio jam confecto.
EXPIRE, || Breathe one’s last, animam efflare or edere; extremum vitæ spiritum edere : Cf., (animam) exspirare; vitam or animam exhalare ; vitam or extremum spiritum efflare are poetical. [Vid. DIE.]|| To terminate ; of time, præterire (to pass) :confici (to be made up) :peragi (Livius 1,32) :consumi : intercedere : interponi (with reference to two events) :transire. Scarcely a year had expired, vix annus intercesserat (ab hoc sermone) :the truce had expired, indutiarum dies exierat (Livius 4, 30) :after the truce had expired, indutiarum tempore circumacto (Livius 27, 30) :when two years had expired, biennio jam confecto. Cf., Not elapsum esse ; nor effluere, except of time that has passed rapidly without being employed usefully, etc.
EXPLAIN, explanare (literally, ” to make level or smooth,” then to explain ; verbum aut rem ; aliquid definiendo ; rem obscuram interpretando ; aliquid conjectura ; also with deponent clause, qualis sit…differentia, etc.). (The words are found in this connection and order.) docere et explanare : explicare (to unfold ; then to explain what was involved, abstruse, etc.; rem latentem explicare definiendo, explicare interpretando philosophiam Græcam, etc.; also explicare de aliqua re of a longer and fuller explanation. Cf., Perfect and past participle explicavi ; explicatus) :exponere (literally, to make a clear or full exposition ; but not in the sense of explaining the meaning of an author, etc. [for explanare, enodare, interpretari, enucleare, explicare, enarrare, all common in Quintilianus] ; exponere rationem operis ; rem pluribus verbis or breviter sententias alicujus, etc.) :illustrare aliquid :lucem or lumen alicui rei afferre (affundere erroneous) :dare alicui rei lumen :aperire :interpretari (interpret : words and things which seem to be without sense to a person not initiated in them : occulta et quasi involuta aperire) :enodare (to untie, as it were, a knot; to explain intricate or insidious matters; e. g., the snares of the law, laqueos juris) :rationem, causam afferre, or afferre only, followed by cur (e. g., cur credam, afferre possum) :to explain why this must be so, rationes cur hoc ita sit afferre :to explain satisfactorily, justas causas afferre alicujus rei, or cur with subjunctive. To explain a mistake, errorem aperire (to show its nature, and how it arose).To explain doubts, dubia aperire.To explain one thing from another, causam alicujus rei repetere ex re. To be difficult to explain, difficiles habere explicatus (of what is difficult to make intelligible).To explain my opinion, exponere or expromere quid sentiam ; sententiam suam aperire, dicere ; a difficult subject, notionem rei involutæ aperire ; the nature of anything, naturam alicujus rei evolvere :to explain one’s meaning fully, pluribus verbis disserere de re; accuratius exponere de aliqua re.Anything is easier to understand than to explain, aliquid facilius intelligi quam explanari potest.
EXPLAINABLE, quod explicari potest; quod explicationem habet.
EXPLAINER, explanator (e. g., sunt enim explanatores, ut grammatici poetarum, Cicero) :explicator (e. g., rerum) :interpres (e. g., divum, poetarum, etc.) :conjector ( = somniorum or ominum interpres, Cicero).
EXPLANATION, explicatio :explanatio :interpretatio (a making clear, interpreting) :enarratio (a continuous explanation of a writer ; Quintilianus, 1, 9, 1, etc.) :definitio (the determining an idea, definition) :enodatio (of difficulties in a subject).To give a careful and accurate explanation of difficult passages, * quæ explicatione egent, diligenter et accurate interpretari (Muret.) :to admit of another explanation, * aliam interpretationem admittere (Herm.).To have come to an explanation with anybody, se purgasse alicui (to have justified one’s self to him) ; aliquis satisfecit mihi or se mihi purgavit (another has justified himself to me) ; or by collocutum esse cum aliquo de re.
EXPLANATORY, by circumlocution : Cf., explanatorius, Cœlius, Aur.
EXPLETIVE, expletivus (as grammatical technical term expletivæ conjunctions, Donat.) :
EXPLICABLE,Vid. EXPLAINABLE.
EXPLICATIVE, by circumlocution.
EXPLICIT, explicatus (e. g., literæ tuæ, quibus nihil potest explicatius, clearer, etc., Cicero) :apertus (open) :planus (plain) :expresse conscriptus (e. g., exempla, Auct. ad Her.) :disertissime et planissime scriptus (of what is written in express terms). Vid. CLEAR, PLAIN.
EXPLICITLY, diserte (Cf., disertis verbis not Latin). (The words are found in this connection and order.) diserte et plane : nominatim (by name) :expresse :aperte :perspicue (expressly, clearly, etc.). (The words are found in this connection and order.) perspicue et aperte : patentius et expeditius (opposed to implicite et abscondite, Cicero) :pro certo (for certain, e. g., afhrmare).
EXPLICITNESS, by circumlocution :perspicuitas and evidentia ( = ἐνέργεια, Cicero) are perhaps the nearest substantives.
EXPLODE, || TRANS., explodere ( properly, to hiss off an actor ; improperly, of scouting, rejecting, etc.; e. g., an opinion, sententiam ; a kind of divination, genus divinationis, both Cicero) :ejicere ( = ἐκβάλλειν, to reject with scorn; e. g., rationem Cynicorum). (The words are found in this connection and order.) explodere ejicereque ; explodere et ejicere (both Cicero).Anything is exploded, aliquid explosum est et ejectum (is generally rejected) ; aliquid jam obsolevit, or propter vetustatem obsolevit (is now obsolete). || INTRANS.,erumpere (general term for bursting forth ; e. g., ignes ex Ætnæ vertice) :cum crepitu erumpere (after eruptionis crepitus, Plinius) :se emittere (after nubium conflictu ardor expressus se emisit, Cicero, Divin., 2, 19, 44) :displodi (to burst asunder with a noise; of bladders, etc.).
EXPLORE, || PROPR., scrutari :perscrutari : pervestigare : odorari et pervestigare (like a hound) ; every corner, in omnibus latebris perreptare. || IMPROPR.,
explorare : exquirere (to search out) :pervestigare; indagare et pervestigare (to trace out accurately) :perspicere (to see through, get to the bottom of a thing). (The words are found in this connection and order.) perspicere et explorare : rimari (to look, as it were, into every cranny of a subject; Cicero) : Cf., explorare also of exploring a country (e. g., Africam, Cicero).
EXPLOSION, eruptionis crepitus (of the noise attending it; Plinius, 16, 19, 14) :* fulmen pulveris pyrii :to be shaken and laid waste by an explosion, * concuti vastarique fulmine pulveris pyrii.
EXPORT, evehere (opposed to invehere ; e. g., merces, Varro) :exportare (e. g., aurum, argentum, fruimentum, etc.). (The words are found in this connection and order.) evehere exportareque.To export without paying duty, occulte exportare (to export secretly).
EXPORTS, merces exportatæ : res, quæ exportantur.
EXPORT-DUTY,Vid. EXPORTATION.
EXPORTATION, exportatio (Cicero, opposed to invectio).The duty on exportation, * portorium in merces exportandas impositum, or, from context, portorium only (e. g., his pro rebus [sc. exportatis] quod portorium non esset datum, Cicero) :to pay the duty on exportation, pro rebus (exportatis or exportandis) portorium dare.
EXPOSE, exponere alicui rei (to place out, and thus to expose to the influence of a thing; in good prose only properly) :opponere alicui rei (to set over against, to oppose, especially to hold up on account of hostile force and for protection ; properly and figuratively) :objicere alicui rei, ad or in aliquid (to throw in the way, and so to expose to accident and hostile power) :proponere (to set anything forth; to place it as a common mark or butt; e. g., to all the arrows of fate, omnibus telis fortunæ) :offerre alicui rei or in aliquid (to bring or place over against, figuratively for to expose).A place exposed to the sun, locus solibus expositus :during the whole day, locus, qui toto die solem accipit :a chamber exposed to the sun, cubiculum, quod ambitum solis fenestris omnibus sequitur ; cubiculum, quod plurimus sol implet et circumit or quod plurimo sole perfunditur (which almost always has the sun) : cubiculum, quod totius diei solem fenestris amplissimis recipit (the whole day) :to expose a wound to the cold, vulnus frigori objicere or committere :to expose the naked roots to the cold of winter, nudatas radices frigori hiberno opponere :to be exposed to the cold, vim frigoris excipere :to expose anybody to the danger of death, objicere aliquem morti :to expose one’s safety, one’s life to danger, in discrimen offerre salutem or vitam suam :to expose one’s self to the danger of death for anybody, se pro aliquo in periculum capitis atque in vitæ discrimen inferre :to expose one’s life, one’s self to the rage of the citizens, caput suum furori civium objicere :to expose one’s self to dangers, se opponere, offerre, committere periculis (Cf., se exponere periculis is not good) ; pericula adire, or inire, or subire :to expose one’s self to all kinds of dangers, ad omne periculum se opponere :to expose one’s self to danger for anybody, se pro aliquo offerre periculis or in discrimen ; pro alicujus salute se in dimicationes objicere :to be exposed to every sudden danger, ad omnes casus subitorum periculorum objectum esse :to expose one’s self to the enemy, to the darts of the enemy, copiis, telis hostium se objicere :to expose one’s self to envy, se offerre invidiæ ; invidiam subire :to expose one’s self to various kinds of blame, in varias vituperationes incurrere :to be more exposed to hatred, ad reprehendendum apertiorem esse :exposed to a danger, periculo obnoxius :exposed to fortune, fortunæ objectus. “To be exposed to anything,” also patere alicui rei; i. e., to lie, as it were, open and defenceless against its assaults.Virtue is exposed to many and uncertain trials, virtus subjecta sub varios incertosque casus :our life is exposed to all the arrows of fate, omnibus fortunæ telis proposita est vita nostra :anybody’s life is less exposed to the blows of fortune, alicujus minus multa patent, quæ fortuna feriat. || To expose for sale, venditare :proponere :venale proponere (to expose in public for sale) :proscribere (to expose or offer for sale by public notice).To be exposed for sale, licere, venum ire (general term) :venalem pendere (to hang out for sale, to be offered for sale by a public notice). || To expose a person, mittere aliquem in ora populi, or in fabulas sermonesque hominum ; traducere aliquem per ora hominum (to make him the common talk, etc.) :evolvere aliquem tegumentis dissimulationis suæ, nudareque (unmask him, Livius, 34, 24 ; Cicero, De Or., 2, 86, 351). || To expose a child, exponere infantem. || Exposed, i. e., uncovered, unprotected, nudus, apertus (unprotected, etc.) ; objectus (e. g., fortunæ) ; obnoxius :to stand exposed, ad omnes ictus expositum esse (to be exposed to all blows) ; patere (to be open to the invasions of the enemy; of countries ; also improperly ; e. g., vulneri, morbis).
EXPOSITION, || Explanation, etc, explanatio : interpretatio :explicatio :enarratio :enucleatio [SYN. in EXPLANATION] : Cf., expositio (an oratorical term)…speciatim dicitur, quum post narrationem res, de quibus in oratione dicturi sumus, breviter et absolute exponimus.Ita certe definit Auct. Herenn., 1, 10.Ab ea diversa esse videtur, quam Cicero, Or., 3, 53, “expositionem sententiæ suæ” appellat.Quintilianus simpliciter pro narratione dixisse expositionem videtur, Ernesti. || Act of exposing, or state of being exposed, expositio (late, of a child, Justinus, 1, 4).By circumlocution.
EXPOSITOR, explanator :interpres :explicator : enarrator. Cf., Not expositor.
EXPOSTULATE, expostulare ; with anybody, cum aliquo about anything, de aliqua re and aliquid ; also followed by accusative and infinitive (Cicero), and by quia (Plautus), cur (Tacitus) :queri cum aliquo (e. g., mecum ; cum Fortuna, Cicero ; de aliqua re; also followed by accusative and infinitive., or quod). (The words are found in this connection and order.) expostulare et queri.Why did you not expostulate with me ? cur non mecum questus es, or expostulasti? (Cicero).
EXPOSTULATION, expostulatio (e. g., quum esset expostulatio facta, Cicero ; expostulationes cum absente Pompeio, Cicero) :querela (complaint; e. g., epistola plena querelarum :querela de injuriis ; cum aliquo ; de aliquo).To be wearied with expostulations, fessum esse expostulatione (e. g., singulorum, Tacitus).
EXPOSTULATORY, plenus querelarum (full of complaints ; e. g., epistola), by circumlocution. To send some orators with an expostulatory address, mittere oratores, qui expostularent, etc. EXPOSURE, by circumlocution. [Vid. To EXPOSE ; EXPOSITION.] The power of bearing exposure to the cold, patientia frigoris.
EXPOUND,Vid. To EXPLAIN.
EXPOUNDER,Vid. EXPOSITOR.
EXPRESS, adjective, expressus :apertus :perspicuus (clear) : certus :definitus (fixed, definite) :in these express words, his ipsis verbis; diserte (Cf., not disertis verbis; which is not Latin); expresse (e. g., conscriptus) :under the express condition that, that not etc., ea conditione ut, ne, etc.
EXPRESS, s., tabellarius data, opera, missus :κυρικιμασαηικοcursor data opera dimissus (vid. Plinius, Ep., 3, 17, 2; 7, 12, 6).To send an express, data opera mittere tabellarium.
EXPRESS, v. || To signify, declare, exprimere : significare (to signify, to indicate) :verbis declarare, demonstrare, significare, verbis, or dicendo exprimere (to signify or indicate by words).To express fully or accurately by words, verbis consequi, exsequi ; exprimere aliquid :to express a meaning, sententiam efferre verbis :to express one’s feelings, animi sensum exprimere (to give an accurate representation of them, Cicero, Or., 55, 185; Suetonius, Oct., 86) ; sensa exprimere dicendo (Cicero, De Or., 1, 8, 32) :to express anything in good Latin, Latine dicere aliquid aptis verbis. To express one’s self, loqui, dicere (to speak); verbis uti (to use such and such words) ; scribere (to write); to express one’s self in Latin, Latina lingua loqui ; Latine loqui, dicere, scribere :to be able to express one’s self well in Latin, Latine scire :to express one’s self correctly, apte dicere ; aptis uti verbis :to express one’s self elegantly and in a polished manner, ornate politeque dicere :to express one’s self with spirit, luculente dicere, scribere :Plato frequently expresses himself thus, Plato sæpe hanc orationem usurpat :on this point Metrodorus expresses himself still better, quod idem melioribus etiam verbis Metrodorus :well expressed, verbis apte comprehensus et conclusus. || To press out, exprimere.
EXPRESSIBLE, by circumlocution.
EXPRESSION, || The act of expressing, enunciatio (of a thought) :the art of expression., ars enunciatrix. || Speech, word, etc., employed in expressing sentiments, vox :verbum :vocabulum (a word; SYN. in WORD) :oratio (the compass of many words or expressions; a speech) :a legal expression, vocabulum forense :a military (nautical) expression, vocabulum militare or castrense; vocabulum nauticum :lofty expressions, verba splendida :polished expressions, verba exculta :choice expressions, verba lecta, quæsita, or exquisita; dicendi lumina :studied expressions, verba apparata :unnatural expressions, far-fetched expressions, contortiones orationis :most suitable, most significant expressions, verba maxime cujusque rei propria :to use flattering expressions to anybody, honorifico erga aliquem sermone uti :I have no suitable expression for anything, verbis satis dicere non possum :that for which it is difficult to find an expression, res ad eloquendum difncilis. || Of the eyes, in painting, etc., argutiæ
(the free expression in the human face which shows the individual character of the person; also powerful expression in a picture) :eyes in which there is expression, oculi arguti.Without any expression, languens, languidus (of style, etc.) ; iners (of the eye, in poetry).
EXPRESSIVE, significans (significant, of words; also of persons ; solos esse Atticos tenues et lucidos et significantes, Quintilianus) :fortis (powerful ; of a speech) :nervosus :gravis (powerful ; of a speaker) :loquax (speaking, etc., of the eyes; also of the whole countenance) :argutus (Cicero) :significativus ( = quod significat, very late ; with genitive, Ulpianus ; enunciatio…simul et quantitatis et æstimationis significative).
EXPRESSIVELY, significanter (in a manner that conveys a clear meaning, pointedly expressed; Cicero, Quintilianus).Cf., Gellius uses consignantius and consignate :expresse (Auct. ad Her., and Columella ; quod ipsum Hesiodus expressius hoc versu significavit, Columella, 11, 1,29) :argute (e. g., cleverly, pointedly, dicere, etc.).
EXPRESSIVENESS, significantia with magna, tanta, etc. (e. g., tanta in quibusdam ex periculo petitis significantia) :proprietas (the expressiveness derived from the exact suitableness of the expression ; tanta verborum proprietas, Quintilianus) :gravitas (the weight; e. g., sententiarum, verborum) :argutiæ (acute turns, etc., in an oration, and also what is striking, etc., in a work of art ; e. g., Parrhasius primus dedit argutias vultus, Plinius).
EXPRESSLY,his ipsis verbis : diserte (Cf., not disertis verbis) :diserte et plane : perspicue (clearly) :nominatim (by name) :omnino (e. g., non usquam id quidem dicit omnino, sed quæ dicit idem valent, Cicero, Tusc., 5, 9, 24).To order or command expressly, nominatim decernere, præcipere :a messenger expressly sent, nuncius ad id missus.I have expressly enjoined it upon him, hæc proprie mandavi (vid. Cicero, Att., 5, 2, 1) :each vessel has its cover made expressly for itself, opercula sunt doliis priva :there are many laws which expressly forbid, etc., plurimæ leges vetant planissime (or disertissime).
EXPROBRATE, exprobrare Vid. UPBRAID.
EXPROBRATION, exprobratio. Vid. UPBRAIDING, REPROACH.
EXPUGNATION, expugnatio (Cicero, Cæsar).
EXPULSION, expulsio (only in expulsiones vicinorum, Cicero, but once in him is enough) :ejectio (also once in Cicero, and nowhere else; mortem et ejectionem timemus ; Lucretius has ejectus, us) :depulsio (the driving away, mali, doloris, etc.).Very often by past participle : after the expulsion of Tarquin, expulso or pulso Tarquinio :after the expulsion of his daughter, expulsa atque exturbata filia.
EXPULSIVE, by circumlocution.
EXPUNCTION,Vid. ABOLITION.
EXPUNGE, expungere : radere :eradere : exstinguere : delere, inducere :litura tollere or corrigere [SYN. in ERASE].To expunge a debt, nomen expungere : nomen tollere de tabula. || IMPROPR., Vid. ANNUL.
EXPURGATION, purgatio.
EXPURGATORY, by circumlocution.”The expurgatory index,” * catalogus librorum, qui a Papa non probantur; or * quos Pontificii legere vetantur.
EXQUISITE, exquisitus (properly, sought out from different quarters ; improperly, of exquisite learning, tortures, etc.) :conquisitus ( properly, sought out and brought together from different quarters, especially of dainties; also of drugs ; and opposed to obvius dicenti, of rhetorical figures) :subtilis (fine, nice, hence acute, etc.; e. g., judicium) ; often by eximius, egregius, summus, etc. (The words are found in this connection and order.) eximius et præstans (Cicero).The most exquisite tortures, summus cruciatus (e. g., summo cruciatu Varius periit, Cicero), and by the superlatives of other adjectives; e. g., ears of the most exquisite delicacy, aures, quarum est superbissimum judicium :of the most exquisite flavor or scent, sapore præstantissimus (Plinius, who uses sapor, of scent) :exquisite beauty, eximia pulchritudo or facies (Cicero) :of exquisite beauty, eximius forma :exquisite abilities, eximium ingenium :exquisite pain, dolor magnus atque incredibilis ; dolor acerbissimus. Cf., The application of exquisitus, conquisitus, is very limited.
EXQUISITELY, egregie :eximie :excellenter :vid. EXCELLENTLY.
EXQUISITENESS, excellentia :præstantia :excellentia magnitudoque [vid. EXCELLENCE] :cruciatus (torture; e. g., of exquisite pain) :exsuperantia (once only omnis exsuperantia virtutis; all extraordinary virtue, Cicero).
EXSICCATE, exsiccare (Cicero) :desiccare (Plautus).
EXSICCATION, siccatio (the act) :siccitas :ariditas (the state).
EXSUPERABLE, qui (quæ, quod) vinci potest : exsuperabilis († Vergilius) :superabilis (Livius, Tacitus) :vincibilis (Terentianus) :expugnabilis (Livius, of a city).
EXTANT, To be extant, exstare (e. g., exstant epistolæ Philippi ad Alexandrum : exstant literæ, leges, etc.) :manere (to remain; monumenta manserunt ad nostram ætatem, Nepos).
EXTEMPORAL,
EXTEMPORANEOUS,
EXTEMPORARY,subitus et fortuitus (spoken on a sudden call without preparation, Cicero, Orat., 1, 53, 150) :extemporalis (Quintilianus and the younger Plinius).It is plain that the beginning of it was quite extemporaneous, initium nihil præparatum habuisse manifestum est :there was no suspicion of its not being extemporaneous, nulla erat meditationis suspicio (Cicero).The power of extemporaneous speaking, * facultas ex tempore dicendi (Krebs) ; but Suetonius uses extemporalis facultas (Tit., 3); and of a ready extemporaneous speaker, promptus et facilis vel ad extemporalitatem usque. Vid. EXTEMPORE.
EXTEMPORE, adjective, and adverb, subitus, or subitus et fortuitus, with substantives (Cf., for which we find extemporalis in the Silver Age), or by subito, ex tempore, with verbs :an extempore speech, oratio subita et fortuita ( opposed to commentatio et cogitatio) :readiness at extempore speaking, ex tempore dicendi facultas (Cf., extemporalis facultas, extemporalitas, post-Augustan, Suetonius) :to speak extempore, subito or ex tempore dicere (opposed to parate atque cogitate dicere) :to compose verses extempore (or impromptu), ex tempore versus fundere, or poemata facere :an extempore (or impromptu) poet, in fingendis poematibus (or carminibus) promptus et facilis ad extemporalitatem usque (Suetonius,Tit., 3).
EXTEMPORIZE, subito or ex tempore dicere.To extemporize poetry, versus ex tempore fundere :in fingendis poematibus promptum et facilem esse vel ad extemporalitatem usque (Suetonius) :ex tempore poemata facere (after Suetonius,Grammatical).Not to be able to extemporize, * non posse nisi parate (atque cogitate) dicere.
EXTEND, || TRANS.,extendere (of both space and time) :distendere (to stretch out ; e. g., arms, a battle-array) :explicare (to unfold; lines in battle, etc.) :proferre :propagare :promovere (to give a further extent to, one’s dominion, boundaries ; to a certain place ; usque ad locum, loco tenus) :ducere :producere (to extend, in respect of time) :To admit of a widely-extended application (of a thing), latius patere :to extend a thing to all, rem vulgare :to extend itself, sese extendere ; extendi ; diffundi ; patescere ; diffundi et patescere (to spread itself far and ivide) ; progredi (to advance, increase).|| INTRANS.,porrigi (to be stretched out far before the sight of the observer ; of countries) :pertinere (to reach, in respect of space or circuit ; figuratively, to have influence, reference. Cf., Pertingere is quite unclassical) :patere (to lie open to a certain point, so that one can look over it, of countries ; figuratively, to have an extensive circuit of relation or operation) :excurrere : procurrere (to run or extend in a certain direction, especially of a country, a mountain).To extend far, late patere (also, figuratively, to be of wide extent) :to extend far into the country, longe introrsus pertinere :to extend too far, longius excurrere (also, figuratively, of a speech, when it departs from its proper subject) :to extend to a place, attingere (with accusative) :to extend to the sea, excurrere usque ad mare ; patere usque ad mare (both of a country) :to extend into a country, into the sea, excurrere or eminere in mare (of a promontory) :excurrere in terram (of a mountain ridge, etc.) :the dominion of the king does not extend beyond Italy, * fines imperii regis terminatur Italia :the power of the Etrurians extended far both by sea and land, opes Tuscanorum late terra marique patuere :the fame of his glory extended from the Rhine to the Euphrates, admirationis ejus fama Rhenum Euphratemque conjunxit :a precept, a law extends far, præceptum, lex late patet :an edict extends to all, edictum ad omnes pertinet :a law which extends to all, lex diffusa in omnes :his property, his power does not extend far, haud multum valet opibus.
EXTENSIBLE,Vid. DILATABLE.
EXTENSIBILITY,Vid. DILATABILITY.
EXTENSION, porrectio (act of stretching out ; e. g. digitorum ; opposed to contractio) :projectio (e. g., brachii, Cicero Orat., 18, 59) :propagatio (e. g., finium, temporis miserrimi, vitæ, Cicero) :prolatio (e. g., finium, temporum perditorum, Cicero) :productio (lengthening; opposed to contractio temporis, Cicero ; also of lengthening syllables in pronunciation, opposed to correptio) :distentio (e. g., nervorum, Celsus) : (Cf., expansio, very late, Cœlius, Aur.) : (Cf., extentio, Vitruvius, and extensio,Vegetius, Vitruvius).
EXTENSIVE, diffusus (properly, of trees, enclosures, etc.; then improperly, opus, etc.) :extentus (extended; castra quam extentissima potest valle locat, Livius) :late patens (e. g., imperium).To possess extensive influence, largiter
posse :an extensive valley, magna vallis (Cæsar) :extensive plains, campi patentes or camporum patentium æquora (Cicero) :a very extensive forest, silva infinitæ magnitudinis (Cæsar, B. G. 6, 10) :to have an extensive acquaintance, multos habere amicos ; * multis notum esse et faroiliarem :varied and extensive learning, * eruditionis copia et varietas :a man of extensive learning, * homo abundans doctrina :an extensive business, mercatura magna et copiosa (Cicero). Vid. GREAT.
EXTENSIVELY, large :copiose : (The words are found in this connection and order.) large et copiose : late (widely) [vid. WIDELY] : Cf., extense (Tertullianus) ; extente (Ammianus), very late.
EXTENSIVENESS, || Extent, vid. || Extensibility, vid.
EXTENT, s., || Compass, ambitus : circuitus :circumscriptio : complexus :wide extent, latus ambitus ; amplitudo :to be of wide or vast extent, habere magnum, or latum, ambitum ; late patere :in extent, in circuitu ; circuitu.
EXTENUATE, extenuare :attenuare (properly, to make thin; then to weaken, enfeeble; also to represent anything as less than it is [extenuare, opposed to augere verbis ; attenuare, opposed to amplificare] ; extenuare crimen, Cicero) :elevare (e. g. crimen, Quintilianus ; opposed to premere ; also = to use a milder term, a euphemism, as by calling avarice parsimony, Quintilianus) :minuere (opposed to augere, to lessen, culpam, Quintilianus, 7, 4, 15).
EXTENUATION, extenuatio (as an oratorical figure ; the weakening the force of an accusation, Cicero, Quintilianus.) :imminutio criminis (Quintilianus ; but in a formal division of the kinds of defence) : (aliqua) excusatio, or aliquid excusationis, may often do.To admit of some extenuation, habere aliquid excusationis (Cicero).It is no extenuation of your crime that you committed it in behalf of a friend, nulla est excusatio peccati, si amici causa peccaveris :to plead anything in extenuation of a crime, excusare aliquid (accusative of the thing pleaded in excuse).
EXTERIOR, exterior (opposed to interior). Vid. EXTERNAL.
EXTERIOR, s., facies (the form in which an object presents itself, the whole exterior appearance) :figura (the external outline, by which things differ from each other) :forma (μορφή, the form in respect of color and beauty) : species (the appearance presented by a body) : habitus (σχῆμα, the peculiar habit, form, and constitution of a body imparted by nature ; opposedto cultus) : cultus (external ornament in dress, etc.) :habitus (with and without) corporis ; forma et habitus et cultus : cultus habitusque : corpus (the body as the receptacle of the soul ; opposed to animus).A pleasing exterior, venusta forma, species :to have a good, respectable exterior, forma (or facie) honesta esse ; alicujus species est honestissima :to have a rough exterior, alicui est asper et indecens habitus :to value anybody according to his exterior, hominem ex veste aut ex conditione, quæ vestis nobis circumdata est, æstimare.
EXTERMINATE, exterminate (properly, to drive out of the boundaries of a place ; ex, de, or ab aliquo loco), or exstirpare :delere :exstinguere :excidere :to exterminate utterly, alicujus rei radices evellere et extrahere penitus; omnes alicujus rei stirpes ejicere ; aliquid funditus tollere : (The words are found in this connection and order.) exstirpare et funditus tollere (e. g., superstition ; the last also of faults, passions) :e natura rerum evellere (Cicero) :to exterminate a tribe, etc., gentem penitus excidere (Velleius); gentem ad internecionem interimere :to exterminate the drones, universum fucorum genus ad occidionem perducere :to exterminate the males of his brother’s family, stirpem fratris virilem interimere (Livius) :to exterminate a family, * domum vacuam facere ; stirpem interimere (Nepos, Livius); domum cum stirpibus eruere (after Vergilius, Georg., 2, 209) :to exterminate the enemy, hostes delere, ad internecionem delere, redigere, adducere, or cædere; occidione cædere or occidere (especially by the sword) :to be exterminated, funditus interire ; totum perire ; ad internecionem venire ; ad internecionem perire (perire, by a pestilence) :to exterminate the whole race of tyrants, genus tyrannorum ex hominum communitate exterminare (Cicero).
EXTERMINATION, internecio : excidium ( = exscidium).War of extermination, bellum internecivum; bellum infinitum :to carry on a war of extermination, bellum ad internecionem gerere ; bello internecivo certare ; bellum gerere cum aliquo, uter sit, non uter imperet : Cf., internecivus (Freund) or internecinus.
EXTERMINATOR, eversor (overthrower, civitatis, hujus imperii, Cicero) :exstinctor (e. g., patriæ, conjurationis, Cicero) :perditor (opposed to conservator reipublicæ, Cicero).
EXTERNAL, extraneus (opposed to to what is on or in the thing itself; e. g., propter aliquam extraneus causam, opposed to the thing, ipsa propter se; also “not belonging to us;” opposed to our relations, country, etc., Cicero) :extrarius (external, opposed to to one’s self; e. g., utilitas aut in corpore posita est, aut in rebus extrariis, Quintilianus) :externus (outward, locally ; applied to either things or persons; opposed to intestinus, or [post-classical] internus); also quod est extra (e. g., illa, quæ sunt extra ; external goods, Cicero).Compare exterior, when spoken of two things (opposed to interior) :the external portion, pars exterior :external ornaments, extranea ornamenta :external advantages, bona externa, bona corporis (of personal advantages) :external heat, tepor externus :external applications, remedia, quæ extrinsecus adhibentur (of remedies applied externally) :external aid, adjumenta externa et adventiciar :to contemplate external objects, ea, quæ extra sunt, contemplari (Cicero) :the lungs draw in the external air, pulmones extrinsecus spiritum adducunt (Cicero) :at the sight of some external object, objecta re (e. g., terribili) extrinsecus ; not excited by any external force, neque (non) ulla vi extrinsecus excitatus.
EXTERNALLY, extrinsecus :extra : specie (in external appearance).Remedies that are applied externally, remedia, quæ extrinsecus adhibeantur.
EXTINCT, exstinctus (e. g., ignis).To become extinct (as a family), vacuum fieri funeribus (vid. Livius, 1, 46) ; interire : deficere :perire.
EXTINCTION, exstinctio (properly and improperly) :exstinctus, us (Plinius ; Cf., restinctio only Cicero, De Fin., 2, 3, extr. ; in the sense of quenching thirst) :interitus (improperly, the destruction and total loss of anything ; e. g., legum, reipublicæ, etc.). (The words are found in this connection and order.) occasus interitusque.To cause the extinction of anything, afferre interitum alicujus rei.
EXTINGUISH, exstinguere (ignem, lumen, lucernam) :restinguere (flammam, etc.).To extinguish a fire ( = conflagration), incendium restinguere (Sallustius, Livius) ; compescere (Plinius) :the fire is extinguished, vis flammæ opprimitur. || IMPROPR., exstinguere :delere. (The words are found in this connection and order.) exstinguere atque delere (e. g., omnem improbitatem) ; exstinguere atque opprimere (e. g., alicujus potentiam).To extinguish hope, spem præcidere, eripere, adimere.To extinguish anybody’s suspicion, suspicionem ex animo alicujus delere.
EXTINGUISHABLE, quod exstingui, deleri, etc. :potest . Cf., exstinguibilis, Lactantius.
EXTINGUISHER, exstinctor (properly, incendii, Cicero) :|| Of a candle, perhaps pnigeus (used by Vitruvius for a sort of “damper” over the pipe of a water-organ).
EXTIRPATE, || Root out (properly), vid. || IMPROPR., exstirpare :delere :exstinguere :excidere :thoroughly, utterly, alicujus rei radices evellere et extrahere penitus ; omnes alicujus rei stirpes ejicere ; aliquid funditus tollere. (The words are found in this connection and order.) exstirpare et funditus tollere (e. g., superstition ; the last also of faults, passions, etc.); e natura rerum evellere (annihilate) :to extirpate a nation, gentem penitus excidere :gentem ad internecionem interimere; his brother’s male offspring, stirpem fratris virilem interimere ; a family, * domum vacuam facere :stirpem interimere :domum cum stirpibus eruere (after Vergilius, Georg., 2, 209) ; the drones, universorum fucorum genus ad occidionem perducere ; all human feeling in anybody’s mind, omnem humanitatem ex animo alicujus exstirpare.
EXTIRPATION, exstirpatio (properly) :exstinctio : excidium (improperly).
EXTOL, aliquem laudibus tollere, efferre, ornare (Cf., not elevare : verbis elevare aliquem = to run him down) ; to the skies, aliquem miris modis laudare :aliquem or aliquid miris laudibus prædicare :alicujus laudes in astra tollere.
EXTOLLER,Vid. PRAISER.
EXTORT, exprimere, or extorquere alicui aliquid, or aliquid ab (or ex) aliquo :expugnare aliquid ; from anybody, ab aliquo ; excutere aliquid (to take by force).To extort money, pecuniam per vim capere :to extort money from anybody, pecuniam ab aliquo extorquere or extorquere atque eripere ; pecuniam alicui or numulorum aliquid ab (or ex) aliquo exprimere ; aurum expugnare ab aliquo :to extort anything by violence and fear from anybody, vi metuque extorquere alicui aliquid ; by threatening, minis extorquere, etc. ; by threatening him with a lawsuit, aliquid a aliquo litium terrore abradere (Cicero) :to extort a confession from anybody, exprimere alicui confessionem ; exprimere or extorquere, ut aliquis fateatur.
EXTORTER,Vid. EXTORTIONER.
EXTORTION, || Of money, violenta exactio :to accuse of extortion (in a province), postulare aliquem de repetundis or repetundarum : κυρικιμασαηικοto condemn for extortion, damnare aliquem de repetundis :accused of extortion, pecuniarum
repetundarum reus.
EXTRACT, || Draw forth, extrahere (properly, e. g., telum e corpore ; aliquem domo latitantem ; Cf., trahere telum de corpore, † Ovidius) :exprimere (properly, to squeeze out; e. g., pecuniam ab aliquo ; also improperly, to extract a denial, that, exprimere, ut se [fecisse aliquid] neget) :vellere : evellere :(pluck or pull out, vellere plumam, comam, pilos ; evellere dentes, Plinius ; aculeum severitatis).To extract anything by the roots (figuratively), alicujus rei omnes radicum fibras evellere (Cicero) :to extract teeth, dentes evellere (Plinius), excipere (Celsus) ; eximere (id.) :to extract bones (e. g., from a wound), ossa legere (e. g., postquam oculus effossus est, et in capite lecta ossa, Seneca, Ben., 5, 24, but quoted from Cæsar ; there are, however, different readings, ejecta ; Fickert conjectures fracta. Vid. Görenz, ad Cicero, de Legg. Excurs., 1, p. 289.)The sun extracts the color of anything, solis radii lambendo colorem eripiunt ex aliqua re :to extract a secret from anybody, eblandiri or expiscari aliquid. || To draw forth one substance from another (e. g., by chemical or other process), trahere (to draw ; e. g., stirpes succum trahunt ex terra, Cicero) :exprimere (to express ; of oils, etc. ; e. g., succus nuci expressus) :secernere (to secrete ; e. g., succum a reliquo cibo; bilem ab eo cibo, Cicero) :elicere (e. g., ferrum e terræ cavernis, Cicero ; ignem lapidum conflictu ; and figuratively, verbum ex aliquo ; sententiam alicujus, Cicero).|| To take a portion from a work, excerpere (ex libro) :exscribere (to write out) :eligere (to select).Extracted passages, electa (Plinius, Ep., 3, 5, Cf., not excerpta) :eclogarii (Cicero, Att., 16, 2) :eclogæ (Varro, ap. Charis.).To extract the most beautiful passages of a work, ex scripto flores decerpere (after Plinius, Ep.).|| In mathematics, extrahere (as technical term).To extract the square root, * radicem quadratam extrahere.//
EXTRACT, * locus ex aliquo exscriptus.Extracts, eclogarii (Cicero, Att., 16, 2) ; electa, orum.A book of extracts, electorum commentarius : Cf., excerpta not found, Krebs.To make an extract, aliquid excerpere ; exscribere :to make an extract from a book, e libro excerpere (to take passages). || An extract (in pharmacy), succus alicui rei expressus (e. g., nuci, Plinius) :decoctum (Plinius).
EXTRACTION, || PROPR., evulsio (e. g., dentis), by circumlocution. || IMPROPR., Descent, genus ( family) :stirps (slock) :origo (origin) :Of good extraction, honesto genere (natus) ; honesto loco ortus :of low extraction, humili, or obscuro, or ignobili loco natus : obscuris ortus majoribus. By extraction a Tusculan, by citizenship a Roman, ortu Tusculanus, civitate Romanus.A Macedonian by extraction, natione Macedo.
EXTRAJUDICIAL, quod fit intra domesticos parietes (in a private house, not in court); * quod fit extra judicium ; * quod non coram judicibus agitur (Cf. extrajudicialis is a word formed by the moderns).
EXTRAJUDICIALLY, intra domesticos parietes (Cicero, but of a cause pleaded before Cæsar at his own house); * extra judicium ; extra judicii formulas.
EXTRAMUNDANE, by circumlocution with * extra hunc mundum ; * qui extra hunc mundum est, etc.: Cf., extramundanus (Marcellinus, Cap.) : ultramundanus (Appuleius and Marcellinus, Cap.) very late.
EXTRANEOUS, extraneus (very seldom extranea aliqua causa, Auct. ad Her.) :externus :adventicius. (The words are found in this connection and order.) externus et adventicius.
EXTRAORDINARILY, extra ordinem :* præter morem or consuetudinem (contrary to manners or customs) : incredibiliter (incredibly) : mire : mirifice (wonderfully, strikingly, remarkably) : mirum in modum : mirum quantum : incredibile quantum (vid. Benecke, Justin., 8, 2, 5, p.125; Duker, Flor., 4, 2, 74) ; summe (most highly).In connection with an adjective, it is frequently expressed by the superlative ; as, extraordinarily beautiful, formosissimus ; pulcherrimus ; which is sometimes strengthened by summe or vel maxime; e. g., one who is extraordinarily attentive to me, summe observantissirnus mei.
EXTRAORDINARY, extraordinarius (that happens against the regular order and established form) :inusitatus : insolitus :insolens :non vulgaris (unusual, uncommon) :novus :inauditus :novus et inauditus (new and never before heard of) :incredibilis (incredible) :rarus :singularis (rare, singular in its kind) :mirus :mirificus (wonderful, astonishing, remarkable, in a good and bad sense) :insignis (distinguished) :summus (very great). Cf., Often by extra ordinem.The extraordinary expectations we entertain of you, spem, quam extra ordinem, etc., de te habemus (Cicero ; so extra ordinem alicui bellum committere, provinciam decernere, etc.).An extraordinary ambassador, * legatus extra ordinem missus :an extraordinary member or associate, * extra ordinem societati ascriptus :extraordinary honors, * honores solito majores :to impose an extraordinary burden, extra ordinem imperare alicui aliquid :extraordinary enjoyment, incredibilis voluptas :extraordinary desire of anything, mirum alicujus rei desiderium :extraordinary love, singularis or incredibilis amor :extraordinary mental power, divina vis ingenii :an extraordinary speaker, divinus in dicendo; præcipuus eloquentia. Africanus, extraordinary both as a man and as a general, Africanus, singularis et vir et imperator :to possess extraordinary talents, plus in aliquo est ingenii, quam videtur humana natura ferre posse.Extraordinary virtue, exsuperantia virtutis.
EXTRAVAGANCE,|| Wandering beyond fixed limits, error (in a speech) ; oratio vagans [Vid. DIGRESSION].|| Impetuosity (of passions, etc.), intemperantia : libidinum intemperantia :cupiditatum cæcus impetus (after cupiditates in alium cæco impetu incurrentes).Extravagances, stulte facta :he committed many extravagances, multa stulte fecit. || Lavish expenditure, effusio :profusio (as act) :sumtus effusi or profusi (lavish expenses) :profusa luxuria (excessive inclination for luxury, splendour, sensual indulgence, etc.) :nimia liberalitas.
EXTRAVAGANT, || Wandering beyond fixed limits, etc., longius progrediens, evagans (in a speech) :intemperans :effrenatus (in indulgence of lusts, etc.). || Immoderately expensive, luxuriosus :ad luxuriam effusus :luxuria diffluens (of very expensive, luxurious habits) :largus (spending largely) :prodigus (Cicero makes prodigi the faulty, liberates the good species of largi).To be very extravagant, extra modum sumtu et magniricentia, prodire. || Excessive, immodestus (exceeding all bounds; of men or things; e. g. fautor histrionum; largitio) :immoderatus (not restrained; of things ; e. g., cupiditas, luxuria) :effusus (pouring itself out beyond its ordinary limits ; e. g., lætitia : hilaritas, sumtus ; also of persons ; e. g., effusior in largitione) :profusus (with nearly the same meaning ; lætitia, hilaritas, sumtus : epulæ, convivia) :nimius (too muck; too great) :impotens (powerless, from passion, to restrain itself ; lætitia, cupiditas ; postulatum) :insanus (senseless; cupiditas) :nimis exquisitus (too recherche ; e. g., munditia, Cicero).
EXTRAVAGANTLY, || Excessively, immoderate (e. g., to bid, liceri) :immodeste (e. g., to give, love, praise one’s self) :effuse (exsultare, donare) :profuse (e. g., sumtui deditum esse ; laudare, aliquid exstruere) :prodige (prodigally : e. g., vivere, Cicero).
EXTRAVAGATE, longius evagari : longius evagari et tamquam exsultare (of the appetites, Cicero).
EXTRAVASATE, transfluere.To be extravasated, transfluxisse (of the blood, Plinius, 11, 38, 91) :* extra venas diffluere. (332)
EXTRAVASATION, by circumlocution.
EXTREME, adjective, extremus (that is furthest from me; hence, figuratively, extreme, i. e., commanded by necessity, departing from the usual custom) :ultimus (the last in a real or supposed series; hence, figuratively, the last that still remains after others ; that one can think of only after the others) :summus (the highest ; hence, figuratively, that exceeds or surpasses everything ; that can be surpassed by nothing) : extreme part, pars extrema :extreme danger, ultimum discrimen ; summum periculum.An extreme remedy, anceps auxilium (cf. Celsus, 2, 10).Extreme remedies must be tried in extreme cases, si periturus sit, qui laborat, nisi temeraria quoque via, fuerit adjutus…satius est anceps auxilium experiri, quam nullum (Celsus, 2, 10) :to be brought into extreme danger, in ultimum discrimen adduci ; in summum periculum vocari :extreme misfortune, extremum malorum ; extremus casus :extreme need, summæ angustiæ ; extremes res ; extrema or ultima (dangerous state) ; ultimum or extremum inopiæ ; summa inopia (extreme want) :to fall into extreme poverty, venire ad ultimum or extremum inopiæ :on account of the extreme cold, propter vehementiam frigoris (Vitruvius). || Extreme unction, * extrema unctio (technical term).
EXTREME, s., By adjective, summus. The extreme of right is the extreme of wrong, summum jus summa injuria.To run into extremes, * modum excedere in contrarias partes ; nimis vehementem esse in utramque partem ; plus minusve facere (vid. Terentius, Heaut., 3, 1, 31 ; Phorm., 3, 3, 21, Ruhnken).
EXTREMELY, summe, summopere (most highly) :quam or vel maxime (very much ; beyond measure) :extremely courteous to anybody, summe officiosus in aliquem :extremely pleasant, summe jucundus :extremely proper, summe decorus. It is also frequently rendered by the superlative ; sometimes with the addition of summe or vel maxime ; e. g., a person who is extremely attentive to me, summe observantissimus mei.
EXTREMITY ( = extreme danger, etc.), extrema, plural ; extrema fortuna ; extremum discrimen, etc. To be reduced
to extremity, extrema or extremam fortunam pati ; in maximum periculum et extremum pæne discrimen adductum esse (of things). || The extremities of the body, partes membrorum extremæ :the extremities are cold, frigidus extremas partes morbus urget (Celsus) :of boughs, cacuminum digiti, qui longissime a toto corpore exeunt (Plinius, but comparing it to a body).
EXTRICATE, extrahere ex re :expedire re :eripere ex or a re : liberare re or a re : exsolvere re : eximere re or ex re.To extricate one’s self from anything, se exsolvere or relaxare aliqua re ; se expedire a re, ex re, re, or absolutely (ab omni occupatione, Cicero ; ex his laqueis, Cicero ; ex hac turba, Plautus ; ærumnis, cura, Terentianus; sapientis est, quum stultitia sua impeditus sit, quoquo modo possit, se expedire, Cicero) :explicare se (Cicero, Verr., 2, 5, 58, 81) :exuere se (e. g., ex laqueis) :extrahere se ex aliqua re (e. g., ex periculis, malis, Cicero) :eripere se ex aliqua re (e. g., ex complexu alicujus) :exsolvere se (e. g., corpore, Vergilius ; occupationibus, Cicero ; e nervis, Lucretius) :plane se relaxare (e. g., animus corporis vinculis) :dejicere or depellere aliquid (e. g., drive away ; fear, an error, etc.).To extricate anybody from debt, liberare aliquem ære alieno.A means of extricating one’s self, ratio expediendæ salutis.
EXTRINSICAL, Vid. EXTERNAL.
EXTRUDE,Vid. EXPEL.
EXTRUSION,Vid. EXPULSION.
EXTUBERANCE,Vid. PROTUBERANCE.
EXUBERANCE,[vid. EXCESS] : Cf., exuberatio (opposed to defectio, Vitruvius) ; exuberantia (Gellius).
EXUBERANT, [Vid. EXCESSIVE, LUXURIANT, GREAT, etc.]To be exuberant, redundare (mostly, but by no means always, of what is bad) :nimis or paulo nimium redundare (both Ciceronian ; of orators, style, etc.) :exundare atque exuberare (Tacitus) :to be full of exuberant mirth (of a speech), redundare hilaritate (Cicero).
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EXUBERANTLY,Vid. EXCESSIVELY, LUXURIANTLY.