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DETERIORATION, deterior conditio or status : depravatio (act of corrupting, making worse, etc.) :pravitas (corrupt or deteriorated slate):To be in a state of deterioration, deteriore conditione or statu esse : pejore loco esse (to be in a worse position ; of a man’s circumstances).
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DETERMENT, Circumlocution by verbs under DETER.
DETERMINATE, Vid. DEFINITE ; and for “a determinate ( = final) judgement,” vid. “DEFINITIVE sentence.” DETERMINATION, || Act of determining, definitio (act of marking out, defining, etc., hominum et temporum definitio, determination of the particular persons meant, and of the times when the events were to occur) :limitatio (the marking out the boundaries or limits ; Vitrvius, Col.).|| Act of determining a cause : determination of a cause, dijudicatio (act of deciding a question) :disceptatio (properly, the discussion that precedes the determination , but also = determination ; e. g., disceptatio arbitrorum, Quintilianus, 11, 1, 43) :judicium : sententia (determination formally declared by a judge, etc.) :arbitrium (decision of an arbiter).To come to a determination in the case of anybody, de aliquo constituere (Nepos).The determination of that question is very difficult, magna est ista dijudicatio (Cicero).|| Resolution, decision, consilium (purpose; resolve) :sententia (opinion) :judicium (deliberate judgement).A sudden determination , repentina voluntas :to adopt a determination or come to a determination , consilium capere or inire :to come to the determination, in animo habere :to adhere to one’s determination, in proposito susceptoque consilio permanere :it is my fixed determination , certum est mihi ; stat mihi (sententia); statutum habeo cum animo et deliberatum :not to be able to come to any determination, animi or animo pendere ; varie or in diversas partes distrahi certum consilium capere non posse ; certa aliqua in sententia consistere non posse ; hæreo, quid faciam ; in incerto habeo, quidnam consilii capiam :with the determination to, etc., eo animo, ut :with the same determination as, etc., ea mente, quam, etc.|| End; the putting an end to, etc., determinatio (e. g., mundi, orationis, Cicero).|| Direction ; act of directing (e. g., in ” the determination of the will to an object”). [Vid. DIRECTION.]|| Decision of character, constantia :animi constantia (Ovidius) :constantia morum (Tacitus) :animus certus or confirmatus (firmness) :animus præsens :animi præsentia (quickness and presence of mind to decide according to circumstances).
DETERMINE, TRANS.|| Terminate by a decision, disceptare aliquid :decernere aliquid or de re :dijudicare aliquid :judicare aliquid, or de re :decidere aliquid or de re :affirmare de re:pronunciare, constituere de re.[SYN. in DECIDE.] To determine a dispute, controversiam disceptare, decernere, dijudicare (all three, also ferro, by the sword); de controversia decidere, statuere, constituere :to decide a question, quæstionem solvere ; a doubtful point, rem dubiam decernere (Livius) ; a cause, dijudicare litem (!) ; in favor of the accused, secundum reum dare litem or judicare (opposed to contra reum dare litem, to determine it against him) :points that are not to be determined by mere opinions, res ab opinionis arbitrio sejunctae :to refuse to determine a point, integrum or injudicatum relinquere aliquid :in medio relinquere aliquid (Sallustius) :a point that is not yet determined, res integra :this point is not yet determined, adhuc sub judice lis est (Horatius); adhuc de hac re apud judicem lis est (Asconius, ad Cicero, Verr., 1, 45, p. 335, ed. Schutz) :his fate is not yet determined, non habet exploratam rationem salutis suæ :that is no easy point to determine, magna est ista dijudicatio (Cicero) : whether this is so, etc., is not yet determined, sit ne hoc, etc… quæstio est :a single battle will determine the fate of the commonwealth, in uno prœlio omnis fortuna reipublicæ disceptat :the question is already determined, res non integra est; non integrum est.|| Settle, fix, statuere :constituere (fix ; constituere, if the subject or object is a multitude ; Döderlein) :destinare (to form a decided resolution about anything, by which a matter is set at rest ; e. g.,diem necis; tempus et locum ad aliquid) :designare (to mark out; e. g., locum sepulere) .(The words are found in this connection and order.) constituere et designare :finire :definire (mark out the limits; also ascertain the limits of anything, finire modum, locum, diem, tempus, latitudinem silvæ [Cæsar] ; definire tempus adeundi) :to determine the day, diem statuere, constituere, dicere; beforehand, diem præstituere, præfinire :to determine the time, tempus dicere, destinare :to determine the time and place, tempus et locum condicere (by agreement together) :to determine the bounds of the empire, terminare fines imperii :to determine the question (i. e., settle what it is, etc.), limitare quæstionem.|| To limit, confine, finire :definire :terminare :determinare (determinare, Livius; seldom in Cicero) :continere :circumscribere :limitare (Vitrvius ; Columella) :to determine our view, aspectum nostrum definire (Cicero).|| To give a direction towards any object; influence the will towards it, etc., adducere aliquem ad aliquid ; commovere aliquem ad aliquid; incitare or concitare aliquem ad aliquid.|| Resolve (to do anything), statuere :constituere.decernere :destinare :obstinare (animo, or of several, animis) :alicui destinatum in animo est (e. g., aliquid facere) :consilium capere (with genitive of gerund) :inducere animum or in animum (with infinitive or ut).[SYN. in RESOLVERE.]I am determined, certum est mihi ; stat mini (sententia) ; statutum habeo cum animo et deliberatum :to be determined to die, ad mortem obstinatum esse :they were determined to conquer or to die, obstinaverant animis vincere aut mori (Livius).
DETERMINE, INTRANS. or ABSOL.To determine concerning a matter, constituere de re :affirmare or pronuntiare de re :decernere (when used absolutely, or de re) :to determine in favor of anybody, decernere secundum aliquem.|| End, vid.
DETERSIVE, smecticus ( σμηκτικός, Plinius).A detersive lotion, smegma ( σμῆγμα , Plinius ; for making the skin smooth).
DETEST, abhorrere aliquem, or aliquid, or ab aliqua re :abominari aliquem or aliquid :detestari aliquem or aliquid :aversari aliquem or aliquid [SYN. in ABOMINATE : abominari, first in Livius] :animo esse aversissimo in aliquem ; exsecrari aliquem (to curse him; Cicero) :horrere (to shudder at; e. g., ingrati animi crimen ; alicujus crudelitatem ; aliquem , Horatius) :acerbissimum est alicujus odium in aliquem :to detest a thing, magnum aliquem cepit alicujus rei odium.he detests himself, ipse se fugit (Cicero, de Rep., 3, 22, 33; De Fin., 5, 12, 35) :to be detested by anybody, in odio apud aliquem esse; magno odio esse alicui or apud aliquem ; odium alicujus ardet in aliquem :to be universally detested, omnium odia in eum conversa sunt or in eum ardent :magno est apud omnes odio.
DETESTABLE, Vid. ABOMINABLE.
DETESTABLY, Vid. ABOMINABLY.
DETESTATION, Vid. ABOMINATION, HATRED.
DETESTER, Vid. HATER.
DETHRONE, dignitatem regni alicui adimere:alicui regi imperium abrogare (by a decree of the people, etc., Cicero, Off., 3, 10, 40) :regnum alicui eripere or auferre :aliquem regno spoliare :regno pellere or expellere aliquem.
DETONATE, INATRANS.,crepare or crepitare (to make a loud noise) :exsilire (to leap forth; to explode; e. g., flos salis in igne nec crepitat, nec exsilit) :fit fragor ab aliqua re (Ovidius) :dissilire (of what bursts in exploding) :sonitu fragorem dare (after procella : perterricrepo sonitu dat missa fragorem, Lucretius) :Cf., Detonare and intonare do not answer to our “detonate.”
DETORT, detorquere (aliquid ab aliqua re ; to anything, in or ad aliquid).
DETRACT FROM, detrahere de aliquo or de aliqua re (to take away something from the merits, etc., of a person or thing ; e. g., de alicujus rebus gestis, fama, gloria) :(verbis) elevare aliquem or aliquid (to speak lightly, and so depreciate the moral worth of anything, alicujus facta, res gestas, auctoritatem) :minuere or imminuere (to lessen, alicujus gloriam, laudem) :detrectare (so to deal with an object as to lower it improperly ; implying a feeling of antipathy ; Sallustius, Livius, Ovidius, alicujus virtutes, laudes, etc.) :obtrectare alicui or alicui rei (to set one’s self against a person or his merits, etc., from envy or jealousy; it implies active opposition and rivalry, laudibus or laudes alicujus).
DETRACTION, obtrectatio (detraction from rivalry and jealousy ; e. g., alienæ gloriæ) :calumnia (backbiting, slander) :criminatio (the blackening a character by accusations).
DETRACTORY, Vid. DEFAMATORY.
DETRACTRESS, calumniatrix.
DETRIMENT, detrimentum (a loss one has suffered; opposed to emolumentum) :damnum (a loss for which one has to blame one’s self; opposed to lucrum) :jactura (a voluntary loss).To cause, occasion, etc., detriment to anybody or anything, alicui or alicui rei detrimentum ferre, inferre ; alicui rei detrimentum importare (e. g., reipublicæ, Cicero) :aliquem detrimento afficere :to suffer detriment, detrimentum facere, accipere, capere [Cf., never detrimentum pati, which would be to bear it] :to inflict detriment on anybody’s reputation, auctoritatem alicujus minuere :without detriment to your honour, sine imminutione dignitatis tuæ :if anything has suffered any detriment, si aliqua res aliquid detrimenti ceperit :to see that the
state suffers no detriment, videre or curare ne quid respublica detrimenti capiat (the charge given to the consuls, etc., in times of public danger) :not without great detriment to anything ; or, to the great detriment of anything, non sine magno alicujus rei detrimento (Cicero).
DETRIMENTAL, damnosus :detrimentosus (the latter once only; Cæsar) :alienus :adversus (opposed to; hostile to) :iniquus (unfavorable) :perniciosus (ruinous in its consequences, etc.; e. g., consilium ; lex) ; often by circumlocution :that journey proved very detrimental to anything, hæc peregrinatio detrimentum alicui rei attulit (Cicero).
DETRITION, circumlocution by deterere ; usu deterere ; conterere.Iron suffers detrition, conteritur ferrum (silices tenuantur ab usu, Ovidius).
DETRUDE, detrudere (ad or in aliquid ; also dative, statui and ex, de, ab, aliquo loco ; de sententia, etc., detrudere is always figurative, Krebs).
DETRUNCATE, detruncare (rare; probably not pre- Augustan, Freund : arbores, caput; alam regis apium).
DETRUNCATION, detruncatio (ramorum, Plinius).
DETRUSION, detrusio (very late ; Hieronymus).Better by circumlocution.
DETURPATE (Taylor), deformare :maculare :inquinare :polluere : Cf., deturpare (late; Suetonius, Plinius).
DEUCE (on dice), * dyas :* binio (Bau.).|| As an exclamation.The deuce take you ! abi in malam rem ! abi in malam crucem! or i tu hinc, quo dignus es (comedy)! male sit tibi ! quin tu abis in malam pestem malumque cruciatum (Cicero, Phil., 13, 21, 48).(α) As expressing vexation or displeasure.The deuce ! or the deuce take it ! malum.The deuce take your impudence, quæ, malum, ista audacia ? (β) As an exclamation of surprise, papæ ! euge! atat ! DEUTEROGAMIST, qui ad secundas nuptias transit, venit, pervenit ; quæ iterum nubit (of the woman).
DEUTEROGAMY, secundæ nuptiæ.To oppose deuterogamy, docere abstinendum esse a secundis nuptiis.
DEUTERONOMY,
Deuteronomium (Eccl., Lactantius).
DEVASTATE, vastare :devastare :pervastare :populari.depopulari :perpopulari (vastare, to lay waste from rage or policy ; to destroy the property of an enemy : πέρθειν :populari, to plunder on a great scale for one’s own use; carrying off the crops and driving off the herds : devastare seldom, not pre-Augustan) :ferro ignique or igni ferroque vastare ; ferro flammisque pervastare.Vid. LAY WASTE.
DEVASTATION, vastatio :populatio, depopulatio (e. g., agrorum, ædium sacrarum [SYN. of verbs in DEVASTATE] :eversio :excidium (destruction of a town, etc.).
DEVELOP, || Unfold, explicare (unfold, general term, also of leaves, frondes pampinus explicat, Vergilius) :evolvere (unroll) :id quod involutum est, evolvere (Cicero).|| To form or perfect gradually, excolere :educare et confirmare (e. g., one’s natural talents, ea, quæ sunt orta jam in nobis et procreata).To develop the powers of the mind, animum mentemque excolere :to develop itself, crescere :adolescere (the former only physically ; the latter mentally ; of a nation, constitution, etc., Cicero, Rep., 2, 11, init.).To be developed; vid. Develop itself, below.To develop the resources of a country, * rempublicam ita moderari, ut opibus firma sit, copiis locuples (after Cicero, Att., 8, 11).A country whose resources are developed, respublica or civitas opibus firma, copiis locuples (Cicero, Att., 8, 11); respublica adulta, et jam firma atque robusta (Cicero); populus adultus.|| To render plain what was perplexed and obscure, explicare :explanare :enodare (to free it, as it were, from knots) :aperire (to lay open ; cogitationes, consilia, sententiam ; fontem sceleris).To develop an idea, animi sui complicatam notionem evolvere ; the causes of anything, explicare alicujus rei causas (evolvere causas belli, Enn.) :to develop anything in a masterly way, præclare aliquid ante oculos ponere ; diligenter explicare or explanare aliquid ; accuratius evolvere aliquid (e. g., totam deliberationem, Cicero) :to develop one’s ideas or thoughts with great facility, solutum esse in explicandis sententiis ; subtiliter versari de re [Cf., for simple explanations, explicare aliquam rem may be used; but for fuller or complete explanations of a subject or question, explicare de re, Krebs] : to develop a subject carefully, accurately, etc., accurate dicere or disputare de re :to develop the nature of things, naturam (omnium rerum) evolvere (Cicero).|| To discover and expose, detegere (properly, and improperly) :retegere :revelare.nudare (properly) :denudare :aperire :patefacere (lay open).To develop a plot, conjurationem patefacere.
Developed, nudus, apertus :evolutus integumentis (alicujus rei; figuratively e. g., dissimulationis tuæ).|| Develop itself, crescere, adolescere (the former only physically ; the latter mentally, etc.; also of the constitution of a state; Cicero, Rep., 2, 11, init.) :patere :planum or manifestum fieri : se aperire ( = discover itself; show itself; Nepos, Paus., 3, 7) :se detegere (to reveal itself) :exitum habere, ad exitum venire (have a catastrophe, etc.).The ear (of corn) develops itself, folliculo se exserit spica mollis (Seneca, Ep., 124, 11); frux latens, ruptis velamentis, quæ folliculos agricolæ vocant, adaperitur (Seneca, Q. N., 5, 18, 2) :his character develops itself, * indoles ejus sese ostendit or clarius conspicitur; mores ejus se detegunt (reveal their nature to a spectator ; Quintilianus) :his talents develop themselves more and more, ejus ingenii vires in dies magis elucent.
DEVELOPMENT, explicatio (properly, and figuratively) :explanatio (explanation) :filum orationis (the manner in which the subject of a speech or treatise is developed ; vid. Cicero, Læl., 7, 25) :rerum progressus (development of circumstances ; Cicero, Off., 1, 4, 11) :exitus (the event, catastrophe ; e. g., fabulæ).To be skilful in the development of his thoughts, etc., solutum esse in explicandis sententiis.
DEVIATE, || Wander from, deerrare, aberrare ab aliquo, ab aliqua re, or aliqua re only (aberrare properly and figuratively).|| Turn aside or wander from a path, degredi de via, devertere with or without via (also deverti, Livius, 29, 9, 4) :deflectere, declinare de via :avertere se itinere or de itinere (all these of an intentional departure from a path, road, etc.) :deerrare via or a via (to lose one’s road).To deviate into a by-path, de via in semitam degredi.To deviate from a purpose, aberrare a proposito or ab eo, quod propositum est (unintentionally); declinare (aliquantulum) a proposito (intentionally).To deviate from one subject to another (of an argument, discussion, etc.), ab aliqua re ad rem deflectere (Cicero, Læl., 26, fin.) :to deviate from its right course, a recto itinere declinare (of a speech, Quintilianus) :to return to the point from which we deviated, ut eo revocetur, unde huc declinavit oratio.To deviate from the path of duty, declinare a religione officii :not to deviate a hair’s breadth from anything, (transversum) digitum non discedere a re.I am resolved not to deviate a hair’s breadth from anything, mihi certum est a re digitum nusquam (Cicero).
DEVIATION, declinatio (also figuratively, declinatio a proposito, Cicero, De Or., 3, 53, extr.) :deflexio (Macrobius) :deflexus (Valerius Max.) :abitus ; discessus ; decessio :decessus (departure) :Cf., aberratio is used by Cicero, in the sense of ” an escape from” (pain, trouble, etc.).
DEVICE, || Emblematical figure, * imago symbolica :insigne (general term for a distinctive mark, etc., by which a person or thing is recognized).To be easily distinguished by his device, ex insigni facile agnosci posse (Nepos ; of the admiral’s ship).|| Motto used with the device, dictum : sententia :inscriptio :index (e. g., tabula cum indice hoc, Livius ; index sub imagine, Tib.) || Artifice, ars :artificium :machina :dolus : fraus ; and (comedy) techna :stropha ( τέχνη , στροφή ).To contrive a device, artificium excogitare :to employ a device, artem or machinam adhibere (alicui rei, or in aliqua re).To obtain one’s end by some device, artificio aliquid consequi ; artificio vincere :anything has been brought into any state by the devices of a person, alicujus artificiis effectum est, ut res in aliquem statum perveniret (Cicero).
DEVIL, diabolus ( διάβολος, Essl. ) :pravus et subdolus spiritus (Lactantius) :also cacodæmon (Eccl.).To cast out devils, dæmonas adjuratione divini nominis expellere ac fugare (Lactantius).A devil’s brat, Acherontis pabulum (Plautus, Cas., 2, 1, 12).Go to the devil ! abi in malam rem ! i tu hinc, quo dignus es (comedy).Improperly, homo (= fellow; e. g., a poor devil, etc.).A devil, homo perditissimus.
DEVILISH, diabolicus (Eccl.) :nefandus :fœdus.perditus :sceleratissimus, etc. (e. g., nefanda malitia; fœda, perdita, sceleratissima consilia) :furialis (mostly poetical, but also Ciceronian, furialis illa vox) :diabolicis facibus inflammatus (inspired by the devil).
DEVILISHLY, diabolice (Eccl.) :fœde :fœdissime, (Paullus Nol.) ::furialiter (Ovidius).
DEVILISM, nefanda malitia.
DEVIOUS, devius (lying away from a road; also figuratively, iter devium, a side or by-path; Cicero, Att., 4, 3, 4; 14, 10, 1).|| W andering ; vid. ” A devious step,” lapsus (a slip) :error. DEVISE, excogitare :cogitatione assequi :invenire (think out; make out by thinking, etc.) :fingere :comminisci (feign, imagine ; of something bad ; fingere causas, Terentius : comminisci dolum, mendacium). (The words are found in this connection and order.) fabricari et comminisci (Plautus) ; reperire et comminisci (Plautus) :coquere :concoquere (hatch ; concoct plots, etc., consilia clandestina; bellum, etc.) :machinari (to form some crafty device) :ementiri (to devise something
false; aliquid in aliquem).To devise crafty plans, etc., dolos nectere, procudere (comedy) :to devise a new way of doing anything, novam alicujus rei faciendæ rationem excogitare :to devise anything for a purpose, excogitare rem ad aliquid :to devise the means of making anybody unpopular, quærere invidiam in aliquem :to devise plots against anybody, insidias comparare, parare alicui (Cicero), moliri (Vergilius); against anybody’s life, insidias facere or ponere vitæ alicujus (Cicero).I am thinking what means I can devise of, etc., id mecum sic agito et comparo, quo pacto, etc., with subjunctive (e. g., magnam molem minuam, Att., ap. Non.). || Bequeath by will; vid. BEQUEATH.
DEVISEE, legatarius (Suetonius,Galb.,5) :feminine, legataria (Ulpianus).
DEVISER, Vid. CONTRIVER.
DEVOID, || Empty, vid.|| Free from, without, vacuus re or a re ; expers alicujus rei ; solutus ac liber a re, intactus aliqua re [SYN. in FREE].
Devoid of care, securus (de aliqua re ; e. g., de bello) :devoid of fear, metu vacuus. [Vid. “FREE from.”]To be devoid of, vid.”to be FREE from.” DEVOIR, munus :officium :militis officium (the duty of a soldier ; opposed to that of a commander-in-chief) :munus belli or militare (an individual’s department of service).To do one’s devoir (as a knight), militis officium præstare (Cæsar) ; virtutem præstare ; se virum præbere :fortiter pugnare :they did their devoir so well, that, etc., tantam virtutem præstiterunt, ut, etc.|| Act of civility, etc., officium (chiefly post-Augustan).to pay one’s devoirs, salutare, convenire aliquem :aliquem salutatum venire : salutandi causa venire : ad officium venire :aliquam petere (to pay one’s addresses to).
DEVOLUTION, * devolutio (technical term).
DEVOLVE, TRANS.|| To roll down, devolvere.|| To move from one to another ; to make over anything to anybody, deferre aliquid alicui or ad aliquem (e. g., omnem suam auctoritatem ad negotium conficiendum, Cicero) :mandare alicui aliquid (to charge him to perform it; e. g., negotium) :demandare (to make over to another what one should properly perform one’s self; e. g., curam funeris) :delegare alicui aliquid (to thrust off upon another what one ought to perform one’s self) :Cf., conferre and transferre aliquid ad aliquem are without ancient authority in this sense :transmittere aliquid alicui (e. g., huic hoc tantum bellum, Cicero; also filiæ hereditatem, Plinius).To be devolved on anybody. Vid. To DEVOLVE, INTRANS. DEVOLVE, INTRANS.,pervenire ad aliquem (e. g., hereditas) :transmittitur alicui (e. g., hereditas transmittenda erat filiæ, ought to have passed to the daughter ; Plinius) :cedere alicui (e. g., Pompeii potentia in Cæsarem cessit, Tacitus, villa creditoribus cessit) :redire ad aliquem (e. g., regnum, Plautus ; summa imperii, Cæsar ; property, bona, Terentianus) :obvenire alicui (e. g., hereditas ; fundus alicui hereditate obvenit : Æmilio novum bellum Etruria sorte obvenit, Livius) :venire alicui (e. g., on whom the command of the fleet had devolved [by lot], cui classis venisset, Livius, ; so hereditas venit alicui, Cicero).An estate, property, etc., which devolves upon anybody, hereditas quæ alicui venit or obvenit; quæ ad aliquem venit or pervenit.
DEVOTE,|| Set apart by a religious vow, devovere (e. g., aliquid Deo, Cæsar) :dicare :dedicare:sacrare :consecrare [SYN. in CONSECRATE] :addicere (by a decree ; e. g., agros omnes deæ, Velleius).|| More generally, to give up to any object, devovere (by a solemn vow of the person making the offer ; e. g., se amicitiæ alicujus, Cæsar; se gloriæ, Curtius ; annos suos tibi soli, Ovidius) :dicare (appropriate it to, etc.; e. g., hunc totum diem tibi, Cicero) :dedere (to give up wholly ; e. g., operam tibi).|| To mark out a person etc., for something evil, devovere (to devote to the infernal gods ; e. g. natum suum) :destinare aliquem alicui rei or (better in prose) ad aliquid (e. g., aliquem aræ, Vergilius ; aliquem ad mortem, Livius) :addicere (to give up by a formal decision ; e. g., Galliam perpetuæ servituti, Cæsar; aliquem morti, Cicero).|| To set apart anything with the intention of employing it for a particular purpose, seponere (to put it aside for; e. g., pecuniam ad or in aliquid; ad fanum [sc. ornandum], Cicero; in ædificationem templi, Livius) :destinare aliquid alicui rei or ad aliquid (to intend it for ; e. g., domos publicis usibus, Velleius; quartum diem cibo) :designare ad aliquid (mark it out for).To DEVOTE OEN’S SELF.To give one’s self up to.(α) To a person, devovere se alicui or alicujus amicitiæ(Cæsar) :dedere se (totum) alicui (Cicero) :addicere se alicui (e. g., senatui, Cicero) :dicare se alicui (Cicero) :applicare so ad amicitiam alicujus (Cicero) or ad aliquem (Varro) :totum se alicui tradere.(β) To a pursuit, etc., se dare, dedere or tradere alicui rei :studere alicui rei :alicujus rei studiosum esse, dedere se studio alicujus rei (e. g., eloquentiæ, citharæ) :operam dare or navare (Cf., in Silver Age also studium dare) alicui rei :operam ponere, studium collocare in re ; operam conferre in aliquid; adhibere studium ad aliquid or curam et diligentiam in re (to apply pains, endeavour, diligence to anything) :colere aliquid, incumbere ad aliquid or in aliquid (Cf., alicui rei is unclassical ; to pursue anything diligently) : inservire alicui rei (to make one’s self the slave of anything) ; elaborare in re (to use great exertions to produce something) ; agere, also sequi aliquid (to give one’s self up especially to anything); se conferre ad aliquid or ad studium alicujus rei; se applicare ad aliquid or ad studium quoddam (to turn one’s careful attention to a thing ; to begin to pursue it attentively) [Cf., vacare rei, in this sense, is not Latin] :to devote one’s self no longer to a thing, omittere studium alicujus rei (e. g., sapientiæ) :to devote one’s self entirely to anything, totum se conferre ad studium alicujus rei ; totum et mente et animo in aliquid insistere ; ponere totum animum et diligentiam in re; omni cogitatione et cura in aliquid incumbere ; omni studio eniti ad aliquid (e. g., ad dicendum) :to devote one’s self to one thing only, in una re quasi tabernaculum suæ vitæ collocare (Cicero, De Or, 3, 20, 78) :to devote one’s self entirely to the investigation of one subject, totum se in aliqua re exquirenda collocare :to devote onself to literature, literis studere; literarum or doctrinarum esse studiosum; literarum studio se dedere or tradere ; elaborare in literis ; ad literarum studium or ad doctrinæ studia se conferre ; ad literas incumbere (Cf., On the contrary, studiis vacare = not to pursue the sciences; vid.Cicero, De Or., 3, 11, 43) :to devote one’s self to philosophy, ad studium philosophiæ se conferre (Cf., on the contrary, philosophiæ vacare = to have leisure to pursue philosophy ; Cicero, De Divin., 1, 6, 11) :to devote one’s self to an art, arti se dedere ; artem amplecti :to devote one’s self entirely to music, penitus se dedere musicis :to devote one’s self to virtue, virtutem sequi or amplexari :to devote one’s self to pleasure, voluptatibus se tradere or se dedere.Cf., Devovere se alicui rei is found occasionally ; e. g., devovere se amicitiæ alicujus, Cicero, ; se gloriæ, Curtius; but must be used carefully.(γ) To sacrifice one’s self to any cause, etc.; to devote one’s self to death, se offerre ad mortem : se devovere (to the infernal gods); for anybody, pro aliquo ; for one’s country, vitam suam totam patriæ dedere ; victimam se præbere reipublicæ ; pro salute patriæ caput suum vovere :to devote myself and all that I possess to the cause of my country, se suasque fortunas pro incolumitate patriæ devovere ; se suamque vitam reipublicæ condonare.Vid. To SACRIFICE ONE’S SELF.
DEVOTED, deditus alicui or alicui rei :studiosus alicujus or alicujus rei (to feel a strong liking for) :addictus alicui or alicui rei.(The words are found in this connection and order.) addictus et deditus :alicui rei quasi addictus et consecratus :devotus alicui or alicui rei (post-Augustan) :obnoxius (subject to another’s will under some penalty or strong obligation ; hence, of subjects, dependents, etc., but also uxori, Terentianus).(The words are found in this connection and order.) obnoxius fidusque :obnoxius atque subjectus.To be devoted to anybody, totum esse alicujus ; alicujus esse proprium (Cicero, ad Div., 7, 30, 2); studiosissimum esse alicujus ; eximia caritate diligere aliquem (Curtius) ; obnoxium atque subjectum esse alicui (Livius, 7, 30 ; of a dependent power).To make anybody devoted to one’s self, aliquem totum facere suum ; obnoxium fidumque sibi facere (Sallustius, not in Cæsar or Cicero, in this sense).To be devoted to pleasure, voluptatibus deditum esse ; voluptatibus servire ; ætatem in voluptatibus collocare ; libidinibus se servum præbere.Pompey’s devoted followers, Pompeii veteres fidique clientes :a devoted wife, fidissima atque optima uxor :to be devoted to hunting, multum esse in venationibus :devoted to anybody’s party, alicujus factioni addictus et deditus (Suetonius).Anybody’s most devoted servant, etc., observantissimus or studiosissimus alicujus.Cf., Devotissimus in Suetonius and Inscriptions.
Devoted attachment. Vid. under DEVOTION.
DEVOTEDLY, studiose :studio summo, or maximo, or ardentiore :devotedly attached to anybody, studiosissimus or studiossimus cupidissimusque alicujus or alicujus rei ; summe studiosus alicujus or alicujus rei.A devotedly attached wife, fidissima atque optima uxor :a devotedly attached friend, benevolentissimus atque amicissimus (Cicero).
DEVOTEDNESS, Vid. DEVOTION = devoted attachment.
DEVOTION, || Act of devoting, devotio (act of sacrificing one’s self for one’s country, etc.; also solemn form of curse, bann, etc.) :dedicatio (act of consecrating. Cf.,
Not dicatio = [from context] ” the act, dicandi se in aliam civitatem ;” sacratio, late; Macrobius) :sepositio (act of setting apart, late; Ulpianus).|| State of being devoted to; devoted attachment to, studium (zeal, predilection for an object = “animi assidua et vehemens ad aliquam rem applicata magna cum voluptate occupatio, ut philosophiæ,” etc., Cicero, Invent., 1, 25, 36) :to anything, alicujus rei ; also with gerund in di ; discendi, etc. :obsequium (compliance ; obsequiousness to the will of any one) :observantia (devotedness accompanied with esteem) :voluntas : benevolentia (good will) :fidus in aliquem animus (fidelity) :pietas (dutiful affection) :singularis in aliquem fides atque animus (devoted fidelity and attachment ; Cicero) :incredibilis quidam amor (to a person) :omnia in aliquem summa ac singularia studia (Cicero) :to prove one’s devotion to anyone, * probare alicui voluntatem suam :he assured him of his entire devotion, se proprium ejus fore confirmavit :he perceived his particular devotion to himself, egregiam in se voluntatem perspexit :the devotion of the legions, prompta studia legionum.|| Devoutness, attenta rerum divinarum cogitatio, contemplatio (a directing of the mind to a religious object) :pietas erga Deum :sanctitas. (The words are found in this connection and order.) pietas et sanctitas :with devotion, pie (with the fear of God) :without devotion, negligenter, frigide :to fill the hearers with devotion, audientium animos religione perfundere.|| Devotions, preces :meditationes piæ :meditationes pietatis augendæ or alendæ causa, institutæ :to disturb anyone’s devotions, pias alicujus meditationes turbare, interpellare.Vid. PRAYERS.
DEVOTIONAL, pius :
Dei studiosus :* rebus sacris intentus :* pietatis studio deditus.
Devotional exercises, meditationes piæ :* meditationes pietatis augendæ or alendæ causa institutæ :to perform one’s devotional exercises ; perhaps ab externis rebus animum ad res divinas avocare ; * cogitationes ad res divinas intendere.
DEVOUR, vorare :devorare (used also figuratively = to read or learn with avidity) :haurire (to suck down, swallow up whole ; e. g., of serpents ; also figuratively of swallowing up property, opes) :absorbere (to suck up, suck in; also figuratively of swallowing greedily ; e. g., orationem meam) :absumere :consumere (of diseases; also of fire) :conficere (of disease ; also of grief, longing, etc.). (The words are found in this connection and order.) conficere et consumere :comedere (to eat all up; and improperly, to waste properly, etc.) :The fire devours, etc., incendium absumit (domos); haurit (aggerem) :to be devoured by the flames, incendio consumi ; flammis absumi :to be devoured by grief, ægritudo exest alicujus animum.To devour another’s property (as in “to devour widows’ houses” ), aliorum opes devorare ; comedere aliquem (Plautus ) :to devour with his eyes, oculis devorare (also = read with avidity) ; aliquid oculis comedere (to fix longing or greedy eyes upon an object) :to devour literature, literas vorare, devorare ; quasi heluare libris (Cicero) :anybody’s words, alicujus dicta devorare ; anybody’s speech, alicujus orationem absorbere (Cicero, ; in the sense of wishing the whole of it, to speak of nobody but himself) :to devour food whole, cibos integros haurire (Columella) :to devour a stag whole, solidum haurire cervum (Plinius).|| To put up with (as in, to devour one’s vexation), devorare (e. g., molestiam : tædium).|| Devouring (of flames), omnia hauriens ; (of disease) tabificus.
DEVOURER, heluo (gluttonous eater ; also, improperly, patriæ ; librorum) :esor (very late) :exesor (Lucretius) :confector :consumptor. (The words are found in this connection and order.) confector et consumptor (e. g., omnium ignis).
DEVOUT, * rebus sacris intentus (attentive to the service of God, to prayer) ; * pietatis studio deditus :
Deum reverens (fearing God) :pius, religiosus (pious, religious) :a devout prayer, ardentes preces :a devout heart, animus pius or Dei studiosus.
DEVOUTLY, multa cum veneratione (e. g., prosequi Deum, Tacitus) :religiose : sancte (e. g., to pray) :attente :pie :reverenter.
DEVOUTNESS, Vid. DEVOTION.
DEW, v.,rore aspergere.
DEW, ros (also, figuratively, of tears) :The dew falls, rorat ; ros cadit :to besprinkle with dew, rore aspergere :freshfallen dew, ros recens :the dews of heaven, ros cœlestis :to be exposed to the dews of heaven (at night), nocturnum excipere rorem (Cæsar, B, C, 3, 15) :the pearly dew, ros vitreus (glassy; Ovidius) :the morning dew, ros matutinus.
DEW-BESPRINKLED, roscidus :rorulentus.κυρικιμασαηικο DEW-DROP, * roris gutta ; or by ros vitreus (Ovidius) : DEW-LAP, palear; mostly palearia, plural.
DEWY, roscidus :rorulentus (Cato, Columella, Plinius ; materia, terra, etc.) :rorans (figuratively ; e. g., lacrimæ) :roratus (sprinkled with dew, etc.).
DEXTERITY, habilitas.Cf., ingenii dexteritas, or dexteritas (ad aliquid) only, is ” tact,” “worldly wisdom,” “address ;” not “dexterity.” Vid. SKILLFULNESS.
DEXTROUS, Vid. SKILLFUL.
DEXTROUSLY, vid. SKILLFULLY.
DIABETES, profluvium urinæ (Plinius, ; perhaps diabetes as technical term ; but its Latin meaning is water-pipe, siphon) :•diarrhœa urinosa (technical term).
DIABOLIC, DIABOLICAL,Vid. DEVILISH.
DIABOLISM, Vid. DEVILISM.
DIACONATE, diaconatus (as esslesiastical office) :* diaconi munus (with reference to the individual filling it).
DIADEM, diadema (Cicero) :insigne regium.To place (a diadem) on anybody’s head, imponere alicui or alicujus capiti.
DIADEMED, diadematus (Plinius).
DIAGONAL, diagonalis and (Greek) diagonios ; also feminine, diagonia (all Vitruvius).A diagonal, diagonalis (or diagonios, or diagonia, or diagonii) linea (all Vitruvius).
DIAGRAM, forma geometrica :descriptio :To draw a diagram, formam geometricam describere.Cf., Diagramma is the musical scale; Vitruvius.
DIAL, solarium (sun-dial) :or horarium (Censor. de die natali).|| Dial-plate, * orbis circumscriptus numeris.
DIALECT, genus linguæ :dialectus (the former the Latin expression, the latter borrowed from the Greek ; Suetonius, Tiberius, 56).Earlier writers used lingua or sermo.The five Greek dialects, quinque sermonis Græci differentiæ.To speak in the Doric dialect, Dorice loqui.
DIALECTIC, dialecticus.|| DIALECTICS, dialectica, plural, or dialectica, æ [Cf., the correctness of the latter form is incorrectly denied by Zumpt, ad Cicero, Off.,1, 6, 5].ars bene disserendi et vera ac falsa dijudicandi :disserendi ratio or subtilitas.Skilled in dialectics, dialecticus.
DIALECTICIAN, dialecticus.
DIALLING, gnomonice.
DIALOGUE, || (α) Philosophical, dialogus :sermo.To introduce anybody in a dialogue, aliquem in dialogum inducere (Cicero).To compose a dialogue, inducere sermonem hominum (after Cicero, Att., 13, 19, 4).(β) In a play, sermones alterni (Horatius) :diverbium (Livius 7, 2) : Cf., Never dialogus in this sense.
DIAMETER, diametros ( διάμετρος , Columella, Vitruvius) ; pure Latin, dimetiens (f. sc. linea, Plinius, 2, 23, 21) :linea media (Cicero).A semi-diameter, * radius (technical term) :* semidiameter (technical term).A fool in diameter, quasi pedalis (of the sun; Cicero, Acad.2, 26, 28) :a vessel four feet in diameter, dolium, quod occupat per medium pedes quatuor (cf. Vitruvius 6, 6, 3).
DIAMETRICAL, diametros (e. g., radiatio, Firm., Math., 4, 1, mid.).
DIAMETRICALLY,per medium (after example from Vitrvius, under DIAMETER).|| FIG., prorsus (e. g., dissentire, etc.).
Diametrically opposite, valde contrarius (Cicero ; sunt enim valde contrarius illa, quæ vocantur negantia) :tamquam e regione contrarius (Cicero ; of things that, though directly opposite, yet correspond, being ex eodem genere) :maxime disjunctus atque contrarius (Cicero).
Diametrically opposite (things), contraria inter sese :contraria diversaque atque inter se repugnantia (Cicero).To be diametrically opposite (valde or maxime) contraria esse : inter se repugnare [Cf., Muretus uses ex diametro pugnare with an ut ajunt ; but this should not be imitated.] DIAMOND, adamas :A glazier’s diamond, adamas ferro inclusus :parva adamantis crusta, quæ ferro inclusa est (vid. Plinius, 37,4, 15).As adjective, adamantinus.A diamond cross, * insigne crucis in formam adamantibus distinctus.A diamond ring, * annulus adamante ornatus, fulgens.
DIAPASON, diapason ( διὰ πασῶν , sc. χορδῶν ; Vitrvius, 5, 4).
DIAPENTE, diapente (or διὰ πέντε ; vid. note under DlATESSARON).
DIAPHORESIS (medical), diaphoresis ( διαφόρησες , Theod. Prisc, de diæta).
DIAPHORETIC (medical), diaphoreticus (Cœlius, Aur., Tard., 2, 12 ; διαφορητικός , in Greek characters, Celsus, 21, 7).
DIAPHRAGM, præcordia, plural, ; septum, quod membrana quadam superiores partes præcordiorum ab inferioribus diducit (Celsus) :diaphragma ( διάφραγμα , Cœlius, Aur., Tard.; in Celsus, in Greek characters) :disseptum, quod ventrem et cetera intestina discernit (Macrobius, Somn. Scip., 1, 6).
DIARRHŒA, fluor (general term Celsus. In Scribon., fluor solutioque stomachi) :alvi profluvium or profusio ; alvus cita, citatior, liquida, fluens, soluta [Cf., διάῤῥοια , in Greek characters, Cicero].To be suffering from diarrhœa, fluore ægrum esse (Celsus); profluvio laborare :to bring on diarrhœa, alvum ciere, movere, solvere, elicere :to check or stop a diarrhœa, alvum fusam firmare (Celsus) :alvum astringere, sistere :I was seized by so violent an attack of diarrhœa, tanta me corripuit διάῤῥοια (Cicero) :A diarrhœa is checked,
διάῤῥοια consistit (Cicero).
DIARY, factorum dictorumque descripta per dies :commentarii diurni (a daily record of household affairs and events, kept, according to Bremi, by a slave ; Suetonius, Oct, 64) :memorialis libellus (note-book ; Id., Cæsar, 56) :ephemeris (account-book of daily expenses; Nepos, Att., 13, 6) :diarium (qui diarium scribunt, quam Græci ἐφημερίσα vocant, Asell. ap. Gellius, 5, 18, 8).To keep a diary, facta dictaque describere per dies :diarium scribere (after Asell.,; vid. above).To set down anything in a diary, aliquid in commentarios diurnos referre (Suetonius).To record in a diary the facts that I hear stated, * eorum, quæ audio (ab aliquo), commentarios conricere (Muret.).
DIASTYLE, diastylos species ædium (Vitrvius).
DIATESSARON, diatessaron (as technical term ; it occurs = διὰ τεσσάρων χορδῶν.This and diapason should, perhaps, be written in Greek characters ; as Macrobius, Somn. Scip., 2, 1,Freund).
DIATONIC, diatonicus (e. g., modulatio, Marcellinus, Capell.) :diatonus (a, um).
DIATRIBE, commentatio :disputatio :libellus.
DIBBLE, s.The nearest terms are capreolus and pastinum : SYN. in HOE.
DIBBLE, v.infodere (dig in) :scrobe or sulco deponere.
DICE, v.,talis or tesseris ludere ; alea or aleam ludere (to play at dice) :aleam exercere (Tacitus); aleam studiosissime ludere; aleæ indulgere (to be a dicer; to gamble) :forum aleatorium calefacere (literally; “to keep the dice-board hot [forum, from forus], Oct. ap.Suetonius, Oct., 71).
DICE, [Vid. DIE, s.] (where the phrases will be found).
DICE-BOARD, abacus (Macrobius, Sat., 1, 5) :alveus (Suetonius,Claud., 33; Plinius) :alveolus (Cicero, De Fin., 5, 20) :tabula (Ovidius, Eleg., Nux, 77; Juvenalis, 1, 89) :forus aleatorius (Suetonius, Aug., 71).
DICE-BOX, phimus (φιμός) :fritillus ( “of a cylindrical form; with parallel indentations on the inside, so as to make a rattling noise, when the dice were shaken,” Dict, of Antiqq.) :orca (bellying out in the centre ; Persius, 3, 50) :pyrgus (tower-shaped, with spirally-ascending grooves inside ; it was fixed at the end of the board :turricula only in the superscription of Martisalis, 14, 16, which is not genuine).To put the dice in the dice-box, mittere talos in phimum or fritillum :to shake the dice-box, phimum or fritillum concutere.
DICEPHALOUS, biceps.
DICER, aleo (devoted to dice) :aleator (a professional gambler).
DICHOTOMIZE, in duas partes dividere.
DICHOTOMIZED, dichotomos ( διχότομος, Macrobius, Somn. Scip., 1, 6).
DICING, alea. Vid. GAMING.
DICTATE, v.|| Suggest, suggerere or subjicere alicui (to suggest; to put anything into a person’s mind) :monere aliquem aliquid, or monere ut (to warn, etc.; of the heart, of God) :alicui injicere (Cf., inspirare, poetical and post-Augustan).To dictate to anybody the thought, plan, etc., mentem alicui dare, ut, etc.; in eam mentem aliquem impellere, ut, etc.This thought was dictated to Metellus from above, Metello divinitus hoc venit in mentem :to dictate a plan, subjicere consilium :the course which sorrow dictates, quæ dolor subjicit (Livius) :such language as anger and dissimulation dictate, sermo, qualem ira et dissimulatio gignit (Tacitus, Ann., 2, 57, 3) :necessity dictated this law, inopia scripsit hanc legem :to dictate what one is to say or answer, subjicere, quid dicat aliquis ; admonere, quid respondeat aliquis.A few words which my feelings dictate, pauca, quæ me animus monet (Sallustius) :Cf., dictare = to utter what others are to follow.To “teach,” “command,” is the meaning that is involved in dictator; but no example of it is found in the ante-Augustan age.It is used by Quintilian, etc.; and so reason seems to dictate, et ita videtur ratio dictare (Quintilianus) :which nature dictated, quod natura dictavit (Quintilianus). || To utter what another is to write down, dietare :to dictate poems to anybody, præscribere carmina alicui (Tib.).|| Prescribe, præscribere (e. g., jura civibus ; also præscribere ut, ne, etc.) :constituere (to fix ; e. g., terms, conditiones; a law, legem) :imponere alicui (e. g., conditiones). Vid. COMMAND.
DICTATE, s.,præscriptum :præceptum (express directions how anything is to be made or done) :monitus (warning, counsel) :præscriptio (the direction or rule which reason, nature, or any authority or obligatory document prescribes ; præscriptio naturæ, rationis, Cicero) :lex :regula :norma (law, rule, etc.).To utter dictates, præcepta dare or tradere alicujus rei or de aliqua re :to observe dictates, præscriptum servare :to transgress or neglect them, præscriptum egredi ; præcepta negligere (Plinius).
DICTATION, || Act of dictating what is to be written down; by circumlocution : dictatio (very late; Paullus, Dig.).|| Act of ordering, etc.To act by anybody’s dictation, aliquo monente, jubente, suadente, subjiciente, etc. Vid. DICTATE, s.; COMMAND, s.
DICTATOR, dictator.To be dictator, dictaturam gerere.
DICTATORIAL, dictatorius; imperiosus (commanding) :in a dictatorial manner, imperiose (e. g., præcipere).
DICTATORSHIP, dictatura :to lay down the dictatorship, dictaturam deponere :to hold the dictatorship, dictaturam gerere.
DICTION, dicendi or scribendi genus : orationis or sermonis genus : oratio :sermo (manner of writing or speaking ; style) :elocutio (rhetorical delivery) :verba (with reference to single words).Vid. STYLE.
DICTIONARY, lexicon ( λεξικόν ; alphabetical index, etc., of names and words) :* onomasticon ( ὀνομαστικόν ; collection of words and names, arranged according to their subjects). Cf., Dictionarium belongs to the barbarous Latin of the Middle Ages.A copious dictionary, * thesaurus verborum :a small or pocket dictionary, * index verborum :to make a dictionary, lexicon condere, conficere ; Ruhnken has * Latinæ linguæ thesaurum construere.I find him a walking dictionary, mihi, quoties aliquid abditum quæro, ille thesaurus est (Plinius, Ep., 1, 22, 2).
DIDACTIC, * didacticus.
DIDAPPER, mergus.
DIE, plural, DICE, || Any small cubic body, cubus (Greek); Latin, quadrantal (Gellius) ; figura ex omni latere quadrata (ibidem) :of or belonging to a die, cubicus :like a die, cubo similis.|| A cube used in gaming, talus ( ἄστρις , ἄστριχος , ἀστράγαλος ; with six sides ; only four of them being square, and marked respectively with 1, 3, 4, and 6 points ; the other two sides were rounded and blank) :tessera ( κύβος ; with six sides, marked respectively with 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 points, exactly like our modern dice).The diminutive of talus is taxillus; of tessera, tesserula or tessella.Cf., The players used four tali, and three tesseræ, which were placed in a kind of box (phimus, fritillus), and then shaken, and thrown into the pyrgus (a kind of perpendicular box, like a tower, with steps or a kind of spiral staircase, inside), through which the dice fell on the board (talos, or tesseras, jacere or mittere).If all the tali presented the same numbers, they were said stare eodem vultu ; if one of them fell on an end (in caput), it was said rectus cadit or assistit, and the throw was repeated.A throw of the dice, jactus, or missus, talorum ; or from context, simply jactus.The best, or most lucky throw, was called Venus, or jactus venereus (with the tali, when each of them presented a different number); jactus basilicus (with the tesseræ, when all six were thrown).The worst, or most unlucky throw, was called canis, canicula (with the tali, when none but even numbers were thrown); jactus vulturius (with the tesseræ, when all were aces or single points).The next to the canis was when six were thrown = 1, 1, 1, 3, called senio; the next to that, when seven were thrown = 1, 1, 1, 4, called ursus or ursa; the next, when eight = 1, 1, 3, 3, called stesichorus (which won).To play at dice, talis (or tesseris) ludere :alea, or aleam, ludere ; alea se oblectare (Cf., not ocellatis ludere, Suetonius, Augustinus, 83) :to throw dice, talos (tesseras) jacere or mittere :a game at dice, alea; ludus talarius.The die is cast, jacta est alea.
DIE, v.mori (the proper word in all the meanings of the English word) :demori (to die off, with reference to others ; especially of a member of a society, whose death causes a vacancy) :emori ( = omnino mori; often opposed to to a living death in misery, slavery, disgrace, etc.; e. g., emori potius quam servire; aut vincere aut emori. Cf., in Cicero, only in the infinitive) :intermori( = (1) paulatim mori; but in this sense only figuratively of trees, a fire, etc.;(2) in tempus, in præsens mori; of an apparent death, a fainting-fit, etc.). Cf., For mori the Latin, like every other language, has many euphemistic expressions ; decedere :vita decedere :e vita cedere :a or e vita, discedere :e vita excedere :ex vita egredi :exire de or e vita : abire e vita : e vita proficisci (all = ” to depart this life”) :vitam ponere or relinquere :vitam edere (to quit this life) :animam efflare or edere :extremum vitæ spiritum edere (to breathe one’s last : Cf., animum exspirare or exspirare only ; vitam or animam exhalare ; vitam or extremum spiritum exhalare are poetical but exspirare, Livius, 37, 53) :vivere or esse desinere (to cease to be) :inter homines esse or agere desinere.homines relinquere (to depart from this world ; post-Augustan) :exstingui (figuratively ; taken from putting out a light) :perire (to perish before one’s time; especially by suicide; never without an adverb or ablative of manner, etc. ; e. g., summo cruciatu, turpiter, ferro) :interire (to die slowly, either by an unperceived and easy death or by a long and painful one; mostly with mention of the manner ; e. g., fame aut
ferro) :naturæ satisfacere or debitum reddere (to pay the debt of nature) :naturæ concedere (to yield to the universal law of death) :mortem cum vita commutare (to pass from life into death) :mortem or diem supremum obire (to reach the appointed end of life; mostly of a peaceful death = πότμον ἐπισπεῖν : Cf., obire morte is un-Latin ; obire only, un-classical) :mortem oppetere (as a moral act of one who, if he does not court death, yet, at all events, faces it with firmness; e. g., millies oppetere mortem, quam illa perpeti malle) :mortem (less commonly) morte occumbere (e. g., pro patria) :occidere (to fall; e. g., in bello, Cicero).To die a natural death, naturæ concedere or satisfacere ; vitam naturæ reddere; morbo naturæ debitum reddere; sua morte defungi ; fato obire mortem ; fataliter mori :to die a violent death, morte violenta perire :to die a voluntary death, consciscere mortem voluntariam (Cicero; vid. SUICIDE) :to die of a disease, morbo mori, or perire, or confici, or consumi, or absumi; in morbum implicitus moritur aliquis (Nepos) :to die suddenly, repentino mori ; subita morte exstingui or corripi :to die in a calm, composed frame of mind, animo æquo paratoque mori :to die before his time, mature decedere (Nepos, Att., 2, 1, vid. Bremi) :to die of hunger [vid. HUNGER] :to die of a wound, ex vulnere mori :to die of his wounds, ex vulneribus perire (Livius) :to die of old age, senectute confectum or derelictum supremum diem obire :to be about to die, to be dying, animam agere :to wish to die, vitam fugere :to be determined to die, obstinatum esse mori :to die in anybody’s arms, in alicujus complexu extremum vitæ spiritum edere :to die by anybody’s hands [vid. HAND] :to die an honorable death, honesta morte defungi :to die in battle, (in) prœlio or acie cadere :to die for anybody, mori or emori pro aliquo :mortem oppetere pro alicujus salute :cadere pro aliquo (in battle) :IMPROPR. || To die offear, to be almost dead with fear, pæne timore corruere (Cicero) :to die of joy, fear, etc., gaudio, terrore exstingui, exanimari, opprimi (after Cicero) :to die with laughing, risu (pæne) corruere (Cicero); risu (pæne) emori (Terentianus); risu rumpi (Afranius, ap. Non.) :to die for one’s country, pro patria mori ; pro patria mortem oppetere ; largiri patriæ suum sanguinem (Cicero).|| To suffer capital punishment, capitis pœnam or supplicium subire.|| To DIE AWAY, intermori (of plants, etc.; of fire) :senescere (grow old ; both properly and figuratively ; e. g., of strength, diseases, hope, zeal, etc.) :remittere (to abate; of rain, pain, a fever, etc.) :defervescere (to cool down ; of heat, desires, passions) :hebescere (to grow blunt; e. g., of the mind) :quiescere :conquiescere (to rest) :residue : considgre :remittere (of winds and passions, etc.) :concidere (of winds, poetical, Horatius ) :conticescere (of a noise ; e. g., of an uproar, etc., also of rage).The wind has quite died away, venti vis omnis cecidit.|| To lose vigour or life gradually, mori, emori, intermori (of plants, trees) : mori, emori, præmori (the last, to die at one end, of limbs) ; exanimari (of animals) ; sanguine et tanquam spiritu carere cœpisse (of limbs).These arms are dead, hi lacerti mortui sunt.
DIET, v.victu curare morbos ; victu mederi; diæta curare (to cure by diet).
DIET, diæta :victus :ratio victus (Celsus) :certus vivendi modus ac lex.lex quædam ciborum (Cicero) :rigid diet, abstinentia (abstinence in eating and drinking ; as, to assuage fever by a strict attention to diet, abstinentia febrim mitigare, Quintilianus, 2, 17, 9) :too strict a diet, nimia abstinentia.The body is strengthened by exercise and attention to diet, corpus validius fit exercitatione et lege quadam ciborum (Quintilianus).Attention to one’s diet, ciborum observatio (Quintilianus 11, 3, 23).Maladies for which attention to diet is the best cure, ea corporis mala, quibus victus ratio maxime subvenit (Celsus).Strict attention to their diet and exercises, ciborum atque exercitationum certa necessitas (Quintilianus 10, 5, 15, of gladiators) :a light diet, cibus infirmus (Celsus) :to cure by means of diet, victu curare morbos ; victu mederi ; diæta curare :to prescribe a strict diet, * legem quandam ciborum constituere.|| Assembly of states, * consilium or conventus principum [Cf., not comitia, which Nolten properly rejects].
DIET-DRINK, potio medicata :poculum medicatum :sorbitio (of anything, ex aliqua re, Celsus, 2, 30).
DIETETICS, diætetica, æ, f.; ea medicinæ pars, quæ victu curat morbos, or quæ victu medetur (Celsus, Præfat., p.13, Bip.) :to write on dietetics, * scribere de morbis victu curandis ; or * de victus ratione præcipere.
DIFFER, v., || To be different, differre ; in anything, aliqua re or in aliqua re ; from anybody, ab aliquo :distare (to be separated by an interval; not in this sense in Cæsar) ; aliqua re; in anything, ab aliqua re [poetically, alicui or alicui rei] :discrepare (properly of difference in sound, aliqua re or in aliqua re ; from anything, a or cum aliqua re; cum aliquo ; about anything, de aliqua re; all three with inter se, from each other) :diversos esse :to differ very widely, longe esse diversa atque sejuncta (Cicero), plurimum differre.To differ only in words, verbo inter se discrepare, re unum sonare (Cicero).To differ much, or in many respects, multum [Cf., not multa] differre, multum inter se distare :to differ little, paullum differre.|| To disagree, discrepare cum aliquo and cum re (not to be in unison with, opposed to concinere) :dissidere, dissentire a and cum aliquo (not to agree in opinion ; opposed to consentire) :writers differ from each other, discrepat inter scriptores, inter auctores :to differ from any one more in words than in reality, ab aliquo dissentire verbis magis quam sententiis :to agree with one in reality, but to differ in words, re concinere, verbis discrepare cum aliquo.
DIFFERENCE, s.,varietas :diversitas :discrepantia :differentia : distantia :dissimilitudo [SYN. in DIFFERENT].To make no difference between one man and another, nullum personæ, or personarum discrimen facere or servare :to do away with all difference between one thing and another, omnium rerum delectum atque discrimen tollere :there is a difference between, aliquid interest inter … etc.; est, quod differat inter … etc.:it makes a great difference whether … or … etc., interest (utrum) … an … etc.:there is a very considerable difference between …, aliquantum interest inter, etc.; or nequaquam idem est with accusative and infinitive :there is a mighty difference between them, pernimium interest inter eos :the principal difference between men and the brute creation is, that, etc., inter hominem ac belluam hoc maxime interest, quod, etc.:there is no difference of meaning, nihil significationis interest :what a difference ! quantum differt ! with only this difference, illo tantum discrimine interposito :difference of character, morum distantia or dissimilitudo :difference of character and pursuits, distantia morum studiorumque.[Vid. DISTINCTION.]|| Misunderstanding, dissensio :dissidium.(The words are found in this connection and order.) dissensio ac dissidium :dissidium ac dissensio [SYN. in DISAGREEMENT].There is a difference between us, est inter nos aliqua dissensio ; dissidemus inter nos :some difference sprang up between the friends, aliqua amicorum dissensio facta est. [Vid. DISPUTE, QUARREL.]|| Difference of opinion, discrepantia (want of agreement) ; dissensio (diversity in opinion) :there exists a great diversity of opinion, variæ et discrepantes sunt sententiæ : dissensio de hac re inter (e. g., philosophos) est :on these points great differences of opinion exist (among philosophers), de his summa (philosophorum) dissensio est ; or magna dissensio est.
DIFFERENT, varius (changeable, varying ; of the same object) :diversus (different, of several objects with respect to each other) ; in plural, (The words are found in this connection and order.) varii et diversi :dispar, impar, alicui rei (of size or greatness, unequal; dispar, partially different impar, wholly different) ; in plural, (The words are found in this connection and order.) diversi et impares :dissimilis, alicujus rei (in nature or quality, unlike) ; in plural, (The words are found in this connection and order.) dispares ac dissimiles :disjunctus (separate ; especially of places) :discrepans (not agreeing or accordant); plural, varii et discrepantes : alius (not the same, another).To be different, diversos esse ; inter se differre or discrepare ; to be of different opinions, dissentire ; dissidere.The preposition de has a different signification in the same word, de præpositio in uno eodemque verbo diversitatem significationis capit :different pursuits, studia varia, disparia (Cicero) :a different reading, * varia, discrepans lectio; * varietas lectionis :to mark the different readings of a manuscript, * discrepantes lectiones codicis notare.
DIFFERENTIAL, * differentialis (as technical term).The differential calculus, * calculus differentialis (technical term).
DIFFERENTLY, aliter (otherwise) :alio modo or pacto :alia, ratione (in another manner, etc.) :secus (not so).If it should turn out differently, si secus acciderit.
DIFFICULT, dirficilis (hard to execute or accomplish) :non facilis (not easy ; by Litotes = far from easy) :arduus (hard to reach or attain to ; stronger than difficilis, of what borders on the impossible) :impeditus (intricate, surrounded with difficulties; opposed to expeditus) :magni negotii (requiring great labour; opposed to nullius negotii):Very difficult, perdifficilis ; perarduus ; perimpeditus :a difficult labour (child-birth), partus difficilis or laboriosus :to have a difficult labour, partum difficulter edere :a
difficult task, magnum opus atque arduum :a difficult book, * liber difficilis ad intelligendum :a difficult passage, * locus difficilis ad explicandum [Cf., locus contortus, bad] :anything is a difficult task, res est magni negotii ; magnum opus est atque arduum :I see how difficult the thing is, res quanta sit intelligo :to be difficult, difficilem esse ad persequendum (to be difficult of execution); difficiles habere explicatus (to be difficult to explain; of a passage ; Cicero, De N. D., 3, 39, 94); difficilem esse ad intelligendum (hard to understand) : difficult to be, etc., diflicilis or non facilis, with superlative in u ; or with ad and gerundive, or with infinitive, or substantive. [For the difference of these constructions, vid. EASY.] It is difficult to, difficile or non facile, arduum, or magnum, or magni est, with infinitive.
DIFFICULTY, difficultas (general term, especially in affairs, the execution of which requires the application of great strength and powerful means) :negotium (the pains and labour necessary for the attainment of an object) :impedimentum (hindrance by which the attainment of an object is delayed) :nodus (the knot to be untied = the difficulty to be overcome in an intricate matter or question) :scrupulus (the scruple, or disturbing doubt; the difficulty that a mind makes or finds in the consideration of anything).With difficulty, difficulter :difficiliter :ægre (opposed to secure or facile) :vix vixque; vix aut ne vix quidem (scarcely, if at all) :gravate or gravatim (setting about it with the feeling of unwillingness) :there is nothing that I feel more difficulty in setting about, non (hoc tempore) quidquam difficilius facio :to make a difficulty about anything; to have great difficulty in bringing one’s self to do anything, aliquid ægre or invitum facere ; gravari ; absolutely or with infinitive (e. g., gravari literas dare) :without difficulty, haud difficulter :facile nullo negotio :sine negotio (easily ; without trouble) ; haud gravate, haud gravatim (willingly).Under such difficulties, or in circumstances of such difficulty, tantis difficultatibus objectis.
Difficulty in learning, speaking, etc., difficultas discendi, dicendi, etc.:the difficulties of the ground, difficultates locorum :the thing is one of great difficulty, or is surrounded with difficulties, res habet multum difficultatis or magnam difficultatem; res est in magna difficultate; res multis difficultatibus obstructa est :the thing is one of no difficulty, nihil est negotii :res nihil est negotii :there is no longer any difficulty; or, all the difficulty is overcome, nihil negotii superest :what difficulty is there? quid est negotii? I am aware of its difficulty, res quanta sit intelligo :there was difficulty in getting the corn conveyed (to a camp, etc.), minus commode frumentum supportabatur :to create or cause a difficulty, difficultatem afferre (of things or persons ; e. g., publicanis, Cicero; in the way of anything, ad aliquid ; to anybody, alicui) :to make difficulties, cunctari (to delay) :tergiversari (to make evasive excuses, and so try to escape) :gravari (either absolutely or with infinitive : to set about it unwillingly).I shall make no difficulty, nihil in me erit moræ.I shall throw no difficulties in your way in either case, neutra in re vobis difficultas a me erit :to meet with a serious difficulty, in magnam difficultatem incurrere :to remove a difficulty, difficultati mederi; nodum expedire (to remove a perplexity, a difficulty) :to remove anybody’s difficulties ( = scruple), scrupulum alicui eximere :to remove or conquer the difficulty of anything, infringere difficultatem alicujus rei :κυρικιμασαηικοto make difficulties when there are none, nodum in scirpo quærere (Prov., Terentius, Andr., 5, 4, 38).|| Difficulties ( = pecuniary embarrassment), difficultas numaria :difficultas domestica (Cicero, Cat., 1, 6, 14) :inopia pecuniæ or rei pecuniariæ :inopia argenti or argentaria :inopia numaria :angustiæ pecuniæ.The pecuniary difficulties of a state, angustiæ ærarii or pecuniæ publicæ.To be in difficulties, de pecunia laborare :to be in extreme difficulties, in summa difficultate numaria esse :to fall into the greatest difficulties, in summas angustias adduci :to relieve anybody from his difficulties, aliquem difficultate numaria eruere.|| Objection ; vid.
DIFFIDENCE, modestia :pudor :verecundia [SYN. in MODESTY]. Cf., Diffidentia (mostly with alicujus rei) opposed to fidentia, is “distrust,” “want of confidence” in a person or thing ; in Cicero, and even in Justin [1, 8, 10], it is used only for want of confidence in one’s self, or one’s own luck.
DIFFIDENT, modestus :verecundus :timidus :sibi diffidens :ingenio suo diffidens (distrusting himself or his own abilities, etc.).
DIFFIDENTLY, modeste :timide :verecunde :diffidenter :timide et diffidenter (with fear and distrust).
DIFFUSE, v.diffundere (to pour out into different parts, to spread, properly, and figuratively; e. g., sanguis per venas in omne corpus diffunditur; a mistaken notion that is widely diffused, error longe lateque diffusus) :differre (to carry hither and thither ; properly and figuratively, ignem, rumorem, famam ; hence, also = to spread as a report) :circumferre (to carry about; properly and figuratively, pacis bona, Velleius ; incendia, cædes, terrorem, Tacitus ; of spreading a rumour, etc., not pre-Augustan, ; Columella, Plinius) :circumfundere (to pour around, aliquid alicui rei, or absolutely ; figuratively, voluptates, Livius ; nitorem, Quintilianus) :disseminare (sow here and there; scatter about; e. g., sermonem, malum) :spargere :dispergere (scatter; figuratively, e. g., rumorem) :vulgare :divulgare :pervulgare (to briny it to the knowledge of people; e. g., rumorem, rem) :evulgare :in vulgus edere (to publish what ought to be kept secret).To diffuse joy, lætitiam dare (e. g., among my enemies, inimicis meis) ; lætitia afficere (e. g., among the Roman people, populum Romanum) :A false opinion of anybody that is widely diffused, vulgata falso de aliquo opinio :a society that is very widely diffused, societas latissime patens.To be diffused, se diffundere :diffundi (properly and figuratively) :serpere (to creep about; to extend itself gradually; properly and figuratively) :increbrescere (to grow frequent, common, strong, etc.; of reports, customs, etc.).To be widely diffused, late diffundi or se diffundere (properly; e. g., of boughs; then, figuratively, of reports, mistakes) :late serpere (of what spreads widely, but gradually ; e. g., of fire, the vine; then figuratively, of reports) :longius serpere atque progredi (of an evil) :serpere manareque in dies latius (of a daily increasing evil) :longe lateque fluere (e. g., of a doctrine or creed, doctrina Pythagoræ).To be diffused through or over anything, diffundi or se diffundere per or in aliquid (e. g., in omne corpus) ; pervadere per aliquid.Vid. SPREAD.
DIFFUSE, adjective, longius progrediens, evagans :præter modum longus (lengthy) :muitus (one who gives much) :nimius (one who gives too much) :verbosus (using many words where few words might serve) :copiosus (with abundance of words and matter) :longus (long). [Cf., Prolixus is unclassical in this sense.]A diffuse style of oratory, vagum orationis genus ; oratio vagans :to be diffuse, latius, uberius dicere, disputare; pluribus dicere ; multa verba facere de re :to be very diffuse, late or latius se fundere ; longum esse ; multum esse in aliqua re :to be too diffuse, effusius dicere ; nimium esse in aliqua re :Cf., diffusus must be used cautiously (e. g., opus diffusum : diffusus per multa volumina. Cicero has oratio collatata et diffusa ; opposed to angusta et concisa [Or., 56, 187] ; diffusus et dissipatus ; of materials existing without classification). DIFFUSELY, late : longe :fuse : diffuse. (The words are found in this connection and order.) latius et diffusius :copiose :verbose :multis verbis.To speak diffusely, copiose, longius or latius et diffusius dicere :too diffusely, verbosius quam necesse erat :to write diffusely, late or verbose aliquid perscribere :to speak too diffusely (of an orator), orationem provehere.
DIFFUSENESS, longitudo (length ; orationis, Cicero).By circumlocution.
DIFFUSION, extentio or extensio (extension, Vitruvius 9, 1, 13) :prolatio (act of carrying further ; finium, Livius) :propagatio (the act of widening or extending ; e. g., finium, imperii) :Mostly by circumlocution [Cf., diffusio, Seneca, ; but only in diffusio animi ; disseminatio, very late ; evangelii, Tertullianus.
DIFFUSIVE, Vid. DIFFUSE, adjective. DIG, v.INTR., fodere :to dig for anything, aliquid rimari (to search for by digging ; e. g., radices arborum) ; suscitare et elicere (e. g., fontem) ; e terræ cavernis elicere (e. g., ferrum ; the two last = to dig for ; to endeavor to find and bring up from the bowels of the earth).|| TRANS.,To dig out, or dig up, fodere, effodere (e. g., gold, silver) :elicere (e. g., ferrum e cavernis) :eruere (e. g., a corpse).|| To work about by digging; to dig over, fodere (e. g., a garden).|| To make by digging, fodere; effodere (e. g., a well, a lake, etc.) :infodere (e. g., sulcum, lacum).|| To dig through, perfodere :to dig under, suffodere :to dig round, circumfodere (general term) :ablaqueare or oblaqueare (to dig round a tree) :to dig up by the roots, eradicare :exstirpare :radicitus vellere, evellere, extrahere, evellere et extricare.
DIGAMMA, digamma, atis :digammon (Seld., digammos, feminine, sc. littera).The Æolic digamma, digamma or digammon Æolicum.
DIGEST, s.(collection of Roman laws), digesta (plural adjective; cf. Justinus, Code Justinian, 1, 17, 3).
DIGEST, v.|| In the stomach, concoquere (transitively and intransitively;
properly, also figuratively, both of digesting what one has read [Seneca, Ep., 84, 6], and of ” stomaching” or putting up with a person or thing ; aliquem , famem, hæc, Cicero; ista odia, Petronius) :conficere :perficere (transitively; to work up thoroughly; properly, but only of the organs of digestion).to digest one’s food, cibos concoquere or conficere (conficere only of the organs of digestion).Cf., Avoid the use of digerere cibos in this sense ; for cibi digeruntur (it is in this way only that the phrase occurs ; never in the active, of the person digesting) means ” the masticated or digested food is distributed through the system ;” vid. Celsus (præf.) ; but digeri may be used when no distinction is necessary ; e. g., cibos mansos demittere, quo facilius digerantur (Quintilianus 10, 1, 19).Easy to digest, facilis ad concoquendum :hard to digest, difficilis ad concoquendum, concoctioni, or concoctu; quod ditficulter concoquitur.The food we have taken is a burden to the stomach till it is digested, alimenta, quæ accepimus, quamdiu in sua qualitate perdurant et solida innatant stomacho, onera sunt (Seneca, Ep., 84, 6).|| Arrange in order, digerere :in ordinem digerere :descripte et electe digerere (opposed to confuse et permiste dispergere) :disponere (e. g., of the parts of an oration, etc.) :to digest a plan, instituere rationem alicujus rei ; describere rationem alicujus rei (of ordering what one has arranged) :to follow a well-digested plan, modo ac ratione omnia facere.To digest (what we have read), concoquere (Seneca) ; lectionem non crudam, sed multa iteratione mollitam et velut confectam memoriæ imitationique tradere (Quintilianus 10, 1, 19) :unless we digest what we have read, it will burden the memory, without improving the mind, * concoquenda sunt, quæcunque legimus ; alioquin in memoriam ibunt, non in ingenium (after Seneca, Ep., 84, 6).
DIGESTIBLE, facilis ad concoquendum, or concoctioni, or concoctu : Cf., digestibilis late (Cœlius, Aur., Tard., 1, 5).
DIGESTION, concoctio [Cf., on digestio, vid. SYN. under DIDEST ; but since a good digestion implies the further process, digestio is sometimes used = ” digestion ;” e. g.] : a good digestion, facilis digestio (Quintilianus) :a bad or slow digestion, tarda digestio :to assist or promote digestion, concoctiones adjuvare ; concoctionibus conferre (Plinius, 20, 5, 19); to hinder it, concoctionem impedire :the organs of digestion, eæ corporis partes, per quas concoquimus :easy of digestion [vid. DIGESTIBLE] :a medicine, etc., good for the digestion, quod utile est concoctioni (Cf., medicamentum digestorium, in late writers) :difficult of digestion, difficilis ad concoquendum, or concoctioni, or concoctu; quod difficulter concoquitur :eating fast is injurious to digestion, avide hausta difficulter perficiuntur.|| Act of ordering, digestio. Vid. ARRANGEMENT.
DIGESTIVE, quod adjuvat concoctionem :quod utile est concoctioni ;Cf., digestorius, late (e. g., medicamentum, Plinius, Valer., 2, 8).
DIGESTIVE, s.Vid. the preceding word.
DIGGER, fossor.
DIGHT, v.Vid. ARRAY, ADORN.
DIGIT, digitus (1- 10th of the Roman pes).|| The mark that represents a number under ten ; litera :* nota numeri (litera the ancient term, because their numerals were letters, to which a numerical value was assigned).OBS. When a “digit” is used for a fraction, as in speaking of an eclipse, it must be turned into its value, and translated accordingly.
DIGITATED, digitatus (Plinius; e. g., aves; may be used as technical term in botany).
DIGNIFIED, amplus (e. g., corporis forma) :augustus (majestic, habitus formaque).(The words are found in this connection and order.) amplus et augustus :gravis (earnest, serious, and so solemn ; opposed to light) :dignitate or honore auctus, or ornatus (having some dignity, rank, etc.).In a dignified manner, graviter :decore :to act in a dignified manner, cum dignitate agere.The dignified clergy, * ii clerici, qui altiores or ampliores dignitatis gradus consecuti or adepti sunt ; or * ii clerici, qui dignitate aliqua, aucti or ornati sunt.
DIGNIFY, || Elevate to rank, etc., dignitate, or honore aliquem augere, or ornare ; ad (summam) dignitatem aliquem perducere (Cæsar) ; producere ad dignitatem :promovere ad, or in munus, or ad locum (bestow an office on anybody; times of the emperors : promovere alone, bad) :promovere aliquem ad ampliorem gradum.|| Adorn, vid.
DIGNITARY, * clericus, qui ampliorem dignitatis gradum consecutus est.
DIGNITY, dignitas ( = ” alicujus honesta et cultu et honore et verecundia digna auctoritas,” Cicero : his position as honorable, whether from personal advantages or rank in society) :honestas (moral worth ; a man’s claims to respect founded on his conduct) :gravitas (serious, earnest character; a mild dignity, comitate condita gravitas) :auctoritas (weight and influence) :amplitudo (dignified position in society, whether the consequence of power, rank, wealth, or achievements ; in rhetoric = fullness and dignity of expression) :majestas (the dignity of a state or ruler).To act with dignity, cum dignitate agere or agere cum dignitate et venustate ; honeste se gerere :to preserve one’s dignity, dignitatem retinere or conservare ; nihil a dignitate sua discedere :to forget one’s dignity, decoris oblivisci :to think anything beneath one’s dignity, infra se ducere ; infra se positum arbitrari ; alienum ducere majestate sua; non censere esse majestatis suæ ; inferius majestate sua reri :to have reached such a height of rank and dignity, in hanc celsissimam sedem dignitatis atque honoris ascendisse :to raise anybody from a low condition to the height of rank and dignity, aliquem ex humili loco ad summam dignitatem perducere :he thought it inconsistent both with his own dignity and that of the Roman nation, neque suæ neque populi Romani dignitatis esse statuebat (Cæsar).|| A dignity, dignitas (general term) :gradus honoris.A very high dignity, summum fastigium ; amplissimus dignitatis gradus. Vid. an HONOR, an OFFICE.
DIGRESS (in a speech), abire :discedere :degredi (not digredi, all three to go off or away) :devertere (Cicero ; to a subject, in locum) :egredi :evagari (to go out of the way ; Cf., in the Silver Age, exire, exspatiari, excurrere, Quintilianus) : aberrare (to wander out of the way) :declinare (to bend, as it were, or turn aside) :to digress from one’s subject, aberrare, or egredi, or declinare a proposito :to digress too far from one’s subject, alicujus oratio ab eo, quod propositum est, longius aberrat :to digress from an idea, sententiam deflectere :the speech digresses to other subjects, oratio ad alia aberrat.To digress widely (in speaking), longius evagari or labi ; ad alia aberrare ; oratione longius progredi ; extra cancellos egredi, quos sibi ipse circumdedit aliquis ; exsultare ; too widely, plus justo declinare (e. g., a rerum ordine, Livius) :to return to the point whence I digressed. Vid. under DIGRESSION.
DIGRESSION, declinatio; digressio; also with a proposito or a proposita oratione ( Cf., digressio, Freund; according to Ellendt, Cicero, Brut., 21, 82, degressio) : egressus or egressio ( παρέκβασις ; vid. Quintilianus, 4, 3, 12) :a slight digression, brevis declinatio a proposito :but I return to the point from which I made this digression, sed unde huc digressa est, eodem redeat oratio ; sed redeamus ad id, unde devertimus ; sed ut eo revertar, unde sum egressus ; ut eo, unde egressa est, referat se oratio also by redire ad rem propositam.He had made a digression in praise of Castor and Pollux, digressus [al. degressus] inlaudes Castoris ac Pollucis exierat (Quintilianus). [Cf., Deverticulum ; excursus ; degressus are found in this sense in later writers : deverticulum, Livius, 9, 17.]
DIGRESSIVE, * sæpius a proposita oratione digrediens.
DIJUDICATE, dijudicare (but only when there is reference to two parties or opinions; e. g., controversiam, vera et falsa, inter duas sententias ; but not e. g., Horatii ingenium dijudicare, Krebs). Vid. JUDGE, v.
DIKE, || Ditch, vid.|| Mound to defend a country from inundation, agger : aggeratio :moles (the mass of stones or other materials sunk into the water, on which the proper agger is constructed).(The words are found in this connection and order.) moles et agger :moles fluctibus opposita.To cast a dike, molem, or aggerem, or molem et aggerem exstruere; molem or aggerem jacere [vid.
DAM].|| Vein of basalt, etc., vena.
DILACERATE, lacerare :dilacerare :laniare :dilaniare (lacerare = to tear by main force ; e. g., by hands, teeth, claws; laniare = to cut or hack to pieces by a sharp instrument, under which teeth and talons, however, may be included; Döderlein :dilacerare, rather poetical and post-classical) :scindere :conscindere :descindere (general term for separating into parts in a violent manner) :concerpere :discerpere (pluck or tear to pieces, bit by bit).|| FIG., lacerare :dissipare :dilacerare (dilacerare, vid. above; for respublica dilacerata [Sallustius, Jug., 41, 5] Livy has respublica dissipata [2, 28]) :discindere :divellere : Vid. TEAR ( TO PIECES).
DILACERATION, laceratio (Cicero, Livius) :laniatio :laniatus (the former, * Seneca, Clem., 2, 4, 2).
DILAPIDATE, INTR.Go to ruin; fall by decay, collabi :prolabi :ætate prolabi :ruinam minari :in ruinam pronum esse.|| TR. Cause or suffer to go to ruin, non sarcire : sartum non servare (not to keep in repair).[Cf., Dilapidare, properly only Coll.; grandine dilapidans hominumque bovumque labores.] Not dilapidated, sartus integerque relictus (Cicero).|| FIG. To squander, dissipare (e. g., rem familiarem, patrimonium, Cicero ; avitas opes, Tacitus).(The words are found in this connection
and order.) disperdere et dissipare [Cf., dilapidare, very rare ; triginta minas, Terentius ; facilitates paternæ substantiæ, Firmic., Math., 6, 10].
DILAPIDATION, perhaps dilapidatio, as technical term (dilapidatio bonorum, Code Theodosius, 4, 20, 1).Sometimes sarta tecta will serve :to determine the dilapidations, de sartis tectis cognoscere.|| Peculation, vid.
DILATABLE, quod extendi or dilatari potest :lentus (viscous, tenacious, gluey, etc., and hence, extensible ; used also of lead).
DILATATION, by circumlocution [dilatatio very late; laminæ, Tertullianus; extensio, Vegetius ; extentio, Vitruvius ; productio, not in this sense].
DILATE, || Expand, etc., dilatare (properly; e. g., stomachi partes ; opposed to contrabere, and, figuratively orationem, argumentum ; opposed to contrahere, premere) :producere (lengthen; e. g., ferrum incude ; lineas ex argento).|| Enlarge upon a subject at great length, longum esse; latius, uberius dicere or disputare; pluribus dicere ; multa verba facere de re :late se fundere :to dilate upon it at a tedious length, effusius dicere :multum or multum et insolentem esse (e. g., in re nota, Cicero).
DILATORINESS, tarditas :cunctatio (from indecision) :cessatio (Plautus ) :mora (objectively ; delay) :
Dilatoriness in anything, tarditas in aliqua re (e. g., in negotiis gerendis).
Dilatoriness as a correspondent, negligentia epistolaium; from context, negligentia only (as Cicero, ad Fam.,2, 1, in.).
DILATORY, tardus, lentus [SYN. in SLOW] :negligens (from carelessness).To be a dilatory correspondent, cessatorem esse in literis (Cicero) :a dilatory creature indeed ! lentum sane negotium ! (Cicero ; of one who is slow in paying money that is due.)
Dilatory in matters of business, tardus in negotiis gerendis.A dilatory person, cessator :dilator (Horatius).Not that I am often dilatory, especially, etc., non quo cessator esse solerem, præsertim (e. g., in literis, Cicero).Cf., Cunctator is used in this sense by Cœlius ap. Cicero, Fam., 8, 10, 3; nosti Marcellum, quam tardus et parum efficax ; itemque Servus, quam cunctator ; but it is often used in a good sense, nearly = cautus.
DILEMMA, complexio (defined De Inv., 1, 29 ; complexio est, in aliqua, utrum concesseris, reprehenditur, ad hunc modum ; si improbus est, cur uteris ? si probus, cur accusas?) :dilemma (as technical term Serv. ad Æn., 2, 675; and 10, 449).I have placed you between the horns of a dilemma, * eo rem deduxi, ut utrum concesseris, reprehendi possit.|| State of perplexity, angustiæ :to place anybody in a dilemma, aliquem in angustias adducere (of a thing) ; in angustum compellere :to be brought into a dilemma, in angustias adduci ; in angustum venire :to be placed, or to be in a dilemma, in angustiis esse or hærere ; nescio quomodo me expediam ex re. Vid. PERPLEXITY.
DILETTANTE, qui artem or studia ad voluptatem tantum exercet (Plinius, Ep. 6, 8, 6).
DILIGENCE, diligentia :industria :assiduitas :sedulitas [SYN. in ASSIDUITY].(The words are found in this connection and order.) industria et diligentia :navitas (opposed to ignavia ; activity ; the useful diligence of ordinary men, and of the industrious citizen) :opera (activity ; doing, as opposed to to momentary inactivity, or merely thinking, talking, or advising ; = ἐργασία ) :labor (continued and toilsome activity ; = πόνος ) :studium (the inward impulse, or inclination towards the object) :impigritas (Cicero ap. Non., 125, 20).(The words are found in this connection and order.) industria et labor :cura (care).To exhibit or use diligence in anything, industriam locare ; diligentiam adhibere ; studium collocare (all in re) :to exhibit or use great diligence in anything, multum studii adhibere ad aliquid ; operæ plurimum studiique in aliqua re consumere; magnum studium et multam operam conferre ad aliquid ; multum operæ laborisque in re consumere ; multo sudore et labore facere aliquid desudare et laborare in re :to use or exhibit all possible diligence in anything, omnem industriam or diligentiam ponere in re ; omne studium conferre ad aliquid ; omni cogitatione et cura, incumbere in aliquid ; totum animum atque diligentiam ponere in re; totum et mente et animo incumbere in aliquid. Vid. INDUSTRY.
DILIGENT, diligens :industrius :sedulus :assiduus [SYN. in ASSIDUOUS] :gnavus or navus :impiger.To be diligent in business, in re gerenda acrem et industrium esse :diligent in anything, diligens alicujus rei or in re (accurate, careful, and prudent in anything ; opposed to negligens).
DILIGENTLY, industrie :sedulo :non sine studio :diligenter :cum diligentia :accurate.
DILL, anethum (Vergilius, Plinius) :* anethum graveolens (Linnæus).
DILUENT, diluens (e. g., diluere vinum, potionem).
DILUENT, s.* diluens remedium (as technical term Kraus., Medic. Wörterb.).
DILUTE, v.diluere (dilute; e. g., vinum, by mixing it with water ; also dissolve, and figuratively,; but mhy of weakening something bad) :temperare (to bring to the proper strength ; e. g., by mixing water with wine, or wine with water ; also, figuratively, modice temperatam libertatem [opposed to nimis meracam libertatem] haurire) :aqua permiscere (Columella; so vino permiscere, Cicero ; cujus acerbitas morum ne vino quidem permixta temperari solet) :delumbare (e. g., sententias, Cicero, ; properly to take away the strength of its loins) :enervare (to take away its nerves or strength; e. g., orationem, sententiam). [Vid. WEAKEN] Cf., Gel1ius uses dilutus of a weak law ; videtur nimis esse dilutum, quod scriptum est.
DILUTION, by circumlocution, or temperatio (the mixing in due proportion).A dilution, dilutum (Plinius).A very weak dilution, potio quam dilutissima.
DIM, hebes (the proper word, blunted, then, figuratively, of sight and the other organs of sense; of light and color ; of the intellect. (The words are found in this connection and order.) hebes et tardus, of the senses) :obscurus :subobscurus (Cicero ; but only figuratively of style) :subfuscus (brownish; e. g., margarita, Tacitus) :languidus :languens (wanting life, spirit, or brightness ; e. g., of color, light, expression, etc.) :iners (dull, sluggish ; e. g., of the eyes, a look, etc.) :To grow dim, hebescere (of the eyes; of precious stones ; of the stars; Cf., hebetescere, post-Augustan, and rare) :sensim obscurari (of the recollection of anything, Cicero : memoria sensim obscurata est et evanuit) :languescere (of light or color e. g., luna, Tacitus) :to be dim, hebetem esse; hebere :sensim obscuratum esse et evanescere (Cicero, ; of the recollection of anything) :languere ( of the moon , Propertius) :to make anything dim [vid. To DIM].
Dim lights, languida lumina (Plinius).A dim color, color languidus, lentus :A dim yellow, languescens in luteum color (Plinius).His eyes are dim, oculi cæcutiunt (Varr. ap. Non) :his eyes wax dim, acies oculorum hebescit.
Dim-sighted, hebes :lusciosus :luscitiosus (” qui vespere non videt’ or ” qui interdiu non videt “) : lippus (blear-eyed). DIM, v.hebetare (not in Cicero, nor pre-Augustan, ; visus alicui, Vergilius ; oculorum aciem, lunam, etc., Plinius) :obscurum facere :obscurare (e. g., lumen lucernæ, Cicero ; also of weakening the recollection of anything) :obscuritatem afferre alicui rei (Cicero).
DIMENSION, dimensio (the measuring; e. g., quadrati, Cicero) :* ratio modi (proportionate magnitude).To take the dimensions of anything, metiri (e. g., of a field, agrum, Cicero) :dimetiri aliquid :mensuram alicujus rei inire (Columella), agere (Plinius), facere (Ovidius) :to take the dimensions by the same method, eadem ratione mensuram addere (Vitrvius, 9, 3).
DIMIDIATE, dimidiare (but only in participle, dimidiatus).
DIMINISH, minuere; imminuere; deminuere aliquid, or aliquid de aliqua re ; extenuare ; levare, sublevare, elevare (anything heavy or burdensome) ; remittere aliquid, or aliquid de aliqua re (to relax) ; lenire (anything unpleasant). Vid. LESSEN.
DIMINUTION, deminutio.imminutio.extenuatio.levatio.remissio :mitigatio.
Diminution of strength, defectio virium; vires corporis affectæ.Vid. LESSENING.
DIMINUTIVE, [Vid. SMALL].|| A diminutive, nomen deminutum (Quintilianus); deminutivum (Prisc., Charis.).” Cymbia is a diminutive from cymba,” cymbia deminutive a cymba dicta (Macrobius).
DIMINUTIVENESS, Vid. SMALLNESS.
DIMISSORY, dimissorius.Letters dimissory, dimissoriæ literæ (“dimissoriæ literæ” dicuntur, quæ vulgo apostoli dicuntur [i. e., an order to remove a cause to a higher court].
Dimissoriæ autem dictæ, quia causa ad eum, qui appellatus est, dimittitur, Modest., Dig.).
DIMITY, * pannus linoxylinus.
DIMNESS, obscuratio (e. g., obscurity, quibus in rebus magna obscuratio est, Cicero) :obscuritas (Cicero : obscuratio oculorum, Plinius) :hebetatio (post-classical, oculorum, Plinius) :hebetudo (post-classical, Macrobius, Somn. Scip., 1, 14) :dimness of sight, oculi hebetes or caligantes.
DIMPLE, lacuna, parva lacuna (in the chin or cheeks; Ovidius, A. A., 3, 283 ; so Apul., medio mento lacuna) :gelasinus ( γελασῖνος , a dimple in the cheeks, appearing when one laughs; Martisalis, 7, 25, 6).
DIN, s.,strepitus :fragor :fragores :crepitus : sonitus [SYN. in NOISE, vid.].The din of arms, armorum crepitus (Livius); strepitus belli (Livius ; if used as circumlocution for “war’).
DIN, v.To din anybody’s ears, obtundere alicujus aures (with anything, aliqua re, Cicero) :obtundere aliquem (with anything, aliqua re; e. g., voce, rogitando, Terentianus) :to din with clamor, aliquem clamoribus exsurdare (Seneca).
DINE, prandere
:prandium comedere or (with Suetonius Oct., 78) cibum meridianum sumere (a sort of late breakfast or lunch at 12 o’clock. Cf., Of soldiers, prandere is the right word for to “dine;” Ruperti) :cœnare :cœnitare (to take the principal meal of the day, towards evening) :epulari (at a dinner to which company is invited) :to dine early, de die cœnare :de media, die cœnare (with the Romans, for the purpose of lengthening the meal, for a good or bad motive).To dine with anybody, accubare apud aliquem (Cicero, Att., 14, 12) :cœnare apud aliquem (Cicero), or cum aliquo (Horatius, Suetonius, Juv.).I have but just dined, cœnavi modo :to invite anybody to dine with one, invitare or vocare aliquem, with or without ad cœnam :to tell, or send word to anybody, that you will dine with him, condicere alicui ad cœnam ; condicere alicui :to dine with anybody by express invitation, cœnare cum aliquo vocatu ipsius.When I had dined ; after I had dined, etc., cœnatus :to engage to dine with anybody, promittere ad aliquem (Cicero); promittere ad cœnam (Plinius) :to have anybody to dine with one, cœnæ adhibere aliquem (Quintilianus) :to dine out frequently ; to be fond of dining out, cœnas obire ; ad cœnas itare :to be dining out, foris cœnare :to dine out, foris cœnitare, ad cœnas itare (of the habit ; = to accept invitations to dinner) :to dine on anything, cœnare aliquid (Plautus, Horatius ; olus, aves).
DING, TRANS., allidere :illidere :incutere :infligere.INTRANS.,Vid. BOUNCE, BLUSTER.
DINGLE, convallis.
DINGY, fuscus (brown) :subniger (blackish) :sordidus.sordidior :sordidulus (dirty ; dirtyish). DINING-ROOM, cœnatio (only in post-Augustan, prose) :conclave, ubi epulamur.A small dining-room, cœnatiuncula.
DINNER, cœna (the principal meal of the Romans; usually the last of the day, to which they sat down at about the hora nona, though often later; it was this to which guests were invited) :cibus meridianus :prandium (a late breakfast, usually of only cold meat, about the hora sexta or septima ; in an army the prandium was the principal meal).To get one’s dinner, cœnare, prandere (the latter especially of an army ; ducibus præceptum, ut prandere omnes juberent, Livius) :to sit down to dinner, accubare (since the Romans lay down) :to order dinner, cœnam imperare (with dative ; e. g., servo) :to invite anybody to dinner, aliquem ad cœnam vocare, invitare, and (Nepos) devocare :to be getting dinner ready; to prepare the dinner, cœnam adparare (Tacitus), curare (Plautus ) :to cook a dinner, cœnam coquere :to give a dinner to anybody, cœnam dare alicui (Plautus, Cicero); cœnæ adhibere aliquem :to give dinners, cœnas or cœnulas facere (Cicero) :to take one’s dinner with anybody, cœnare apud aliquem :to come to take one’s dinner with anybody, venire ad cœnam :after dinner, post cœnam ; often by participle cœnatus.That is my only chance of getting a dinner, est illic mihi una spes cœnatica (Plautus ) :to give a dinner of three courses, cœnam tribus ferculis præbere :an early dinner, cœna tempestiva (with the Romans, for the purpose of gaining more time, either for rational conversation or for the pleasures of the table) :to have a dinner of seven courses served up when one is quite alone, fercula septem secreto cœnare (Juvenalis) :to be longing for one’s dinner, cœnaturire (Martial.).
DINNER-TIME, tempus cœnandi :our dinner-time is five o’clock, * hora quinta cœnatur.
DINT, || Blow, stroke, vid.|| Force, in such expressions as ” by dint of” war, exertions, arguments, etc.:mostly by the simple ablative; sometimes by non sine.To try to refute anybody by dint of arguments, aliquem argumentis refellere conari :by dint of great exertions or indtistry, non sine summa industria.|| Mark of a blow, etc., nota :vibex (weal).
DINT, v.notam imprimere (to mark) :incidere (to cut in) :atterere :stringere (of cords, etc.: e. g., cutem).
DIOCESAN, episcopus :* ordinarius (in ecclesiastical Latin ; e. g., Council of Trent).
DIOCESE, diœcesis ( διοίκησις , Eccl.).
DIOPTRICS, dioptrica (technical term).
DIP, TR., mergere in aliquid, or in aliqua, re, or aliqua re only (e. g., in aquam or aqua ; in the sea, mari) :tingere, or intingere in aliqua re, or aliqua re (to dip or steep in anything for the purpose of moistening it [e. g., a sponge in vinegar, spongiam in aceto] ; or of extinguishing it [e. g., torches in a river, faces in amne] ; tingere aliqua re is especially = to dip for the purpose of coloring anything).[Cf., Immergere, mostly poetical and post-Augustan, prose; but also Ciceronian.] To dip one’s hands in anybody’s blood, manus cæde alicujus imbuere :to dip one’s pen in the ink, calamum intingere (Quintilianus, 10, 3, 31).To dip anything under, submergere ; demergere or mergere only; anything in, aliquid in aliqua re, sub aliqua re.To dip one’s head under (in bathing), submergere fluctibus caput : demergere vultum in undas (Propertius, 3, 18, 9).|| To baptize (used contemptuously), perfundere (so used by the Pelagian Julianus, elegisti verbum, quo fieret contemptibile quod dicebas, August, contr. Julianus, 6, 26) : DIP, INTR.,se mergere in aliquid or in aliqua re (of persons).|| Incline, vergere :proclivem or declivem esse (to dip or slope downwards) :to dip to the south, in meridiem vergere.|| Of the magnetic needle, declinare (technical term).|| Engage in, implicari (into anything, aliqua re) :se immiscere (into anything, alicui rei).|| To enter slightly into, leviter attingere aliquid (e. g., Greek, Græcas literas, Cicero) :gustare aliquid primis or primoribus labris, ut aiunt, gustare (just to taste of it; figuratively, opposed to the thorough study of anything).To dip into a book, librum strictim attingere (Cicero, Att., 2, 1, 1) :librum percurrere (after Cicero) :librum cursim transire (Gellius) [Poetically, oculo properante legere, Ovidius ; oculo veloci percurrere, Horatius] :paginas percurrere (e. g., in annalibus, Livius, 9, 18, mid.) :inspicere librum (Plautus).Satisfied with dipping into the Gorgias without looking at his other works, Gorgiam legere contentus, neque hoc totum neque alia ejus volumina evolvit (after Quintilianus, 15, 24).
DIP, s.,inclinatio.declinatio (e. g., cœli : mundi).
Dip of the magnetic needle, * fastigium acus nauticae (Georges) :* inclinatio, devergentia acus nauticæ (Krafter; devergentia, only Gellius).
DIPHTHONG, diphthongus (Prisc). DIPLOMA, diploma, atis, neuter (in the time of Cicero, a public letter of recommendation for persons travelling in the provinces ; in later times, any writing in favor of anybody, drawn tip by a magistrate, as Suetonius, Ner., 12, diploma civitatis alicui offerre ; i. e., to offer to any the freedom of the city) :codicilli (a writing of the prince, in which he assigns an office to any one, as Suetonius,Tiberius, 42, Bremi) :tabula publica (document, record).
DIPLOMACY, * legationum obeundarum disciplina atque doctrina (of the duty of ambassadors) :disciplina, quæ tabularum publicarum fidem atque usum docet (science which teaches how to understand, etc., official documents).To follow diplomacy (as a profession), legationes obire :by diplomacy, per legatos.
DIPLOMATIC, by the genitives legationis or legationum ; legati or legatorum (Cf., legatoria provincia is doubtful :according to Orelli, a false reading, for locatoria provincia, Cicero, Att., 15, 9, 1) :κυρικιμασαηικοa diplomatic post, legationis or legati munus ; * legati provincia :a diplomatic dinner, epulum legatorum (Inscr.); convivium, quo legati pascuntur (after Eutropius, 4, 7, extr.) :the diplomatic corps or body, corpus legatorum :to go to a place in a diplomatic character, legatum aliquo venire.
DIPLOMATIST, * in legationibus obeundis versatus (experienced in embassies) :legatus (ambassador).
DIRE, DIREFUL, Vid. TERRIBLE.
DIRECT, || To point anything in a straight line towards an object, dirigere ; to an object, ad aliquid (properly and improperly).To direct one’s course to any place, cursum dirigere aliquo(also cursum dirigere, absolutely, Ovidius) :one’s steps any whither, iter dirigere or convertere aliquo ; elsewhere, iter flectere :to direct a gun, etc. [vid. To POINT] :to direct one’s eyes to an object, oculos conjicere ad or in aliquid ; oculos alicui or ad aliquid adjicere ; oculos convertere in aliquem or aliquid (Cf., dirigere aciem ad aliquem , Catullus) :all eyes are directed to you, omnium oculi in te sunt conjecti :to direct one’s attention to anything, animum ad aliquid attendere, adjicere, or applicare ; mentem ad aliquid dirigere or appellere ; one’s thoughts to any subject, cogitationes ad aliquid dirigere (Cicero):cogitationes ad or in aliquid intendere ; all one’s thoughts or attention, omni cogitatione ferri ad aliquid ; toto animo et studio omni incumbere ad aliquid ; in aliquid omni cogitatione curaque incumbere. Cf., Not only the object to which, but also the rule by which we direct anything, is placed with ad :to direct ourselves (our lives, etc.) by the rule of right reason, dirigere vitam ad rationis normam (so leges hominum ad naturam).|| Give a direction for finding a person or object; tell a person where to go, alicui monstrare viam or iter ; aliquem ducere in viam (to put him in the right way) ; aliquem reducere in viam (if he had been astray) :to direct anybody to anyone, ubi aliquis habitet demonstrare alicui (to anybody’s house) :delegare aliquem (to send him there, to obtain, do, leave, etc., something ; e. g., studiosos Catonis ad volumen) :to direct to anyone (to point to with the finger), aliquem digito monstrare or demonstrare; aliquem digito demonstrare conspicuumque facere (in order to make him distinguishable among the multitude) ; digitum intendere ad aliquid (e. g., to
the original sources, ad fontes, Cicero).|| Govern, guide, aliquid gubernare (to sit at the helm and direct it) :aliquid regere (to guide, conduct) :alicui rei præesse, præfectum esse, præsidere (to be set over, to preside over) : to direct the affairs of a nation, rempublicam administrare or procurare ( procurare, of one who has the sole management).|| Prescribe, enjoin, præscribere or præcipere alicui aliquid.We directed them to, etc., sic iis præscripsimus, ut, etc.:direct me what to do, quid faciam præscribe (Horatius) :the Pythia directed them to, etc., consulentibus Pythia præcepit, ut, etc.:they directed him what to do, huic, quid fieri vellent, præceperunt (i. e., what they wished to have done).He directed me to pay such a person, mihi cui numerem delegavit. [Vid. COMMAND.]|| To address; to direct a letter to anybody, alicui inscribere epistolam. Cf., Præscribere (e. g., epistola, cui titulus præscriptus est, Gellius) does not answer to our direction on the outside.
DIRECTION, ||Act of directing or aiming at, directio ; thus Quintilian says, a ” conjecture” is a directio quædam rationis ad veritatem.|| Line of motion with reference to the point to be reached.Mostly by circumlocution or by regio, tractus (the district or quarter towards which the direction lies) or via (way) ; cursus (course) partes (parts). [Cf., Directio is the act of directing, or of levelling.]
Directions in which the motion of bodies takes place, momenta (vid. Wolf onTusc., 1, 17, 40).In the direction of Gaul, the Alps, etc., (after verb of motion), ad Galliam versus, ad Alpes versus [Cf., very seldom without ad : as, ille supra Maleam Italiam versus navigaturus erat, Sulpic. ap.Fam., 4, 12, 1 ; al. in Italiam].In a straightforward direction, recta regione :recta via :in all directions, quoquoversus (Cæsar); in omnes partes (both after a verb of motion; e. g., legationes, servos, etc., dimittere) :in both directions, utroque versus (Gellius) :in opposite directions, in contrarias partes (e. g., abire, of two persons ; fluere, of two streams) :to go away in the opposite direction, in contrariam partem ire (Cæsar) :in different directions, in diversas partes ; also diversi (e. g., discesserunt) :diversis itineribus (of directions in which persons come) :where the river changes the direction of its course, qua flumen intermittit (Cæsar, B. G., 1, 38) :to regain their right direction, cursum corrigere (Livius 29, 27) :to put anybody in the right direction, ducere in viam, or (if he had before lost it) reducere in viam ; erranti monstrare viam :the direction things are taking, cursus rerum.To give anything a direction towards, etc., aliquid dirigere in or ad aliquid (e. g., navem in portum; ad litora) :to keep the right direction, cursum tenere (especially of a vessel) :to wander from, deviate from the right direction, a via aberrare (to lose one’s road) ; cursum non tenere (especially of ships and sea-faring people) :to take another direction, flectere iter (to take another way ; of persons); immutari (to be changed ; especially for the worse).A road runs in the direction of, etc., via fert aliquo (leads to it) ducit aliquo.I always move involuntarily in the direction of your room, ad diætam tuam ipsi me pedes ducunt (Plinius, Ep., 7, 5, 1) :the roads, the footsteps, etc., lie or are in the direction of, etc., itinera, vestigia ferunt aliquo :my proceedings are all in the same direction, hæc eadem est nostræ rationis regio et via (Cicero, Verr., 5, 7, 181).To gallop in different directions, * citato cursu in diversas partes avehi (of cavalry) (Cf., discurrere is to ride up and down, to and fro) :to be dragged in different directions, in diversas partes distrahi (figuratively, of the desires, etc.).|| Government, management, administratio (e. g., belli) :moderatio :gubernatio (government, guidance; especially of the state, reipublicæ) :cura (the care) :procuratio (as deputy for another) :auctoritas (declaration of a superior’s pleasure, which the inferior submits to) :summa rerum or imperii (the supreme direction of either domestic or military affairs) :summa belli (the direction of military affairs) :the direction of domestic concerns, cura rei domesticæ.By anybody’s direction, aliquo duce ; alicujus ductu (by his guidance) ; aliquo auctore (by his advice) :to do anything by anybody’s direction, aliquo auctore facere aliquid :to have the direction of anything, regere ; moderari ; moderatorem esse alicujus rei ; gubernare ; (The words are found in this connection and order.) regere et moderari :regere et gubernare :gubernare et moderari :administrare :præesse alicui rei (e. g., the games, ludis ; a business, negotio) :to be intrusted with the direction of the war, bellum administrare :to have the principal direction of public affairs, publici consilii auctorem or moderatorem esse ; rempublicam procurare :to submit to anybody’s direction, or be under his direction, alicujus consilio regi; aliquem or alicujus auctoritatem sequi, alicui parere, obtemperare :to be under the direction of another, or of others, alieni arbitrii esse.|| Command, order, præscriptio ; (The words are found in this connection and order.) præscriptio moderatioque :præscriptum :jussum :mandatum :auctoritas.By anybody’s directions, jussu or auctoritate alicujus ; jubente aliquo; jussus ab aliquo :[SYN. in COMMAND.] To follow anybody’s directions, alicujus præceptum observare, curare (opposed to negligere) :to follow the letter ofhis directions, ad præscriptum agere (of an officer); [vid. COMMAND, for phrases].|| Direction (of a letter), * inscriptio ; * titulus epistolæ inscriptus (after epistola, cui alicujus nomen præscriptus est, Gellius).|| Body of directors, * collegium magistrorum, præfectorum, præsidum ; or magistri, præfecti, præsides. SYN. in DIRECTOR.
DIRECTLY, || In a direct line, recta (e. g., a subselliis recta ad rostra, Cicero ; tendere recta Beneventum, Horatius) ; recta via :recta regione.|| Immediately, straightway, statim :protinus :confestim :e vestigio :illico.SYN. in IMMEDIATELY.
DIRECTNESS, rectitudo (post-classical, Aggen. in Front, p. 46, Goes.). By circumlocution. DIRECTOR, magister (one that takes care of and manages the interests of a company) :princeps (one that is at the head) :præses (a president, one that fills the chair) :præfectus (one set over) :rector : moderator : gubernator (one that guides the helm, has the direction of the whole. Cf., Director is without any ancient warrant, and at the most ought to be applied only as a title, in order to distinguish it from rector) :director of a company or society, magister societatis (e. g., of a trading company) :of a choir of singers, chori canentium magister (Columella, 12, 2, 4) :to be a director [vid. To DIRECT] :to take the place of a director, pro magistro esse.
DIRECTORY, || The office of a director, magisterium ; præfectura.|| The directors as a body, * collegium magistrorum, præfectorum, præsidum, etc.; magistri ; præfecti ; præsides.
DIREPTION, direptio (Cicero).
DIRGE, nænia :carmen funebre (the latter as an explanation of the former, Quintilianus, 8, 28) :cantus funebris (so far as actually sung, vid. Cicero, Milon., 32, 86) :carmen ferale (death-song ; Vergilius, of the howling of the screech-owl).To sing a dirge over anybody, næniam dicere de aliquo (after Plautus, True., 2, 1, 3).
DIRK, pugiunculus.
DIRT, v.Vid. DIRTY.
DIRT, lutum (dirt of streets, roads) :cœnum (mire of bog, morass, etc.) :sordes :illuvies (the former, any dirt, e. g., of clothes ; the latter especially dirt on the bodies of persons and animals) :stercus :fimus :merda (the dung of persons and animals ; stercus, simply dung ; fimus, as filth ; merda, as something contemptible, defiling) :quisquiliæ (all sweepings, refuse, etc., which one throws away ; also figuratively, of useless things) :squalor (disgusting dirt, opposed to nitor) :situs (dirt contracted by things being never touched or removed; by its being left in a damp place, etc.) :pædor (of dirt, as emitting a bad smell ; e. g., from neglect of the person) :purgamentum (of the impurities that are removed when anything is cleaned).To be covered with dirt, situ squalere :covered with dirt, situ sordidus ; obsitus squalore (e. g., vestis).A spot of dirt, macula :to remove spots of dirt, maculas abluere, auferre, emendare, tollere (Plinius).To remove a spot of dirt from anything, maculam auferre de aliqua re ; maculam abluere ex aliqua re (by washing it out).To be as cheap as dirt, or dirt cheap, pro luto esse (e. g., annona, Petronius., Sat., 44).
DIRTILY, sordide.obscœne.SYN. in DIRTY.
DIRTINESS, sordes :squalor. [Vid. DIRT, s.]|| Meanness, vid.|| Obscenity, vid.
DIRTY, lutosus, cœnosus (properly ; SYN. in DIRT, s.) : lutulentus (also figuratively) :luto or cœno oblitus ; obscenus (creating disgust when we see or hear of it ; figuratively, persons, paintings, verses, etc.) :immundus (not neat, not clean ; opposed to mundus) :spurcus (of uncleanness disgusting to the eye or nose ; then figuratively = morally impure) :sordidus (also figuratively, of one who is dirtily mean, and of low-minded men generally) :squalidus (only properly) :pædidus (offensively dirty in person ; very rare, Petronius).Very dirty, sordium plenus ; squalore sordidus ; squaloris plenus (Cicero, of a person) :obsitus sordibus, or squalore, pædore horridus :To be dirty, sordere, squalere :to be very dirty, situ squalere :to become dirty, sordescere.
DIRTY, v.inquinare aliquid aliqua re :maculam facere in aliqua re (cause a spot of dirt on it) :maculare (spot it ; Plautus, Cato, Vergilius).To dirty one’s self, se inquinare aliquare (e. g., sordibus, cœno).
DISABILITY, by circumlocution.He confesses his disability, confitetur
se non posse.To lie under a disability of doing anything, aliquid non posse :to lie under a disability in consequence of anything, aliqua re parum posse (e. g., ingenio).To lie under a legal disability, legibus vetari ; jure prohiberi :to acknowledge no disability, nihil non se efficere posse ducere. [Vid. To DISABLE.]Sometimes imbecillitas ; infirmitas (weakness) may serve (as in “the understanding is conscious of its disability”). DISABLE, debilitare (to weaken; membra, Cicero ; the enemy, opes adversariorum, Nepos).(The words are found in this connection and order.) affligere et debilitare :infirmare :enervare [SYN. in WEAKEN, vid.] :alicui facultatem aliquid faciendi eripere ; aliquem prohibere, quominus aliquid faciat (disable him to do something) :aliquem omnibus membris debilem facere (Seneca ; of maiming him bodily) :exarmare ( Velleius ; victis afflictisque ipsi exarmati – civitatem dare maluerunt, vid. Ruhnken, ad loc.) : Cf., ad usum incommodare (e. g., manum, Ulpianus, is post- classical).To disable a ship, navem afflictare, frangere; * inutilem ad navigandum reddere.Old age disables us, senectus enervat et affligit homines.To disable the enemy, opes hostium affligere (Livius) ; hostes bello affligere (Livius); opes adversariorum debilitare (Nepos) ; accidere res hostium.To disable guns, * frangere pedamentum or pegma tormentorum (Bau.).
DISABLED, debilitatus (opposed to occisus : obtritus) :infirmus ac debilis factus :exarmatus (Velleius) :mancus :omnibus membris claudus ac debilis :homo claudus ac debilis, or mancus ac debilis [vid. CRIPPLE].A disabled ship, navis ad navigandum inutilis (Cæsar) :navis quassa or ventis quassata (†), debilitata (Lucretius) :
Disabled in consequence of a fall, lapsu debilitatus.
DISABUSE, dedocere aliquem aliquid (unteach him) :opinione levare aliquem :alicui or ex alicujus animo opinionem evellere (correct a wrong impression ; the latter of quite removing it) :meliora edocere aliquem (teach him better) :errore aliquem levare (Cicero), or exsolvere (Terentianus); errorem alicui tollere (Livius), eripere, extorquere :ab errore avellere aliquem (by strong measures, Cicero).
DISACCUSTOM, detrahere alicui alicujus rei consuetudinem :a consuetudine alicujus rei aliquem abducere :dedocere aliquem aliquid (to unteach him anything).
DISADVANTAGE, s.,incommodum :damnum : detrimentum :jactura [SYN. in LOSS].iniquitas (disadvantage of situation ; of an army, etc.; loci, locorum; also of a state of affairs, temporum).He states the disadvantages of the ground, quid iniquitas loci habeat incommodi proponit (Cæsar, B.G., 7, 45).At a disadvantage, to one’s disadvantage, cum incommodo ; cum damno ; cum detrimento :at a great disadvantage ; to my great disadvantage, cum magno meo incommodo :to buy or sell at a disadvantage, male emere or vendere :without any disadvantage, sine incommodo ; sine damno ; sine fraude :to state the disadvantages of anything, quid aliqua res habeat incommodi proponere (after Cæsar, B.G., 7, 45).That disadvantage is in some degree compensated by this advantage, in ista incommoditate illud inest tamen commodi (quod, etc., Cicero) :to suffer some disadvantage, aliquo incommodo affici (Cicero) :the advantages of anything are greater than its disadvantages, aliquid plus habet adjumenti quam incommodi :anything was a great disadvantage to anybody, aliqua res magnum alicui attulit incommodum :to remedy, lessen, etc., escape from a disadvantage, incommodum dejicere, deminuere, devitare (Cicero).The Roman people, in spite of all their disadvantages, populus Romanus, tametsi multis incommodis difficultatibusque affectus est, tamen, etc.:to speak to anybody’s disadvantage, laudibus alicujus obtrectare ; detrahere de alicujus fama.Under all these disadvantages, tot incommodis conflictatus (Cæsar, B. G., 5, 35, 5).
DISADVANTAGE, v.incommodare (alicui or alicui rei, or absolutely, Ciceronian, but rare) :incommodum alicui dare, ferre, afferre or importare (Cicero) :nocere (hurt) :alicui damnum dare, afferre, or apportare :detrimentum alicui afferre, inferre, or importare ; detrimento aliquem afficere :fraudem alicui facere.
DISADVANTAGEOUS, incommodus :damnosus :detrimentosus (hurtful) :alienus :adversus (unfavorable) :iniquus (unfavorable; especially of ground, with reference to military operations).
Disadvantageous ground, locus iniquus or alienus.
DISADVANTAGEOUSLY, cum incommodo; cum damno; cum detrimento :male (ill) :inique (unfavorably) :incommode (against one’s convenience, interests, etc.).
DISAFFECT, alienare or abalienare (abalienatus dicitur, quem quis a se removerit; alienatus, qui alienus est factus, Fasti) ; to anybody, ab aliquo :aliquem, or alicujus voluntatem, or (Plautus) animum ab aliquo abalienare :aliquem, or alicujus voluntatem, or animum (Livius, Velleius) ab aliquo alienare (to one’s self, a se ; also alienare sibi animum alicujus, Velleius) :avertere aliquem or alicujus animum (absolutely or ab aliquo, ab alicujus amicitia Cicero, Cæsar) :abducere, abstrahere, distrahere, subducere aliquem ab aliquo.To attempt to disaffect soldiers, milites sollicitare (cf. Cæsar B, C, 2, 33, extr.).|| DISAFFECTED, alienatus, to anybody, ab aliquo ; in consequence of anything, aliqua re :voluntate alienatus (Sallustius) :to be disaffected to anybody, ab aliquo animo esse alieno or averso; totum se ab alicujus amicitia avertisse (Cæsar).
DISAFFECTION, alienatio :to anybody, ab aliquo (in Tacitus, in aliquem ; vid. example below ; Cicero, also has ab aliquo ad aliquem , Phil. 2, 1). (The words are found in this connection and order.) alienatio disjunctioque (the latter term is the stronger, implying the actual separation that follows a change in one’s inward feelings ; vid. Beier ad Cicero, Læl., 21, 76) :animus inimicus infestusque :voluntas ab alienata.Which was the principal cause of disaffection to Vitellius in the Illyrian armies, inde præcipua in Vitellium alienatio per Illyricos exercitus.
DISAGREE, || Differ, discrepare cum aliquo and cum re (not to be in unison with, opposed to concinere); dissidere, dissentire a and cum aliquo (not to agree in opinion, opposed to consentire) :writers disagree with each other, discrepat inter auctores, inter scriptores :to disagree with anybody more in words than in reality, ab aliquo dissentire verbis magis quam sententiis :to agree with anyone in reality, but to disagree in words, re concinere, verbis discrepare cum aliquo.|| Of food, stomacho alienum esse (opposed to stomacho aptum, or idoneum esse, or convenire, Celsus, 2, 25) :innatare stomacho (opposed to sedere, Horatius, Plinius, ; = to float about in it undigested) :minus facile concoqui (not to be easily digested) :gravem esse, or parum salubrem esse.|| Of medicine, * parum commode facere :* parum prodesse (not to act well) :nocere (to be hurtful).
DISAGREEABLE, ingratus :insuavis :injucundus :non jucundus :gravis : molestus :odiosus. [Vid. UNPLEASANT.]To contain anything disagreeable, injucunditatis aliquid habere (Cicero).A disagreeable smell, odor injucundus, gravis.A disagreeable voice, injucundus vocis sonus :a smell that is not disagreeable, non injucundus odor (Plinius ; jucundus odor, Cicero) :what is more disagreeable than ? etc., quid insuavius, quam ? etc. (Cicero ; e. g., clamor in exordio causæ).A disagreeable temper, difficilis natura :from its disagreeable smell, propter gravitatem odoris (Plinius) :it is very disagreeable of you to, etc., illud mihi odiosum est, quod, etc.Oil, when too old, has a disagreeable smell, vetustas oleo tædium affert (Plinius) :to render life disagreeable, vitam insuavem reddere (Cicero).
DlSAGREEABLENESS, injucunditas (Cicero, ; e. g., orationis) :gravitas (e. g., odoris, Plinius) :insuavitas (very late; dictionis, Gellius) :morositas (disagreeableness of temper) :molestia (disagreeableness, as felt; the annoyance or disgust caused by it) :tædium (a disagreeableness object that wearies one, annoys one).
DISAGREEABLY, injucundius (e. g., res injucundius actæ, Cicero : injucunde does not occur) :male (e. g., olere, to smell disagreeably) :graviter (e. g., olere).
DISAGREEMENT, dissensio (in aliqua re : de re : difference of opinion ; then = a misunderstanding or dispute, as the consequence of such difference ; and difference generally, of things ; e. g., utilium cum honestis, Cicero) :dissidium (the alienation of persons, and breaking off of their intercourse ; of two persons or parties : Cf., not to be confounded with discidium = a local separation). (The words are found in this connection and order.) dissensio ac dissidium ; dissidium ac dissensio :discordia (want of harmony; the aiming at different ends; hence, also, of things, rerum) :An amicable disagreement, sine acerbitate dissensio.Amongst those who maintain the existence of the gods, there is so much disagreement, etc., qui deos esse dixerunt, in tanta sunt varietate ac dissensione constituti, ut, etc. Vid. DIFFERENCE, QUARREL.
DISALLOW, non probare :improbare (not to approve of; opposed to probare, approbare ; improbare also [opposed to defendere] = not to admit the truth of an opinion; and also to rescind [e. g., judicium sacerdotis] ) :reprobare (also opposed to probare, approbare ; of not allowing opinions ; also [opposed to asciscere] of what our nature rejects and dislikes ; Cicero) :damnare :condemnare (condemn) :reprehendere :vituperare (censure ; opposed to probare, laudare) [SYN. in BLAME] :negare (to deny).|| To disallow an account, rationem non probare (Cicero).to allow each particular item, and yet disallow the total, æra singula probare; summam, quæ ex his confecta est, non probare (Cicero).
DISALLOWABLE, non probandus :improbandus :reprobandus :vituperandus
:reprehendendus.
DISALLOWANCE, improbatio (opposed to approbatio) :dissuasio (opposed to adhortatio) :reprehensio :vituperatio (censure; opposed to probatio : laus).
DISALLOWED, non concessus.non probatus :reprobatus :improbatus.
DISANIMATE, Vid. DISHEARTEN.
DISANNUL, Vid. ANNUL.
DISAPPEAR, evanescere (properly of dew, etc.; then of reports, etc.; and figuratively of hopes) :evolare e conspectu (pass rapidly out of sight; of ships, etc.) :abire(go away; properly and figuratively; of a pestilence, fear, an evil, time, etc.) :auferri (to be carried away or removed ; legally or illegally; properly) :tolli (to be taken out of the way; properly and figuratively) :obscurari (to be darkened ; of the stars) :extabescere (used figuratively of what dies away; e. g., opiniones, Cicero) :occultari (to be hidden; opposed to aperiri of the stars) :se abdere :se abdere in occultum (to hide one’s self; ofpersons) :se subtrahere :clam se subducere (of persons absconding).The ship soon disappeared, navis evolabat e conspectu quasi fugiens :the land soon disappeared, celeriter e conspectu terræ ablati sunt (Livius, 29, 27) :the silver tables disappeared from all the temples, mensæ argenteæ ex omnibus templis sublatæ sunt :those times have disappeared, abiit illud tempus :the evil disappeared for a short time, malum abiit in diem :every memorial of them has disappeared, eorum memoria evanuit :this custom has totally disappeared, consuetudo de civitate sublata est :the fear of regal government has disappeared, timor regni sublatus est :not only the thing, but its very name has disappeared, cum re nomen quoque vetustate abolevit (Livius 1, 23).
DISAPPEARANCE, by circumlocution; with the disappearance of their fear, metu remoto (Tacitus).
DISAPPOINT, fallere :decipere (deceive; the latter implying intention) :frustrari (deceive by false hopes, disappoint anybody’s expectation) :destituere (to leave in the lurch, after having promised, etc.; also used absolutely) :mentiri (to convey a false notion or expectation; of things ; e. g., oculi, frons, vultus) :fraudare (to defraud, aliquem aliqua re; and absolutely, aliquem ) :(The words are found in this connection and order.) fraudare et fallere (e. g., socium, Cicero) :ad vanum, or ad irritum, or ad vanum et irritum redigere (to make anything as good as undone ; defeat it, etc.); Cf., not ad nihil redigere, in this sense :fidem fallere, mutare, or frustrari; fidem frangere, violare, non servare (to disappoint by not keeping one’s word) :take care not to disappoint me, cave aliter facias.To disappoint anybody’s hope or expectation, spem alicujus fallere, ludere or destituere ; exspectationem alicujus decipere :to be disappointed in a hope or expectation, a spe destituor ; spes me fallit, destituit, or frustratur ; opinio me frustratur :to see one’s hopes disappointed, spem perdere spe excfdere ; a spe decidere : spe dejici ; spes ad irritum cadit or redigitur :death disappointed all his hopes, omnem spem atque omnia vitæ consilia mors pervertit : disappointed of his hope, destitutus a spe (Livius), spe (Curtius, 8, 6) :being disappointed in this hope or expectation, hac spe lapsus (Cæsar) ; being disappointed of his only hope, destitutus ab unica spe (Livius, 40, 47) :if he disappoints us, si is destituat (Livius) :to be disappointed by anybody, ab aliquo destitutum esse :to disappoint a suitor, alicujus precibus non satisfacere.I am never disappointed when I ask him a favor, nullius rei ab aliquo repulsam fero (Nepos) : Warning ; Any kind of reproduction of this page will be very severely accused by tokyomaths.comwhen he was disappointed in this, ubi id parum processit.To be disappointed (of things ; e. g., attempts, plans, etc.), irritum fieri ; ad irritum cadere, recidere or venire. I have been disappointed, evenit aliquid præter spem ; res præter opinionem cecidit ; res aliter, ac ratus eram, cecidit ; aliter res cecidit, ac putabam (the thing has turned out differently from what I expected ; in a bad sense).