en_la_26

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ENTREATY, preces :rogatus or rogatio :obsecratio : obtestatio :precatio :deprecatio [SYN. in ENTREAT].

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Humble entreaties, humilis deprecatio :entreaty for pardon on account of anything, deprecatio alicujus facti.At anybody’s entreaty, alicujus rogatu; aliquo rogante; ab aliquo rogatus.Compelled by your earnest entreaties, coactus tuis assiduis vocibus :by earnest entreaties, precando ; precario.

ENTRÉE, perhaps prima admissio (after Seneca, De Ben., 33, qui in primas et secundas admissiones digeruntur); or introitus liminis alicujus (after Seneca, De Ben., est proprium superbiæ magno æstimare introitum ac tactum sui liminis) ; or by circumlocution with prior pono gradum intra domum (ibid).To have the right of entrée, primæ admissionis esse.

ENTREMETS, opsonium (opposed to panis) is perhaps the nearest word.  ENTRUST, permittere :committere (the committens acts in good trust in the power or will of another, whereby he imposes on him a moral responsibility : the permittens acts to get rid of the business himself, whereby he imposes at most only a political or legal responsibility. Döderlein) :credere : concredere (very rare in Cicero, never in Quintilianus., common in comedy) :commendare et concredere : mandare, demandare alicui aliquid : aliquid rejicere ad aliquem :aliquid alicui delegare (of what one ought otherwise to do one’s self) :deponere aliquid apud aliquem (to give anything to anybody in trust).To entrust anything to the faith of anybody, fidei alicujus aliquid committere or permittere ; tradere in alicujus findem aliquid.To entrust anybody with the care of my purse, concredere alicui marsupium cum argento (Plautus) :with the care of a treasure, thesaurum alicui concredere (Cicero) :with the care of one’s safety, life, salutem committere alicui; caput permittere alicui (Curtius); vitam credere alicui (Terentianus); vitam (ac fortunas suas) credere alicui (Lucilius, ap. Non.) :anybody with the care of one’s boy, alicujus curæ puerum demandare (Livius) :anybody with a task, munus mandare or dare alicui :with the management of a great and difficult affair, rem magnam atque difficilem committere alicui (Cicero) :with the management, direction, etc., of anything, alicui rei præficere aliquem :with the defence of a city, * alicui urbem tuendam dare :to entrust anybody with the whole management of a business, totam rem ad aliquem rejicere :to entrust one’s plans to anybody, consilia sua alicui credere :one’s secrets, occulta sua alicui credere :to entrust one’s honor to anybody, existimationem suam committere alicui.

Entrusted (to anybody’s care), creditus, concreditus, commissus, alicui commissus ac commendatus ; creditus et commissus alicui : (if only for a time), fiduciarius (e. g., opera fiduciaria, Herz., Cæsar, B, C, 2, 17) :depositum (thing deposited).

ENTRY, aditus (approach) :introitus (entrance; also, figuratively, entry into an office; e. g., introitus sacerdotii) :ingressio :ingressus (act of entering) :transitio pervia (passage, through houses, etc.). || Name, remark, etc., entered in a book, professio (the public entering of one’s name, Livius, or property, Cicero); but mostly by circumlocution with nomen (aliquid, etc.) intabulas or codicem referre. Sometimes nomen will do for entries in a debt-book. Have you made regular entries of your other debts in your ledger ? utrum cetera nomina in codicem accepti et expensi digesta habes? (Cicero) :to make an entry of a debt in a day-book or ledger, nomen in adversaria (day-book), or in codicem accepti et expensi referre.There is no entry of that, id nusquam est (Cicero) :there is no entry even of that, ne id quidem scriptum est (Cicero, pro Dom., 20, init.).

ENTWINE, circumplicare circum aliquid.To be entwined round anything, or to entwine anything, circumplicare aliquid; circumvolvi or se circumvolvere alicui rei :to entwine with anything, redimire aliqua re (bind with ribbons, garlands, etc.) :circumvolvere aliquid aliqua re :circumplicare aliquid circum aliquid (twist it round ; e. g., lorum circum aliquid).

ENUCLEATE, enucleare (Cicero) :explicare :enodare :a notion, complicatam notionem evolvere.

ENUMERATE, numerare : dinumerare (distinctly and carefully) :enumerare (in order ; also reasons) :annumerare (count out to a person).To enumerate anybody’s numerous faults, multa vitia in aliquem colligere.

ENVELOPE, involvere; with anything, in aliqua re : amicire aliqua re (e. g., charta, Horatius) :circumvolvere aliquid aliqua re : velare :tegere.To envelope a fault in fair words, vitium obvolvere verbis decoris (Horatius).

ENVENOM, venenis tingere (e. g., tela, Plinius) :veneno imbuere (Sallustius, Cat., 11, 3) :quasi venenis malis imbuere (after ea [avaritia] quasi venenis malis imbuta).

ENVIABLE, dignus, cui invideatur :invidendus († Horatius).Sometimes fortunatus :beatus.

ENVIER, invidens or invidus : lividus :obtrectator : malignus [SYN. in ENVY].Obs. fem. invida, etc., obtrectatrix.

ENVIOUS, invidus :invidens : lividus :alienis incrementis inimicus : malignus [vid. ENVY, s.].To be envious; invidere :livere ; of anybody, alicui invidere ; of anything, aliquid invidere [vid. ENVY, v.] ; alicujus incrementis esse inimicum :people are envious of me, invidetur mihi (ego invideor, only Horatius) ; in invidia sum.

ENVIOUSLY, cum invidia (Cf., not invidiose) :maligne.

ENVIRON,Vid. SURROUND.

ENVIRONS, loca, quæ circumjacent.The environs of a place, quæ loco circumjacent; quæ circa locum sunt :qui (quæ, quod) circa est :the environs of a town, loca urbem ambientia ; urbi propinqua loca :the environs of the town are very beautiful, urbs in regione amœnissima sita est :in the environs of, circa or circum quod :living in the environs of, qui circa habitant.

ENVOY, legatus (ambassador) :nuncius (messenger).Vid. AMBASSADOR.

ENVY, v., invidere alicui.To envy anybody a little, subinvidere alicui aliquid (Horatius, Sat., 1, 6, 49, invidere alicui honorem), but mostly invideo alicui rei alicujus ; e. g., Livius, 38, 47, nullius equidem invideo honori, as in English, “I envy no man’s honor :” invideo alicui alicujus rei is a Greek construction, Horatius, Sat., 2, 6, 83 : invideo alicui aliqua re is post-classical, Quintilianus, 9, 3, 1 :in aliqua tibi invideo : quod, Cicero, Flacc., 29, 76, is to be explained, “in aliqua re tibi hoc invideo, quod.’) I am envied, invidetur mihi (invideor only, Horatius, A. P., 5G) ; in invidia sum; invidiæ sum; invidia premor ; ex invidia laboro :to be envied by everybody, ab omnibus ventis invidiæ circumflari.To cause anybody to be envied, alicui invidiam facere, confiare or excitare (both of persons and things).To cause anybody to be envied by anything, aliqua re vocare aliquem in invidiam.

ENVY, s., invidia (denotes looking askance, as a sign that a man grudges something to another, from moral or immoral motives, not always, though pre-eminently from self-love, like ὑποψία. It denotes envy, either actively or passively) :livor (the self-tormenting envy, which poisons the whole soul, and deprives the body itself of its fresh healthy color) :invidentia (a new term of Cicero’s for the envy which a man harbors).As he met with no followers, nor even used the term commonly himself, it should be avoided : malignitas (as an habitual quality and disposition, in opposition to goodness of heart) :obtrectatio ζηλοτυπία,  envy showing itself in action, by trying to injure the person envied, especially by running him down, etc.). (The words are found in this connection and order.) obtrectatio invidiaque ; obtrectatio et livor; livor atque malignitas ; malignitas et livor. From envy, propter invidiam ; invidia : invidia incensus. To be an object of envy, invidiam habere ; in invidiam venire; in invidia esse (of persons and things) :to excite anybody’s envy, alicui esse invidiæ (of persons).

EPACT, epactæ ( ἐπακταὶ ἡμέραι, Isid., 6, 17, extr.).

EPAULET, perhaps humerale (though this was some covering of the shoulder, Paullus, Dig., 49, 14, 16).

EPHEMERAL, unius diei : quod unum tantum diem vivit.

EPHEMERIS, ephemeris (Cicero and Nepos).

EPIC, epicus : herous :heroicus (e. g., verse, poetry, etc).An epic poet, poeta epicus.

Epic poets, epici.

EPICUREAN,

Epicureus. || IMPROPR.,

Epicureus : luxuriosus :delicatus.An epicurean, Epicureus (properly and improperly) :qui cum Epicuro sentit or facit : homo delicatus or luxuriosus :homo voluptarius ; or qui omnia voluptate metitur, or ad voluptatem refert.

EPIDEMIC, qui (quæ, quod) vulgo ingruit.An epidemic, * morbus epidemicus (as medical technical term); *morbus late vagans :pestilentia. Vid. PESTILENCE.

EPIDERMIS, epidermis (technical term).

EPIGRAM, epigramma, -atis.

EPIGRAMMATIC, epigrammaticus.

EPIGRAMMATICALLY, inmodum epigrammatis :acute.

EPIGRAMMATIST, qui epigrammata scribit : epigrammatarius (Vopisc., Florian., 3; Saturn., 7).

EPILEPSY, morbus comitialis : vitium comitiale :epilepsia (late).To have a fit of epilepsy, morbo comitiali corripi :morbus major (Celsus, 3, 23) ; morbus caducus (Appuleius ; Æmil. Mac., Isid.) ; morbus sacer (Cœlius, Aurel. Tard.); valetudo major (Justinus).

EPILEPTIC, * epilepticus. A person subject to epileptic fits, homo caducus (Firm., Math., 3, 6, No. 8) :* morbo comitiali tentatus, vexatus.To have an epileptic fit, morbo comitiali corripi.

EPILOGUE (end of a speech), conclusio
:peroratio : epilogus (Cicero).

EPIPHANY, feriarum dies, quem celebrantes mense Januario Christiani Epiphania dictitant (Ammianus, 21, 2).

EPISCOPAL, episcopalis (Eccl.).

EPISCOPATE, episcopatus (Eccl.).

EPISODE, embolium (Cicero, ad Quintilianus, Fr., 3, 1, extr. in Greek characters; but Latin, Cicero, Sext., 54) :excursus, or digressus, or digressio (vid. Plinius, Ep., 5, 6, 43; Quintilianus, 10, 1, 49) ; that you would separate this episode of my consulship from your continuous history, ut a continentibus scriptis, in quibus perpetuam rerum gestarum historiam complecteris, secernas hanc quasi fabulam rerum eventorumque meorum.To introduce anything as an episode in a speech, aliquid includere or inserere orationi suæ.

EPISTLE, epistola [vid. LETTER]. || ” The Epistle’ (in the Liturgy), * lectio epistolica.

EPISTOLARY, mostly by genitive :epistolarum (epistolicus, Gellius ; epistolaris, Augustinus).

Epistolary correspondence, commercium epistolarum :literæ remittendæ atque accipiendæ : literarum sermo.An active epistolary correspondence, literarum crebritas :literarum frequentia.To have an epistolary correspondence with anybody, * epistolarum commercium habere cum aliquo; colloqui cum aliquo per literas.

EPITAPH, carmen or elogium in sepulcro incisum :versus (e. g., senarii) in sepulcro incisi (Cf., not epitaphium).

EPITHALAMIUM, carmen nuptiale :epithalamium (Quintilianus, Treb. Poll.; mostly sung in chorus before the bride-chamber, thalamus ; whereas the hymenæus was sung as the bride was conducted to her future home).

EPITHET, appositum : epitheton (technical term, Quintilianus).

EPITOME, epitome :summarium ; and (later) breviarium (in Seneca’s time).

EPITOMIZE, aliquid in angustum, or in epitomen, cogere : Cf., epitomare (very late).

EPITOMIZER, qui aliquid in angustum cogit or in epitomen cogit.The epitomizer of a voluminous work, qui auctorem per multa volumina diffusum epitome circumscribit.

EPITRITE, epitrttus (pes), Grammaticus.

EPOCH, æra (late Latin technical term, Isid., 5, 36) :* epocha (as technical term).Sometimes tempus, ætas, may serve.

EPOPEE, carmen epicum :poema epicum.

EPULATION, epulatio (Columella) :Vid. BANQUET.

EQUABILITY, æquabilitas (Cicero).

EQUABLE, æquabilis.

EQUABLY, æquabiliter.

EQUAL, s. An equal, par (opposed to superior or inferior).

EQUAL, æquus (of persons and things that are equally balanced ; also having the component parts alike ; opposed to varius, Cicero, Verr., 5, 49) :par (like some other thing, and composed of the same material with it; opposed to superior and inferior. In æquo marte is where the battle between two parties is considered as a whole ; in pari marte is where the fortune of one party is set against that of the other. It denotes similarity with respect to magnitude, power, and value ; or equality and proportion with regard to number, like ἴσος ) :æqualis (equal in interior qualities, age, rank, worth, like ὄμοιος) :parilis (nearly like, as a middle step between par and similis) :compar (mutually equal).Sometimes similis, idem, geminus, as in par est avaritia, similis improbitas, eadem impudentia, gemina audacia. (The words are found in this connection and order.) æquus et par; æqualis et par; par et æqualis; par et similis ; par atque idem; par atque unus.

Equal intervals, intervalla æqualia (absolutely equal), intervalla paria (proportionately equal ; standing in the same proportion to each other ; Hirtius, B. Afr., 59 ; Cæsar, B. G., 1, 51 ; 7, 23).

Equal to one another, inter se æquales.Not equal, dispar : impar [SYN. in UNEQUAL].

Equal rights, jura paria ; jus æquum et par (jus æquabile relates to the equal administration of the law).To possess equal rights with the citizens, æquo et pari jure cum civibus vivere.To divide into twelve equal parts, in duodecim partes æqualiter dividere :of equal strength with anybody, par alicui ; non inferior aliquo.My equals, æqui et pares (in rank, power, etc.); homines mei similes, or homines nostræ farinæ (the latter in Persius; such men as I am) ; homines mei ordinis (of my station).To have no equal in anything, aliqua re parem habere neminem :omnibus antecellere aliqua re :omnes antecedere (præcedere, etc.) aliqua re. Not to endure an equal, neminem secum dignitate exæquari velle.

Equal proportions of (in prescriptions), par modus (e. g., ejus emplastri et mellis, Celsus).A and B must be mixed in equal proportions, par modus τοῦ A et B miscendus est (Celsus).

EQUALITY, æquitas : æqualitas (equality) :æquabilitas (uniformity) :æquatio (act of equalizing ; hence always with genitive of that, of which there is an equality).

Equality of rights, æquabilitas juris : jus æquabile (as equally divided amongst several ; hence, equality of rights in a state ἰσοτιμία) : æquatio juris (the equalization of rights for the first time).Political equality, * æqua civitatis conditio (æqua cond., Cicero, Verr., 2, 72, 177) :to preserve political equality in a state, providere, ne æqua civitatis conditio turbetur (after Seneca, N. Quæst., 3, 10, 3).To live on a footing of equality with anybody, ex pari or ex æquo vivere cum aliquo.

EQUALIZATION, æquatio (e. g., bonorum, juris) :exæquatio.

EQUALIZE, æquare :exæquare.Money equalizes all ranks, pecunia omnium dignitatem exæquat :that the labour of the soldiers and their commander might be equalized, ut militibus exæquatus cum imperatore labor esset.

EQUALLY, æque (equally; one like the other) :æqualiter (like ; in equal degree) :æqualibiter (in a uniform manner) :pariter (in like manner; in the same relation). (The words are found in this connection and order.) pariter æqualiterque.

Equally great, æqua magnitudine :equally long, æque longus; æqua longitudine.

EQUANIMITY, æquus animus : æquitas animi (Cf., but æquanimitas quite unclassical) :constantia (from firmness of character).The equanimity which one preserves in his whole life, æquabilitas in omni vita, et idem semper vultus, eadem frons (Cicero); also æquabilitas universæ vitæ.With equanimity, æquo animo : patienter.

EQUANIMOUS, æquo animo præditus : sibi constans.

EQUATION, æquatio : exæquatio.Arithmetical equation, * æquatio arithmetica (technical term).

EQUATOR, circulus æquinoctialis (Varro, L. L., 9, 18, §24; Seneca; Quintilianus).

EQUERRY, equiso (vid. Valerius, Max., 7, 3, 2, extr.).

EQUESTRIAN, eques (on horseback).An equestrian statue, statua equestris. || Skilled in horsemanship, equitandi peritus :equo habilis.To be a good equestrian, equo habilem esse; optime equis uti; equitandi peritissimum esse. || Relating to the order of equites at Rome, equester.The equestrian rank, dignitas equestris : locus equester (ordo equester = the equites as a body).Cf., Livius has once equestris as masculine.

EQUIANGULAR, angulis æquis or paribus.

EQUIDISTANCE, æquilatatio (e. g., of parallel lines; Vitruvius).

EQUIDISTANT, pari intervallo :

Equidistant from each other, æquis or paribus intervallis distantes inter se (for difference between æquus and par, cf. EQUAL). Cf., æquidistans (Capell.).

EQUILATERAL, æquis lateribus.To describe an equilateral triangle on a given line, data linea triangulum æquis lateribus constituere (Quintilianus) :[æquilateralis (Censor); æquilaterus (Marcellinus, Capell., and Firmic., Math.); æquilatus, eris (Auson., Griph., 41); isopleuros (ισόπλειρος), Aus., Præf. ad Idyll., 13.] EQUILIBRIUM, momentum par (ἰσοῤῥοπία ; vid. Columella 3, 12, 4) [not æquilibritas, which is a translation by Cicero, of ἰσονομία, nor æquilibrium. Vid. Latin Dict. : æquipondium, equality of weight ; Varro]. Standing in equilibrium, pari momento or suis ponderibus libratus ; paribus examinatus ponderibus :to be in equilibrium, to produce an equilibrium, pari pondere parem pensionem perficere :to preserve an equilibrium, to be in equilibrium, sua momenta sustentare (vid. Kuhner ad Cicero, Tusc., p. 89) : sua vi et suo nutu teneri : suis ponderibus librari :to place anything in a state of equilibrium, aliquid, velut in ponderibus constitutum, examinare (Seneca, N. Quæst., 3, 10, 3) :the equilibrium of anything is destroyed, portionum æquitas turbatur (Seneca, ib.) :to lose one’s equilibrium, labi. || IMPROPR., æquitas (equality) :æquilibritas (equilibrium of the powers of nature = ἰσονομία, æqualis tributio, Cicero) :political equilibrium, * æqua civium conditio.To preserve the equilibrium of parties in a state, providere, ne æqua civitatis conditio turbetur (after Seneca, N. Quæst., 3, 10, 3) :to restore the equilibrium of anything, dissipatas alicujus rei partes rursus in suum locum cogere (Cicero, Tusc., 3, 36, 78).

EQUINOCTIAL, æquinoctialis (Varro, Plinius, Seneca).An equinoctial tide, æquinoctialis æstus (Seneca).

EQUINOX, æquinoctium (Cicero) :æquinoctiale tempus : æquinoctiales horæ.The vernal equinox, æquinoctium vernum :the autumnal equinox,  æquinoctium auctumnale.

EQUIP, armare (with arms or other instruments) :instruere (to furnish with) :ornare :adornare :exornare (to fit out fully ; implying a liberal expenditure; κοσμεῖυ, διακοσμεῖυ). (The words are found in this connection and order.) ornare atque instruere :exornare atque instruere : comparare (to provide with zeal and care). To equip soldiers, milites armare, armis instruere ; militibus arma dare :to equip troops with every thing necessary, copias omnibus rebus ornare atque instruere :to equip ships, naves armare, instruere, ornare, adornare ; a fleet,
classem instruere, ornare, exornare, comparare :to equip a fleet in a short time, celeriter classem efficere. || Clothe, vid.

EQUIPAGE, || Furniture of a military man, instrumentum militare :militaris supellex (field equipage of a single officer) :equus tabernaculumque et omne aliud instrumentum militare (his horse, tent, camp, furniture, etc.). || Furniture of a body of troops, an army, etc., belli instrumentum et apparatus : omnia, quæ ad belli usum pertinent (general term) :impedimentum (the baggage of the army ; opposed to sarcinæ, that of a single soldier; vasa, orum, were his camp furniture, for cooking his victuals, etc.). || Carriage and horses, carpentum et equi (vid. CARRIAGE). || Attendance, retinue, ministerium, or plural, ministeria (Silver Age) :famuli . ministri :comitatus :assectatio :stipatio. SYN. in ATTENDANCE.

EQUIPMENT, armatus, us (as action; no instance can be produced of instructio in this sense) :arma (plural) : armatura (the instruments with which anything is equipped) :armamenta (plural) : instrumenta navalia (instruments with which a ship is equipped).

EQUIPOISE.Vid. EQUILIBRIUM.

EQUIPOLLENT,Vid. EQUIVALENT.

EQUIPONDERANCE, æquipondium : momentum par (ἰσοῤῥοπία).

EQUITABLE, æquus. [Vid. JUST.] || Impartial, æquus :incorruptus. (The words are found in this connection and order.) incorruptus atque integer : studio et ira vacuus : tamquam medius nec in alterius favorem inclinatus. Vid. IMPARTIAL.

EQUITABLY, juste, jure (vid. JUSTLY).Sometimes sine amore et sine cupiditate :sine ira et studio : incorrupte : integre. Vid. IMPARTIALLY.

EQUITY, æquitas : justitia [SYN. in JUSTICE, vid.] :moderatio :liberalitas (moderation in thinking, judging, etc.).According to equity, ex æquo. sicut æquum est : ut par est :to judge according to equity, ex æquo et bono judicare :against all equity, contra fas :contra quam fas est :against all justice and equity, contra jus fasque :to perceive the equity of anything, æquitatem alicujus rei perspicere.To judge according to equity, integre, incorrupte judicare.

EQUIVALENT, idem valens : ejusdem pretii.To be equivalent, tantundem valere [Vid. To EQUAL].An equivalent, res ejusdem pretii (not valoris).To give anybody an equivalent, compensare alicui aliquid (Cicero).

EQUIVOCAL, ambiguus (e. g., responsum : verba : and figuratively, ingenium, fides) :dubius : dubius et quasi duplex (e. g., verba dubia et quasi duplicia, equivocal words) :anceps (e. g., oraculum, responsum) :flexiloquus : flexiloquus et obscurus (e. g., oraculum, Cicero).An equivocal saying, ex ambiguo dictum :a man of equivocal character, homo ambigui ingenii or ambigua fide :to give an equivocal answer, nihil certi respondere ; ambigue respondere.

EQUIVOCALLY, ambigue (e. g.,  scribere, dicere) :ex ambiguo (e. g., dictum).

EQUIVOCALNESS, ambiguitas (e. g., verborum) :amphibolia (ἀμφιβολία in Rhetoric).

EQUIVOCATE, nihil certi respondere :ambigue respondere : ambigue dicere.

EQUIVOCATION, sermo ambiguus :Without equivocation, relictis ambiguitatibus.

ERA, æra (late Latin; Isidor. Origg.) :tempus :ætas. Before the Christian era, ante Christum natum.

ERADICATE, || PROPR., Vid. ROOT UP. || IMPROPR., radicitus tollere atque extrahere aliquid (Cicero) :omnes alicujus rei radices evellere et extrahere penitus :omnes alicujus rei stirpes ejicere :aliquid funditus tollere ; (The words are found in this connection and order.) exstirpare et funditus tollere ; from anybody’s mind, radicitus extrahere aliquid ex animo (e. g., religionem ex animis hominum, Cicero); radicitus excutere aliquid alicui (Cicero) ; aliquid exstirpare ex animo (e. g., humanitatem, Cicero). Cf., eradicare præ-classical and once in Varro.

ERADICATION, exstirpatio (Columella; properly) :exstinctio : excidium (annihilation).

ERASE, exstinguere :delere :inducere (inducere, especially of erasing whole passages with the inverted stylus) :litura tollere or corrigere (to correct a mistake, mendum scripturæ, with the stylus) :interlinere (to erase with a line through the word, etc., to be altered) :expungere (erase with dots) :radere, eradere (by erasure) :exsculpere (with the graving-tool).He completely erased what he had written, quæ scripserat, ea plane exstinxit (Cicero). || IMPROPR., exstinguere :delere.

ERASURE, litura (the smearing over a wax tablet).

ERE,Vid. BEFORE.

ERE-LONG :Vid. SOON.

ERE-NOW, jam (already) :antea, antehac.

ERE-WHILE, olim :quondam : antea, antehac : quodam tempore (e. g., oppida quodam tempore florentissima). SYN. in FORMERLY.

EREBUS,

EREBUS.

ERECT, || PROPR., excitare (e. g., a monument, a tower) :educere (to raise to a great height; e. g., Pyramids) :statuere :constituere (to place, etc. ; a column, trophy, tent, etc.) :exstruere (build up; a monument, etc.). || IMPROPR.,

Erect myself into (e. g., “to erect myself into a judge”) :to erect one’s self into a tyrant, tyrannidem or dominatum or principatum occupare ; into a king, regnum occupare or sibi vindicare ; into an umpire, * arbitrum se offerre :* arbitri partes sibi sumere ; into a judge, * judicis partes sibi sumere. || To found, constituere :condere :to erect a commonwealth that will last, diuturnam rempublicam serere (Cicero) :constituere rempublicam, quæ possit esse diuturna [vid. To FOUND] :to erect a college, school, etc., * collegium, gymnasium instituere.

ERECT, adjective,rectus : erectus :celsus et erectus. To place erect, erigere :to stand erect, rectum assistere :to walk erect, erectum vadere, incedere :one who can not walk erect, quem femora destituunt :to keep erect, sustinere ; sustentare :to keep one’s self erect, se sustinere (also figuratively), or (if one is in danger of falling) se a lapsu sustinere.

ERECTION, || Act of raising, exstructio :æditicatio (the building of anything) :ductus muri (building of a wall) :constitutio( foundation). || State of being erected, erectio (e. g., tignorum). || Elevation of the mind, sublatio or exaggeratio animi. || Act of rousing, incitatio :concitatio. || A building, vid.

ERECTLY, by circumlocution. To walk erectly, erectum vadere, incedere : Cf., erecte is late for “in a spirited manner,” etc. (e. g., judicare, loqui).

ERECTNESS, status celsus et erectus : erectio (e. g., erectio firma corporis, Vitruvius).

ERECTOR, by circumlocution with qui ædificat, etc.

EREMITE, homo solitarius :eremita :anachoreta (Eccl.). Vid. HERMIT.

ERMINE, mus silvestris (general term for ermines, badgers, etc) :* mustela erminia (Linnæus). || The fur so called, * pellis muris silvestris or mustelæ erminiæ. An ermine robe, indumentum ex pellibus murium silvestrium consarcinatum (Ammianus) :to be clothed in ermine, tergis murium silvestrium indutum esse (Seneca, Ep., 90, 14).

ERMINED, tergis murium silvestrium indutus (Seneca, Ep., 90, 14).

EROGATION, erogatio (e. g., pecuniæ, Cicero).

EROSION, erosio( Plinius).

EROTIC, amatorius (eroticus, Gellius).

ERR, || Wander, errare :vagari :palari [SYN. in WANDER]. (The words are found in this connection and order.) vagari et errare. || To miss the right way, errare :to err from, aberrare (unintentionally and ignorantly) :discedere ab aliqua re [vid. DEVIATE]. || Mistake, errare : per errorem labi or labi only (to commit a small mistake) :in errore versari :errore captum esse (to be in error) :peccare (to sin, blunder, etc., from mistake, etc.).To err grievously, vehementer or valde errare; tota re errare (Terentianus) or falli [Cf., toto cœlo errare late, should not be used, according tv Krebs, without a quod aiunt] : longe or procul errare ; probe or diligenter errare (in the conversational language of comedy ; Cf.,  not egregie errare) :you err in this single point, in hoc uno erras :a man cannot err, errari nullo pacto potest.I think I shall not err, if etc., haud, ut opinor, erravero :with these rules you cannot err, hæc præcepta errare non patiuntur :if I do not err, nisi fallor; nisi animus (me) fallit ; nisi quid me fallit or fefellerit.

ERRABLE, qui errare, etc. potest.

ERRABLENESS, circumlocution by errare or in errorem labi posse.

ERRAND, mandatum :negotium [SYN. in COMMISSION] :to do an errand, mandatum exsequi, persequi, conficere, perficere, peragere :to do an errand in the most careful manner, mandatum exhaurire; in a careless manner, negligenter rem mandatam gerere :to tell anybody to do an errand, negotium alicui dare or mandare ; negotii aliquid alicui dare (Terentianus) :mandare alicui aliquid :to be ordered to do an errand by anybody, mandatum datur mihi ab aliquo :aliquid facere jussum esse ab aliquo :to do anybody’s errand willingly, * mandatum alicujus lubenter peragere (Wyttenbach).

ERRANT, vagus, errabundus.

Erro in Plinius.

ERRATIC, erraticus (Varro, ap. Gellius ; stellæ : homo, Delos, Ovidius ; especially of plants, cucumis, etc.: vitis serpens multiplici lapsu et erratico, Cicero).

ERRATUM, * mendum typographicum : * erratum typographicum (so Cicero, Att., 6, 1,7, erratum fabrile : error post-Augustan, in this sense; Quintilianus, 1, 5, 47) :* peccatum typographi (so paucis verbis tria magna peccata, Cicero) :vitium typographicum (gross blunder; vid. Quintilianus, 1, 5, 5, sqq.).A book in which there are many errata, * liber mendosus or mendose descriptus :a book that is free from errata, * liber emendate descriptus or ab omnibus mendis purus.

ERRONEOUS, falsus ; mostly by error with genitive.An erroneous opinion, opinionis error (Cicero,
Off., 1, 8) :opinio falsa. Cf., Erroneus very late. In Columella 7, 12, 5, for erronei canes, Ruhnken reads errones canes.

ERRONEOUSLY, per errorem (by mistake) :perperam (opposed to recte) :falso (opposed to vere or vero).

ERRONEOUSNESS, vanitas (emptiness); but mostly by circumlocution, to prove the erroneousness of an opinion, aliquid falsum esse probare.

ERROR, error : erratum (the latter, “an error”) :lapsus (a slip) :peccatum (a blunder committed ; also a mistake in grammar, etc.) :fraus (an error into which we are led by others; a deceit practised upon us) :opinionis error : opinio falsa (an erroneous opinion) :To commit an error, errare :peccare :to fall into an (involuntary) error, per errorem labi :to be in error, in errore esse or versari; errore captum esse; errore vagari, or (stronger) in magno errore versari :to acknowledge one’s error, erratum suum agnoscere :to lead anybody into error, aliquem in errorem inducere or conjicere ; aliquem in fraudem impellere ; aliquem inducere, ut erret (also of things).You see how much of error is at the bottom of all this, vides, quanto hæc in errore versentur :it is a great error to believe, etc., in magnis erroribus sunt ii, qui credunt, etc. || Blunder, vid. An error of the press. [Vid. ERRATUM.] A clerical error, mendum scripturæ.

ERST, || First, vid. || Once, formerly, vid.

ERUBESCENCE, || Redness, rubor : [erubescentia, late, Tertullianus]. || Act of growing red, circumlocution by erubescere ; or rubor alicui suffunditur (of persons)  ERUBESCENT, subruber (Celsus) :subrubicundus (Celsus, Plinius ; both = reddish) :erubescens (blushing).

ERUCT, ructare (also with accusative of thing eructed) :eructare (with accusative of thing eructed).

ERUCTATION, ructus :[eructatio late, Appuleius]. To cause eructation, ructum gignere, movere, facere.

ERUDITE, eruditus :literis eruditus : doctus :doctrina instructus :(The words are found in this connection and order.) doctus atque eruditus. Vid. LEARNED.

ERUDITION, doctrina :eruditio :literæ : [Vid. LEARNING.] A person of great or extensive erudition, perdoctus : pereruditus :exquisita doctrina :præclara eruditione atque doctrina ornatus :in quo sunt plurimæ literæ.

ERUGINOUS, æruginosus (Seneca).κυρικιμασαηικο

ERUPTION, eruptio (e. g., of Etna; also hostile incursion, sally) :initium :principium (beginning, e. g., of a war) :On the eruption of the war, bello erumpente ; bello exorto. || Incursion, invasion, vid. || Breaking out, scabies (general term) :lepra (leprosy) :mentagra, mentigo (on the chin) :eruptio capitis : porrigo (on the head) :pustulæ (heat-spots, pustules).To be covered with an eruption, scabie, pustulis, etc., infici.

ERUPTIVE, by circumlocution. To have an eruptive disorder, scabie infici; scabrum fieri; scabies invadit corpus (Columella).To be covered with an eruptive disorder, totum corpus invadit scabies, or invadunt pustulæ; pustulæ toto corpore surgunt (after Martisalis).

ERYSIPELAS, erysipelas, -atis (ἐρυσίπελας).

ESCALADE, * scalæ muris admotæ, or scalæ only, or circumlocution by scalas mœnibus admovere or applicare scalis muros aggredi or ascendere; positis scalis muros ascendere (Cæsar).To take a city by escalade, * oppidum scalis (admotis) capere :to endeavor to take a city by escalade, scalas erigi jubere(Tacitus) :scalis (or positis scalis) muros ascendere or aggredi.

ESCALOP, pecten :pectunculus (diminutive).

ESCAPE, evadere : elabi (slip away ; e. g., ex prœlio; e manibus alicujus; custodiæ, Tacitus) :subterfugere (escape by some shift; pœnam, periculum, Cicero) :effugere (fly away) :expedire se (to set one’s self free, ab or ex aliqua re; seldom aliqua re) :from ( = out of) anything, effugere ex (de, ab) aliqua re :from anything ( = avoid by flight), effugere aliquid (not alicui rei) :from a crowd, expedire se ex turba (Terentianus) :from all occupation, expedire se ab omni occupatione (Cicero) :from a person, effugere aliquem, or de alicujus manibus; alicui or e (de) alicujus manibus elabi ; alicujus manibus evadere :from the city, ex urbe elabi ; oppido evadere :from a wreck by swimming, e naufragio enatare ( Vitruvius, 6, pref. 1); also, in terram evadere (Livius) :from a danger, periculo evadere. || Avoid, fugere :defugere :declinare : vitare. SYN. in AVOID.

ESCAPE, s., fuga :effugium : aberratio (e. g., a dolore, molestiis, Cicero).To make one’s escape from prison, custodiæ or vinculis elabi :from the city, urbe elabi.To make one’s escape by flight, fuga se subtrahere (secretly) ; ex fuga evadere; fuga se eripere.To assist a man’s escape, by giving him money, alicujus fugam pecunia sublevare :to have no other escape from, aliam aberrationem ab aliqua re nullam habere (Cicero).

ESCHALOT, * allium ascalanicum (Linnæus).

ESCHEAT, s.,. devolutio (technical term).

Escheats, caduca bona : caducæ hæreditates (in Jurisconsulti, that is caducus, which falls away, as it were, from the intended heir ; e. g., because he has no children, either to the other heirs, or, in default of such, to the emperor’s privy purse, fiscus) :bona vacantia (Inst. Just., 2, 6, 4).

ESCHEAT, v. caducum esse (absolutely); to anybody, cedere alicui (general term), or * possessione vacua (Justinus) cedere alicui.

ESCHEW, fugere :defugere :declinare :vitare : renunciare (alicui rei, to renounce; e. g., ostreis in omnem vitam).

ESCORT, s., præsidium (as a protection) :custodia (as a guard). (The words are found in this connection and order.) custodia ac præsidium :with an escort, cum præsidio : cum custodibus :with an escort of Macedonians, prosequentibus Macedonibus :to give anybody an escort, præsidium alicui dare.To send anybody any where with an escort, præsidio dato, or cum custodibus aliquem mittere aliquo.

ESCORT, v., præsidio esse alicui :custodiæ esse alicui [SYN. in ESCORT, s.] :prosequi aliquem (as a mark of respect).

ESCULENT, Vid. EDIBLE.

ESCUTCHEON, insigne generis (after Cicero, Sull., 31, 88), or insigne only (as general term).To be recognized or known by his escutcheon, ex insigni agnosci (Cæsar, B. C., 2, 6, of the admiral’s flag).

ESOTERIC, quod ἐσωτερικὸν  appellamus, appellant, etc. (after quod ἐξωτεοικὸς appellant, Cicero, Fin., 5, 5, 12  ; ἐσωτερικὸν , Luc. vit. Auct., 27) :intrinsecus auscultantibus accommodatus (after Seneca, Ep., 33, 6) ; also occultus or occultior :arcanus :reconditus. Cf., The esoteric doctrines of, alicujus, etc., (tamquam) mysteria (e. g., rhetorum, Cicero) :to declare or reveal anybody’s esoteric doctrines, alicujus (tamquam) mysteria enunciare.

ESPALIER, arbor adminiculata or jugata, or adminiculata jugataque :to train espaliers, palare et alligare arbores.

ESPECIAL, præcipuus (as distinguished before others; opposed to communis, etc.) :maximus :vel maximus (the greatest) :

Especial care, antiquissima cura (e. g., navalis apparatus ei semper antiquissima cura fuit, Cicero).It was his especial care to, etc., nihil antiquius habuit (Cicero), duxit (Suetonius), quam ut, etc.; longe antiquissimum ratus est, etc., with infinitive (Livius) : an especial affection for anybody, præcipuus quidam amor in aliquem :to be an especial favorite with anybody, in magna esse gratia apud aliquem ; gratiosum or gratiosissimum esse apud aliquem ; esse in sinu alicujus (in familiar style, Cicero); in oculis esse alicui or alicujus (Cicero); or aliquis me fert in oculis (Cicero).Therefore, I am an especial favorite with the publicans, itaque publicanis in oculis sumus (Cicero).

ESPECIALLY, imprimis (refers to a distinction possessed in common with others, and in as high a degree as by the first among them : it is added to adjectives and adverbs ; may follow its word [vir magnus imprimis, Cicero], or have one interposed [id – imprimis ego memorabile, etc.] ; it may be joined to a superlative [which Kritz denies; Pr., Introd., ii., 889]; and also give prominence to a single word or action) :præcipue (from præ and capere, refers to a distinction one possesses before and over others ; nearly = “particularly,” opposed to communiter, communis.Hence, of what belongs especially to the ind ividual, and not to most men or all men, etc. It is properly used with verbs : sometimes, like præsertim, to give prominence to one word or notion) :præsertim (præ, before; serere, to connect : it denotes that what is said applies in an especial degree to one case; it often, therefore, introduces an especial condition or case, præsertim quum ; quum præsertim ; præsertim si. It can not stand with the principal verb of the sentence. Cf., not virtus est præsertim, but præcipue, colenda], except when, after the general statement, it adds a case to which it particularly applies [e. g., ego tibi a vi, hæc præsertim imbecillitate magistratuum, præstare non possum : deforme est de se ipso prædicare, falsa præsertim]) :maxime (does not contain a comparison with others, but strengthens the predicate itself.  A especially, but also B, maxime A, sed et B :especially because, maxime quod :especially if, maxime si, of what is to be done especially on a certain condition ; e. g., scribe aliquid, et maxime si Pompeius etc., Cicero) :potissimum (by preference to all others). Cf., Perhaps it may help the pupil to tell him that præcipue should be taken to express a higher degree than is common, etc.; præsertim, to define more particularly the case to which what has been said applies especially ; it does not therefore go with verbs (not præsertim florere, but præcipue); maxime, to make a general statement apply with the most force to a particular case : Cf., imprimis occurs more than eleven
times in Cicero ; not twice only, as Sturenburg maintained.

Epecially if, præsertim si ; maxime si (vid. under maxime, above. Cf., Never præcipue si or quum).A and epecially B, quum A, tum imprimis B ; quum or tum A, tum maxime B ; ut A, tum maxime B (rare; Cicero) :especially because, maxime quod.But especially, præsertim or imprimis autem (Cf., not præsertim vero or autem).And especially, imprimisque ; et præsertim ; maximeque.Maxime is often strengthened by vel (e. g., hoc uno præstamus vel maxime feris, quod etc.) .

ESPLANADE, || ” The void space between the glacis and the first houses of the town,” quidquid herbidi terreni est or erat extra murum (Livius 23, 19, 14, as it usually is a grassy slope); locus æquus : planum (Sallustius, as levelled space). || Grass-plot, locus herbidus or (Horatius) herbosus.

ESPOUSAL, || Act of espousing [vid. ESPOUSALS]. || Act of embracing a cause, defensio :patrocinium : propugnatio ; or by circumlocution. Vid. ” To ESPOUSE a cause.”  ESPOUSALS, sponsalia.To celebrate the espousals, sponsalia facere or rite facere.The day of espousals, sponsalis dies (Varro); dies sponsaliorum (Suetonius, Oct., 23) :the time of anybody’s espousals, tempus sponsum (or sponsam) habendi.The feast given on the occasion was, cœna sponsalium (Plinius 9, 35, 58).

ESPOUSE, || PROPR., To betroth to ; betroth one’s self to [vid. BETROTH]. || To marry, vid. || IMPROPR., To embrace (an opinion, cause, etc.).To embrace an opinion [vid. EMBRACE (end) ]To espouse a cause, (1) = join a political party [vid. “to EMBRACE a cause :” (2) = to undertake its defence, patrocinium alicujus or alicujus rei suscipere ; alicui or alicui rei patrocinari : propugnare pro re. (The words are found in this connection and order.) defendere et propugnare.

ESPY, Vid. (1) To DESCRY ; and for SYN. to SEE : (2) To SPY.

ESQUIRE, armiger (of a knight; also as technical term for the English Esquire).

ESQUIRE, v., comitari aliquem :inter comites alicujus aspici, etc.

ESSAY, v.Vid. ATTEMPT, TRY.

ESSAY, s. || Attempt, trial, vid. || Short treatise, vid. || Assay (of metals), vid.

ESSENCE, vis :natura :proprietas :natura atque vis :vis et natura :natura propria alicujus rei et vis (Cicero). Cf., Essentia, according to Seneca, was used by Cicero, as translation of οὐσία , but it is not found in his extant works ; Quintilian says, οὐσίαν quam Plautus, [al. Flavius] essentiam vocat ; neque sane aliud est ejus nomen Latinum ; he adds, of ens, essentia :” quæ cur tantopere aspernentur, nihil video, nisi quod iniqui judices adversus nos sumus”) : (ipsa) substantia (post-Augustan ; ipsa substantia. Quintilianus : reality ; opposed to opinio, Paullus Juris-consulti). Cf., The best writers mostly translate ” essence” by ipse or verus : the essence of friendship consists in this, vera amicitia in eo versatur; vis amicitiæ in eo est :to look to the essence of anything, rem ipsam spectare :to belong to the essence of anything, alicujus rei proprium esse. Cf., Quintilian has rei substantiæ convenire, to agree with its nature. || Essential oil, * essentia (technical term) :* liquor tenuissimus :* flos succi (Bau.). || Odor, vid.

ESSENTIAL, proprius :in alicujus rei natura positus :ad rem ipsam or ad rei naturam pertinens :cum re ipsa or cum rei natura conjunctus (belonging to the essence or nature of anything) :necessarius (necessary) :gravissimus : magni momenti (very important).The essential point, caput rei (Cf., cardo rei in Silver Age) ; quod maxime rem causamque continet (Cicero) :an essential circumstance or point, res gravissima or magni momenti :an essential cause, prima or præcipua causa :only one point appears to be essential, una res videtur continere causam (Cicero) :an essential condition, prima conditio :an essential difference, discrimen in ipsa rei natura positum or ad ipsam rem, or ad rei naturam pertinens :all states are alike in all essential points, eadem omnium civitatum est natura.Not essential ; [vid. UNESSENTIAL] : Cf., substantialis (e. g., differentia, Tertullianus) belongs to ecclesiastical Latin. || Essential oils, * essentialia, quæ vocantur, olei genera (as technical term).

ESSENTIALLY, vere :præcipue :imprimis; * natura propria et vi : genere (in kind) or non gradu sed genere (after non genere sed gradu, de Opt., gen. Or., § 4) :to be essentially different, genere differre ; ipsa rei natura diversum esse.

ESTABLISH, statuere (to fix firmly; of institutions, laws, etc., jus, jura; omnes partes religionis) :constituere (e. g., oppidum ; decemviralem potestatem in urbibus ; reges in civitate ; imperium ; res ; partes reipublicæ. Also =” to establish by proof,” e. g., constituere bona non esse possessa, Cicero) :efficere (to make out a point; e. g., efficere, animos esse mortales) :firmare, confirmare (to make lasting; an empire, dominion, etc.) :stabilire (to give duration or support to; liberty, dominion, etc.) :fundare (to ground, lay the foundation of; the safety of the state, one’s power, liberty, dominion, etc.) :munire (to render safe against external attacks; one’s influence, dominion) :conglutinare (to glue, as it were, together; i. e., to connect or unite more firmly ; friendship, a contract).To establish one in his opinions, animum alicujus confirmare :to establish by proofs, argumentis confirmare; probare :to establish one’s self anywhere, certam sedem ac domicilium collocare aliquo loco; domicilium sibi constituere aliquo loco (to take up one’s residence anywhere; e. g., Magnesiæ) ; concedere aliquo habitatum (e. g., Argos, Nep.; e. g., of an exile quitting his country to reside elsewhere) :aliquo loco considere ; locum capere ac præsidium ponere, constituere in aliquo loco (to take up a post, of soldiers) aciem, legiones, etc., constituere aliquo loco (of the general). Cf., Justin has statuere sedes alicubi.To establish one’s self as a merchant, * mercaturam instituere :to have one’s heart established, * immotum stare; also aliquam firmitudinem animi obtinere (Plautus) :animum suum or se confirmasse.The Established Church, * ea ecclesiæ forma, quæ est a republica sanctissime constituta : cultus deorum ab omnibus fere civibus susceptus (when that assertion is true ; after Cicero, Legg.,1, 23, 60).

ESTABLISHER, conditor : conciliator (e. g., pacis) :firmator (post-Augustan; pacis) :fundator (e. g., urbis Prænestinæ, Vergilius). Vid. FOUNDER.

ESTABLISHMENT, constitutio (e. g., of religious rites, religionum, Cicero : potestatis, Quintilianus) :confirmatio (e. g., perpetuæ libertatis ; also of establishing a point by arguments) :conciliatio (of establishing by management of parties, etc.; e. g., gratiæ) :descriptio (establishment by rules, regulating the powers, sphere of action, etc. ; e. g., civitatis, magistratuum) :ordinatio (act of ordering, regulating; e. g., comitiorum, Velleius).The establishment of the court of Areopagus is due to Solon, a Solone constilutus est Areopagus (Cicero). || An establishment, institutum; (α) = School, vid. (β) House with body of servants, etc., familia :domus (whole household).To keep a large, a moderate, etc., establishment, uti familia optima, mediocri, etc. (Nepos, Att., 23, 3; but with reference to Roman manners) :to have a splendid establishment (i. e., house, etc.), in primis bene habitare omnibusque optimis rebus uti (Nepos, Att., 13, 1). || Ratification, confirmation, vid.

ESTAFETTE, * cursor unica veredi cursura iter conficiens (veredus = a courier’s horse ; Code Justinian) :eques citatus :eques citus.To summon anybody by an estafette, properis literis accire aliquem (Tacitus).

ESTATE, || State, vid. || Condition, rank, vid. || Landed property ; usually with a real estate, prædium (sometimes the house on the estate) :villa (a country-house ; sometimes the estate) :fundus (the real estate ; usually with a country-house ; villa is an architectural, fundus, an economical, prædium, a juridical term; Döderlein).An estate in the country, rusticum prædium : ager :rus (properly, country ; opposed to town ; then metonymy, for “estate in the country “). Cf., On the construction of rus, rure, in this sense, vid. Obs. in FARM, s.

Estates, agri (fields, landed property); possessions (possessions, whether land or not). [Vid. PROPERTY]. To lay out money in purchasing a landed estate, pecuniam collocare in solo (Suetonius,Tiberius, 48) :an estate near a town, propinquum rus (Terentius, Eun., 5, 6, 2). || The estates of the realm, * ordines imperii. || Man’s estate, ætas pubes : anni pubertatis (age of puberty); ætas constans, or constans, quæ media dicitur; ætas adulta, firmata, confirmata, corroborata (age of full manly strength).To come to man’s estate, robustiorem fieri; se corroborare; pubertatem ingredi :when he was now come to man’s estate, quum is se jam corroboravisset, et vir inter viros esset (Cicero, Cœlius, 11, 6).  ESTEEM, || Opinion, judgement, Vid. || High value, reverential regard, æstimatio :observantia : existimatio (æstimatio denotes the estimating, valuing, etc., of anything, or its relative value; and in æstimatione dignus, æstimatione aliqua dignus [both Cicero, Fin., 8, 13], it approaches the meaning of “high esteem;” but it should not be used generally, for the marks of esteem exhibited to anybody, which is observantia [ = the being attentive to a person] ; nor for the esteem in which a person is held by others, which is existimatio) :reverentia (reverential regard) :dignatio (opinion; esteem caused by desert; perhaps not præ-Augustan ; a favorite word with Tacitus, and Suetonius; in summa dignatione alicujus vivere, Justinus).To possess or enjoy esteem, alicui habetur honor, coli et observari :to be held in some esteem, esse in numero aliquo et honore :aliquem
numerum obtinere :to be held in very great esteem by anybody, longe maximo honore esse apud aliquem :to have or feel esteem for anyone, magni facere (to value highly); vereri, revereri aliquem ; aliquem colere, tribuere alicui cultum (internal respect, regard) ; observare, honorare aliquem ; reverentiam adhibere adversus aliquem or præstare alicui (to show outward respect to anyone) ; hence, also, colere et observare aliquem :to show due esteem for anyone, aliquem prosequi, with or without observantia (outwardly, whether freely or by compulsion).A man held in no esteem, homo sine existimatione (Cicero) :the esteem in which you are held, existimatio tua :to be held in high esteem and honor by the people, cum populo et in laude et in gratia esse.

ESTEEM, v. (α) (a person) highly, magni (very highly, maximi) facere : admirari, suspicere (to look up to; admirari, with admiration; suspicere, with a sense of one’s own inferiority) :vereri :colere :vereri et colere (to feel reverential, heart-felt respect) :aliquem revereri ; reverentiam adhibere adversus aliquem or præstare alicui (to show reverential respect) :aliquem observare or observantia colere (general term, to give outward proofs of one’s respect). (The words are found in this connection and order.) observare et colere ; colere et observare ; observare et diligere : diligere carumque habere (of attachment) :not to esteem anybody, aliquem nullo loco putare ; aliquem despicere or despectare. (β) A thing) highly, magni or magno æstimare (Cf., not æstimare only) ; magni facere, habere, ducere, pendere ; est honos alicui rei apud me : diligere (to like, etc., of persons and things ; anything in anybody, aliquid in aliquo) :lightly, parvi facere, æstimare ; haud magni pendere : not to esteem anything at all, aliquid nullo loco numerare; æstimare nihilo, pro nihilo or nihil (Rams., §109, Not. 1, d) ; pro nihilo ducere, putare ; nihili or non flocci facere ; despicere et pio nihilo putare ; contemnere et pro nihilo ducere; it all one, juxta æstimare (Sallustius, Cat., 2, 8) :to esteem things equally, or one thing or person as much as another, aliquid alicui rei, or aliquem alicui, in æquo or parem ponere :aliquid alicui rei par facere; aliquem cum aliquo eodem loco et numero habere :res pari atque eadem laude ponere; one more than another, unum or unam rem alteri præponere, anteponere or (reversedly) postponere, posthabere. || Consider, deem, vid. To esteem anything an honor, ducere aliquid gloriæ ; to one’s self, honori, gloriæ sibi aliquid ducere ; a credit, aliquid ducere laudi or ponere in laude (Cicero); a favor, ponere aliquid in beneficio (Cicero, Fam., 15, 4, 12).I shall esteem it a favor if you will, mihi gratissimum feceris, si etc. ESTIMABLE, || Valuable, æstimatione dignus or dignandus : æstimandus. || Deserving esteem or regard, venerandus :venerabilis :honore dignus :observantia dignus : honestus :gravis : bonus : probus, etc. (good).A very estimable person, vir optimus existimatione omnium (of one universally considered so, Horatius) ; quovis honore dignus (Terentianus).So etimable aperson, homo ea existimatione : Cf., æstimabilis = “that is liable to be taxed;” æstimatio is properly “valuation” (e. g., frumenti, etc.), but from context in æstimatione dignus, æstimandus, etc., has the meaning of ” value” when applied to things; e. g., of wisdom, health, Cicero, Fin., 3, 13, 43, 44.

ESTIMATE, s. || Calculated expense of a work, pecuniæ conspectus ad totum opus absolvendum (Gellius, 19, 10) :æstimatio (Vitruvius, præf., 10) :rationes operis, antequam instituatur, expeditæ ( vid. Vitruvius præf., lib. 10) :to make an estimate, sumtus ædificii consummare (Vitruvius, 1, 1, 4).Let architects make a careful estimate, architecti diligenter modum impensarum ratiocinantes explicent (Vitruvius, ib.), or caute summaque diligentia, antequam instituantur opera, eorum expediant rationes (ib.) :that men may get their houses completed for little more than the estimate had prepared them to expect, ut homines, etc., ad id, quod præparaverint, seu paulo amplius adjicientes, ædificia expediant (i. e., for little more than what they have got ready to meet the expense with ; Vitruvius ib.) :when the whole expense agrees exactly with the estimate, quum ad dictum impensa respondet ( Vitruvius, ib.) :every architect who contracts for the building of a public work, delivers in an estimate, architectus, quum publicum opus curandum recipit, pollicetur, quanto sumtu id futurum sit (Vitruvius, ib.) :to give a copy of the estimate to anybody, æstimationem tradere alicui (Vitruvius, ib.) :to add anything to the estimate, ad æstimationem adjicere aliquid (Vitruvius, ib.). || Calculation, judgement, opinion, etc., vid. A just estimate of his own powers (character, etc.), æqua ac par sui æstimatio (Velleius, 1, 97).

ESTIMATE, v. || Value, vid. || Calculate, compute, vid.

ESTIMATION, || Valuation, vid. Calculation, vid. || Opinion, vid. || Esteem, vid.

ESTIMATOR,Vid. VALUER.

ESTRADE, æquata planities (after æquata agri plasties, Cicero, Ver., 2, 4, 48).

ESTRANGE,Vid. ALIENATE.

ESTRANGEMENT, Vid. ALIENATION.

ESTUARY, æstuarium : adjacens mari navigabile stagnum (Plinius).

ETERNAL, perpetuus (relatively, with reference to a definite end ; that of life, for example) :sempiternus (like αΐδιος , the everlasting, lasting as long as time itself) :æternus (like αὶώνιος , the eternal, that which outlasts all time, and will be measured by ages, for tompus est pars quædam æternitatis. The sublime thought of that which is without beginning and end, lies only in æternus. Döderlein) :immortalis (having a beginning, but no end). (The words are found in this connection and order.) perpetuus et æternus ; perpetuus et sempiternus.

Eternal snows, nives, quas ne æstas quidem solvit :eternal friendship, perpetua et æterna amicitia :eternal hatred, odium inexpiabile (in aliquem) :to give an eternal duration to anything, æternitate rem donare.

ETERNALIZE,Vid. IMMORTALIZE.

ETERNALLY, perpetuo (perpetually, continually); semper (always) :numquam non (never not) :to live eternally, in æternum vivere, æternum esse, sempiterna frui vita, perpetua vita perfrui, ævo sempiterno frui (all of continuance after death, the latter rather poetical); vigere memoria sæculorum omnium ; per omnium sæculorum memoriam vivere ; manere in animis hominum, in æternitate temporum, fama rerum (improperly, to live forever in the memory of mankind ; the latter, Tacitus, Agr., 46, extr.) :to last eternally, durare in æternum (Quintilianus).

ETERNITY, æternitas :vis æterna (both of God, as a property; æternitas also = eternal duration; e. g., temporum) :tempus infinitum : ævum sempiternum (eternal duration) :vita æterna :* vita altera (the next life) :from eternity (i. e., from a long time), ab æternitate, ex æterno tempore ; ab infinito tempore :for an eternity (i. e., very long), astatem (vid. Terentius, Eun., 4, 5, 8) :for all eternity, inperpetuum; in omne tempus; in æternum (for all times, as Livius, 4, 4, in æternum urbem condere : Cf., æternum alone is poetical; and aliquid in æternum, or in omnem æternitatem non fiet, for numquam fiet, is not Latin).For ” through all eternity, ” vid. ETERNALLY.

ETERNIZE,Vid. IMMORTALIZE.κυρικιμασαηικο  ETHIC,

ETHICAL, ad mores pertinens (Cicero) :moralis (Cicero, de Fato, 1, 1, quia pertinet ad mores – nos eam partem philosophiæ de moribus appellare solemus ; sed decet augentem linguam Latinam nominare moralem).An ethical teacher, officii magister (Cicero, Tusc. 2, 4, 12); qui artem vitæ profitetur (ib.) :morum magister. Vid. MORAL.

ETHICS, philosophia moralis, or philosophiæ pars moralis (vid. quotation from Cicero, in Ethic) :doctrina or scientia moralis : ea philosophia (or philosophiæ pars), quæ est de vita et moribus (cf. Cicero, Tusc., 3, 4, 8) :philosophia, in qua de hominum vita, et moribus disputatur (as Cicero, Brut., 8, 31) :philosophia, quæ virtutis, officii et bene vivendi disciplinam continet (as Cicero, Pis., 29, 71) :or ea philosophiæ pars, qua mores conformari putantur (after Cicero, Fin., 4, 2, 5) :descriptio expetendarum fugiendarumve rerum (Cicero) :cognitio virtutis (Tusc., 5, 25, 71).Sometimes virtus only (e. g., ab iis inventa et perfecta virtus est, Tusc., 5, 1, 2); or officia, plural, (e. g., hunc locum philosophi solent in officiis tractare, Cicero, Orat. 21, 72) : Cf., ethice (Quintilianus); ethica, æ (Lactantius).

ETHNIC,Vid. HEATHEN.

ETIQUETTE, mos et usus (general term for received custom) :morum elegantia (as constituting a finished gentleman).

ETYMOLOGICAL, etymologicus (Gellius, 1, 8, 1).

ETYMOLOGIST, verborum scrutator et interpres (Cicero) or qui in enodandis nominibus laborat (Cicero).

ETYMOLOGIZE, in enodandis nominibus laborare :studiose exquirere, unde verba sint ducta (to investigate the derivation of words ; vid. Cicero, N. D., 3, 24, 62 ; Off., 1, 7, 23) :vocabuloram, cur quæque res sit ita appellata, causas explicare (to explain the meaning of words, Cicero, N. D., 3, 24, 64).

ETYMOLOGY, (1) The derivation of a word, origo; etymon (the true explanation and meaning of a word by virtue of its derivation; Varro, R. R., 1, 48, 2; Gellius, 18, 4, extr., where, etyma vocum et origines).(2) The deriving of a word from a root, etymologia (the deriving and explaining of a word from its root, in Cicero, Top., 8, 35, literally translated by veriloquium, to which, however, he himself would prefer notatio) :originatio (derivation, but only as a term recommended by some; vid. Quintilianus, 1, 6, 28) :enodatio nominum (the development of nouns; Cicero, Top., 7, 31; N. D., 3, 24, 62).(3) As a science, etymologice
(Varro, L. L., 7, 1, §4) :etymologia : verborum explicatio . . . quam [Stoici] etymologiam appellabant (Cicero, Acad., 1, 8, 32 ; he defines it to be the explaining qua de causa quæque essent nominata). EUCHARIST, Vid. LORD’S SUPPER.

EUCHARISTICAL, || Relating to the holy eucharist.By genitive, eucharistiæ.The eucharistical sacrifice, eucharistiæ mysterium (Augustin). || Containing thanksgivings, grato animo beneficia prosequens : gratiarum actionem continens.

Eucharistical prayers, * preces grati in Deum animi testes.

EULOGIST, laudator (general term) :prædicator (one who extols loudly and publicly) :præco(the herald or trumpeter of anybody’s praise) :buccinator (as sarcastic expression, the trumpeter ; e. g., alicujus existimationis). EULOGY, laudatio, of anybody, alicujus (the speech and the praise contained in it) :laus :laudes, of anyone, alicujus (the praise. Cf., Elogium is a short inscription on a tomb, etc.; encomium is not found) :An eulogy pronounced over one who is dead, laudatio mortui (general term; in later writers ; e. g., Pliny, panegyricus, sc. sermo) ; laudatio funebris ; laudes funebres :to pronounce a eulogy over anybody, aliquem laudare ; dicere de alicujus laudibus ; sermonem cum admiratione laudum alicujus instituere (in a conversation) :to write a eulogy upon any person or thing, laudationem alicujus or alicujus rei scribere.

EUNUCH, ademptæ virilitatis :exsectus : eunuchus : homo castratus (whether castrated or naturally imperfect) :spodo (σπάδων ; naturally impotent, or from castration) :To make anybody an eunuch, castrare aliquem ; virilitatem alicui adimere ; aliquem excidere or exsecare. (Cf., Avoid evirare, eunuchare, which belong to comedy : secare, Martisalis). EUPATORY, eupatoria (Plinius; also agrimonia) :* eupatorium (Linnæus). EUPHEMISM, * euphemismus (as technical term).By a euphemism, * per euphemismum, or by circumlocution. Vid. EUPHEMISTIC. EUPHEMISTIC, by circumlocution with tristitiam rei lenitate verbi mitigans, or by * per euphemismum.

EUPHONY, vocalitas (quæ εὐφωνία dicitur, Quintilianus, 1, 5, 24) :sonus dulcis, suavis, jucundus, or elegans : numerus, or, plural, numeri :sonus (in language) :numerorum jucunditas : numerus opportune cadens ( Quintilianus) :For the sake of euphony, * ut numerose sonaret, diceretur, caderet, etc. Words that satisfy the demands of euphony, verba ad audiendum jucunda (Cicero) :to prefer one word to another of the same meaning, on the ground of euphony, inter duo, quæ idem significant et tantundem valent, quod melius sonet, malle (Quintilian’s definition of vocalitas). EUPHORBIA, euphorbia : euphorbium (both Plinius). EVACUATE, || To empty, Vid. || To void by any of the excretory passages, evomere :exspuere :exscreare :per os reddere (of bringing up) ; * per alvum reddere. || To purge the bowels, etc., alvum inanire (Plinius) ; alvum purgare, solvere, subducere, dejicere ; or dejicere only.Anything is as good as a purgative for evacuating the bowels, aliquid medicamenti instar est ad eliciendas alvos (Plinius). || To withdraw troops from.To evacuate a town, urbe excedere (especially of soldiers) :urbem relinquere (to quit it from necessity) :copias ex urbe educere (of the general) :præsidium ex urbe removere (to withdraw a garrison) :to evacuate a country, (ex) finibus excedere (general term, especially of soldiers); copias ex finibus educere (of the general).Thus Croton was evacuated, ita Crotone excessum est. Valerius and Curio found Sardinia and Sicily evacuated, nacti vacuas ab imperiis Sardiniam Valerius, Curio Siciliam (i. e., the commander-in-chief had quitted the islands) : Cf., vacuefacere, general term for to make empty (e. g., the benches, subsellia, Cicero, where the reading is not quite certain); but vacuefacere Scyrum (Nepos) is, to remove all its inhabitants. || Annul; vid.

EVACUATION, || Discharge, etc., exinanitio : alvi dejectio (by means of medicine) :no evacuation follows, venter nihil reddit :to have had no evacuation for several days, pluribus diebus non descendit alvus. || The withdrawing of troops, etc., * excessus ex urbe (after excessus e vita, Cicero), or by  circumlocution with verbs under EVACUATE = “withdraw troops.” After Porsena’s evacuation of Italy, postquam Porsena ex agro Romano excessit :such was the evacuation of Croton, ita Crotone excessum est.

EVADE :Vid. To ELUDE.

EVANESCENT, fragilis : caducus : evanidus (poetical and not præ-Augustinan, Ovidius). EVANGELICAL, evangelicus (ecclesiastical). [The terms * ecclesia evangelica, * evangelico-reformata, * evangelico- Lutherana, may be used as technical terms to describe the German Protestant Churches] To live an evangelical life, * evangelicam vitam sectari (Augustinus) : EVANGELICALLY, * evangelice.

EVANGELIST, || Author of a gospel, evangelista (ecclesiastical, Prudent.). || Preacher of the Gospel, evangelizator (Tertullianus) :evangelii prædicator.

EVANGELIZE, by circumlocution ; e. g., to evangelize the world, * efficere ut omnes ubique homines sacra Christiana (or cultum Christianum) et puram religionem suscipiant (cf. Livius 1, 7; Cicero, Legg., 1, 23, 60) :* hominum animos ad verum Dei cultum convertere : * ad doctrinam Christianam convertere.

EVAPORATE, || TRANS., exhalare :exspirare (Cf., evaporare, Gellius, is not classical). || lNTRANS.,exhalari (also, exhalare vapore, poetical, rare, Lucretius, vidimus alta exhalare vapore, etc.) :evanescere (of wine that loses its spirit; of mineral waters, aquæ calidæ evanuerunt, etc.) :vaporare (post-Augustan, Plinius, aquæ vaporant et in mari ipso). EVAPORATION, exhalatio :exspiratio :aspiratio (all Cicero, of the evaporation from the earth) : Cf., evaporatio (post- Augustinan ; terræ, Seneca; nivis, Gellius) :respiratio (from the water) :vaporatio (e. g., inundantium aquarum, Seneca) :evaporation from the earth, from the waters, vapores, qui a sole ex agris tepefactis or ex aquis excitantur (Cicero); also terræ exhalationes, exspirationes, aspirationes.

EVASION, latebra (only in singular; a hiding-place = a pretext) :deverticulum :deverticulum ac flexio (an evasion, as opposed to to a straight-forward course, Cicero, Pis., 22, 53, but not in this sense) :excusatio (an excuse) :causa simulata or speciosa (an apparent or specious reason).To make or seek evasions, deverticula, deverticula flexionesque quærere ; tergiversari (to twist and turn one’s self about, to endeavor to keep aloof from a point) :to find some evasion, rimam aliquam reperire (proverb, Plautus, Curc., 4, 2, 24) :to have some evasion ready, latebram habere :he answered by an evasion, alio responsionem suam derivavit :to have recourse to a strange attempt at evasion, se mirificam in latebram conjicere (Cicero, De Div., 2, 20, 46) :without evasion, directe or directo (without wandering from the point). EVASIVE, ambiguus (of uncertain meaning; e. g. responsa, Suetonius,Tib., 34) :fictus et simulatus (hypocritical), or by circumlocution. To give an evasive answer, alio responsionem suam derivare ; tergiversari, or huc, illuc tergiversari (to go backwards and forwards, etc.). EVASIVELY, ficte et simulate (e. g., loqui, not according to one’s real sentiments) :tergiversantis in modum (Cf., Velleius has tergiversanter, but only of one shrinking from a battle).To answer evasively, tergiversari :alio responsionem suam derivare.

EVE, || Evening, vid. || Evening preceding a holy day, dies proximus ante diem festum. Cf., Vigiliæ is “a festival celebrated in the night.” IMPROPR., To be on the eve of anything, aliquid instat (e. g., bellum) ; aliquid impendet (e. g., contentio, tempestas, etc.). Vid. ” To be NEAR.”  EVEN,Vid. EVENING.

EVEN, adjective, æquus (not departing from the horizontal line, level : not rising or sinking : opposed to acclivis, going up, or declivis, going down, sloping; or superior, that lies higher; or inferior, that lies lower) :planus (plain, flat, without observable inequalities ; opposed to asper, rough, uneven; or montanus or montuosus, mountainous) :æquus et planus (e. g., locus).To erect a building on even ground, ædificium plano pede instituere.The even tenor of his whole life, æquabilitas in omni vita, or universæ vitæ :to make even, asquare, complanare (e. g., manibus, pedibus) :solo adæquare (to make even with the ground) :pavire (to make even by beating ; e. g., a pavement, a floor; all round, circumpavire). || Of numbers, par (opposed to impar).To play at odd and even, ludere par impar.

EVEN, adverb, etiam (in nearly every application of the English word, especially with comparatives, and “nay even” [immo potius] after a negative clause, and after tantum abesse ut etc.) :vel (” or even,” ” even,” especially with superlatives) :et (the use of et for etiam has been disputed, but is found in Cicero in the following cases :(1) = præterea, especially at the beginning of a clause :(2) with igitur, ergo, when et stands first with the word it refers to, and the igitur or ergo in the third place [affectus animi laudabilis, et vita igitur laudabilis, etc.].(3) After relative pronouns and conjunctions, quum, quod, etc. [illud, quod et in testimonio, etc.] (4) Before proper names and demonstrative pronouns, the particle standing at the head of its clause, or after one word of it or two, if they are such as cannot be separated [spes est, et hunc miserum, etc.] :(5) In ut – sic et.(6) In non solum or non modo – sed et.(7) In et nunc ; Pr. Intr. 2, 227).Sometimes ipse, adeo.

Even virtue herself is despised, ipsa virtus contemnitur :even his enemies could not restrain their tears, vel hostes lacrimis temperare non potuerunt :even you are angry with me, tu adeo mihi succenses :even if, etiamsi : even, now, jam nunc (i. e., before one could well suspect) :even
then, etiamtunc, etiamtum (still, up to that time, etc.) :even though, ut jam (e. g., ut jam omnes incipientes sint miseri, – non est tamen etc.) ; and even, nay even (of a stronger assertion, correcting a preceding statement), atque adeo (e. g., intra mœnia, atque adeo in senatu; a force which sometimes belongs to atque alone). || “Even so” (in answer), etiam. || As – even so. Vid. JUST as, etc.

EVEN, v. || To level [vid. “to make even”]. || To equalize, vid.

EVEN-HANDED, æquus : incorruptus : tamquam medius nec in alterius favorem inclinatus. Vid. JUST, IMPARTIAL.

EVENING, vesper (Cf., vesperus and vespera are not found in classic prose) :tempus vespertinum : Cf., extremum die (Sallustius, Jug., 21, 2); extremum tempus diei (Hirtius, B. G., 8, 15, 6) :toward evening, ad or sub vesperum (the former, Cæsar’s usual form) :in the evening, vesperi (Cf., not vespere) :late in the evening, pervesperi (Cicero, ad Div., 9, 2, in.) :in the evening of the day before, pridie vesperi :yesterday evening, heri vesperi :on the evening before his death, ad vesperum, pridie quam excessit e vita :on the evening of his death, eo ipso die, quo excessit e vita, (i. e., on the day of his death) :early in the evening, as the evening was coming on, primo vespere; prima vesperi (CæsarB, C, 1, 20) :evening is coming on, vesperascit (Terentianus); advesperascit (Cicero) ; invesperascit ; jam serum est diei (Livius) :when evening was drawing near, die jam inclinato in vesperum (Cæsar); præcipite die (Livius) :Good evening ! salve! to wish anybody good evening, salvere aliquem jubeo :that comes or happens in the evening, vespertinus( = ” evening,” as adjective).To pay an evening visit, convenire aliquem vesperi :to receive an evening visit, aliquis convenit me vesperi or vespertinus.A guest who spends the evening with anybody, hospes vespertinus :the evening red, vesper rubens (Vergilius) :evening prayers, * preces vespertinæ.The evening twilight: [Vid. TWILIGHT.]The evening breeze, * aer vespertinus ; aura vespertina (Varro).

Evening primrose, * œnothera biennis. || IMPROPR. The evening of life, vita occtdens (Cicero). EVENLY, æqualiter :æquabiliter (equally ; e. g., æqualiter distribuere, æquabiliter prædam dispertire) :ad libram :ad regulam :ad libellam :ad normam et libellam (horizontally, so that a spirit-level or similar instrument would detect no deviation).

EVENNESS, || Levelness, æqualitas (Seneca, Plinius) :levor :levitas (smoothness of surface ; levitas, also of an even style, never rising to sublimity, nor sinking into lameness, etc.).|| Regularity, etc., æquabilitas (e. g., of motion, motus, Cicero ; also of an unornamented propriety of style, etc.). || Impartiality, vid. || Evenness of mind, temper, etc., æquus animus : æquitas animi (Cf., æquanimitas, unclassical) :constantia (as the result of firmness of character) :animi tranquillitas :animus tranquillus (calm peace of mind). EVENT, res gesta :factum (deed) :exitus :eventus (differ nearly as our “event” and ” result,” Cicero, Invent., 1, 28, 42; eventus est alicujus exitus negotii; in quo quæri solet, quid ex quaque re evenerit, eveniat, eventurum sit; hence, also, exitus eventusque ; eventus atque exitus) :finis (the end) :casus (an accident, accidental result, Tacitus, Hist., 1, 4, 1, casus eventusque rerum, qui plerumque fortuiti sunt).Disastrous events, res adversæ, miseræ ; casus calamitosi, miseri :a tragical, shocking, etc., event, casus horribilis, tristis :an unexpected event, casus improvisus, inopinatus :varying events, rerum vicissitudines. || In the event of, vid. “if.” At all events, certe ; saltem.

EVENTERATE, exenterare ; eviscerare.

EVENTFUL, by circumlocution, * ancipites variosque casus habens :* propter ancipites variosque casus memorabilis.Sometimes by ille :I shall never forget that eventful night, when, etc., memini nec unquam obliviscar noctis illius, quum, etc. (Cicero).Seneca has vita actuosa, but only of a restlessly active life.Sometimes eventful means filled with disastrous events ; as, an eventful day, dies funestus, luctuosus (Pliny has decretorius dies, decisive, bringing about a decision : fatalis dies is one that was fated to see the destruction of a city, etc.) :that was an eventful day to me, illo die res miræ evenerunt mihi.

EVENTIDE, vespertina hora : vespertinum tempus. Vid. EVENING.

EVENTILATE, || Winnow, vid. || Discuss, vid.

EVENTILATION, || Winnowing, vid. || Discussion, vid.

EVENTUAL, by circumlocution with aliquando tandem.There is some hope of the eventual restoration of this miserable man, spes est, et hunc miserum et infelicem aliquando tandem posse consistere (Cicero).To make eventual provision for anything, consulere et prospicere, ut aliquando etc.

EVENTUALLY, aliquando (at some time or other) :ad extremum ; ad extremum … denique (at last) :if anything of this sort should eventually happen, si quid hujus simile forte aliquando evenerit (Terentianus). EVER, || Always, semper (opposed to numquam) :usque (always, within a definite limit : semper represents time as a space; usque as a continuous line : semper = omni tempore :usque = nullo tempore intermisso; continenter) :perpetuo (of uninterrupted continuance to the end of a space of time). || With superlatives, ever is translated by quisque :” the best things are ever the rarest,” optimum quidque rarissimum est :or thus; the best men are ever the last to suspect, ut quisque est vir optimus, ita difficillime suspicatur, etc. (with accusative and infinitive) :or by comparative, the happiest time ever seems the shortest, tanto brevius tempus, quo felicius est. || At any time, umquam (after negatives, in questions of appeal, that are virtually negative ; after quam in a comparative clause; after vix) :quando (after num, ne, si) :aliquando (” at some time,” of wider extent than quodam tempore, and not peculiar to dubitative and interrogative forms like umquam :it may, however, stand in interrogations, quis civis meliorum partium aliquando? but here it does not mean “who was ever,” but ” who was ever of better political principles than he was once?” It, however, sometimes stands like umquam, in the second member of a comparative sentence, magis opportuna opera nonnumquam, quam aliquando fideli :it may also stand with ullus :quærere – ea num vel e Philone vel ex ullo Academico audivisset aliquando, Cicero, Acad., 4, 4, 11) :ecquando (in indignant questions, to express emotion, etc., ecquando te rationem factorum tuorum redditurum putasti ? ecquando tu … vidisti? ecquando … isto fructu … quisquam caruit?).If ever, si quando; si quando umquam (Livius 10, 14) ; si aliquando; si umquam (implying a doubt that there ever was) :if haply ever, si forte aliquando :whether – ever, num – aliquando, num – umquam :whether …  ever, if not, or unless, ecquando (or ecquandone) .. . nisi or si non (Cicero, Agrar., 2, 7, 17, De Fin., 5, 62, 63).Shall I ever, if I now, etc., ecquando … si nunc? (Livius, 5, 44, 2). || Forever, [vid. ETERNALLY]. || As implying unlimited magnitude; ever so, quantumvis :quamvis (e. g., quantumvis magnus, quamvis magnus); or, after some pronominal adjectives and adverbs by the appended … -cumque (e. g., ever so great, quantuscumque ; ever so small, quantuluscumque. So ubicumque, etc.). [Obs. The proper English idiom in such phrases as ” to ask never so much,” ” to charm never so wisely,” etc., is neglected by many modern writers, who use “ever” from ignorance. Vid. Webster’s Dict.] With ever [never] so great an army, quamvis magno exercitu. || At all :”not – ever the happier,” etc. [Vid. “at ALL.”] || As an intensive word after as [e. g., as soon as I can]. Vid. POSSIBLY.

EVERGREEN, perpetuo virens (Plinius) :folia hieme non amittens ; qui (quæ, quod) folia hieme non amittit (Varro, R. R., 1, 7) :semper viridis († Cicero, from Boethus. Div., 1, 9, 15, semper viridis – lentiscus).To be an evergreen, perpetuo virere (Plinius, 16, 10, 14) ; folia hieme non amittere.

EVERLASTING,[Vid. ETERNAL.] || As substantive, æternitas.From everlasting, ab infinito tempore; ex (omni) æternitate (Cicero) :to everlasting, in æternum. Cf., Not in secula seculorum. (Cf., Lactantius has of the Deity, qui et fuerit a seculis et sit futurus in secula.) || A plant so called, * aizoon (Linnæus) :* antennaria (Brown : al. gnaphalium). EVERLASTINGLY,Vid. ETERNALLY.

EVERMORE,[vid. ALWAYS] :for evermore, in æternum.

EVERSION,Vid. OVERTHROW, s.

EVERT,Vid. OVERTHROW, v.

EVERY, quisque, quæque, quidque, and (used adjectively) quodque (everyone that belongs to a certain number or whole; one as well as the other; hence ” all,” but considered individually) :quivis :quilibet, with the two neuter forms quid- and quod-vis; quid- and quod-libet ; the quid- forms used substantively; the masculine and feminine, have but one form (every one = “any one you please;” but quivis is subjective, referring the choice to the person addressed; quilibet, objective, referring it to chance : any one that turns up, no matter which) :omnes, plural (all ; including, therefore, every individual composing the whole, but not considering them individually, but inclusively) :omnis (in singular, is also used for ” every,” with a singular substantive ; it denotes that the substantive is to be taken as a whole, as the name of a class, so that what is said of it holds good of all the class; e. g., omnis de officio quæstio duplex est; this is true of every kind of discussion about points of morality ; so omni officio satisfacere alicui, i. e., by services of every kind).

Every single (one), unus quisque ; unus quivis; unus quilibet, or quilibet unus (this addition of the unus strengthens the individualizing power of
the pronouns ; the distinctions, of course, remain the same).Let every man retain whatever he possesses, quod cuique obtigit, id quisque teneat.In the days of our ancestors the experienced were employed for this service, but now everybody, no matter who, apud majores adhibebatur peritus, nunc quilibet.

Everybody loves himself, se quisque diligit.Pompey feared everything, that you might not fear anything, timebat Pompeius omnia, ne aliquid vos timeretis.

Every man of them (e. g., was killed), ad unum omnes, omnes ad unum. Cf., Sometimes ” every” is translated by nullus non, nemo non, as a more emphatic exclusion of all exceptions, and sometimes by quicumque (“any one whichsoever it be,” Agesilaus non destitit, quibuscumque rebus posset, patriam juvare).Before everything, omnium primum ; ante omnia. Cf., When ” every” refers to any numerical distribution, the distributive numerals are to be used; e. g., binæ venationes per dies quinque ; i. e., two every day for five days ; so for every day, month, year, singulis diebus, mensibus, annis, etc. (but also quot diebus, mensibus, annis, etc.).

Every hour, in singulas horas, or in horas only.For EVERY DAY, vid. below. || Every tenth man, decimus quisque :every five years, quinto quoque anno ( Cf., with the singular and an ordinal number).|| Every day, quotidie :quot diebus :nullo non die (more emphatically including all, by denying that there is any exception) :singulis diebus (on each day as it comes) :in (singulos) dies (from day to day, from one day to another, implying that there is a progressive increase or decrease of the things spoken about).|| Everything = ” all in all,” omnia (e. g., filius ei omnia est, is everything to him).κυρικιμασαηικο EVERYBODY, quisque :unusquisque :quilibet : quivis (SYN. in EVERY) :omnes, cuncti (all, all together) ; also by an interrogation with quis est, qui etc. (e. g., would not every one believe? quis est qui non arbitretur?) Also, by nemo non. Cf., Nemo has not neminis or nemine, but nullius, nullo, are used :he is loved by everybody, a nullo non diligitur.

Everybody who, quicumque (whosoever). EVERYDAY, adjective, quotidianus (properly and figuratively) :vulgaris : tritus (usual) :obsoletus (become common). (The words are found in this connection and order.) usitatus et quotidianus; vulgaris et obsoletus; communis et vulgaris :an everyday thing, res pervagata et vulgaris.One’s everyday clothes, vestis quotidiana :everyday life, quotidianæ vitas consuetudo.For its adverbial use, vid. DAY.

EVERYTIME, omni tempore :semper :numquam non (when a verb follows).

Everytime that, quotiescumque.

EVERYWHERE, omnibus locis :ubique (everywhere, wheresoever it be) :ubivis; ubicumque; ubicumque terrarum or gentium; ubicumque terrarum et gentium :from everywhere, ex omnibus partibus, undique (from all sides, places) :undelibet (whencesoever you please) :from everywhere, whencesoever it be, undecumque :to everywhere, quoque versus or versum ; in omnes partes :everywhere about, per omnes partes, circum undique.

EVERYWHIT, Vid. ALTOGETHER, QUITE.

EVICT, evincere (legal technical term for gaining possession by a legal decision; e. g., sive tota res evincatur, sive etc., Ulpianus ; also in the sense of proving, Horatius,: bos evincet amare, rare, poetical). Vid. PROVE, ESTABLISH.

EVICTION, evictio (Jurist. technical term , Vid. EVICT). EVIDENCE, v., testimonio esse :planum facere (make it clear). Vid. PROVE.

EVIDENCE, testimonium :oral evidence, testimonium vocis :to give evidence, testimonium dicere ; about anything, de aliqua re ; against anybody, in aliquem :to refute evidence, testimonium refellere :to be an evidence, testimonio esse :to give evidence about anything, testimonium alicujus rei dare or reddere :to be or serve for an evidence of anything, alicui rei testimonium dare (of persons and things) ; alicujus rei esse testimonium (of things) :it may serve for an evidence of it, that, etc., ejus rei esse testimonium, quod, etc. ; rem esse testimonio, quod, etc. :to quote an evidence for anything, testimonium alicujus rei proferre :to produce an evidence of anything, alicujus rei testimonium afferre (e. g., laboris sui periculique, Cæsar, of a soldier who produced his shield) :to give an important evidence in favor of anybody, grave testimonium alicui impertire (Cicero, Fam., 5, 12, 7) :to confirm by evidence, testimonio confirmare aliquid :to give a false evidence, falsum testimonium dicere or præbere.Circumstantial evidence, vid. CIRCUMSTANTIAL, and add multa (plura or plurima) signa concurrentia (after Auct. ad Herenn.), and :to convict anybody on circumstantial evidence, argumentorum or testimoniorum, quæ per se nihil reum aggravare videantur, congregatione alicujus factum convincere (after Quintilianus, 5, 7, 18) :to hesitate and prevaricate in giving his evidence, titubare, inconstanter loqui (ad Herenn.). || To turn king’s evidence, indicium profiteri (general term) :* de aliqua re, fide regia data indicare :to offer to turn king’s evidence, dicere se de re indicaturum, si fides publica data esset (or sit, Sallustius, Cat., 48, 4). Cf., Testis (witness) is often used for “evidence.” By what evidence will you convict me? quo me teste convinces? I attach more weight to arguments than to evidence, apud me plus argumenta valent, quam testes.Things for which we have the evidence of our senses, quæ sensibus percipiuntur ; quæ omnem sibi fidem sensibus confirmant, id est, incorruptis atque integris testibus (Cicero) : Cf., evidentia is used with perspicuitas by Cicero as a translation of the Greek ὲνάργεια (lucid statement), = “res – clare, atque ut cerni videantur, enuntiare.”

EVIDENT, evidens :perspicuus, apertus, manifestus : testatus (shown, as it were, by witnesses) :notus, cognitus (known) :certus (certain) :planus (intelligible, plain) :clarus :lucidus :dilucidus :illustris (bright, lucid) :It is evident, est perspicuum, planum, evidens, manifestum ; apparet, in aperto est ; lucet ; liquet ; perspicuum est omnibus.

Evident marks of crime, expressa sceleris vestigia :to make evident, oculis subjicere; ante oculos ponere :he said that he would make it evident that, se planum facturum, etc. (infinitive).

EVIDENTLY, evidenter (Livius ; e. g., evidenter pœnitere, arguere, Macedonum partis esse) :manifesto or manifeste :aperte (openly) :dilucide (clearly) :palam (openly before the world) :oculorum judicio.To see evidently, plane, aperte, penitus, perspicue videre (Cf., not evidenter videre) :to be evidently false, perspicue falsa esse (Cicero) EVIL, adjective, [Vid. BAD, WICKED.]To look with an evil eye on anything, invidere aliquid alicui.

EVIL, s., malum (general term) :incommodum (unpleasant occurrence, state, etc.).To be an evil, in malis esse :to look upon anything as an evil, aliquid in malis habere, ponere or ducere :to increase an evil, malum augere (to increase an evil one is already suffering); malum malo addere (to add a new evil to one already existing) :you would but increase the evil, in ulcere tamquam unguis exsisteres (Prov., Cicero, Dom., 5, 12) :one evil follows another, vara vibiam sequitur (Prov., Auson., Præf. ad Monosyll., after 17 Idyll.) :no evil happened to him, nihil mali accidit ei ; so incommodum accidit (Cicero) :to speak evil of anybody, male loqui alicui (Terentianus, Phorm., 2, 3, 25); maledicere alicui; maledlce contumelioseque dicere de aliquo (Cicero) ; maledice et maligne loqui (Livius, 45, 39, 5) :to wish anybody evil, male velle alicui (Plautus, Asin., 5, 1, 13).May evil overtake Antonius! Livius. Antonio male sit! To be plotting evil (against anybody), male cogitare (de aliquo ; Cicero, Seneca, 6) :you are a messenger of evil, male narras (Cicero); acerbum nuncium perferre (alicui, Cicero) :to ward off, lessen, avoid an evil, incommodum rejicere, deminuere, devitare (Cicero, Invent., 2, 5, 18) :to remedy an evil one has suffered, incommodum acceptum sarcire (aliqua re) :there are so many evils in life, that, etc., ita multa sunt incommoda in vita, ut etc. :they not only suffered no evil, but, etc., non modo incommodi nihil ceperunt, sed etiam etc.

EVIL, adverb, male : prave :nequiter.

EVIL-AFFECTED,

EVIL-DISPOSED,male animatus ; to anybody, malevolus.

Evil-disposed persons (in a state), qui contra rempublicam sentiunt. Vid. DISAFFECTED.

EVIL-DOER, maleficus (general term for one who commits a morally bad action) :sons : noxius :nocens (as guilty; sons, as condemned, or deserving to be condemned : nocens and noxius, with reference to the hurt or injury to another) :sons reus : nocens reus : noxæ reus (so far as he is accused) :qui maleficium or noxam admittit, committit ; qui facinus committit, in se suscipit (Cf., facinus patrare is antiquated). [Cf., Malefactor, for homo maleficus, only Plautus.]  EVIL-MINDED, malevolus :malevolens (general term ; opposed to benevolus) :iniquus (not regarding law or equity, opposed to æquus). Vid. EVIL-DISPOSED, DISAFFECTED. EVIL-SPEAKING, calumnia (false accusation) :criminatio (the blackening anybody’s character) :maledictio (act of speaking against anybody ; very rare ; Cicero, CœL ., 3).Sometimes procacitas, petulantia, temeritas linguæ.

EVINCE, || Exhibit, prove, Vid. || Prove, establish (followed by ” that,” etc.), convincere (e. g. – te nihil scire, etc., Cicero ; for which evincere is poetical : si puerilius his ratio te evincet amare, Horatius) :efficere (establish). EVINCIBLE,Vid. DEMONSTRABLE.

EVINCIBLY,Vid. DEMONSTRABLY.

EVISCERATE, eviscerare (Ennius, and Pacuvius, ap. Cicero). EVITABLE, quod evitari potest : evitabilis (†Ovidius). EVITATE,Vid. AVOID.

EVITATION,Vid. AVOIDANCE.

EVOCATION,
evocatio (post- Augustinan ; inferorum, Plinius).By circumlocution.

EVOKE, || Call forth, evocare (general term) :excitare (e. g., inferos) :elicere (e. g., Jovem, Manes, etc. Cicero).|| Remove, by appeal, to another court (Hume), appellare ab aliquo ad aliquem. EVOLUTION, decursus :to make a military evolution, decurrere in armis.

EVOLVE,Vid. UNFOLD, UNFOLD ITSELF.

EVULSION, evulsio (e. g., dentis, Cicero, very rare). EWE, ovis femina.

Ewe-milk, lac ovillum.

Ewe-lamb, agna.

Ewe-milk cheese, caseus ovillus.

EWER, urceus (general term for any earthen vessel) :urceus aquarius : urna (vessel for water or any other, either fluid or solid substance) :Cf., hydria, situlus or situla are properly for water-pail, but more commonly (especially the diminutive, sitella) the vessel from which lots were drawn (Dict. Antiquities) :they were not, however, confined to this; we find hydriæ farris, Sulp., Sev.; and on inscriptions for the urns in which the ashes of the dead were placed.Silver ewers, hydriæ argenteæ (Cicero).

EXACERBATE, exacerbare (Livius) :exulcerare (Cicero ; gratiam, res, dolorem, animum, etc.) :exacuere aliquem ira (Nepos, Phoc.) :alicujus iram accendere (enrage a person) :exasperare (Livius, animos, etc.) exagitare :irritare (e. g., animos, simultates, etc.).

EXACERBATION, exulceratio (properly, Celsus ; improperly, Seneca ; but from being quite in the sense of exulcerare, to be used without hesitation) :irritatio (e. g., animorum).

EXACT, v., exigere (the proper word, to exact promises, debts [nomina, etc.], the performances of duties, wages [mercedem], etc. ; exigere pœnam, Ovidius, Seneca ; gravia piacula ab aliquo, Livius :mostly a te; also, ex te, Cicero ; exigere pœnam alicui, Ovidius, †) : Cf., Sometimes a substantive after “exact” may be translated by ut with subjunctive : to exact an answer from you, exigere cogereque ut respondeas (Cicero) :to exact your attention to what I say, hanc exigere operam, ut audias me (Cicero) :persequi (to exact by legal measures ; e. g., debts, ab aliquo) :to exact (a tax, etc.) with great severity, (pecunias imperatas, etc.) acerbissime exigere :to exact punishment of anybody, pœnas ab aliquo repetere, petere, expetere (Cicero), exigere (Ovidius), sumere (Vergilius), capere de aliquo (Livius), in aliquem (Curtius), alicui irrogare (Quintilianus); pœna aliquem afficere (Cicero). || Demand, require, vid. || Extort, vid.

EXACT, || Accurate, vid. || Careful, attentive, diligens :attentus : cautus ac diligens : curioeus in aliqua re :restrictus :attentus ad rem (exact and careful in money matters).To be exact in anything, diligentem, diligentem et attentum esse in re :diligenter, accurate versari in re (to act or proceed exactly, and with attention, in a single ease) :diligentem esse alicujus rei (habitually exact in the conduct of anything).|| Punctual, vid. || Neither more nor less, ipse :at the exact moment of my departure, sub ipsa profectione.

EXACTION, || Act of exacting what is due, exactio (general term, and especially of taxes, Cicero) :efflagitatio (urgent, importunate demand; rare, Cicero). || Extortion, vid.

EXACTITUDE,Vid. EXACTNESS.

EXACTLY, diligenter :accurate : diligenter et accurate : accurate et exquisite : exacte :subtiliter [SYN. in ACCURATE]. || Exactly so (in ANSWER), certe : vero :ita :ita est :sic est : recte : etiam :sane : sane quidem. [SYN. in YES.] || Exactly, in definitions of number, time, etc., ipse (e. g., triginta dies erant ipsi; just or exactly thirty days, ipso vicesimo anno, etc.).|| Exactly as if, etc. Vid. “Just as if.”  EXACTNESS, diligentia : cura :accuratio (Cicero, mira accuratio in componendis rebus). (The words are found in this connection and order.) cura et diligentia : subtilitas [SYN. in ACCURATE] :religio (conscientious exactness ; e. g., officii, in the performance of duty; also of scrupulous exactness in other things ; e. g., in the choice of his words). Cf., Accuratio must be used only with reference to the person acting, not to the state of the work done. Mathematical exactness, geometrica subtilitas.The most scrupulous exactness, * minuta et anxia diligentia.Over-scrupulous exactness in anything, nimia religio (e. g., in the choice of words, oratio nimia religione attenuata, Cicero).

EXACTOR, exactor (general term, supplicii ; recte loquendi, etc. ; and especially of taxes : not Cicero, who, however, uses exactio).

EXACTRESS, exactrix (very late, Augustinus).

EXAGGERATE, plus dicere, quam patitur veritas (Auct., Herenn., 4, 53, 67) :veritatem or fidem veritatis non servare :fidem superjacere augendo (Livius, 10, 30).To exaggerate anything, verbis augere rem, or augere only; in majus extollere rem ; supra ferre rem, quam fieri possit (Cicero) ; rei actæ modum excedere (Plinius, Ep., 7, 33, extr.); in falsum augere aliquid (Tacitus, all = to magnify at the expense of truth); in majus celebrare aliquid (Seneca, Jug.,73, 5. Liv.); multiplicare verbis (represent many times greater than it is; e. g., copias); rem verbis exasperare (make it worse than it is) ; aliquid extollere laudando verbis, etc. (Cicero), with nimis or supra modum; amplificare (general term) ; tollere aliquid altius dicendo (Cicero, as one of the uses of amplificandi, De Or., 3, 26, 104) :plus facto dicere (Quintilianus, 8, 6, 68).Rumour exaggerates everything, fama omnia in majus extollit :the report was greatly exaggerated, inflatius multo, quam res erat gesta, fama percrebuerat.History ought to exaggerate nothing, non debet historia veritatem egredi (Plinius, Ep., 7, 33, 10) :to exaggerate one’s own merits, se supra modum extollere (Quintilianus, 11, 1, 16).Cf., Not exaggerare, though Cicero has oratio nimis alta et exaggerata, an exaggerated style, opposed to humilis, abjecta.

EXAGGERATION, amplificatio (Cicero, Quintilianus, to which nimia may be added) :superlatio or trajectio, with or without veritatis (both = hyperbolical exaggeration) :exsuperatio (technical term of oratory = quum plus dictum est, quam patitur veritas, augendæ suspicionis causa; Auct., Herenn., 4, 53, 67) :immoderatio verborum (Cicero, Sull., 10, 30) :Lying exaggeration, ementiens superjectio (Quintilianus, 8, 6, 67) :An allowable exaggeration, decens veri superjectio (Quintilianus).To avoid all exaggeration (at the expense of truth), veritatis fidem servare :an exaggeration, res immoderatione verborum elata (after Cicero, Sull., 10, 30); * res multis partibus aucta (after Cæsar), or in majus aucta :this is an exaggeration, plus dictum est, quam patitur veritas (Auct., ad Herenn., 4, 53, 67) ; hoc in majus auctum est :the news was brought to Rome, and even with the addition of alarming exaggerations, hæc majore tumultu etiam, quam res erat, Romam nuntiantur (Livius 4, 56). Cf., Not exaggeratio (though Gellius has exaggeratio quædam speciosa orationis); but quasi quædam exaggeratio alicujus rei might, perhaps, be used in some constructions, after Cicero (who has animi – quasi quædam exaggeratio).

EXAGITATE, exagitare :irritare, etc. || Agitate, vid.

EXAGITATION, by circumlocution, or irritatio.

EXALT, || Raise up on high, tollere :attollere :efferre (raise up) :excitare :erigere :altius efferre (build up). [Vid. RAISE.] || Elevate to rank, honors, etc., extollere :efferre (raise ; opposed to deprimere; absolutely and ad aliquid, Cicero ; supra aliquem , Cicero ; aliqua re) :evehere (e. g., in tertium consulatum, Velleius ; ad consulatus, Tacitus) :augere :ornare (exalt, by gracing with anything, honors, etc.). (The words are found in this connection and order.) augere atque ornare : producere ad dignitatem, ad honores :evehere ad honores; to high honors, amplis honoribus ornare or decorare : to the highest honors, ad amplissimos honores, or ad suinmam dignitatem perducere :to exalt anybody from the dust or meanest condition, e tenebris in lucem vocare ; e tenebris et silentio proferre :to exalt anybody to a (high) office, promovere aliquem ad or in munus, or ad locum (in the time of the emperors : Cf., promovere alone not good) : Cf., exaltare, Seneca, (alia exaltare alia summittere.) || To elevate to joy, confidence, etc., erigere (e. g., animum demissum, oppressum). (The words are found in this connection and order.) erigere atque recreare : excitare (e. g., afflictum alicujus animum) :evehere (e. g., spe vana evectus, Livius ; inconsultius evectus, Quintilianus). [Vid. ELATE.] || Extol, vid.

EXALTATION, || PROPR.,by circumlocution. || IMPROPR., sublatio (e. g., of voice) :elatio or sublatio animi (the raising it to higher thoughts) :ascensio (the mounting to a higher degree of perfection, Cicero, Brut., 36, 137) :honoris ampliricatio (the raising or being raised to higher honor) :animus elatus, inflatus (proud sentiments) :laudatio : laudes (the praising of anybody, etc.).

EXALTED, as past participle ; vid. the verb. || = lofty, altus :elatus :celsus :excelsus (SYN. in HIGH) :erectus (noble in thought). (The words are found in this connection and order.) celsus et erectus :magnus et erectus : excelsus :(homo) magnus :excelsus magnificusque :(vir) excelsus et altus :(animus) excelsus, elatus, erectus :cujus animus altius se extulit (Cicero).

EXAMINATION, tentatio (trial, as action, Livius) :spectatio (repeated examination of an object, especially of money) :consideratio :reputatio :deliberatio (the weighing of anything) :judicium (the examining judgement) :interrogatio (interrogatory examination ; e. g., testium : in the examination of the witnesses, in interrogandis testibus).Without examination, sine judicio, temere (e. g., assentiri alicui).

Examination of anybody (to see what he knows), * tentatio
scientiæ alicujus (after Cicero, De Div., 1, 17, 32) :to hold an examination, * examinare, explorare, exquirere, quid sciant (or didicerint) discipuli :”to offer one’s self for examination, se spectandum or examinandum offerre : to undergo an examination, * probationis periculum subire (Wyttenback) :to come up for examination again, ad probationem redire (ib.). Cf., For “judicial examination,” vid. “Judicial ENQUIRY.”  EXAMINE, || To weigh carefully (with a view of ascertainin the nature of anything), examinare :ponderare (to weigh with a view of determining whether it has the right weight ; then, figuratively, of subjecting the properties of things, notions, etc., to an examination) :perpendere (to weigh thoroughly, properly and improperly, aliquid ad aliquid; e. g., ad præcepta disciplinæ aliquid diligenter, diligentissime) :tentare (to try or test anything) :explorare (to search out and investigate the true nature of anything) :considerare (to consider, as an act of the understanding) :rationes alicujus rei habere or ducere (to take it fully into calculation) :inspicere (to look into it, as it were, with a view to ascertain the nature, state, etc., of the object; both properly, of ocular inspection, arma militis ; and improperly, aliquem a puero, etc., of examining his character, mores alicujus, querelam) : Cf., There is no authority for probare in this sense.To examine anything by anything, aliquid ad aliquid exigere :to examine anything very strictly, aliquid exactissimo judicio examinare; aliquid ad obrussam exigere (Seneca) :to examine anything in a popular way, not with minute critical accuracy, aliquid non aurificis statera sed quadam populari trutina examinare (Cicero). || To examine by ocular inspection, inspicere (e. g., arma militis) :contemplari (to examine as an act of feeling, absorbed in its object, and surrendering itself to the pleasant or unpleasant feelings it excites ; Döderlein) :intueri (to contemplate attentively something that strikes the fancy, etc.). (The words are found in this connection and order.) intueri et contemplari : spectare (to gaze quietly at an object that interests the understanding) :contueri (to examine an object with fixed, widely opened eyes, etc.) :oculis collustrare or perlustrare (to review with the eyes, to examine carefully) :perspicere (to examine in all its parts, to examine thoroughly). (The words are found in this connection and order.) contueri perspicereque : circumspicere (to look all round, to take a view of) :to examine hastily, oculis percurrere :to examine attentively, intentis oculis contemplari. || To examine by a searching enquiry, inspicere (to look into, e. g., mores alicujus) :excutere (properly, to shake a garment, in order to ascertain whether anything had been concealed in it :hence, figuratively, to sift, search thoroughly) :scrutari :perscrutari ( aliquem or locum, to inspect or visit thoroughly ; hence, figuratively, to inquire into) :percensere :recensere (to examine critically, etc.) :cognoscere aliquid (to require information respecting) :quærere aliquid or de aliqua re (to endeavor to bring to light by investigation ; e. g., conjurationem, de alicujus morte) :inquirere in aliquid (to collect facts with the view of supporting a judicial inquiry) :exquirere aliquid (to inquire closely into ; e. g., verum ; anybody’s actions by the strictest rule of conscience, alicujus facta ad antiquæ religionis rationem) : Cf., anquirere means, strictly, to impeach or accuse of a crime for which the penalty was previously determined (of the tribunes) :to examine by torture, per tormenta quærere aliquid ; also quærere only in the construction de servo in dominum (to torture a slave for the purpose of obtaining evidence against his master).To examine one’s self, in sese descendere (Persius); me ipse perspicio totumque tento (I examine myself, Cicero, Legg., 2, 22, 59).To examine an account, rationem cognoscere, excutere, dispungere. || To examine by questioning , interrogare (e. g., testem).To examine a witness severely, etc., interrogare testem infeste ac premere (Quintilianus); well, bene (Cicero). Cf., Expendere testem is to ascertain the probable worth of his evidence, by sifting his character, connections, habits, etc. || To examine a school, pupils, etc., alicujus scientiam literarum, doctrinæ, artis, etc., tentare (after Cicero, De Div., 1,17, 32, cujus quum tentare vellet scientiam auguratus) ; explorare, exquirere, etc., quid sciant or didicerint discipuli (Krebs). Cf., Not alicujus profectus explorare.

EXAMINER, disceptator :investigator (Cicero) :explorator (Suetonius) : indagator (Columella) [SYN. under To EXAMINE].In judicial matters, quæsitor (Cicero, of one who conducts a preparatory investigation ; opposed to one who pronounces the decision).The examiner of witnesses, qui testem (testes) interrogat : of a school, * qui examinat, explorat, exquirit, quid sciant or didicerint discipuli (Krebs) ; * qui tentat scientiam discipulorum (Georges).

EXAMPLE, v., Vid. To EXAMPLIFY, “to set an EXAMPLE of.”  EXAMPLE, exemplum (an example out of many, chosen on account of its relative aptness for a certain end) :exemplar (means an example before others, chosen on account of its absolute aptness to represent the idea of a whole species; a model) :auctoritas (example from the conduct of an eminent person) :documentum (an instructive and warning example).To take anybody for one’s example, exemplum (sibi) petere ab aliquo ; exemplum capere de aliquo; exemplum sumere ex aliquo, with which sibi may be used (all Cicero).To set an example, exemplum præbere :to seta bad example, periculosam exempli imitationem (aliis, reliquis) prodere ; mali (pessimi, etc.) esse exempli :to follow anybody’s example, sequi alicujus exemplum or auctoritatem ; uti aliquo auctore ; in any thing, aliquem ducem sequi in re.To confirm anything by an example, exemplo confirmare aliquid.To propose an example for imitation, proponere alicui exemplum ad imitandum.To fashion one’s self after anybody’s example, se formare ad mores alicujus.To turn anybody’s example against himself, suum ipsius exemplum in eum vertere (Livius 7, 28). || As for example ; for example, ut, velut (not referring to a verb, but introducing single names, words, etc. ; e. g., a dislike to women, as, for example, that of Timon, of Hippolytus, etc., ut Timonis, ut Hippolyti).For example, exempli causa or gratia : ut exemplo utar (when ” for example” means “for the purpose of giving an example” [a fact, a statement, etc.]; e. g., aliquos exempli causa nominare :nomen aliquod exempli causa invenire, afferre) :verbi causa, verbi gratia (to explain a preceding expression) :vel ( = αὐτίκα, ” to go no further, but take the first instance that occurs,” Pr. Intr., ii. 542).As, for example, when we laugh, ut quum ridemus. Sometimes “for example” is translated by in his (when a special instance or some special instances of a general assertion are produced). || Penal example, exemplum (supplicii).To make an example, exemplum severitatis statuere ; of anybody, exemplum in aliquo statuere or in aliquem edere :constituere :to make an example for the purpose of terrifying the others, exemplo supplicii ceteros deterrere.

EXANIMATE, exanimis :exanimus (the latter especially in plural, where -ia, -ium, -bus, do not occur ; not common till the Augustin Age; not Cicero, or Cæsar) :exanimatus.

EXANIMATION, exanimatio (Cicero).

EXASPERATE, irritare :exagitare :ira incendere : alicujus iram incendere : exulcerare : exacerbare (Livius) :exasperare (Livius); anybody against anybody, infestum facere aliquem alicui : exasperate, men’s minds anew, recenti ira exacerbare animos :exasperated by this pain, quo dolore incensus.

EXASPERATED, (ira) exacerbatus : ira accensus (enraged to a great degree) :iratus (angry, general term) :infensus (hostilely disposed to a great degree) :an exasperated mind, animus exulceratus (Cicero, Deiot., 3, 8) :exasperated afresh, ira recenti exacerbatus :to become exasperated, excandescere ; iracundia effervescere, exardescere.

EXASPERATION, || Malignant exaggeration, culpæ, delicti, etc., amplificatio. || Exacerbation, etc., exulceratio :irritatio. [Vid. EXACERBATION.]  || Exasperated state, indignatio : ira :iracundia.

EXAUCTORATE, exauctorare. Vid. DISMISS, DISCHARGE.

EXCAVATE, cavare (general term, to make hollow, lapidem, rupes, naves, etc.) :excavare (to hollow out, cavernam, ripas, terram) :effodere (to dig out, terram, humum, montem, lacum, etc.) :fodere (to dig, to make by digging ; e. g., wells, puteos : ditches, scrobes, etc.).

EXCAVATION, || Act of hollowing, excavatio (Seneca, lapidis). || An hollow formed, cavatio (Varro, majorem cavationem, quam pocula habebant) :* locus effossus (hollow made by digging out earth) :cavum (any open or empty space in a body).

EXCAVATOR, cavator (Plinius, arborura avis) :fossor (digger; poetical and post-Augustan, prose).

EXCEED, excedere (not till Livy, in this sense; e.g. excedere modum, to exceed the bounds of moderation; fidem, to exceed credibility) :egredi (to go beyond; e. g., fortunam hominis, Velleius ; modum, Quintilianus ; altitudinem alicujus rei, Tacitus, quintum annum, Quintilianus ; not Cicero, or Cæsar in this sense) :transire (e. g., fines alicujus rei; modum, etc., Cicero) :transilire (leap over, † munera modici Liberi, Horatius) :superare :exsuperare (surpass, aliquid and aliquem aliqua re, especially in physical or moral excellencies ; aliquem constantia et gravitate, etc.; exsuperare, not Ciceronian in this sense) :supra aliquid esse (to be above or beyond it) :migrare (to depart from, jus, quæ pertinent ad veritatem, etc.) :transgredi (mensuram, Plinius duodevicesimum annum, Velleius) :aliquid majus est quam aliquid
(e. g., lest his liberality should exceed his means, ne benignitas major sit, quam facultas).To exceed the bounds, etc., of anything, finem et modum transire ; finem alicujus rei transire (Cicero) ; modum egredi or (Livius) excedere; ultra modum egredi :to exceed the limits I have prescribed for myself, extra hos cancellos egredi, quos mini ipse circumdedi (Cicero) :to exceed one’s orders, egredi extra præceptum :the outlay exceeds the profit, sumptus superat fructum; impendia exsuperant reditum :the elegance of Cæsar’s Commentaries exceeds the must elaborately finished compositions of other authors, nihil tam operose ab aliis est perfectum, quod non elegantia commentariorum [Cæsaris] superetur (Hirtius, proœm., B. G., 8). Cf., “Nothing can exceed anything,” is often translated by aliquid tantum est, ut nihil supra possit (e. g., Pisonis – amor in omnes nos tantus est, ut nihil supra possit, Cicero).Nothing can exceed the accuracy with well I finished those dialogues, eos (dialogos) confeci – ita accurate, ut nihil posset supra :with such a modest, such a beautiful countenance, that nothing could exceed it, vultu adeo modesto, adeo venusto, ut nihil supra (Terentianus) :the number of the killed exceeded 20,000, cæsa – supra millia viginti (Livius) :the interest exceeds the principal, usuræ mergunt sortem (Livius) :to exceed belief, supra humanam fidem esse ; fidem excedere (Livius) :the degree in which he could endure hunger, etc., exceeds belief, patiens inediæ, supra quam cuiquam credibile est (Sallustius) :to exceed the power of man, supra humanas or hominis vires esse.

EXCEEDINGLY,Vid. EXCESSIVELY, ENORMOUSLY.κυρικιμασαηικο  EXCEL, excellere (in anything, in aliqua re ; e. g., in arte; or aliqua re, if it is that by which he excels, animi magnitudine, etc.: anybody, alicui [e. g., dignitate principibus excellere, Cicero]) ; among, inter aliquos ; also to excel anybody, præter aliquem excellere ; super omnes excellere [Cf., not præ aliquo, which Muretus uses.] : Cf., no perfect excellui, except Gellius, (Use florui, vigui, eminui, præstiti, etc.) :præcellere (Lucretius and Plinius, Tacitus, aliquem, alicui, inter alios) :eminere (stand forth conspicuously as above others; in aliqua re; aliqua re inter aliquos, Quintilianus, and absolutely). (The words are found in this connection and order.) excellere atque eminere (absolutely) :præstare (stand before; in anything, aliqua re; anybody, aliquem or alicui, vid. Herz., B. G. 8, 6) :conspicuum esse, conspici (to attract the observation in an unusual degree, of persons and things; vid. Brem., Nepos, Att., 13, 5) :aliqua re insigniri (to be made remarkable by, Plinius, etc.; but the word used by Cicero) :superare (to surpass, aliquem aliqua re, Cicero) :exsuperare (Livius etc., not only to equal you, but, if possible, to excel you, tuas laudes non assequi solum, sed etiam exsuperare, Livius, 28, 43, 47) :to excel in bravery, virtute præcipuum esse ; other men in virtue, virtute ceteros mortales præstare. To excel in anything, excellere in re (e. g., in arte aliqua).

EXCELLENCE,

EXCELLENCY, excellentia : præstantia. (The words are found in this connection and order.) excellentia præstantiaque :excellentia magnitudoque (both Cicero) :Sometimes pulchritudo (beauty ; e. g., virtutis, oratoris, mentis) :excellentiæ (in plural, Cicero, Læl., 19, 69). || As a title, perhaps vir illustrissimus. || Par excellence (French = κατ’ ἐξοχήν), propter excellentiam (Cicero, Top., 13, 55), or proprie (Cicero, ib.); præcipue ; præ ceteris; eximio nomine (e. g., aliquem or aliquid nominare). Cf., Seneca uses per excellentiam (Ep., 58), and Ulpian per eminentiam.

EXCELLENT, egregius :eximius (eximius, of what is distinguished above things of its own kind, all of which are good; egregius, of what is distinguished above things of its own kind, amongst which are good, bad, and indifferent; thus eximiæ virtutes, ingenium, spes ; but egregius poeta, not eximius [Cicero, Or. 1, 3], there being many bad poets; Schultz) :præclarus (relates to the impression of admiration on the minds of others ; to splendor, celebrity, etc.). (The words are found in this connection and order.) egregius ac præclarus :eximius et præclarus : excellens :præcellens : præstans :præstabilis (SYN. in To EXCEL) :insignis (remarkable, for good or evil). (The words are found in this connection and order.) clarus et insignis (e. g., illius viri virtus, Cicero) :divinus (very common as hyperbolical expression of excellence :divinus vir; homo in dicendo ; orator, etc. Sometimes softened by quidam or pæne) :optimus (ironical) :|| Excellent! (in ironical answers) optime ! (e. g., non me quidem, inquit, sed sapientem dico scire.Optime, nempe, etc., Cicero, Ac., 2, 36, 115).

EXCELLENTLY, egregie :eximie :excellenter :sometimes præclare [SYN. in EXCELLENT] : divine (is very rare) :divinitus (occurs several times) :luculente :luculenter (Cicero) :bene : pulchre (these two especially in answers of approbation): (vel) optime (ironically).To speak Greek excellently, egregie Græce loqui.

EXCEPT, v., excipere :eximere : excludere (to shut out, exclude) :discedere ab aliquo, a re (to pass on from an exception one has found, for the purpose of finding another).To except anyone by name, aliquem nominatim excipere :when I except you, quum a vobis discesserim :if I except brotherly love, quum a fraterno amore discessi :none excepted, ad unum omnes, or omnes ad unum ; singuli universique (one and all) :that excepted, quum ab illo discesseris ; illud si exceperis, excluseris. || To object, (α) In law, exceptione uti (Paullus, Dig., 44, 1, 8); against anybody or anything, alicui or alicui rei ; exceptionem opponere ; excipere adversus aliquem (Ulpianus, and Paullus, Dig., 44, 1, 2; and 20; African., Dig., 16, 1, 17, § 1) ; on account of anything, excipere de aliqua re (Ulpianus, Dig., 44, 4, 4). (β) || In common life; vid. OBJECT.

EXCEPT, prep, præter, with an accusative in negative and general propositions : extra, with an accusative :præterquam (adverb, except) :nisi (” if not,” “unless,” after negations and in negative questions; vid. Zumpt, § 735) :quum discesseris ab aliquo, ab aliqua re (i. e., after you have left that) etc.: excepto, excepta, exceptis (being excepted) :all the enemy, except some few, were taken alive, paucis ex hominum numero desideratis, cuncti vivi capiebantur :philosophers maintain that no one except the philosopher is a perfect man, philosophi negant, quemquam virum bonum esse, nisi sapientem :except that, nisi quod (Cicero, Fam. 13, 1, etc.) :præterquam quod (vid. Zumpt, § 627) :excepto quod (Cf., this is rare) :except in case of, extra quam si (especially in forms of exception; vid. Cicero, ad Att., 6, 1, 15) :præterquam si (Plinius, 8, 25, 39) :excepto, si (Persius, 5, 90) :nisi, nisi si (if not, unless, only in case that; vid. Zumpt, § 343) :Cf., Non nisi should not be written as one word; they very seldom even stand together [Cicero, Verr., 1, 39, 98, is an exception] :you wrote nothing to me except what was perfectly true, tu, nisi quod verum erat, profecto non scripsisti (the nisi generally, but by no means always, precedes) :except one, or at the most two, excepto uno aut ad summum altero :all except you two, omnes, exceptis vobis duobus.

EXCEPTION, exceptio :exceptiuncula (a limitation, restriction ; the latter a slight exception : exceptio is also ” an exception” in law pleadings) :With exceptions, cum exceptione (Cicero) :without exception, sine exceptione; sine discrimine; pariter; æque (without distinction) :ad unum omnes (all to a single person, without exception in respect of number) :without any exception, sine ulla exceptione :with the exception of anyone, excepto aliquo ; præter aliquem ; si ab aliquo discesseris :with some exception, non sine aliquo discrimine :with this exception, cum hac exceptione :to make an exception, excipere ; of any person or thing, aliquem , aliquid :to be an exception, excipi :to make no exception, nullum discrimen facere :with the exception of one, or perhaps two, excepto uno aut ad summum altero :all without exception, ad unum omnes (Cf., not omnes sine exceptione).

EXCEPTIONABLE, quod offensioni est, offensionem habet or affert ; quod offendit ; quod non vacat offensione : quod displicet : odiosus : exemplo baud saluber (e. g., opinions, sententiæ) :mali exempli.

EXCEPTIOUS, litigiosus :jurgiosus :difficilis, etc. [vid. QUARRELSOME] :accusatorius (e. g., animus) :criminosus (full of charges) :qui contra omnia dicit :* qui omnia improbat, or * qui reprehendit omnia et exagitat : * qui omnibus omnium consiliis occurrit atque obstat (after Cicero, Cat., 3, 7) :* qui omnia male interpretatur (puts a bad construction on everything) :* qui proclivis or propensus est ad accipiendam offensionem : * (ille) consiliorum omnium oppugnator.

EXCEPTOR,Vid. OBJECTOR.

EXCERPT, ex libro excerpere.

EXCERPTA, electa (not excerpta).A book of excerpta, electorum commentarius (Plinius, Ep., 3, 5).

EXCERPTION, excerptio (post-classical, Gellius).

Excerptions (of a work), electa (not excerpta).

EXCESS, circumlocution by the adjectives nimius or extremus (e. g., excess of joy, nimia lætitia) :quod nimium est (e. g., vehementius offendit, quam id quod videtur parum; Cicero), or by quod superest, superat or (often of faulty excess) redundat :the deficiency of anything in the one is equal to the excess of it in the other, quantum alteri deest alicujus rei, tantum alteri superest :there was no deficiency of this kind of ornament in Antonius, nor excess of it in Crassus, neque in Antonio deerat hic ornatus orationis, neque in Crasso redundabat :to be filled to excess with anything, redundare aliqua re :excess of ornament
makes a style tawdry, exornationes si crebræ collocabuntur, oblitam reddunt orationem (Cicero) [Cf., exsuperantia is only a great amount of what is good, redundantia, an excess of what is bad : Cf., not nimietas or excessus] to be in excess, redundare (mostly, but not always, of a faulty excess).|| Excess (moral), intemperantia :libidinum intemperantia (want of moderation in the enjoyment of coarse sensuality and desires, opposed to temperantia) :libido : libidines : voluptates libidinosæ (excess in sensual enjoyment, especially in love) :licentia (arbitrary excess in external manners and order) :luxuria (extravagance, luxury in our mode of living) :flagitium (an immoral act). All possible excesses, effusæ in omni intemperantia libidines :to commit or be guilty of excesses, * licentius, effrenatius vivere; se effundere in libidinibus.

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|| To commit excesses, evagari; non temperare sibi; in anything, immodicum, nimium esse in re; modum excedere or modum non tenere in re ; effundi in rem or ad rem ; se effundere in aliqua re (e. g., in aliqua libidine, Cicero).