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COUNCIL, concilium or consilium (most regularly, concilium; but the MSS. vary much:”the distinction given by Gronov., Livius, 44, 2, that concilium is a council in which one person addresses the rest, and says authoritatively what must be done; consilium (when used of the assembly), one in which the assembled body deliberate, seems to be unfounded. Cf., Cæsar, B. G., 2, 4; and 1, 40,” Freund):senatus (as supreme council of a state or town):decuriones (in a small town; the town-council):the supreme council, penes quos est summa consilii.A privy-council, consilium sanctius (Livius 44, 35).[Vid. ” cabinet council,” under CABINET.]
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Council of state, consilium publicum (Cicero, Mil., 33, 90); consilium reipublicæ (Florus):a permanent council of state, consilium reipublicæ sempiternum:the elders formed the supreme council of state, respublica penes senes erat:to hold a council, consilium, senatum habere:to summon a council, concilium convocare (Cicero), advocare (Livius) vocare, cogere (Vergilius):to dismiss a council, concilium dimittere:to remove it (to another place), concilium transfers (e.g., Lutetiam):to take a part in their secret councils, consiliis arcanis interesse (Livius 35, 18):to be chosen member of a council, in consilium delectum esse (Cicero):fieri publici consilii participem (of a state-council, Cicero). || Council of war, consilium militare or castrense, or, from context, consilium only: prætorium (if assembled in or before the tent of the commander-in-chief):duces or principes, quos sibi imperator ad consilium capiendum deligit (Cæsar.,B. G., 7, 36); from context, duces or principes only (if composed of the superior officers):to hold a council of war, consilium habere; to summon one, consilium convocare; to dismiss or break up one, prætorium or duces dimittere:the council meets or assembles, duces conveniunt:to lay anything before a council of war, rem deferre ad consilium (Cæsar); referre aliquid ad consilium (Nepos):
Council chamber, curia. || Meeting of the heads of the Church, *concilium principum rei Christianæ, or concilium only: synodus (Scriptores Ecclesiastici).
COUNCILLOR, consiliarius (as technical term, with the ancients it was one who gave advice in a particular case):*a consiliis: senator (member of the state council):decurio (town councillor in a small town):Privy councillor; vid. cabinet councillor, under CABINET.
COUNSEL, || Deliberation, consultatio:consilium (the former, as act, the latter, as state):deliberatio (a mature consideration of what is to be done, what resolution is to be taken, etc.):to take counsel, consultare or deliberare de re; in consilium ire, de re; consilium habere, de re (of several persons):to take counsel with anybody, consultare or deliberare cum aliquo; aliquem in consilium vocare, or assumere, or adhibere; consilium capere una cum aliquo:to take counsel together, consilia inter se communicare:to take counsel with one’s self, se solum in consilium vocare:as to the rest, I had rather that you should lake counsel with yourself, de reliquo malo te ipsum loqui tecum (Cicero, ad Div., 12, 3, quite at the end). || Advice, consilium (general term):auctoritas (if pronounced by a person of weight):good counsel, consilium bonum or rectum:bad counsel, consilium malum; male consulta, plural (bad counsels):prudent, wise, salutary counsel, consilium prudens, sanum, sapiens: by my counsel, me auctore; me suasore or consuasore:(The words are found in this connection and order), me auctore et consuasore, or me suasore et auctore; me suasore et impulsore:to give anybody counsel, alicui consilium dare; consilii auctorem esse alicui:to give anybody good, faithful counsel, alicui rectum, fidele consilium dare; maxime utilia alicui suadere (very salutary counsel):to ask for anybody’s counsel, aliquem consulere (if by writing, per literas); petere consilium a aliquo; exquirere consilium alicujus:to offer one’s counsel and advice, consilii copiam præbere (e.g., of a physician, Tacitus, Ann., 6, 50, 2):to follow anybody’s counsel, sequi alicujus consilium; alicujus consilio uti; alicujus consilio obtemperare:I follow anybody’s counsel in anything, quod mihi dederit aliquis de aliqua re consilium, id sequor:to act according to anybody’s counsel and advice, facere de or ex alicujus consilio:to disregard anybody’s counsel, alicujus consilium spernere:to assist anybody with good counsel, alicui adesse; alicui præsto adesse; alicui non deesse. || = Counsellor, vid. || Purpose, consilium: id quod volo, cupio (id, quod vult or cupit aliquis):propositum: quod specto, sequor, peto (or quod spectat, etc. aliquis).Secret counsels, consilia arcana, interiora.To declare, entrust, etc.,one’s counsels to anybody, consilia sua credere alicui (Terentianus).To keep one’s own counsel in any matter, aliquid tacitum tenere, habere; secum habere; tacere, reticere; celare; occulere; occultare; occulte ferre: tacitum, tamquam mysterium, tenere. || Prudence in planning, advising, etc., consilium (e.g., vir maximi consilii; est in aliquo satis consilii). COUNSEL, v. consiliari (mostly absolutely; but Horatius, A. P., 196; ille bonis faveat et consilietur amice):consilium dare. To counsel anybody to do anything, auctorem esse alicujus rei, or with infinitive; also with ut (e.g., mihi, ut absim, vehementer auctor est; Cicero, Att., 15, 5, 2):suasorem esse alicujus rei:suadere alicui aliquid, or mostly with ut: hortatorem esse alicujus rei:hortari aliquid:hortari (aliquem), ut. (The words are found in this connection and order), suadere et hortari; auctorem et suasorem esse: monere or admonere aliquem (ut, ne):censere (ut, or followed by subjunctive, without ut. SYN. in ADVICE).To counsel peace, pacis auctorem esse; pacem suadere; e.d pacem hortari:to counsel unanimity, hortari ad concordiam.I counsel you to leave off, censeo desistas.Those who will not be counselled can not be helped, *actum est de iis, qui spernunt monentes or recte præcipientes.
COUNSELLOR, || Adviser, consiliarius:consiliorum alicujus socius et adjutor: auctor consilii or consiliorum, or, from context, auctor only: suasor:impulsor: monitor: consiliorum minister or minister only.(The words are found in this connection and order), auctor et consuasor:suasor et auctor:auctor et impulsor: consiliarius et administer: consiliarius et auctor [SYN. in ADVISER] A faithful, friendly, experienced counsellor, consiliarius fidelis, benevolus, non imperitus (or -issimus; all Cicero).The king and his counsellors, rex ipse consiliariique ejus (Cicero):his friends and counsellors, amici et consiliarii ejus:to have anybody for one’s counsellor, alicujus consilio or consiliis uti; aliquem consiliorum auctorem habere:to be anybody’s counsellor, consilium alicui dare; consilii auctorem esse alicui: consilio regere aliquem (of one who regularly influences another).|| Advocate, causarum actor: causidicus:advocatus: actor: cognitor. SYN. and phrases in ADVOCATE.
COUNT, s. || Computation, vid. || Charge in an indictment, formula (the prescribed legal form; of which several might be used, but not “in publicis judiciis,” in Quintilian’s time; cf. Quintilianus, 3, 10, 1; privata judicia unum judicem habere multis et diversis formulas solent).There are many counts in the indictment, *multis et diversis formulis accusatur aliquis or actio alicui intenditur.There are two counts in the indictment; one charging the prisoner with sacrilege, another with manslaughter, aliquis sacrilegii et homicidii simul accusatur (Quintilianus 3, 10, 1; where others read, simul et homicidii).
Cf., An action in which the indictment had different counts, was causa conjuncta (opposed to causa simplex; Quintilianus, 3, 10, 1). COUNT (as title of honour), *comes:the title of count, *nomen comitis:the rank of count, *comitis dignitas:to confer upon anybody the title of count, *aliquem comitis nomine et dignitate ornare:the seat, residence, etc., of a count, sedes or domicilium comitis. COUNT, v. numerum inire. To count anything, aliquid numerare (general term also = to reckon among):dinumerare (to count the whole number, one by one; to count all through):numerum alicujus rei inire, or exsequi, or efficere (to count over); computare (to reckon):enumerando percensere (to reckon them all through, naming each):to count the stars, stellas dinumerare:to count on one’s fingers, numerare digitis or per digitos; computare digitis:to count the number of troops, numerum copiarum inire:not to be able to count up all a person’s services, promerita enumerando percensere non posse:it is correctly counted, numerus convenit:to count (= have) many friends, multos amicos numerare (Ovidius, Trist., 1, 9, 5), or habere:veterans who count thirty years of service, veterani tricena stipendia numerantes (Tacitus, Ann., 1, 35, 2) or meriti:to count anything by such or such a thing, aliquid numerare ex aliqua re (as Cicero, De Or., 2, 32, in.; ea, si ex reis numeres innumerabilia sunt, si ex rebus, etc.):the Gauls do not count by days, but by nights, Galli non dierum numerum, sed noctium computant; or Galli spatia omnis temporis non numero dierum, sed noctium finiunt. || Esteem, consider, look upon as, ducere:putare:ponere:numerare: arbitrari:judicare, existimare.
Cf., All these, except ponere, have two accusatives, when the person or thing really is, or is believed by us to be, what we consider him. But to express that we treat him like such or such a person, put him in the situation of such a person relatively to ourselves, then we use either aliquem pro (after habere, putare; seldom after ducere), or (in) numero, with genitive plural (after habere, ducere, existimare), or with ” in,” and ablative singular or plural (after putare, ponere, numerare;
also after habere).If an adjective is used predicatively with “count,” it should be translated either by “in,” with ablative of substantive (after ponere, ducere); or by dative of substantive(after habere, ducere); or by genitive of adjective, used substantively with esse and habeo, etc. (vid. examples below).To count a person one’s enemy, habere aliquem hostem (so far as he really is so): habere aliquem pro hoste, or in hostium numero (so far as one looks upon and treats him as such):to count anybody a god, habere aliquem deum:numerare aliquid (e.g., cœlum) deum:to count anything a favor, ponere aliquid in beneficio: habere aliquid beneficii loco et gratiæ (Cicero):to count anything an evil, habere aliquid in malis:to count it an insult, ignominiæ loco ferre aliquid:to count a man happy, aliquem beatum habere:to count it honorable, aliquid honori habere or ducere; aliquid in laude ponere, or laudi ducere; aliquid in gloria ducere or ponere:it has ever been counted wise, semper sapientis est habitum (e.g., tempori cedere).To count anybody your friend, aliquem in tuorum numerum ascribere:one’s friend, numerare aliquem inter suos:to count as or for nothing, aliquid pro nihilo ducere; nullo loco habere or numerare. || To reckon or depend upon, spem in aliquo ponere or collocare; auxilium or salutem ab aliquo exspectare:you may count upon me, tibi non deero:to count on anything, aliquid pro certo expectare.I count upon you, *spero fore ut venias (i. e., reckon on your coming): fac mihi non desis (on your assistance):not to count on anything, in aliqua re nihil spei reponere posse.[Vid., also To CONFIDE IN; RECKON ON.] || To calculate, rationes or calculos subducere; rationem inire et subducere: from the context, subducere only (as Cicero, Att.,5, 21, 12).¤ 151COUNTENANCE, vultus (the proper word):os (the whole face, as image of the inner man).A friendly countenance, vultus benignus:a cheerful countenance, vultus hilaris, serenus:a quiet or tranquil countenance, vultus tranquillus:a tranquil and serene countenance, frons tranquilla et serena (Cicero, Tusc., 3, 15, 31):a sad countenance, vultus mœstus:a sad or dull countenance, vultus tristis:a serious countenance, vultus severus; vultus adductus (wrinkled like that of one deep in thought):an important countenance, supercilium grande (Juvenal, 6, 169):a bold or inpudent countenance, os durum or ferreum (as quality; from context, os only, as Cicero, Verr., 4, 29, 66; os hominis insignemque impudentiam cognoscite):a hypocritical countenance, vultus ficti, simulati:to assume a calm countenance, frontem explicare or exporrigere; faciem or vultum diffundere; frontem remittere:to put on a sad countenance, vultum ad tristitiam adducere:to assume a serious countenance, severum vultum induere; vultum adducere (that of a person profoundly thinking):to assume an angry countenance, frontem contrahere:to assume a threatening countenance, supercilia tollere (cf. Catullus, 57, 46):to put on a different countenance, vultum mutare:novos capere vultus (poetical); vultum fingere (i. e., a countenance not corresponding with one’s feelings;e.g., a cheerful countenance while one is mourning, vid. Cæsar, B. G., 1, 39, med.):To have a cheerful, dull, sad, etc., countenance, hilari, mœsto, tristi, etc., vultu esse:to take anything with a cheerful countenance, benigno vultu aliquid excipere (after Ovidius, Fast., 1,3):to invite anybody with a friendly countenance, aliquem benigno vultu in hospitium invitare (Livius 26, 28):stupidity is written on anybody’s countenance, vecordia piorsus inest in alicujus vultu:to change countenance [vid. To CHANGE color]: to put out of countenance, aliquem differre (to put him out, so that he does not know what to say; vid. Ruhnken, Terentius Andr., 2, 4, 5); aliquem or alicujus animum conturbare or perturbare (to confuse anybody):aliquem in angustias adducere (stronger):to keep one’s countenance, risum tenere or continere. || Encouragement, tutela (Cf., The nearest words are those that imply favor, protection, approval):præsidium: clientela (properly, the relation of the protégé to his protector):patrocinium (paternal protection which a patron affords to his client):to give countenance, alicui auxiliari or opem ferre; alicui favere. [Vid. To COUNTENANCE.] To claim anybody’s countenance and protection, conferre se in fidem et clientelam alicujus (Cicero); commendare se alicui in clientelam et fidem (Terentianus).
COUNTENANCE, v., alicui auxiliari or opem ferre (render assistance):alicui favere (to favor anybody, or promote his interests by advice and assistance):alicui tribuere (to be favorably disposed towards anybody, to interest one’s self for him;e.g., quum ordini publicanorum libentissime tribuerim, Cicero). [Vid. also, To FAVOR.] κυρικιμασαηικοYou countenance it, if you do not cry out against it, *rem, cum quiescis, probas (after Cicero).
COUNTER, || Shop-table, *mensa tabernaria or mensa only. || An imitation of coin, calculus (a small stone, used by the ancients for computations).
COUNTER, adverb, To run counter to anything, adversari or repugnare (be opposed to it):aliquid negligere (legem, etc.):aliquid non servare (e.g., legem, consuetudinem):aliquid migrare (e.g., jus civile):contra or secus facere (act against a rule, command, etc.).To run counter to a direction, extra præscriptum egredi:to one’s own interests, repugnare utilitati suæ:to run counter the one to the other, inter se contraria esse. COUNTERACT, obviam ire alicui rei; occurrere alicui rei (to take preventive measures). (The words are found in this connection and order), occurrere atque obsistere (Cicero):comprimere:reprimere:supprimere (to check it, keep it under):to counteract anybody’s designs, alicujus consiliis occurrere atque obsistere(Cicero):the factious proceedings of our enemies, factioni inimicorum resistere (Cicero):obniti:obluctari (struggle against).To counteract the symptoms of a disease, morbo opponere medicinam:Vid. RESIST, OPPOSE.
COUNTERACTION, *vis contraria (force, acting in the opposed to direction). || Purpose, act, etc., of resisting:circumlocution. My plans for the counteraction of anybody’s designs, consilia, quibus alicui restiti (Cicero, 2 de Orat., 48), or alicui resisto, resistam, etc. (according to the time meant).
COUNTERBALANCE, s. *vis renitens (after Plinius, 2, 82, 84;e.g., altera vis alteri renititur):æquipondium (in so far as it establishes an equilibrium with another weight, Vitruvius, 10, 3, 4).
COUNTERBALANCE, v. æquare:exæquare (to make equal):pensare:compensare aliquid aliqua re (to weigh, as it were, one thing against the other, to establish an equilibrium):parem calculum ponere cum aliqua re (to give as good in return;e.g., a present, Plinius, Ep., 5, 2, = remunerari aliquem quam simillimo munere):the benefits received counterbalance those conferred, par est ratio acceptorum et datorum:to counterbalance the deficiency in the revenue by economy, quod cessat ex reditu, frugalitate supplere.
COUNTER-BASS, perhaps vox gravissima.
COUNTERCHANGE, commutatio:Vid. CHANGE.
COUNTERCHANGE, v. Vid. To CHANGE.
COUNTERCHARGE, *actio petitori intenta. (For the meaning of actio contraria, vid. Gesner, Thes., s. v. Actio, p. 223).
COUNTERCHARM, v. *incantatum or effascinatum præstigiis exsolvere.
COUNTERFEIT, || Make a (fraudulent) imitation of, imitari (general term):imitando exprimere or effingere. (The words are found in this connection and order), effingere et exprimere:imitari et exprimere; also effingere or exprimere only: assimulare (to make anything like another; then with accessory notion of deception;e.g., the human voice, sermonem humanum):to counterfeit anybody’s handwriting, alicujus chirogrftphum imitari or assimulare:to counterfeit money, numos adulterinos percutere (after Suetonius, Ner., 25); monetam adulterinam exercere (Ulpianus, Dig., 48, 13, 6, § 1):to counterfeit a will, testamentum subjicere, supponere, subdere. [Vid. FORGE.] || To put on the appearance of, simulare or assimulare (e.g., simulare studium alicujus rei, zeal in a cause; mortem, metum, diffidentiam alicujus rei; sedulitatem; assimulare anum; se lætum):to counterfeit sickness, simulare ægrum; assimulare se ægrum; simulare valetudinem:to counterfeit learning, simulare se doctum esse; simulare doctrinam:to counterfeit cheerfulness, assimulare se lætum; or hilaritatem fingere:to counterfeit piety, *se pium erga deum simulare:ihe appearance of youth, mentiri juvenem (Martisalis): insanity, simulare se furere (Cicero).
COUNTERFEIT, COUNTERFEITED, ficticius (general term, not genuine;e.g., jewels, wine, Plinius, 37, 13, 76, and 15, 7, 7, ed. Hard.); adulterinus (with accessory notion of deceit or falsification, opposed to bonus;e.g., of coin, a false key, etc., opposed to verus):falsus (false in general;e.g., a letter):fucosus:fucatus (that has only the external appearance of anything, opposed to sincerus, probus;e.g., merchandize):subditus:suppositus:subditicius:insitivus (e.g., of a book, a will, etc.):simulatus:rictus: confictus (not natural, but produced by art; forced;e.g., lacrimæ conflctae):counterfait piety, *pietas erga deum simulata:A man of counterfait piety, *pietatis erga deum simulator:one counterfait tear, una falsa lacrimula:in a counterfait manner, simulate; simulatione; per simulationem; ficte; falso; fallaciter.
COUNTERFEIT, s., circumlocution with the adjectives under COUNTERFEIT: e.g., to prove anything to be a counterfait, aliquid adulterinum (ficticium, etc.) esse probare (after Quintilianus, 2, 17, 17).
COUNTERFEITER, falsarius (who commits forgery; vid. Suetonius,Tit., 3):falsus signator (who affixes a false seal to anything;e.g., a will, Sallustius, Cat., 16, 2; cf.
Cicero, Cluent., 14, 41; testamentum signis adulterinis obsignare):testamentarius (a forger of wills, Cicero, Off., 3, 18, 73):adulterator (who adulterates anything, Pandects):paracharactes (παραχαράκτης, Code Theodosius, 9, 21, 9, a coiner of false money).
COUNTERMAND, *aliter or contra præcipere:aliter, atque antea, præcipere.
COUNTERMAND, s.,imperium mutatum.
COUNTERMARCH, v. signa con vertere: signis conversis retro redire (Livius, 8, 11; in urbem, 8):versis signis aliquem locum repetere (of countermarching to a particular place, Livius, 9, 35):reducere (march back; e.g. exercitum, legiones, etc.):castra retro movere (Livius, 2, 58):to be countermarched, retro repetere viam (to retrace their steps, Livius, 9, 2).
COUNTERMARCH, s., *iter conversum, oppositum, contrarium: conversa signa or (Livius) versa signa; or by iter retro (e.g., Cœlius, in Cicero, ad Div., 8, 15; quodnam ob scelus iter mihi necessarium retro ad Alpes versus incidit? Cf. fuga retro, Livius, 8, 19; fugam magis retro quam prœlium spectante milite):reditus (general term for return).Or by circumlocution with verbs under To COUNTERMARCH.By a countermarch, conversis signis.
COUNTERMARK, tessera (general term for any ticket).
COUNTERMINE, s., cuniculus transversus (Livius 28, 8):to make a countermine, vid. To COUNTERMINE.
COUNTERMINE, v., transversis cuniculis hostium cuniculos excipere.Figuratively, obviam ire:occurrere (adopt preventive measures):*fraudem fraude repellere.
COUNTERPANE, COUNTERPOINT, Vid. COVERLET.
COUNTERPART, res alicui rei simillima (exceedingly like it):res alicui rei compar (quite equal to it):res alicui rei ex altera parte respondens (corresponding to it).To be the counterpart of anything, alicui rei similem or simillimum esse (Vid. Livius, 4, 54); alicui rei comparem esse (Vid. Livius, 28, 42):alicui rei ex altera parte respondere (vid. Cicero, Or., 32, 114).
COUNTERPLEA, *actio petitori intenta (not actio contraria; Vid. COUNTERCHARGE).
COUNTERPLOT, s., Vid. the next word.
COUNTERPLOT, v., To counterplot, *fraudem fraude repellere.
COUNTERPOISE, v., pari pondere parem pensionem perficere (to produce an equilibrium by making the two weights equal):examinare (Vitrvius, 10, 8, of the lever; caput vectis faciundo motus circinationis cogit pressionibus examinare paucis manibus oneris maximi pondus):tantumdem pendere (Lucretius, 1, 360):librare (Plinius, hujus [aeris] vi suspensam – librari medio spatio tellurem):pari memento librare (after Columella, 3, 12, 3; temperamentum pari momento libratum).Figuratively || To make equal to, aliquid alicui rei in æquo or parem ponere; aliquid alicui rei par facere: æquare or adæquare aliquid cum aliqua re: compensare aliquid cum aliqua re or aliqua re (e.g., bona cum vitiis, Horatius, lætitiam cum doloribus, Cicero).
COUNTERPOISE, s., sarcoma, atis, neuter (the weight placed in the other scale, or appended to the other arm, etc., Vitruvius, 9, præf., 9, and 10):asquipondium (this weight, so far as it establishes an equilibrium against another weight, Vitruvius, 10, 3, 4):paria pondera. Vid. EQUILIBRIUM.
COUNTERPOISON, antidotus or antidotum (ἀντίδοτος, ἀντίδοτον), or, pure Latin. remedium adversus venenum.
COUNTERSCARP, || Exterior slope of the ditch, perhaps *fossæ crepido. || The covered way, cuniculus (general term for mine) with or without tectus; or inferna via (after VegetiousVegetius, 4, 24; cavato specu in exitium urbis inferna quæritur via), or as technical term, *via cæca, quæ dicitur.
COUNTERSIGN, *una subscribere, subnotare or subsignare.
COUNTERSIGN, s., || Private signal given to soldiers on guard, and to those whom they are to admit; tessera (if a ticket):signum (general term).To give the countersign, tesseram or signum dare:to anybody, alicui.
COUNTER-TENOR, *vox ab acuta altera; *alter ab acuto sonus. To sing the counter-tenor, *alterum ab acuto sonum modulari:one who sings the counter-tenor, *secundæ vocis cantor. COUNTER-TICKET, tessera (any ticket).
COUNTERVAIL, Vid. COUNTERBALANCE.
COUNTESS, *domina comes (in her own right; Voss.):*comitis uxor or conjux (by marriage).
COUNTLESS, vid. INNUMERABLE.
COUNTRY, || Region; terra: regio (the former more extensive; a country or land, geographically or politically;e.g., Italy, Sicily, etc.):regio (any district):tractus (a tract of country, with reference to its length rather than its breadth):[ Cf., plaga in the best ages denoted a quarter of the heavens, not of the earth’s surface.]:ager (the country of a small people or tribe):fines (with reference to its boundaries; especially when it is to be marked, that the action is done within the limits of a particular state):pagus (district consisting of several villages;e.g., the country of the Helvetii):loca, plural, (with demonstrative pronoun, ea loca, etc.= ” those parts,” “that neighbourhood;”e.g., hi ea loca incolunt, Cæsar).An uninhabited country, terra inbabitabilis or quern nemo incolit:open country, loca patentia.In a country of that kind, in ejusmodi regione:a rugged and mountainous country, aspera et montuosa regio (Cicero):a desert country, regio deserta, vasta; loca deserta (quæ nemo incolit, Cæsar).
Cf., In the historians, when the name of a country is connected with the name of its inhabitants, the name of the inhabitants is often placed under the government of a preposition, the word country being omitted; thus, in the country of the Etrusci, in Etruscis, or in Etruscorum finibus; also in agro Etrusco. The country of Italy, Spain, Africa, etc., terra Italia, Hispania, Africa, etc.:to remove to other countries, alias terras petere:countries that are blessed with pure air, terræ eæ, in quibus sit aer purus ac tenuis (Cicero).The enemy’s country, terra, or ager, or fines hostium; terra hostilis (anciently, ager hosticus or hosticum only):to reside in a foreign country, peregre habitare:to be staying or residing in a foreign country, peregrinari:in this country, in his regionibus: apud nos (= with us, of habits, institutions, etc.).To banish anybody from a country; send him out of the country, aliquem civitate pellere, expellere, ejicere; aliquem in exsilium pellere, expellere, ejicere, agere; exsilio afficere, multare; patria pellere. || Native country, patria: patria nostra: patriæ solum (the “land,” especially as an object of affection):locus, quo aliquis genitus est: urbs, in qua aliquis genitus est (Justinus):domus (home):urbs patria.In one’s country, domi:to remain in one’s country, domi manere:to leave one’s country (for a time = go or travel abroad), peregre proficisci. The love of country, patriæ caritas, amor patriæ, pietas erga patriam [vid. PATRIOTISM]: reipublicæ studium.A lover of his country, patriæ or reipublicæ amans: civis bonus:to love one’s country, amare patriam:to die for one’s country, pro patria mori, or mortem oppetere:to devote one’s self to one’s country, patriæ se totum dedere (Cicero).Fidelity to one’s country, erga patriam fidelitas.A betrayer of his country, patriæ proditor; civium or reipublicæ parricida (Cicero, Sallustius). (Cf., Locus or urbs natalis and solum natale are poetical; solum familiare, without authority). His native country is Athens, natus est Athenis:one’s countries, etc., patrius:after the manner of one’s country, patrio more. || In contradistinction to town; rus:ager, especially in plural, agri (the fields and what pertains to them, as a village, etc.):into the country, rus:in the country, ruri (seldom rure):to live in the country, ruri vivere, vitam agere (properly, as peasant); rusticari (for one’s pleasure).A country life, vita rustica (country life; i. e., with all its occupations):vita rusticana: rusticatio (residence in the country for a time, or excursion from the town):to go into the country, ire rusticatum: abire rus habitatum (general term, to spend one’s time there): rus concedere (to retire there):rus excurrere (for an excursion):to remain in the country, ruri se continere:the people from the country hasten together, homines ex agris concurrunt.
COUNTRY-AIR, *aer ruris (opposed to air of the towns):
COUNTRY-CHURCH, *ædes sacra vici.
COUNTRY-DANCE, Vid. DANCE.
COUNTRY-DWELLING, domicilium agreste (general term).Vid. COUNTRY-HOUSE.
COUNTRY-ESTATE, rusticum prædium:vid. COUNTRY-HOUSE.
COUNTRY-GIRL, puella rustica (cf. Horatius, Od., 3, 23, 3).
COUNTRY-HOUSE, villa (with or without land):a small country-house, villula:a very small country-house., villula pusilla:a fine country-house, prætorium (in the time of the emperors; Suetonius).
COUNTRY-LIFE:Vid. COUNTRY.
COUNTRYMAN, || Fellow-countryman, popularis (properly, from the same nation or tribe; then, also, from the same country, town, or place, instead of which only Gellius, 17, uses gentilis):qui ejusdem est civitatis:qui in eadem civitate natus est (Cf., conterraneus not found before Plinius, præfat.,§ 1):civis (fellow-citizen; concivis is spurious Latin):municeps (from the same municipium):my or our countryman, nostras; popularis, civis, municeps noster:your countryman, vestras:our countrymen, populares nostri; homines nostri; also nostri, nostrates only. || Rustic, vid.
COUNTRY-PARSON, *sacerdos rusticanus.
COUNTRY-PEOPLE, rustici:agrestes:pagani. SYN. in RUSTIC.
COUNTRY-SCHOOL, *schola provincialis:*ludus vicanus.
COUNTRY-SCHOOLMASTER, *ludi vicani magister.
COUNTRY-SEAT, Vid. COUNTRY-HOUSE.
COUNTRY-SQUIRES, *nobilitas ruri vivens.
COUNTRY-SURGEON, *medicus ruri
vivens. κυρικιμασαηικο COUNTRY-TOWN, municipium (a Roman town which enjoyed the citizenship):oppidum (general term for any town that is not the metropolis):a small country-town, municipiolum (Sidon., Ep., 3, 1):oppidulum (SYN. above).
COUNTY, *comitatus.
COUP-DE-SOLEIL, morbus ex solis fervore contractus (Justinus).
COUPLE, par (in a strict sense, of two persons or things belonging together, vid. PAIR):jugum (properly, of draught-cattle; then, also, of two persons who are joined for any bad purpose, as Cicero, Phil., 11, 2, extr., jugum impiorum nefarium):bini (two together, or at once; when two objects are viewed, that belong together, as binos [scyphos] habebam; jubeo promi utrosque, Cicero. Verr., 4, 14, 32):utrique (the two that have been mentioned; vid. the passage just quoted from Cicero):pauci: aliquot (in a looser sense=afew, some):a couple of pigeons, par columbarum:a nice couple (ironically), par nobile fratrum (Horatius, Sat., 2, 3, 243):a married couple, conjuges:mariti: nova nupta et novus maritus (a young couple who are going to be married, or a young married-couple.):a couple of days, biduum:a couple of years, biennium (if positively two):a couple of eggs, bina ova. || Band, link, etc., copula (e.g., for dogs; copula dura canem tenet, Ovidius, also vincula, vincla;e.g., vincla canibus demere).
COUPLE, v. TR., uno vinculo copulare (vid. Livius, 28, 12, 14):connectere:jungere:conjungere:copulare cum aliqua, re:miscere aliqua re. [SYN. in To COMBINE].INTR., jungi:conjungi:se jungere:se conjungere: coire.
COUPLET, stropha (στροφή).
COURAGE, animus; also in plural, animi, if speaking of several persons. [Cf., OBSERVE, Of one person, animi should not be used (unless he is speaking of himself in the plural,;e.g., stamus animis, Cicero, Att., 5, 18), since its usual meaning is, ” a proud spirit,” “pride,” etc.):of several, animi or animus maybe used;e.g., nostris animus augetur, Cæsar; but in some constructions the singular should not be used;e.g., one would not say animo cadere or excidere, of several.]:animus fortis; fortitudo (manly courage, ἀνδρεία):virtus (moral courage that shows itself in energetic action, and acts on the offensive):ferocia, ferocitas (natural, wild courage, of which wild beasts and even barbarians are capable):audacia (daring courage):spiritus (energetic courage):a man of extraordinary courage, vir ingentis spiritus:to possess or to have courage, animo forti esse:for anything, satis boni animi afferre ad aliquid.A man has not courage to do anything, alicui animus non suppetit, ut aliquid faciat (e.g., Vitruvio nec sana constare mens, nec, ut longius a castris dimicaret, animus suppetere, Livius):not to have courage enough for anything, est parum animi ad aliquid; to take courage, animum or (of several persons) animos capere or colligere:to take courage again, animum or se recipere:I take courage again, animus mihi redit; animus redintegratur; animus me recipit:to inspire anybody with courage, to raise or kindle anybody’s courage, alicui animum facere, or afferre, or addere; alicujus animum incendere, erigere, augere, alicujus animum verbis confirmare (by exhortation); or simply, firmare or confirmare aliquem and alicujus animum:to be inspired with courage, to have one’s courage raised, alicui animus accedit (Cicero), augetur (Cæsar), accenditur (Sallustius, Cat ., 20, 6):to inspire anybody with fresh courage, animum alicujus redintegrare; animum alicui reddere:Be of good courage, bono animo es; fac animo magno fortique sis:to be of good courage, stare animo, or, of several, animis:anybody’s courage begins to fail, animus labat:is failing, animu cadit:to lose one’s courage, animo or (of several persons) animis cadere or concidere; animum demittere or despondere, se animo demittere (*Cæsar, B. G., 7, 29): animo deficere:to have lost one’s courage, animo abjecto or fracto esse:never lose your courage in adversities, in duris haud umquam defice (Valerius, Fl., 4, 35):now show your courage, tu illum nunc adhibe animum.
COURAGEOUS, animosus (bold to act in dangerous circumstances from an energetic spirit confident in its strength; opposed to timidus):fortis (brave, relating to a manly strength, both to act and to suffer; opposed to ignavus). (The words are found in this connection and order), fortis et animosus: ferox (possessing natural, wild courage to rush into battle or face danger; especially a proper word of savages and wild beasts):animo promptus; also promptus only (ready to dare and do):acer:alacer (active and spirited to face danger, or take measures to prevent it):strenuus (resolute, opposed to ignavus):impavidus (intrepid; opposed to pavidus):audax (bold).To be not so courageous as another person, animo esse inferiorem:to wax courageous, alacriorem fieri ad rem gerendam; animum erigere or tollere:he waxed courageous, accessit alicui animus.
COURAGEOUSLY, animose; fortiter; forti animo; acri or alacri animo: intrepide (Livius); impavide (Livius):audacter.[SYN. in COURAGEOUS.] To meet death courageously, se acriter morti offerre; animo fidenti gradi ad mortem. COURIER, veredarius (who carries the post; late):nuncius volucer:nuncius expeditus:nuncius trepidus: cursor (a runner):eques citus or citatus (on horse-back):to send couriers in all directions, in omnes partes nuncios dimittere.
COURSE, PROPR. cursus (general term: also in the plural, if several things are spoken of;e.g., to observe the course of the stars, stellarum cursus notare):curriculum (within a definite space;e.g., in the circus and of the regular motion of the heavenly bodies):decursus (a running through a space; hence the course in the circus):lapsus (the quiet and equable motion,e.g., of water, the stars):conversiones (the circular motions, revolutions, etc.,e.g., of the stars, stellarum; also stellarum progressiones, their apparently forward course in the heavens):motus (general term for motion,e.g., of the stars):meatus is poetical.The regular courses of the stars, astrorum ordines. With rapid course, contento cursu:to direct one’s course to any place, cursum dirigere aliquo (in a carriage or ship): cursum flectere ad aliquid (e.g., to the north, ad septentriones, also of the heavenly bodies):to direct one’s course to another place, or to take a different course, alium cursum petere (in a carriage or vessel): flectere iter (of a traveller, army, etc.); in alium cursum contorqueri et deflecti (e.g., of a river):to pursue different courses, diversos abire or discedere:to have a fixed course, certos et constantes cursus habere; constanter tenere eundem cursum:to take different courses (e.g., of rivers), in diversas partes (in contrarias partes, opposite directions) fluere:to change the course of a river, flumen avertere (i. e., to turn it): amnem in alium cursum deflectere:to have a gentle course (of rivers or water in general), labi; a rapid one, ferri (vid. Hirtius, B. G., 8, 40):to take its course from etc., effluere ex, etc.; profluere ex, etc.:to take its course towards or to;e.g., to the sea, effundi in aliquid:to take its course through anything;e.g., through a town, fluere per aliquid; medium per locum fluere; medium locum interfluere; medio loco fluere (if right through; vid. Livius, 24, 3):to take its course along the very foot of the mountain, in imis radicibus montis ferri (Hirtius, B. G., 8, 40):Improperly|| Progress, iter:via:cursus:(The words are found in this connection and order), iter et cursus (e.g., naturali quodam itinere et cursu, Cicero, Rep., 2, 16):tenor (the regular progress of anything):progressus (e.g., rerum, Cicero).The course of events, rerum cursus or progressus; rerum itinera flexusque (all Cicero). [Vid. PROGRESS.] To let anybody take his own course, to leave anybody a free course, aliquem non coercere, non impedire:to let anything take its course, aliquid non morari; alicui rei non obsistere; aliquid non impedire:to have its free course, non cœrceri; non impediri:to interrupt the course of the conversation, cursum orationis interpellere.In the course of conversation, in sermone:to throw out in the course of conversation, that, etc., in sermone injicere, with accusative and infinitive (e.g., quum mihi in sermone injecisset, se velle. Asiam visere, Cicero). In the course of the discussion or debate, inter disceptandum (e.g., cognita inter disceptandum iniquitate, sc. causæ, Quintilianus, 12, 3, 10):to observe the course which public affairs are taking, itinera flexusque rerum publicarum videre (Cicero, Rep., 2, 25):that is the natural course of almost all things, id natura fert in omnibus fere rebus:according to the natural course of things or events, ut fieri solet:the course of a conversation, iter sermonis (Cicero, De Legg., 1, 13, 37):the course of an oration or speech, orationis ingressus, ingressio, cursus (all three with reference to the manner of its progress, its force, spirit, etc., vid. Cicero, Or.,59, 201; interdum cursus est in oratione incitatior, interdum moderata ingressio; cf. De Or., 1, 35, 161; 2, 10, 39):anything takes a different course, *res aliter procedit. || Manner of proceeding, ratio: consilium: remedium (a corrective or preventive measure):to adopt a course, rationem inire; consilium capere:to shape one’s course according to the times, consilium pro tempore et pro re capere (act according to circumstances); temporibus servire (adapt myself to circumstances, etc., in a servile manner):to adopt a prudent course, bonis consiliis uti.I am inquiring what course I should take in this state of my affairs, rogo, quid faciam de rebus meis:to pursue a course of one’s own, suum quoddam institutum consequi:to pursue a different course, diversam inire rationem:what course is to be taken with this person? quid hoc nomine facias? quid tu huic homini
facias? (both Cicero). I am adopting the same course in my proceedings, hæc eadem est nostræ rationis regio et via (Cicero, Verr., 5, 70, 81). || Course = space of time.A course of years, multi anni (if the reference is only to the whole space); annorum series (their succession, one after another, Horatius, Od., 3, 30, 5):inter multos, tot, etc., annos (= within so many years;e.g., all the crimes that have been committed in the course of ten years, omnia quæ inter decem annos – nefarie flagitioseque facta sunt, Cicero).
Cf., The ablative of anni is less rare in this sense than is commonly supposed. The cities of Africa had seen no Roman army in the course of almost fifty years, urbes Africæ annis prope quinquaginta nullum Romanum exercitum viderant (Livius 29, 28):he died in the course of a few days, paucis diebus moritur (Sallustius, Jug., 11, 1), intra paucos dies moritur (Livius).In the course of that year, in illo anno (Cicero, Off., 3, 25, 95; and Hand., 3, p. 281):in the course of the present year, in hoc anno (Cicero, Fam., 15, 16, 5):the sun turns twice in the course of a year, sol binas in singulis annis conversiones – facit:three times in the course of a year, ter in anno:in the course of ten months, in decern mensibus:in the course of a short time, in brevi temporis spatio (Suetonius); in paucis tempestatibus (e.g., sollertissimus omnium factus est, Sallustius, Jug., 96, 1); in brevi (Ruhnken, ad Vell., 2, 61, 2).In the course of the month, year, etc., is also anno or mense vertente. || The order of succession in anything [vid. ORDER]. || Naval term (denoting the direction in which a ship is steering). cursus:the ships could not keep their course, naves cursum suum tenere non potuerunt:to steer or keep the same course, cursum tenere:to get out of its course, a via aberrare.|| A number of lectures (collectively), *institutionis cursus, quem dicimus.To embrace too many subjects in one course, uno (e.g., semestri) cursu nimis multa complecti:to attend a course of lectures, magistros auditionesque obire:to attend the same course of lectures, easdem auditiones eosdemque doctores colere: to give or deliver a course of lectures on anything, scholam habere de re;e.g., on the Stoic philosophy, scholam habere Stoicam; on rhetorics, scholis præcipere artem oratoriam. || Of dishes, ferculum (that is served on the board at one and the same time, for which, much later, missus was used):to give a dinner of seven courses, cœnam septem ferculis præbere (cf. Suetonius, Oct., 74):his dinners were of three, or, at the most, six courses, cœnam ternis ferculis, aut, quum abundantissime, senis præbebat. || Race, figuratively, the course of life, vitæ curriculum, spatium (but only with reference to its duration, space, etc.:; hence, with longum, exiguum.
Cf., It must not be used to denote one’s manner of living, etc.).To run one’s course, vitæ spatium decurrere; ætatem decurrere:now that my course is almost run or finished, prope acta jam ætate decursaque:to finish one’s course, cursum conficere (well, bene, Cicero); corpore solutum ad proprias sedes evolare; illuc ex his vinculis ferri (vid. To DIE).The whole course of life (= the manner of its progress from beginning to end), totius vitæ cursus [ Cf., not totus vitæ cursus, Cicero, Off., 1, 4, 11, Krebs].In the whole course of his life, in vita (e.g., nihil in vita vidit calamitatis, Cicero, Cluent., 6, 18):in omni vita (p. Redit. ad Quir., 8), omni vita (Livius 2, 33): in tota vita (e.g., inconstans, Cicero, where it = manner of living). || Course = manner of life, vita:mores:the whole course of his life establishes his innocence, alicujus innocentia perpetua vita est perspecta:a virtuous course of life, viia honesta, sancta; vita honeste or sancte acta:a sinful course, vita omnibus flagitiis or libidinibus dedita. || A course of medicine, curatio. To be under a course of medicine, curationem recipere:to prescribe a course of medicine, curationem valetudinis præscribere. || Row (of bricks), ordo (e.g., lapidum).[Vid. LAYER.] || Race-course, (a) properly, curriculum (general term):stadium (in the Olympic games):circus (public place for the exhibition of races, etc.):hippodromos (ἱππόδρομος; for horses and chariots, Plautus, etc.). || Of course, or as a matter of course, necessario (necessarily); manifesto (plainly); plane (entirely so):of course his wife could not be indifferent to all this, non mirum fecit uxor, si hoc ægre tulit; or si hoc ægre tulit uxor, quid mirum? (vid. Terentius, Hec., 4, 4, 87; Ovidius, A. A., 3, 110).|| Words of course, verba:those are mere words of course, verba sunt (Terentianus):a letter filled with mere words of course, inanis sermoliterarum. || ADDITIONAL PHRASES. To let the law lake its course, jure agere; summo jure experiri. *non impedire, quominus aliquis ad mortem ducatur or supplicio capitis afficiatur, etc. (not to stop an execution).The law must take its course, supplicio capitis puniendus or afficiendus est aliquis; morte multandus est aliquis.
COURSE, v.
Chase, pursue, vid. || Hunt with greyhounds, *canibus vertagis lepores sectari .Wyttenbach says of Ruknken (p. 271, Ed. Bat.), unice eo genere [venationis] utebatur, quod longis canibus earumque velocitate capiendo lepore continetur.
COURSE OF EXCHANGE, *pretium pecuniæ or nummorum. [ratio æraria, Cicero, Quintilianus, 4, 17, is our “standard of coinage”]: the course of exchange is unsteady, nummus jactatur (Cicero, Off., 3, 20, 80).
COURSER, equus pernix or velox. || Runner, cursor (poetically, equus bellator).
COURT, s. || Any open place, in front or behind a house, area.
Cf., The area in front of a Roman house, together with the adjoining halls, formed the vestibulum, where the clients assembled:propatulum (a front court):cavum ædium or (later) cavædium (the inner court, round which the rooms of the house were arranged.
Cf., It was roofed in, with the exception of an open space called the compluvium, through which opening the rain-water fell into the impluvium; i. e., the uncovered part of the court: vid. Plautus, Mil., 2, 2, 319):chors or cohors (a yard for cattle):
Cf., aula, an open place before the houses of the Greeks, where also cattle were kept, only occurs, in this meaning, in the Latin poets. || The residence of a sovereign, or the sovereign himself, and those by whom he is surrounded; aula (general term; post-Augustan):regia (the royal palace; then = royal family, vid. Livius, 24, 22, extr.:affinitate regiam contingere, 35, 19, mid.; hoc patria extorrem in tuam regiam adduxit):palatium:domus palatina (the palace of the emperor; time of emperors):rex:princeps (the king, prince, himself):aulici (the courtiers):
Cf., curia and curiales are very late.The royal, imperial court, aula regia; aula Augusta:to stand well at court, aula et rege potitum esse (Tacitus Ann., 6, 43, 1):anybody is a favorite by the court, aulæ favor inclinat in aliquem (after Tacitus, Ann.,2, 56, 2): *aula alicui favet (instead of which Tacitus, Hist., 1, 13, extr., has aula in aliquem prona, which, however, is to be rejected on account of pronus; vid. INCLINED):Not to be fit for a court, non aulæ accommodatum esse ingenio (Curtius, 8, 8, 21): to be the butt of the court, inter ludibria aulæ esse (Suetonius, Ner., 6):he subjected king Narseus, together with his children, his wives, and the whole court, Narseum regem in ditionem subegit, simul liberos conjugesque et aulam regiam (Aurel., Vict. de Cæsar, 39, 35):an officer at court, purpuratus: *muneri aulico præfectus; famulus aulicus (a menial, late):court intrigues, *fraus or fallacia aulæ; vafræ aulicorum artes:persons who are initiated in court intrigues, interiores aulici (Suetonius, Cal., 19, Ruhnken):a lady about the court, *femina nobilis, quæ vivit cum regina (from the context, feminine, nobilis only; vid. Curtius, 3, 11, 25):one who has been introduced at court, qui (quæ) ad aulam admittitur:the fashion or manners at court, or of the court, aulæ ingenium (i. e., the peculiar tone that prevails); consuetudo regia (with reference to the sovereign himself, vid. Nepos, Dat., 5, 4). *mos aulicorum (with reference to the courtiers).the splendor of the court, or at court, apparatus aulicus or regius. || Art of pleasing, civility. To pay one’s court to anybody; to make court. [Vid. To COURT].|| Court of justice, and the judges collectively, judicium (the place where justice is administered and the judges):judices (the judges; in Rome, the prætor):tribunal (the tribunal or bench on which the judge and his assessors were seated):subsellia (the benches of the judges and advocates):forum (the public place where the court was held):The king’s (or queen’s) court of justice, *regis tribunal:to appear befire the court, in judicium venire (Nepos, Ep., 8); se sistere (at a fixed time, of the defendant and the bail); vadimonium sistere (of the bail; opposed to vadimonium deserere):to appear for anybody in court, alicui adesse in judicio (as counsel for the defendant):to surround the court with armed men, judicium claudere cou militibus armatis (Quintilianus):In the three courts, in trino or triplici foro (i. e., the forum Romanum; forum Julii Cæsaris; forum Augusti):to remove a cause from the courts of law to the assembly of the people, judicium a subselliis in rostra deferre:to explain what the cause before the court is, exponere, quæ causa in judicium deducta sit (Cicero):to sit in court, sedere judicem:to bring a matter before the court, aliquid deferre ad judices:to settle a matter out of court, rem intra parietes peragere:None of the courts sat, or, the courts were closed, for some days, justitium per aliquot dies servatum est (Livius):to open the courts (after a vacation), justitium remittere (Livius):to proclaim or give
notice that the courts will be shut, justitium indicere:to hold a court, conventum agere; forum agere (i. e., quum is, qui provinciæ præest, civitates vocat, et de controversiis eorum cognoscit, Festi):jus dicere (general term).To be put out of court, causa cecidisse; causam perdidisse.
COURT, v. || Pay court to, aliquem cultu quodam et honore prosequi (after Cicero, De Invent., 2, 53, fin.):se alicui venditare (to insinuate one’s self into his favor by flattery, etc.):alicujus gratiam aucupari:to court anybody by flattery, blandiri alicui [ Cf., not abblandiri alicui]: assentatiuncula aliqua alicujus gratiam aucupari:to court the people, studium populi ac favorem aucupari (Flor.):to court a female, aliquam colere (Suetonius, Otho, 2); alicujus cultorem esse (Ovidius, A. A., 1, 722); amare aliquam or amatorem esse alicujus (A cultor is not necessarily an amator, Ovidius); alicujus amore teneri or captum esse (to be in love with) .OBSERVE, nuptiis ambire is used of parents making proposals of marriage to a person;e.g., to one considered a good match (Tacitus, Germ., 18; cf. connubiis ambire, Vergilius):to court avaricious widows, venari viduas avaras. || Endeavour to obtain, aucupari (e.g., gratiam alicujus; studium ac favorem populi); captare (e.g., plausus, misericordiam, favorem populi):venari (e.g., laudem):quærere.
COURT-BARON, *eæ leges, quæ ad prædia beneficiaria pertinent; *jus feudale (technical term).
COURT OF CHANCERY, *curatores rei pupillaris.
COURT-CHAPLAIN, *a sacris regiis orator:*a sacris principis orator:
Cf., Avoid concionator aulicus.
COURT-CHAPLAINCY, *munus oratoris a sacris regiis.
COURT-DAY, dies judicii (Livius 2, 54).
COURT-DRESS, vestis, quam aulici gerunt or gerere consueverunt (after Nepos Dat., 3, 1).
COURT-DRESSER (= flatterer, Locke), parasitus (παρίσιτος): adulator.
COURT-LIKE, Vid. COURTEOUS.
COURT-LIVERY, vestis, quam famuli aulici gerunt (after Nepos Dat., 3, 1):*vestis famulorum aulicorum.
COURT-MARTIAL, *consilium castrense:from the context, consilium only, as Nepos, Phoc., 3, 4:according to the sentence passed by a court-martial, ex consilii sententia: κυρικιμασαηικοthose who are absent are condemned to death by a court-martial, exercitu suffragium ferente absentes capitis damnantur.
COURT-MINION, principi or principis familiaris (vid. Suetonius, Ner., 10; Vitrvius, 4); also apud principem gratiosus; principi omnium amicorum carissimus.
COURTEOUS, comis (obliging to all, without regard to rank):humanus (mild, from principle and nobleness of character). (The words are found in this connection and order), comis et humanus: bellus et humanus (Cicero):urbanus (polite):officiosus (ready to render a service):benignus (kind, well-disposed):liberalis (showing a friendly disposition;e.g., answer, invitation):blandus (captivating, engaging in manner; polite in words):affabilis (condescending or affable in conversation, or speaking to others):mansuetus (sociable, in general) [Cf., civilis, in the sense of ” affable or civil,” belongs to the post-classic prose]:to give a courteous refusal, belle negare aliquid (Quintilianus, Cicero, Pet. Cons., 12).
Courteous persons, homines belli (Cicero, Att., 1, 1):courteous manners or behaviour, comitas; liberalitas:a courteous invitation, invitatio benigna, familiaris:He is very courteous to me, perhonorificus in me est.In a very courteous and friendly manner, perhonorifice atque amice.
COURTEOUSLY, comiter; humane or humaniter; officiose; benigne; liberaliter; blande [SYN. in COURTEOUS]: perhonorifice.to salute anybody courteously, benigne aliquem salutare:to address anybody courteously, comiter, blande appellare:to answer courteously, alicui respondere liberaliter:to invite courteously, benigne aliquem invitare:to invite anybody courteously to remain (i. e., if he is going to take leave), familiari invitatione aliquem retinere:to receive anybody courteously, aliquem comi hospitio accipere:to behave courteously towards everybody, erga omnes se affabilem præstare:to address everybody courteously, unumquemque comiter appellare.He behaves very courteously to me, perhonorificus in me est.
COURTEOUSNESS, comitas; humanitas; urbanitas; benignitas; liberalitas; affabilitas [SYN. in OURTEOUS]; voluntas officiosa (readiness to oblige anybody, Ovidius, Pont., 3, 2, 17).
Courteousness, in conversation, comitas aftabilitasque sermonis:to combine courteousness with dignity, comitatem cum severitate conjungere:with courteousness comiter, etc. Vid. COURTEOUSLY.
COURTESY, || Courteousness; vid. || A kindness, officium:munus:beneficium:To do or show anybody a courtesy, alicui officium præstare; beneficio aliquem afficere; gratum alicui facere; gratificari alicui:I shall esteem it a great courtesy if you will, etc., gratum or gratissimum mihi feceris, si, etc.; beneficium mihi feceris, si, etc. The common courtesys of life, officia urbana:to dismiss a man with all possible courtesy, dimittere aliquem cum bona gratia.
COURTESY (= kurt-se), *genuum flexio. To make a courtesy, Georges gives genua flexa submittere (after Ovidius, Met., 4, 340; but it is there = ” to fall down on her knees “) perhaps *flexis poplitibus salutare; or from context, salutare (aliquem) only. COURTIER, aulicus (one who lives at court, in the strict sense of the word):purpuratus (holding a high office at court, according to ancient notions):homo aulæ ingenio accommodatus (who knows how to adapt himself to the spirit prevailing at court):*homo vafris aulicorum artibus imbutus (initiated in the intrigues of the court):*homo ad omnes officiorum formulas factus (always ready to do the civil thing in the most polished way):*homo ad fraudem or ad fallendum compositus:homo callidus (a courteous and prudent man, in general):like a courtier, *aulicorum more.
COURTINE, agger (general term for mound):
COURTLINESS:Vid. Courteousness.
COURTLY:Vid. COURTEOUS, POLITE, ELEGANT. || Flattering, vid.
COURTSHIP, alicujus sollicitatio (but such an adjective, as honesta should be added, to distinguish it from an improper solicitation;e.g., Seneca, Contr., 2, 15, tot sollicitationibus expugnari non potuit):Mostly by circumlocution with verbs under To COURT.
COURT-YARD, Vid. COURT.
COUSIN, consobrinus (first cousin):sobrinus (second cousin):patruelis (child of a father’s brother):amitinus (child of a father’s sister, or of a mother’s brother):propinquus: cognatus (general term for relation).SYN. in RELATION.
COVE, sinus. Vid. BAY, SHELTER.
COVENANT, Vid. COMPACT.
COVENANT, v. pacisci cum aliquo; pactionem facere or conficere cum aliquo:Vid. ” to make a compact or contract,” under either of the two substantives.
COVENANTER, qui pactionem facit or confecit cum, aliquo:Vid. CONFEDERATE, CONSOCIATE.
COVER, || Any moveable thing which is placed on another, tegumen, or tegimen, or tegmen: tegumentum:integumentum:operimentum (that covers it all over):involucrum:velamentum (thai covers it all round):stragulum:stragula vestis:stramentum (that is spread over anything, the two former especially of costly covers over pillows or couches):operculum (for any vessel. Vid. also, LID):lodix (coverlet of a bed; properly, “a small, shaggy blanket.” opertorium was the upper bedding, opposed to stragulum):gausape (of thick woollen stuff;e.g., for a table):cilicium (cover or cloth of goat’s hair):storea or storia (plaited of straw, cord, rushes, etc.):matta: teges (thick cover made of rushes):the cover to a well, *putei operculum (but puteal is = περιστόμιον , which was generally made of marble with the ancients, and of a circular form, Cicero, Att.,1, 10, 3; cf. Paullus, Dig., 19, 1, 14): the cover of a book, *tegumentum:involucrum:to take off the cover of anything, alicui rei tegumentum detrahere (draw off;e.g., scutis, Cicero):to put a cover on anything; [vid. To COVER.] || Cover for protection or concealment, perfugium (place of refuge):præsidium (protection):tuitio:munitio (defence):tegumentum (Plautus, Trin., 2, 2, 32):Under cover, in occulto (e.g., opus in occulto fiebat, Cæsar, B. C., 1).To finish the whole work under the cover of “vineæ,” opus vineis tectum perficere (Cæsar B. C., 2, 10, and Herz., ad loc.); sub tecto (if covered over, Cæsar B. C., 2, 15):under cover of a wall, muro tectus (Cæsar, B. C., 2, 15); mœnibus advorsum hostes munitus (Livius):Under the cover of a pluteus, plutei objectu (e.g., quæ usui sunt, supportare, Cæsar, B. C., 2, 15):Under cover of the night, nocte: multa de nocte (= late at night;e.g., proficisci):intempesta nocte (in the dead of the night):clam noctu (e.g., ex præsidiis effugere, Nepos, Eum., 2, extr.). || At table, mappa (convivae).A table of twenty covers, *cœna viginti convivis instructa or apparata. || Covert; vid. || Pretext, involucrum (e.g., simulationis, Cicero, Quint. Fr. 1, 1, 5, §15); integumentum; velamentum:obtentus: præscriptio:titulus.Vid. PRETEXT, PRETENCE.
COVER, v. tegere (general term):contegere:obtegere:integere: protegere (to cover over; with anything, aliquid aliqua re):velare:operire:cooperire (to envelope):sternere:consternere: insternere (to spread over anything):occultare: abscondere (to hide):vestire:convestire (to clothe, of persons, also of the natural covering of animals, villis vestire; then, also, of things;e.g., a tomb covered with thorns, sepulcrum vepribus vestitum):sepire et vestire (e.g., oculos membranis) [Vid. also, To HIDE FROM]:obducere (to cover over; of what is drawn over as an outward coating or layer;e.g., arbores cortice obducuntur:to cover over with a hard skin,
cailum obducere alicui rei:the sky is covered with clouds, cœlum nubibus obducitur; also, figuratively, to cover the plainest things with a dark cloud, obducere tenebras rebus clarissimis).[Cf., Tegere is also used of water covering (i. e., rising higher than) piles, etc.; of course, not tegere lectum, mensam, etc., but sternere.] Everything was covered with snow, omnia nives oppleverant:ivy covers everything, hedera omnia convestit:to cover one’s head, caput velare, operire (Cicero), adoperire (Livius):with his head covered, capite operto (Cicero):to cover one’s nakedness, *vestibus ad verecundiam velatum esse:to cover the sea with fleets, the river with ships, maria classibus, amnem navigiis consternere:to cover the earth with flowers, humum spargere floribus:a covered walk, cryptoporticus (having the sides closed); ambulatio tecta (for walking):covered with dust, pulvere sparsus:covered with wounds, vulneribus onustus, obrutus:a breast covered with scars, pectus insigne cuicatricibus bello acceptis:to cover anybody with garlands (to honour him), complere aliquem coronis ac floribus:with abuse, omnia maledicta in aliquem conferre:covered with glory, gloria circumfluens:covered with infamy, etc., infamia et dedecore opertus (Cicero); coopertus flagitiis et facinoribus (Sallustius) or sceleribus (Cicero):to cover with thatch, stramento tegere (Cæsar), integere (Hirt.):to cover with shingles, scandulis contegere:with turf, cæspitibus consternere (e.g., tabernacula, Cæsar):to cover the walls with marble, parietes marmoribus excolere:to cover the walls of a room with pictures, tabulis cubiculi parietes vestire; cubiculum tabellis picturarum adornare:to cover with festoons and roses, sertis redimire et rosa with festoons, sertis velare (e.g., a house, etc., Ovidius, Trist. 4, 2, 3):covered with rags, pannis obsitus:to cover with planks or boards, contabulare.A covered (= decked) boat, scapha, etc., tecta, or tecta et instructa:to cover much ground, raros constitisse (e.g., Samnites rari constiterant, were drawn up so as to cover much ground). || To protect, tegere (general term; also technical term for covering the position of an army):protegere (to guard from harm by preventive measures):from anything, a aliqua re or contra aliquid: munire (by a defence set up as a fortress; a aliqua re or contra aliquid; also figuratively;e.g., oculos membranis munire or sepire, to cover the eyes with a membrane for their protection):obtegere (e.g., partem castrorum vineis, Cæsar B. C., 3, 54):præsidio esse (of troops;e.g., præsidio esse impedimentis):ab incursionibus hostium tueri (of covering a district) .To cover the retreat, fugientem tegere (= to conceal his retreat; Cæsar 6, 30): κυρικιμασαηικοagmen claudere, et novissimis præsidio esse (Cæsar); hostium (*insequentium) impetum sustinere (Cæsar) .He sent the cavalry to cover his retreat, equitatum, qui sustineret hostium impetum, misit (Cæsar, B. G., 1, 24):to be covered by mountains, montium altitudine tegi:the right wing of his army was covered by the brook, dextrum cornu ejus rivus muniebat:the second line was covered by the bridge, alter ordo ponte (ab incidentibus telis) tegebatur (Hirtius, B. G., 8, 9, 4):to cover a wing by a strong body of cavalry, firmare cornu magnis equitum copiis:to be covered, tectum or tutum esse (i. e., to be safe):to cover one’s self, corpus suum protegere (in fighting,e.g., with a shield). || To cover (= equal) the expense, aliquid sarcit or resarcit sumtum suum (brings back as much as it has cost, cf. Terentius, Heaut., 1, 1, 19):quod impensæ factum est in rem, efficere (after Livius, 2, 18).The profit does not cover the outgoings, impendia exsuperant reditum (e.g., in the management of an estate). -xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx Warning; Any kind of reproduction of this page will be very severely accused by tokyomaths.com xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx- To cover the outgoings or the expenses of a thing, omnem impensamalicujus rei pretio auo liberare (Columella).|| To copulate, coire:inire:salire (of quadrupeds). COVER, s. Vid. LID.
COVERING, || Whatever is placed on or over any object [vid. COVER]. || Dress, vestis:vestimentum: vestitus (general terms):amictus (if intended to be wrapped round the body):velamen:velamentum: involucrum:integumentum (husk, outer covering).
COVERLET, opertorium lecti (the upper covering, opposed to stragulum, the under bedding; vid. Seneca, Ep., 87, 2):peristroma, atis (probably large enough to hang over the sides of the bed or couch).
Cf., Lodix was a rough, shaggy blanket, two of which were sometimes sewed together for a coverlet. – Dict, of Antiqq.
COVERT, tectum (place covered over against wind and weather):perfugium (shelter; as place of refuge):receptaculum (the place which affords shelter, and thus secures against persecution):portus (properly, port; figuratively, a safe shelter).(The words are found in this connection and order), portus et perfugium:to conceal one’s self in a covert, latebra se occultare:to frighten anybody out of his covert, aliquem excitare latibulo. To be under covert, tutum or munitum esse:to put one’s self under covert, in tuto collocare:to put one’s self under covert against dangers, corpus tutum reddere adversus pericula. || A thicket, locus crebris condensus arboribus (after Hirtius, B. Afr., 50):locus teneris arboribus et crebris rubis sentibusque obsitus (after Cæsar B. G., 2, 17). || For beasts, lustrum (lair of wild-beasts):latibulum (lurking-place, the haunt of a wild beast):cubile (properly, a couch for men; then, also, of animals).
COVERT, || Sheltered:to be formed by the past participle of the corresponding verbs in To COVER. || Secret, clandestine, vid. || Covert-way (in fortification), tectus cuniculus, or (as technical term) *via cæca, quæ dicitur.
COVERTLY, Vid. SECRETLY.
COVET, appetere (to desire):cupere:concupiscere: cupidum, avidum esse alicujus rei (to desire anything violently): desiderare (to long after or for anything; especially what one misses):optare (to wish):expetere:affectare (to strive to get; to be hankering after; opposed to fugere: aspernari):gestire (to express a longing for anything by gestures, with infinitive):ardenter cupere aliquid:cupiditate alicujus rei ardere, flagrare; desiderio alicujus rei magno teneri; sitire aliquid; sitienter expetere aliquid (stronger terms; to thirst after anything):to covet or abhor, appetere aut fugere (refugere):I am coveting anything, concupisco:appeto (both with accusative and infinitive); alicujus rei desiderio capior:appetens sum alicujus rei; cupidus, avidus sum alicujus rei:to covet earnestly, omni cogitatione ferri ad aliquid:to lay one’s hands on a coveted possession, grassari in possessionem alicujus rei (Livius 6, 5).
COVETABLE, Vid. DESIRABLE.
COVETOUS, habendi cupidus (general term):aliquantum avidior ad rem:avarus (endeavoring to enrich one’s self at the expense of others):pecuniæ cupidus or avidus (with regard to money):from the context also, cupidus only (as Cicero, Sext., 43, 93, where we find homo castus ac non cupidus, and Vitruvius 1, 1, 7); or avidus (as Cicero, De Or., 2, 43, 183; and opposed to liberalis, as Cicero, Roscius, Com., 7, extr.):sordidus (vilely covetous):petens (striving after).To be covetous, avaritia ardere *divitias cupide or avide expetere.Vid. also, To COVET.
COVETOUSLY, avide; avare; studiose; sordide; cupide; appetenter. SYN. in COVETOUS.
COVETOUSNESS, habendi cupiditas, or cupido (general term):avaritia (the desire of enriching one’s self by any means, at the expense of others, opposed to abstinentia):pecuniæ studium, or cupiditas, or aviditas (with regard to money).From the context also, cupiditas only (as Cicero, Roscius, Am., 35, extr.; Quintilianus, 7, 2, 30 [opposed to pecuniæ contemtus], and Suetonius, Dom., 9 [opposed to abstinentia], etc.) and aviditas (as Plautus, Merc., prol., 29; Cicero, Off.,2, 11, 38). (The words are found in this connection and order), cupiditas et avaritia: sordes (stronger term;e.g., vile covetousness):avaritia ardens; avaritia hians et imminens (a burning thirst, as it were, after anything).
COVEY,The best term is, probably, pullities (used of pigeons, Columella, 8, 9, circa messem, cum jam confirmata est pullities [where, however, it may = ” the young broods” collectively]; cf. 9, 11, in eo vase nata est pullities, of bees):grex (but this is too strong).[Vid. BROOD, s.] || Company, set, grex:globus, caterva.
COW, vacca: bos femina, or bos only (if it is not necessary to allude to the sex):a little cow, vaccula (Catullus):a cow-calf, vitula:a young cow, juvenca (general term): bucula (if it has not yet calved):forda (that is in calf):a milch-cow, *vacca, quæ lac habet [Cf., lactarius means, that is still fed with the mother’s milk;e.g., bos lactarius, Varr.].
Cows employed in husbandry, vaccæ operariæ (Columella 6, 24):a cow that gives no milk must be put to the plough, sterilis vacca aratro deputanda est (Pall.):to use cows in the plough, vaccis arare (Columella):to put or take a cow to the bull, vaccam tauro submittere, or vaccæ taurum admittere:of or from a cow, vaccinus. bubulus (if the sex is not important)[Cf., bovinus, in Livius (de bovino grege), is from an old religious form.]:cows milk, lac vaccinum or bubulum.A cow’s udder, uber vaccæ.
COW-BANE, cicuta.
COW-DUNG, fimus bubulus.
COW-HAIR, *pilus vaccinus.
COW-HERD, armentarius (who has the care of the cattle):bubulcus (= qui bobus arat; but afterwards = cow-herd).
COW-HIDE, corium vaccæ or bovis (cf. Plinius, 11, 32, 47).
COW-HORN, *cornu vaccæ.
COW-HOUSE, bubile.
COW-LEATHER, Vid. COW-HIDE.
COW-LEECH, veterinarius (general term; Columella): to be a skillful cow-leech, veterinariæ medicinæ prudentem esse.
COW-PARSLEY, chærophyllum.
COW-PARSNEP, *heracleum (the common *arvense, Linnæus).
COW-POX, *variolæ:the natural cow-pox, variolæ naturales; if by vaccination, variolæ artificiales.To have the cow-pox, *variolis laborare, affici, affectum esse.
COW-WEED, cærefolium (Plinius, 19, 8, 54, the Greek pæderos [ παιδέρως ], after Plinius, and others), and chærephyllum (χαιρἐφυλλον, which is used by Columella):*scandix cærefolium (Linnæus).
COW, v. Vid. To INTIMIDATE.
COWARD, homo ignavus [vid. COWARDLY].Do you take me for a coward? adeone me ignavum putas? I am not such a coward as to be frightened by the fear of death, non is sum, qui mortis periculo terrear:by anybody, ex aliquo.Vid. TIMID.
COWARDICE, ignavia (inaptitude for any noble deed, especially for a deed of valour; opposed to fortitudo):timiditas (timidity, pusillanimity). (The words are found in this connection and order), timiditas et ignavia. Vid. TIMIDITY.
COWARDLINESS, Vid. COWARDICE.
COWARDLY, ignavus (especially of a soldier, opposed to fortis, strenuus):timidus (fearful, pusillanimous). (The words are found in this connection and order), ignavus ac timidus; timidus atque ignavus; ignavus et imbecillus; imbecillus timidusque:demissus:qui animo demisso or abjecto est (out of heart, in despair):pavidus:trepidus (timid):In a cowardly manner, ignave; timide; timido animo; pavide; trepide.
COWER, genua flectere (general term):subsidere or in genua subsidere: se demittere: conquiniscere (pre-classical).
COWL, cucullus:with a cowl, cucullatus: a travelling habit with a cowl, pænula (which used in later times to be worn by the orators; vid. Dial., orat., 39, 2).
COWSLIP, *primula veris (Linnæus).
COXCOMB, PROPERLY, crista galli. || Vain, empty fop, etc., homo ineptus: homo opinionibus inflatus (Cicero, Off., 1, 20, 91); homo nimium amator ingenii sui (too full of himself. Quintilianus, 10, 1, 88):homo ineptitudinis cumulatus (Cæcil., ap. Non.).An old amorous coxcomb, cana culex (as epithet, in Plautus, Cas., 4, 3, 12):a beardless coxcomb, adolescentulus imberbis.To play the coxcomb, inepte se gerere. || Sort of flower, *celosia cristata.
COXCOMBRY, ineptiæ (with such an adjective, as putidæ, ridiculæ, pueriles):*putida elegantia (affected style of an author).
COY, pudicus:pudens:modestus:verecundus:timidus [SYN. in MODEST]:rather coy, subtimidus.
COYLY, pudice:modeste:pudenter:verecunde: timide. SYN. in MODEST.
COYNESS, modestia:pudor:verecundia:pudicitia: timiditas. SYN. in MODESTY. COZEN, Vid. To CHEAT, To TRICK.
COZENAGE, Vid. TRICKLY.
COZENER, Vid. CHEAT.
CRAB, || A shell-fish, cancer, generally cancri; seldom canceris (Cat., R. R., Lucretius, Arnob.):pagurus (πάφουρος, Plinius, 9, 30, 51):pagur (a species of crab, Ovidius).|| A sign of the zodiac, cancer (e.g., sol cancri signum transit). || A peculiar sort of apple, malum silvestre. || An engine; the nearest words are capreoli (Cæsar B. C., 2, 10):machina tractoria; tetraspastos, pentaspastos (according to the number of its rollers; vid. Vitruvius, 3, 1, in., and 3, 2, 3). || A morose fellow; vid. CRABBED.
CRABBED, || Morose, morosus: acerbus: tristis: male affectus: tetricus: intractabilis [SYN. in MOROSE]. || Unpleasant, rough, ingratus; insuavis; gravis; molestus; odiosus.|| Difficult or intricate, obscurus: abstrusus (e.g., disputatio):perplexus (intricate;e.g., sermones, carmen):durus (rough, inharmonious; of style, verses, etc.):impeditus (difficult to understand):implicatus (confused).
CRABBEDLY, acerbe; aspere; moleste; dure; duriter; obscure; implicite; perplexe; abstruse.SYN. in CRABBED.
CRABBEDNESS, morositas; asperitas; tristitia; acerbitas [SYN. in MOROSE].
CRACK, s. || The sound of anything cracking, sonitus fragilis (Lucretius, 6, 111):crepitus, fragor (the noise produced by fire, thunder, houses, etc., that come down). || A chink, rima (general term):fissura (of larger size):little crack, rimula:little cracks, parvulæ rimulæ (Celsus 8, 4).Full of cracks, rimosus: plenus rimarum (Terentianus; but figuratively):to be full of cracks, fissuris dehiscere: *plurimas rimas egisse or duxisse.
CRACK, INTR.|| To produce a sound, sonitum fragilem dare (cf. Lucretius, 6, 110, sqq.):fragorem dare (of a loud sound):crepare (to rattle). || To open in chinks, rimas agere; rimas fieri pati (rimas ducere is poetical):findi (e.g., of the skin, the soil, etc.):se findere:dissilire (to burst asunder); displodi (burst with an explosive sound):rumpi:dirumpi (burst by force):dehiscere:discedere (gape open, of the earth; discedere magnis quibusdam imbribus, Cicero, Off. 3, 9):to crack from the effect of frost, rumpi gelu. || To boast; vid.
CRACK, TR., findere (e.g., sol findere statuas, arva, etc. also of the skin, and of a bone; opposed to frangere, perfringere, to break it) [diffindere (is to cleave, split;e.g., saxum): displodere (to make it burst with an explosive sound) ]: to crack nuts, nuces frangere: κυρικιμασαηικοto crack a joke, jocularia fundere: ridicula jactitare (both in Livius, 7, 7):to crack dirty jokes, crepare immunda dicta (Horatius):to crack anybody’s skull with a stone, alicujus caput saxo elidere, or (Plautus) dirumpere:to crack a whip, flagello insonare (Vergilius); (equos, boves, etc.) flagello admonere (to crack it for the purpose of urging on one’s team); cracked lips, labrorum fissuræ (e.g., efficax asini sevum labrorum fissuris, Plinius).
CRACK-BRAINED, vecors: cerritus: mente captus: delirus [SYN. in MAD]:to be crack-brained, cerritum esse (Horatius, vid. MAD):
CRACK-HEMP, CRACK-ROPE,furcifer:crux: patibulum:career (comic; vid. Ruhnken, Terentius, Phorm., 2, 3, 26).
CRACKLE, sonitum dare: crepare (e.g., laurel in the fire):crepitum dare, crepitare (of aflame; and also of substances in it;e.g., flos salis in igne, Plinius); sternuere (of a candle).
CRACKLING, sonitus:crepitus.
CRACKNEL, spira:spirula (diminutive and later).To bake cracknels, spiras coquere.
CRADLE, cunæ (the proper word; for children; then poetically metonomy = birth, infancy):cunabula, plural (the bedding of a cradle; then the cradle itself; metonomy, as our “cradle,” (α) early abode, (β) = birth, origin):incunabula, plural (swaddling-clothes; then by metonomy [as our ” cradle,”] (α) = native place, (β) = very beginning of anything;e.g., of learning, doctrinæ):to put into a cradle, in cunas condere:from the cradle, a primis cunabulis; inde ab incunabulis:to rock a cradle, *cunas movere:to put a child into its cradle, puerum in cunas condere (Plautus):to sleep in a cradle, in cunis dormire:to be in its cradle, in cunis esse. || Fence round a young tree, cavea (from its likeness to a cage. Columella, 5, 6, 21). CRADLE, v. || To rock in a cradle, cunas infantis movere (after Martisalis, 11, 39, 1, who says,cunarum motor mearum, i. e., who once rockedst me in my cradle); *infantem cunis motis sopire (to rock to sleep). || Put into a cradle, in cunas condere (Plautus).
CRAFT, || A manual trade; [vid. a TRADE]. || Cunning, vid. || A small vessel, navicula:navigiolum: scapha:cymba:linter:ratis. SYN. in VESSEL.
CRAFTILY, Vid. CUNNINGLY.
CRAFTINESS, Vid. CUNNING.
CRAFTSMAN, Vid. WORKMAN, TRADESMAN.
CRAFTY, Vid. CUNNING.
CRAG, scopulus: saxum (rock).Vid. ROCK, CLIFF.
CRAGGED, CRAGGY, saxosus:scopulosus (full of crags):salebrosus (rough):confragosus (of plains where holes, stones, etc., are met with, and which are difficult to pass):scaber (rough, opposed to levis):a cragged place, locus asper or salebrosus:aspretum (with reference to soil), also solum asperum or horridum.
CRAGGEDNESS, asperitas (viarum, saxorum).
CRAM, TR.,refercire:effercire:infercire:differcire, aliqua re farcire or refercire (to stuff quite full with anything):stipare (crowd together; especially of personal objects and in passive participle):confercire (cram together; of persons or things; especially in passive participle):coartare (force into a very narrow compass; also of persons):comprimere (press persons or things together):to cram into anything, stipare in aliqua re (e.g., asses in aliqua cella, which Varro defines, componere, quo minus loci occuparent):confercire in aliquid; to cram many subjects together into one book, plura in unum librum coartare: to cram poultry, farcire (e.g., gallinas, anseres); also opimare (to fatten, especially of poultry); alere aliqua re (e.g., with bran, furfure) to cram into anything, farcire in aliquid (e.g., handkerchiefs into anybody’s mouth, pannos in os):crammed full of anything, refertus aliqua re:crammed full of people, refertus hominibus: stipatus (if one person stands close to the other): a theatre that is crammed full, theatrum celebritate refertissimum. || To force into, cogere introire.
CRAM, v. INTR., heluari (properly, and figuratively): largius se invitare: se cibo invitare (Sallustius, Frag.). CRAMP, s. || Spasm, spasmus (σπασμός, Celsus, 2, 1, p. 54, ed. Bip., nervorum distentio; Plinius and later writers always use spasmus); tetanus (τέτανος, Celsus etc.):rigor nervorum.[Vid. SPASM for phrases.] || Cramp-iron, fibula: confibula (Cato):an iron cramp, fibula or ansa ferrea (Vitrvius).
CRAMP, v. TR.,spasmo vexare (Scribonius, Larg., 171).|| To fasten together with a cramp, fibulare. || To confine, coangustare:coartare:circumscribere: coercere:reprimere:contrahere:in
angustum deducere:in exiguum angustumque concludere. To cramp a person, aliquem circumscribere, coercere (in his actions, etc., Cicero, Mil., 88, sq.); in breve tempus conjicere aliquem (to confine him as to time; Terentius Hec., 5, 4, 2):to be cramped for room, anguste sedere (Cicero, Frag.; recepissem te nisi anguste sederem, of room in his house):angustos fines habere (of a nation or tribe).
Cramped circumstances, (rerum) angustiæ; res angusta (Horatius).To write a cramped hand, *anguste scribere:a cramp style, oratio contorta; contortum dicendi genus: to be cramped, angustius se habere.
CRAMP-FISH, torpedo.
CRAMP-IRON, Vid. CRAMP.
CRANBERRY, *oxycoccus:The common European cranberry, *oxycoccus palustris (Linnæus).
CRANE, grus: *ardea grus (Livius):vipio (a young crane, Plinius, 10, 49, 69). || A machine for raising weights, carchesium versatile (carchesium = a structure surrounding the mast above the yard, antenna; here the sails were managed, etc.:” The carchesium was sometimes made to turn upon its axis [carchesium versatile], so that with its apparatus of pulleys it served the purposes of a crane” Dict. of Antiqq., and Index to Rode’s Vitruvius):trochlea (τροχαλία):tympanum (Lucretius, 4, 903; Multaque per trochleas et tympana pondere magno Commovet, atque levi sustollit machina nisu. Vid. Vitruvius, 10, 2. Rode translates trochlea, ” a sheaf of pulleys.” Tympanum was probably ” a windlass”) prehensio (Cæsar, B. C., 2, 9; turris tectum per se ipsum prehensionibus – suspendere ac tollere; vid. Herz.,: others read pressionibus):to raise by a cane, machina in carchesio versatili constituta corripere aliquid ac tollere (after Vitruvius, 10, 22):per trochleas sustollere; prehensionibus elevare or suspendere ac tollere.Another machine for lifting weights was sucula. || An instrument used to draw liquor out of a cask, sĭphon or sïphon (σίφων Cicero, De Fin., 2, 8, in.).
CRANE’S-BILL, *geranium (Linnæus):
CRANK, || Of a machine; the nearest is uncus, hook. || A winding passage, deverticulum:deverticulum flexioque (Cicero):circuitus: circuitio.
CRANNIED, rimosus:plenus rimarum.
CRANNY, rima. fissura (of larger size):foramen (hole in general):rimula (Dimin.):
CRAPE, *textum subcrispum, quod nostri vocant ” crape:” pannus Cous (vid. Heindorf,Horatius, Sat., 1, 2, 101):a crape dress, or a dress made of crape, vestis Coa (vid. Heindorf, Horatius, Sat., 1, 2, 101).
CRAPULENCE, crapula.To sleep off one’s crapulence, crapulam edormire, edormiscere, obdormire, exhalare, or edormire et exhalare; crapulam excutere or discutere. CRAPULOUS, crapulæ plenus: bene potus:temulentus: ebrius (stronger terms) [crapularius, Plautus; crapulentus, Ammian.].
CRASH, v. INTR., fragorem dare:strepere:strepitum edere:sonitum dare, crepare:crepitare:concrepare (of the crash of arms, etc.).
CRASH, s. fragor: fragores (if the noise it produces is continued for some time).To cause or produce a crash, fragorem dare:there is a crash, fit, exoritur fragor: to fall down with a tremendous crash, cum ingenti fragore procidere (e.g., of a tower, etc.):there was a crash of horns, cornua strepuerunt rauco cantu (poetically, Vergilius):with the crash of pipes and drums, tibiarum cantu tympanorumque sonitu (e.g., strepere, Plinius).
CRASSITUDE, crassitudo: densitas: spissitas; obesitas (with reference to the human body).Vid. THICKNESS.
CRATCH, præsepe:præsepis:præsepium.
CRAVAT, focale (for = faucale, from faux, sc. linteum or vinculum, worn accord to Heindorf,Horatius, Sat., 2, 3, 255, only by sick and effeminate persons) . CRAVE, || Ask, beg for, flagitare; efflagitare poscere; exposcere; expetere [SYN. in DEMAND].(The words are found in this connection and order), poscere et flagitare. || Desire, long for, require, vid. To be ever craving for food, cibi plurimi esse: nimium gulosum esse (Martisalis); cibi avidum esse voracem esse.
CRAVEN, Vid. COWARD.
CRAVING, contentio, alicujus rei (e.g., honorum, palmæ):appetitio, alicujus rei (e.g., alieni; principals):impetus (a violent longing;e.g., for praise, animorum ad laudem):desiderium alicujus rei: sitis alicujus rei (thirst for it):an insatiable craving, sitis importuna, immensa, *inexplebilis.
CRAUNCH, morsu divellere (Ovidius Met., 8, 877):morsu dividere (e.g., food, escas):morsu lacerare (to tear into pieces with one’s teeth):corrodere (to bite into pieces):morsu frangere (e.g., nuts):conterere:obterere (to crush).
CRAW, ingluvies: guttur (the throat, as the seat of the “ingluvies”).
CRAWFISH, CRAYFISH, astacus (ὰστακός), Plinius.
CRAWL, s. ostrearium:ostrearum vivarium (an artificial oyster-bed, vid. Plinius, 9, 54, 79; Macrobius, Sat., 2, 11).
CRAWL, v. repere:reptare (as well of animals, with or without legs, as of persons who move on their hands and feet):serpere (in this meaning of serpents only; of worms, snails, etc., repere must be used):to crawl on one’s hands and feet, reptare per manus et genua; quadrupede gradu repere; to any place, aliquo:crawling on hands and feet, quadrupes; more bestiarum quadrupes:to crawl forth from or out of anything, erepere, prorepere ex re:to crawl into anything, repere in aliquid; irrepere alicui rei or in aliquid (in order merely to get into it); abdere se in aliquid, not in aliqua re (for the sake of concealment):to crawl into all corners, perreptare in omnibus latebris:to crawl underneath the stairs or the stair-case, abdere se in scalarum latebras:to come crawling along, arrepere; arreptare:to crawl forth, prorepere (e.g., ad solarium proximum, Suetonius, Claud., 10):to crawl from their holes, prorepere e cavis terræ (e.g., cochleæ, Plinius):erepere (Plautus, Varr.):ereptare (Seneca).To crawl up, erepere (per aspera et devia ad aliquem, Suetonius,; in puppim, Lucan.); surrepere (forth from beneath):to crawl behind, subrepere (e.g., murum, Varr.) to crawl under, subrepere (e.g., sub tabulas, Cicero):to crawl down, derepere (e.g., from a tree, Phædrus):to crawl down trees backward, arborem aversum (am, os, as, etc.) derepere (Plinius). || To move slowly, repere (to move, travel, etc., slowly, Horatius, Nepos); gradi lente:tarde ire or ingredi:tardo pede or gradu incedere:lente incedere:tarde moveri (to move on slowly):fessa ægre trahere membra (from fatigue):to crawl along on the road, repere:iter facere tarde:tarde procedere (to move on, or get on very slowly); lente et paullatim procedere (slowly and by degrees):to crawl through the town, the streets, perreptare oppidum, plateas (Plautus).To crawl up hills, montes erepere (i. e., in travelling; Horatius, 1, 5, 79).
CRAWLER, *animal repens:serpens (general term for any creeping animal).Vid. REPTILE.
CRAWLING, reptatio (on hands and feet, per manus et genua).
CRAYON, || Pencil, *stilus cerussatus:creta (chalk).To draw in crayons, creta pingere aliquid; λευκογραφεῖυ; or chalk of one colour, vid. Hard., Plinius, 35, 9, 36, No. 2):red crayon, rubrica (sc. terra):a drawing in crayon, monochromatos pictura (if of one colour only, Plinius, 35, 3, 5): in the plural, monochromata, orum, neuter (μονοχρώνατα, τά; vid. Hard., Plinius 35, 9, 36, No. 2), or, if in the sense of the kind of drawing, i. e., the style of colouring, monochromatea genera picturæ, *Plinius, 35, 5, 11).
CRAZE, || To break, vid. || To pulverize, in pulverem redigere (Cf., pulverare is spurious). || To turn the brain, aliquem deturbare de mente et sanitate: ad insanitatem adigere:in rabiem agere:aliquem omnibus orbare sensibus (gradually stronger terms).
CRAZINESS, CRAZEDNESS, || Of the body, imbecillitas:infirmitas. || Of the mind, imbecillitas:animi [ Cf., but animi infirmitas means “want of character”]: mentis alienatio (Celsus, 4, 2); or alienata mens (absence of mind in general):vesania:insania: vecordia:delirium: furor (madness).SYN. in MADNESS.
CRAZY, || Weak, imbecillus (imbecillis is a later form; deficient in proper strength, as well with reference to the body as the mind; opposed to fortis, valens, firmus):fragilis (not durable):caducus (that is inclined to fall or to give way). [Vid. also, WEAK.]A crazy head, ingenium imbecillum:homo imbecillus:anything that is crazy;e.g., a house, ruinosus:pronus in ruinam; vitiosus (damaged); delabens (tumbling to pieces):to be crazy, ruinosum esse: ruinam minari; labare (tottering):a crazy house, ædes ruinosæ. || With reference to the mind:ingenii imbecillis (mentally weak):mente captus:mente alienatus: demens:amens:vesanus:insanus:vecors:delirus. [SYN. in MAD]:to be crazy, mente captum; mente alienatum esse; insanire; delirare:to become crazy, mente alienari; in insaniam incidere:to turn or make anybody crazy, ad insaniam adigere aliquem. CREAK, crepare:concrepare (e.g., doors, fores, ostium, etc.):stridēre or stridĕre (e.g., of hinges; foribus cardo stridebat aenis, Vergilius; also of wagons, plaustra, Vergilius):sonare (general term, to produce a sound or noise):the doors creak, fores crepant; ostium concrepat:the hinge creaks, cardo sonat or stridet:the hinge does not creak, non muttit or mutit cardo (Plautus, Curc., 1, 1, 94; but apparently personifying it).
CREAKING, s. crepitus (of hinges; also of the feet, Cicero, Top., 12):strepitus (e.g., of doors, wheels, etc.):stridor (januæ, Ovidius,; pennarum, Plinius):sonitus (general term).
CREAKING, adj., stridulus (e.g., of wagons, Ovidius, Trist., 3, 12, 33).
CREAM, v. INTR., *colligere florem (of milk):Vid. To FROTH.
CREAM, s. flos lactis (Vitrvius, 8, 3, 6):to skim off the cream, *florem lactis tollere. || Fig., flos:flosculi:robur:
optima (plural):to skim off the cream of anything, alicujus rei flosculos carpere et delibare.
CREAM-OF-TARTAR, *sal tartari (technical term):fæcula (a sort of burned sulphate of potass, vid. Schneider, Columella, 12, 30, 2). CREASE, ruga (properly, a wrinkle; then also, from its likeness, of the crease of a garment).[Not sinus, which is a larger space between the folds of a garment, as produced by the manner in which the ancients took up their toga; vid. Macrobius, Sat., 2, 9]:sitting in creases, rugosus (Martisalis):to take the creases out of anything, erugare aliquid (Plinius):to sit in creases, rugare (Plautus, Cas., 2, 3, 32, vide pallium ut rugat):a crease in a book, *plicatura (dog’s-ear).
CREASE, TR., rugare; corrugare: artare in rugas: aliquid replicare in rugas (after Plinius, 17, 14, 24).
CREATE, || To call into existence, creare: procreare: gignere (to bring forth):fingere (to shape, to form):facere:efticere (to make, to frame):to create the world, mundum creare, condere, gignere, fingere, ædificare, fabricari. || Elect, appoint; to create consuls, pretors, etc., consules, prætores, etc. creare. || To cause; to create a sensation, admirationem movere:to create admiration, admirationem efficere:to create confusion in anything, turbare, perturbare, miscere, confundere aliquid:to create uneasiness, sollicitudinis aliquid afferre:to create disturbances in a country, terram turbare novis consiliis; seditionem movere, excitare:to create a suspicion, suspicionem movere, commovere, excitare, facere, præbere.[Vid. To CAUSE, and the substantives with which “create” is used.] || To invent, vid.
CREATION, origo (origin):principium:initium (beginning):the creation of the world, *mundus conditus:before the creation of the world, *ante primordia rerum, mundi:since the creation, inde ab hominum memoria: post hominum memoriam; post homines natos:at the creation of man, quum primum fingerentur homines:the day of the creation, *dies, quo procreatus est mundus. || The sum of things created, mundus (the world):universitas rerum (the universe). || Production: the creations (i. e., works) of men, *quæ ab hominibus inventa et excogitata sunt. || Election to an office, creatio.
CREATIVE, effectivus (Quintilianus):sollers:ingeniosus (of an inventive mind):A creative mind, sollertia:creative power, effectio (Cicero, Acad., 1, 2, 6):creative nature, rerum natura creatrix (Lucretius):every thing was brought into being by the creative power of nature, omnia sunt opera sollertis naturæ:nature seems here to have taxed her creative powers to the utmost, in hoc natura, quid efficere possit, videtur experta.
CREATOR, procreator: fabricator (he who produces or brings anything to light): (quasi) parens (founder):auctor (author):the creator of so great a work, fabricator tanti operis:the creator of a national literature, Latinarum (Anglicarum, etc.) literarum parens:the creator (= founder) of anything, alicujus rei parens (e.g., of a national literature, Latinarum literarum); a quo initium alicujus rei profectum est:the creator of the world, procreator, effector or fabricator mundi; opifex ædificatorque mundi; genitor mundi or universi; ille quasi parens hujus universitatis:everyone is the creator of his own fortune, faber est quisque fortunæ suæ (Sallustius,ad Cæsar, de Rep., Ora., 1); sui cuique mores fingunt fortunam (Nepos, Att., 11, 6): ut quisque fortuna utitur, ita præcellet (Plautus, Pseud. 2, 3, 13).
CREATURE, || Created being or thing, res: res creata:natura: κυρικιμασαηικοanimal (animated being, living on the earth, whether man or beast; often also in contradistinction to man, as a rational being; and likewise of man, as term of contempt):animans (though used sometimes by Cicero, in his philosophical writings for animal, properly denotes any being that exists by a power within itself; hence, also, used of the Deity, and of plants):homo (man, especially in the case in which we should use the word ” creature” as term of compassion or contempt):negotium (being or thing; as term of contempt for a man, a woman, etc.;e.g., “that Teucris, a tedious creature indeed,” Teucris illa, lentum sane negotium, Cicero, Att.,1, 12, in.; cf. p. redit. in Seneca, 6, 14):a rational creature, or a creature gifted with reason, animal intelligens or rationis particeps or ratione præditum:an irrational creature, animal brutum (in plural, also, bruta only):
Cf., creatura belongs to ecclesiastical Latinity:FIG. We are all the creatures of circumstances, omnibus nobis, ut res dant sese, ita magni atque humiles sumus (Terentianus, Hec., 3,3, 20):a vile creature, nequam mulier: scelesta; scelus:there is not in the whole universe a more detestable creature than a tyrant, tyranno neque tetrius neque fœdius animal ullum cogitari potest:that pestilent creature, Clodius, Clodius illud funestum animal:anybody’s creatures, alicujus assentatoresatque asseclæ (his toadies); canes alicujus quos circa se habet (Cicero, Verr., 2, 1, 48; but only of such dependents asassist tyrants, rapacious governors, etc., in plundering those under their power).Sometimes “creature” is used in English as a term of endearment for girl or woman, in which case it is to be turned by puella, virgo, mulier;e.g., ” that Teucris is an amiable creature,” Teucris illa suavissima puella (virgo, mulier); also by ” anima,”e.g.,’O thou dear creature,” O tu carissima anima. || An absolute dependent on the will of another, alicujus proprius (Nepos, Lys., 1, 5:se illius fore proprium fide confirmarat):qui omnibus in rebus est in potestate alicujus: qui ex alicujus arbitrio pendet: *qui ad alicujus arbitrium, non ad suum vivit:Lentulus is the mere creature of Pompey, Lentulus est totus in potestate Pompeii (Cicero):[Cf., The meaning of beneficiarii sui, Cæsar B. C., 1, 75, is not certain; they were probably soldiers, who, having served their time and received rewards, etc., from the general, were afterward serving voluntarily with peculiar privileges. Herz. thinks them the veteres fidique clientes alicujus, Sallustius, Cat., 19, 5.] Anybody’s creatures, asseclæ alicujus (Cicero, Verr., 3, 12, 30; coll., Div., 2, 37, 79):centurions who were his creatures, sui beneficii centuriones (Suetonius, Tiberius, 12).
CREDENCE, fides:auctoritas (authority). (The words are found in this connection and order), auctoritas et fides:to procure credence to anything, alicui rei fidem facere, or afferre or addere:anything gains or obtains credence, additur alicui rei fides:to lose credence, fidem amittere.[Vid., also, FAITH.] || A letter of credence; vid. CREDENTIALS.
CREDENTIALS, publicæ auctoritates (e.g., legationes cum publicis auctoritatibus, Cicero); civitatis auctoritates ac literæ (Cicero); *regiæ auctoritates or auctoritates ac literæ (from a king):*literæ ad fidem faciendam datæ (general term for “letters of credence”):to deliver his credentials (of an ambassador), *legationi fidem facere literis redditis. CREDIBILITY, fides: auctoritas (the credibility it derives from a sufficient voucher):probabilitas (Cicero, 4 Acad., 75 = verisimilitudo):to establish the credibility of anything, credibile aliquid facere; fidem alicui rei facere, addere, or afferre (of things that cause anything to be believed):to prove the credibility of anything to anybody’s satisfaction, alicui aliquid or de aliqua re probare [Cf., not credibile aliquid alicui facere, though credibile aliquid facere is correct, Krebs]:the supposed credibility of dreams is done away with, tollitur auctoritas somniorum (Cicero):not to overstep the bounds of credibility in anything, veritatis fidem servare in re:to lose their credibility, fidem amittere (of words, etc.).
CREDIBLE, credibilis:facilis ad credendum (that is easily believed):probabilis (that deserves belief):verisimilis (probable, likely):a fide non abhorrens (Livius):fidem non excedens (Curtius):credible (of witnesses, evidence, etc.), fide dignus:fidus:certus:bonus: locuples: luculentus:it is scarcely credible, vix credibile dictu (Curtius):to render anything credible, probabile facere aliquid:aliquid probare (to cause it to be believed); aliquid confirmare (if by proofs or fads); fidem facere or addere alicui rei (to gain credit or acceptance for it):it seems hardly credible to me that, etc., illuc vix adduci possum, ut, etc.:it seems more credible to me, magis adducor, ut credam:not to be credible, a fide abhorrere; fidem excedere.
CREDIBLY, credibiliter.To be credibly informed, certo auctore (or certis auctoribus) comperisse aliquid (Cæsar).
CREDIT, || Belief; the deserving of belief, fides. [Cf., A man dat fidem, “promises;” a thing dat fidem, ” adds credit;” a man habet fidem, ” believes;’ a thing habet fidem, “is credible,” Copleston.]:auctoritas (arising from the weight of testimony, character, etc.). (The words are found in this connection and order), auctoritas et fides.To give credit to [vid. To CREDIT]: we must consider what credit is to be attached to his assertion, considerandum est, quanta fides ei habenda sit:anybody’s credit stands very low with anybody, parva alicui est apud aliquem fides; parvam alicui habet aliquis fidem:to be deserving of credit, auctoritatem, or fidem, or auctoritatem et fidem habere (of letters, documents, etc.), dignum esse, cui fides habeatur (of a person):not to deserve credit, indignum esse, cui credatur (of persons); fidem nullam habere (of letters, documents, etc.):the credit of the document is gone, tabulæ fides resignatur [Vid. BELIEF, CREDIBILITY. || Reputation, auctoritas:gratia (influence, favor):opinio (opinion of a person, whether good or bad):existimatio (good opinion):to support anybody by one’s credit, gratia aliquem juvare:to gain credit, auctoritatem sibi comparare:anybody’s
or one’s credit increases, gliscit auctoritas:anybody is losing credit, cadit auctoritas:gratia minuitur:one who injures anybody’s credit, dignitatis et auctoritatis afflictor et perditor:to keep up or preserve one’s credit, gratiam tueri:to be in high credit, magna esse auctoritate; auctoritate florere or vigere:with anybody, gratiosum esse apud aliquem; gratia alicujus florere; gratia multum valere apud aliquem (to be high in his favor). || To do credit to, etc.:anything does no credit to anybody, aliquid alicui est dedecori or turpitudini:to do no credit (of a thing), pudori esse:it does me great credit that, etc., summo honori mihi est, quod, etc.:your behavior does you no credit, non te dignum facis (Comically):what does anybody credit, honestus: honorificus:it does us no credit at all, est dedecus nostrum:to do great credit, magnæ esse gloriæ. || In a commercial sense; fides (faith, trust, in general):existimatio (opinion entertained of a man’s solvency, honesty, etc).Public credit, populi fides, or fides only:anybody’s credit does not stand so high as it did, fides cecidit, concidit:anybody’s credit has begun to fail, fides aliquem deficere cœpit:public credit has received a blow in every part of Italy, fides tota Italia angustior est:public credit is gone, fides de foro sublata est:to endeavor to injure anybody’s credit, fidem alicujus moliri:to ruin a person’s credit, fiduciam arcæ conturbare:to take away one’s credit, fidem tollere:to re-establish one’s credit, fidem revocare: to maintain one’s credit, existimationem tueri:to uphold the public credit, fidem populi retinere:to raise one’s credit, ad fidem aliquid acquirere:for my own part, both my money and my credit is gone, ego non rem familiarem modo, sed etiam fidem consumpsi (Pomp., ap. Sallustius, Frag.):to assist anybody with one’s credit, fide sustentare aliquem (Cicero):to borrow money on anybody’s credit, pecuniam alicujus fide mutuam sumere:one’s credit remaining good, fide incolumi:to let anybody have anything on credit, credere alicui aliquid:to sell on credit, vendere in diem (if the day for payment is fixed); vendere pecunia non præsenti (general term for selling without ready money, after Plautus, Men., 5, 9, 97):to buy on credit, emere in diem (see the remark above, as to in diem); emere pecunia non præsenti (in general):A letter of credit (perhaps), diploma, neuter:the credit-side of an account, acceptum:to set down or place to anybody’s credit, in acceptum referre alicui (Cicero, Verr., 1, 36, 37).
CREDIT, v. || To believe, alicui rei or alicui credere (of a thing), aliquid credere (= to believe it true; the accusative being a neuter pronoun, id, quid, etc.e.g., quid jam credas, aut cui credas, Terentianus):aliquid esse credere (to believe anything to be true, or the case, opposed to negare aliquid esse); alicui or alicui rei fidem habere, tribuere; alicui rei fidem adjungere [SYN. in BELIEVE; Cf., not fidem dare or adhibere]:to credit anything without examination, or [as is often incorrectly said] implicitly, alicui rei servire (e.g., incertis rumoribus, Cæsar):to cause anything to be credited, alicui rei fidem facere, afferre or addere:anything cannot be credited, aliquid excedit fidem (Curtius); abhorret a fide (Livius).To credit anything on anybody’s authority, credo tibi de istis (Plautus); or by aliquo auctore:to deserve, or not to deserve to be credited; vid. “to deserve (or) not to deserve credit,” in CREDIT. [Vid. To BELIEVE.] || In a mercantile sense:to credit anybody with a sum, in acceptum referre alicui.
CREDITABLE, || Respectable, honestus (morally good, opposed to inhonestus and turpis):liberalis (worthy of a free-born man, opposed to illiberalis). (The words are found in this connection and order), honestus et liberalis. || Laudable, honorable, honorificus:laudabilis. laude dignus:prædicabilis:laudandus. [SYN. in PRAISEWORTHY, vid.] To be creditable, laudi esse:to be considered creditable, laude dignum duci; laudi duci:to be creditable to anybody, honestum or decorum esse alicui; aliquem decere; alicui laudi esse:to be highly creditable, gloriæ esse:not to be creditable to anybody, aliquem dedecere:it is very far from creditable to us, est dedecus nostrum:in a creditable manner, vid. CREDITABLY.
CREDITABLY, honeste:honorifice:decore: laudabiliter: cum laude: ut decet: bene:to live ccreditably, decore, honeste vivere.
CREDITOR, creditor: feminine, creditrix (Paullus, Dig.).To deceive or cheat one’s creditors, fraudare creditores.
CREDULITY, credulitas (Planc. ad Cicero, Ep.; afterwards common).
Credulity is quite innate to this class of people, temeritas illi hominum generi innata, ut levem auditionem habeant pro re comperta.
CREDULOUS, credulus, or circumlocution qui facile ad credendum impellitur; qui temere incognita pro cognitis habet, hisque temere assentitur (after Cicero, Off., 1, 6, 18): to be credulous, credulum esse; facile ad credendum impelli or induci (vid. Cicero, De Rep., 2, 10, 18; Nepos, Con., 3, 1, in which passage, however, modern editors substitute adduci):to show one’s self credulous in anything, credulum se præbere in aliqua re: levem auditionem pro re comperta habere (in believing rumors, etc.).
CREED, || Confession of faith, *professio, quid sentias de rebus divinis (any profession of one’s faith):*formula Christiana: lex Christiana (the established law, by which the Christian is to regulate his life, the latter according to Ammian., 2, 5, 10):fides (in a subjective sense; cf. Vergilius, Æn., 4, 12):doctrina:formula: lex (in an objective sense, profession, law):
Cf., It is obvious, that such an attributive as Christi, or Christianus (a, um) or Christianorum (and thus in a similar manner Mahumedi, etc., as the case may be), ought to be added, unless it is sufficiently implied by the context. To desert or apostatize from the creed of one’s fathers, sacra patria deserere:to change one’s creed, *mutare sacrorum formulam:article of the creed,*caput doctrinæ sacræ [Cf., caput or articulus fidei is barbarous].[Vid. RELIGION.] || In a narrower sense; *professio, quid sentias de aliqua re (e.g., de republica, one’s political creed):a philosophical creed, ratio: disciplina: auctoritas or alicujus disciplinæ auctoritas (as laid down by the founders, and deriving importance from their authority):dogmata: præcepta or (post-Augustan) placita; scita (all nouns plural with genitive of the philosopher’s name, or of a school): κυρικιμασαηικοto change one’s creed, animi judicium mutare:to adopt anybody’s creed, alicujus rationem auctoritatemque suscipere (Cicero, Acad., 1, 9, 34):to explain the philosophical creed of the Peripatetics, explicare Peripateticorum auctoritatem (Ac., 1, 9, 34).I incline rather to their creed who, etc., eorum magis sum sententiæ, qui, etc. Vid. OPINION.
CREEK, sinus: sinus maris or maritimus. || A turning, flexus.
CREEKY, flexuosus:tortuosus:sinuosus.
CREEP, repere:reptare (in all the proper meanings of our “to creep;” of animals; of men moving on their hands and feet; of plants which trail along the ground):serpere (of animals that move on their belly;e.g., serpents, but repere must be used of worms, snails, etc.; serpere is also used figuratively of an evil that spreads itself):obrepere (with the accessory notion of gradual, imperceptible approach; of death, sleep, etc.; mors, somnus, senectus):perrepere (to creep along or through):to creep through a grating, clathris subrepere (Columella, of hares).OBSERVE, For creep on all fours; creep forth, into, up, down, etc., [vid. CRAWL]. || Move along slowly; [vid. CRAWL = “move slowly”]. || FIG., (α) To travel slowly, repere:reptare.(β) To move stealthily, obrepere (vid. above).To creep into anybody’s friendship, se insinuare in alicujus familiaritatem:ad alicujus amicitiam arrepere:into anybody’s affection, favor, etc., irrepere in alicujus mentem:arrepere alicujus animo:influere in alicujus animum:into anybody’s friendship, by flattery, or (Prov.) to creep up anybody’s sleeve, blanditiis et assentationibus alicujus amicitiam coliigere, or in alicujus consuetudinem se immergere:to endeavor to creep into anybody’s favor by flattery, assentatiuncula aucupari alicujus gratiam; also, humiliter servire or servire only (of mean subserviency; vid. Livius, 24, 25; Cicero, Parad., 5, -2, 39):vice creeps into the heart of men under the appearance of virtue, vitia nobis obrepunt sub virtutis nomine (Seneca, Ep., 45, 6).
CREEPER, || One who creeps; circumlocution qui repit, reptat, etc. || A creeping plant, (α) Trailing on the ground, herba, quæ jacet atque serpit humi (Plinius 27, 11, 74); herba, quæ serpit or repit in terra (Id., 22, 18, 21; and 22, 22, 39):herba, quæ humi repit (Id., 19, 24): (β) Climbing, herba, etc., quæ serpit multiplici lapsu et erratico (Cicero, of the vine); or quæ claviculis suis, tamquam manibus, quicquid est nacta, apprehendit (Cicero):herba, quæ reptantibus flagellis scandit parietum aspera (climbs up walls, cucurbitæ, etc., Plinius, 19, 24).|| Creepers, a genus of birds; the germs *Certhia (of many species). || Instrument with hooks; drag for rivers, etc., harpago:uncus (from όγκος), Ennius., Gellius, 4, 17,extr. || A sort of patten or clog; vid. || An iron sliding on a kitchen grate, perhaps *subex coquinaria (subex, quoted by Gellius from Ennius, = any “support”). CREEPING, s., reptatio (e.g., infantium per manus et genua, Quintilianus):reptatus (post-Augustan,; only in ablative singular;e.g., of plants, vitium, Plinius).
CREEPINGLY, Vid. SLOWLY.
CREPITATE, crepitare:crepitum dare.
CREPUSCULE, Vid. TWILIGHT.
CREPUSCULAR, sublucanus (towards day-break):sublustris (somewhat bright):subobscurus (somewhat dark).
CRESCENT, s., luna crescens (waxing):luna decrescens or senescens (waning):cornua lunæ (the horns of the crescent moon):in the shape of a crescent, lunatus; semirotundus:semicirculatus (Celsus, semicircular).|| The crescent (as opposed to to ” the cross”). *res Turcicæ or Mahumedanæ (politically or historically considered opposed to *res Christianæ):*doctrina Mahumedi or Mahumedana (as opposed to doctrina Christi or Christiana):*superstitio Mahumedana (opposed to religio Christiana):signum militare Turcarum (their standard).
CRESS, *lepidium (Linnæus):*lepidium sativum (garden-cress, Linnæus):*sisymbrium nasturtium (waler-cress, Linnæus).
CRESSET, || Beacon, etc., ignium significatio (e.g., ignibus facere significationem, Cæsar B. C., 2, 33).[Vid. BEACON.] || Lamp, vid.
CREST, || Of animals, crista (galli, of a cock; diminutive cristula, Columella 8, 2, 8):juba (of the cock). || The crest of a helmet, crista (the plume); conus galeæ (the apex in which the plume was inserted). || On a coat of arms, insigne generis.
CREST-FALLEN, fractus:demissus.(The words are found in this connection and order), fractus et demissus; demissus fractusque:humilis atque demissus: abjectus or abjectior: jacens: afflictus:perculsus: profligatus.To be crest-fallen, animo esse demisso, or humili atque demisso, abjecto, fracto, fracto et demisso, or demisso fractoque; animo deficere or cecidisse; esse perculso et abjecto animo.
CRESTED, cristatus:Vid. also, CREST.
CRETIC, pes Creticus (Diom.; the foot).
CREVICE, Vid. CRACK, CRANNY.
CREW, || Multitude, multitudo:cœtus (society):a vile crew, perditi homines or (stronger) perditi homines latronesque:a seditious crew, conjurationis globus (an assembled body of conspirators). || Of a ship, nautici; nautæ (general term):classiarii:classici (those belonging to a fleet):socii navales (mariners, sailors as a class: sometimes soldiers serving on shipboard, Livius):remiges (the crew, i. e., rowers, of a galley):the whole crew, remigium classicique milites (both those who manage the vessel and those who fight).
CREWEL, glomus (lanæ, Lucretius, and Horatius; lini, Plinius).
CRIB, præsepe:præsepis:præsepium. || The stall of an ox, bubile. || An infant’s couch: vid. CRADLE.
CRIBBAGE, *ille lusus paginarum, qui apud nos “cribbage” dicitur.
CRIBBLE, || Sieve (vid.), cribrum. || Coarse ground corn, (perhaps) *farina crassior.
CRIBBLE, v. cribro cernere, Vid. SIEVE.
CRICK, || Of door-hinges [vid. To CREAK, CREAKING]. || A pain in the neck, cervicis rigor or dolor (both Plinius, 28, 12, 52):to have a crick in one’s neck, torpentibus rigore membris, vix flectere cervicem posse (after Livius, 21, 58).
CRICKET, || An insect, gryllus: cicada (a species that live on trees). || A game, *pilæ lusus ille, qui apud nos “cricket” dicitur. || A stool or low seat; vid. SEAT.
CRIER, præco (herald; also the crier at a public sale):pronunciator (one that proclaims anything: general term).To be a crier, præconium facere; prædicare (at an auction).
CRIME, (α) The lighter terms: delictum: peccatum (delictum rather the transgression of positive laws from levity and thoughtlessness; peccatum, that of the laws of nature and reason, from ignorance or want of judgement):malefactum (a misdeed, at once a synonyme and a description of the preceding words). || (β) The stronger terms:maleficium (as visible effect of malicious intention):facinus (a daring action manifesting strength of character and will; sometimes in a good sense, but more commonly in a bad one = δεινόν, Döderlein):scelus (a crime which manifests contempt of law, religion, and character). (The words are found in this connection and order), scelus et maleficium; scelus et facinus, nefas (an unnatural, impious, execrable deed, especially against what is holy or sacred):injuria (any action contrary to law):crimen (crime, inasmuch as one may accuse anybody of it, accusation, reproach; vid. Obs. below):scelestum ac nefarium facinus; scelus nefarium (i. e., an abominable deed; an impious, atrocious outrage):impietas (a deed that violates love and gratitude towards the Deity, our country, sovereign, neighbor, etc.,):dedecus (a deed that will cause the loss of honor and esteem to the person that commits it):flagitium (disgraceful to one’s self, disgusting;e.g., gluttony, sensuality, cowardice, and other crimes proceeding not from strength of character, but weakness of principle). (The words are found in this connection and order), dedecus et flagitium. Cicero uses peccatum and delictum in the same sense;e.g., pro Muren., 30, 62: fatetur aliquis se peccasse, et ejus delicti veniam petit.A capital crime, res capitalis; facinus capitale (Cicero); capitalis noxa (Livius):to accuse anybody of a capital crime, aliquem rei capitalis accusare or reum facere:to find a man guilty of a capital crime, aliquem rei capitalis damnare, condemnare. Cf., “Culpa,” in a juridical sense, stands only for ” unpremeditated crime,” opposed to dolus, which conveys the notion of premeditation and bad intent.[Cf., Crimen is hardly ever, except in poetry and post-classical prose, used for “crime,” except where “charge,” “accusation” might be substituted; thus, crimini dare = “to throw it in one’s teeth as an a ccusation” = ” to impute it as a crime.” Hence, the crime imputed will be in the genitive, not in the same case;e.g., crimen parricidii summum erat (really ” the charge of parricide was the heaviest that could be brought against a man”); not summum crimen erat parricidium. or summum erat crimen parricidium: but scelus maximum erat parricidium would be correct, Krebs after Weber and Grotefend].
Crimes of no serious nature, leviora delicta:the principal in a crime, sceleris auctor, or architectus, or molitor:to commit a crime, delictum committere; maleficium, or facinus admittere, or committere, or in se admittere; scelus facere or committere; also flagitium committere; dedecus or scelus admittere: scelus perficere; scelere se devincire. or se obstringere, or alligare [vid. the SYN.of the substantives above]:to commit all manner of crimes, facere scelera et flagitia: in omni genere et scelerum et flagitiorum or in omni dedecore volutari:to commit crime after crime, in flagitia se ingurgitare:to disgrace one’s self by crimes, flagitiis se dedecorare or se inquinare:to commit a disgraceful or atrocious crime, scelere astringi or se astringere; aliquid nefarie facere or committere: aliquid sceleste, or impie, or impie nefarieque, or proterve agere, or facere: to be guilty of many crimes against both gods and men, multa impie nefarieque in deos hominesque committere: to commit a crime with one’s eyes open, scientem se contaminare scelere: what an atrocious crime! O indignum facinus! to clear one’s self of a crime, crimen amoliri or propulsare:to be guilty of a great crime, magno crimine se astringere:to impute anything as a crime to anybody, alicui aliquid crimini dare:alicui aliquid in crimine ponere:to paint his crime (to the judge) in the darkest colours, crimen atrociter deferre (Tacitus, Ann., 13, 19, extr.):stained with crime, scelere contaminatus (of persons only). κυρικιμασαηικο
Cf, Perduellio is a crime against the state, a treasonable crime; high-treason.
CRIMINAL, adjective, facinorosus; scelestus; sceleratus; scelerosus (of persons only): nefarius (of persons and things). (The words are found in this connection and order), scelestus et nefarius (e.g., action); impius; protervus [SYN. in CRIME]:pœna or supplicio dignus:animadvertendus (deserving punishment; the latter of things only):capitalis (with reference to capital offence, i. e., in Justinian’s time, not only those of which the punishment was death, but some of which the punishment was condemnation to banishment, or the mines, Justinian, Inst., 4, 18, 2).It is only in forensic Latin that “criminalis” is used (Code Justinian, 3, 35, 3, and 9, 41, 15); and the adverb “criminaliter.” (Ulpianus, Dig., 47, 2, extr.). Criminal law, jus publicum.A treatise on criminal law, *de jure publico; *de causis publicis (as title of a book):a criminal judge, or judge in criminal cases, qui judicium publicum or capitis exercet; quæsitor ac judex.Anybody’s treatise or work on criminal law, is liber (alicujus), qui est de judiciis publicis:one that has studied criminal law, *juris publici or causarum publicarum peritus:criminal court, *forum rerum capitalium, or *forum, ubi judicia publica fiunt.A criminal cause, judicium publicum: causa publica: quæstio (Cicero distinguishes judicia puniendorum maleficiorum causa reperta = “criminal causes,” from judicia distrahendarum controversiarum causa reperta, “civil causes”):causa capitalis; res capitalis; lis capitis (if the punishment was death, banishment, or the mines).[Cf., Causa criminalis, not before Code Justinian, 9, 41, 15.] To commence criminal proceedings, publicum judicium instituere (Inst., Justinian, 4, 18, 1):to commence criminal proceedings against anybody, litem capitis in aliquem inferre:to defend one’s self in a criminal court, causam capitis or publicam dicere:criminal acts, res turpes; flagitia; nefaria, plural, (the last two stronger terms):to lead a criminal life, turpiter or flagitiose vivere. || Criminal conversation; vid. ADULTARY.
CRIMINAL, s. sons (e.g., punire sontes, Cicero):nocens:maleficus: qui scelus fecit or commisit.
Cf., “Reus,” in this meaning, is not Latin, since it conveys only the notion of “being accused.” A criminal condemned to hard labour, ad opus damnatus.
CRIMINALITY, improbitas; but mostly by circumlocution. Who does not see the criminality of this action? quis non videt hoc
facinus pœna dignum, or hoc facinus animadvertendum esse?
CRIMINALLY, || Wickedly, sceleste; scelerate; nefarie; impie; proterve; turpiter; flagitiose. [SYN. in CRIME.] (The words are found in this connection and order), impie nefarieque. [Vid. WICKEDLY.] || With reference to criminal law, capitaliter:to prosecute criminally, litem capitis in aliquem inferre:to proceed criminally in any matter, causam ad capitis judicium revocare:against anybody, aliquem capitis accusare (the punishment being death, banishment, or the mines):aliquem in jus vocare:alicujus nomen deferre (according to the Roman forms of criminal proceedings):publico judicio quempiam arcessere [after Cicero Flacc., 6):vocare aliquem in publicum judicium (after Cicero, Balb., 28). Cf., “Criminaliter” only in later forensic Latinity (Ulpianus, Dig., 47, 2, extr.). Warning; Any kind of reproduction of this page will be very severely accused by tokyomaths.com
CRIMINATE, Vid. ACCUSE.
CRIMINATION, Vid. ACCUSATION, CHARGE. CRIMINATORY, accusatorius (e.g., lex, Cicero, vitam accusatoriam vivere, Quintilianus, 12, 7, 3):in a criminatory manner, accusatorie (e.g., dicere; agere cum aliquo, Cicero); accusatorio more et jure.