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CHARACTERISTIC, nota: signum (mark): proprietas (peculiarity). Often by neuter adjective: it is characteristic of the Romans to, etc., Romanum est, etc.
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CHARACTERISTIC, adj., singularis: proprius. You have some characteristic traits, which are found in no other person, quædam in te singularia sunt, quæ in nullum alium hominem dici neque convenire possunt (Cicero). That is characteristic of him, *in hac re, ut in speculo, cernitur ejus bonitas (or whatever the kind of characteristic may be). The characteristic features of anybody’s character, lineamenta ingenii alicujus.
CHARACTERIZE, notare: designare (general term): describere (with words).To characterize anybody, alicujus naturam certis describere signis, quæ sicuti notæ quædam naturæ sunt attributa (Auctor ad Herennium, 4, 50, in): vitia et virtutes alicujus deformare (Rutilius, Lup., 2, 7, p. 99).
CHARADE, *ænigma syllabicum.
CHARCOAL, carbo.
CHARGE, v., || assail, adoriri: aggredi: impetum facere or invadere in aliquem: incurrere, incursare in aliquem:anybody sword in hand, ferro petere or lacessere aliquem: in the rear, a tergo adoriri aliquem. [SYN. in Assault, v.]|| Load, onerare: alicui onus imponere (Cicero), injungere (Livius): gravare aliquem aliqus re: a wagon, onera in plaustrum imponere: a gun, *pulverem pyrium selopeto infundere: a cannon, *tormento telum immittere [vid. LOAD]: to charge the property with a tax, etc., or to charge a tax upon the land, vectigal imponere agris:to charge anybody with taxes, tribute, etc., vectigalia imponere; tributa imponere (Cæsar), irrogare, injungere (Tacitus). || Commission, imperare, præcipere alicui aliquid: mandare, demandare alicui aliquid, or with ut; dare alicui negotium, or mandatum, ut: prædicere (to give directions beforehand: ut, ne); inculcare alicui (to, etc., ut, Cicero, Vatin., 11, 26): jubere aliquem aliquid facere: anybody with a task, negotium, ministerium alicui imponere: the states with the duty of providing corn, horses. etc., imperare civitatibus frumentum, equos, etc.: to charge anybody to hold his tongue, imperare alicui silentium: vetare, ne quis aliquid enuntiet, divulget (Plinius). He charged them not to let the ambassadors go till he was sent back, eis prædixit, ne prius legatos dimitterent, quam ipse asset remissus (Nepos). || Intrust, permittere: committere (the committens acts in good trust in the power or will of another, whereby he imposes on him a moral responsibility: the permittens acts to get rid of the business himself, whereby he imposes, at most, only a political or judicial responsibility, Döderlein’s Synonyms):credere: concredere (very rare in Cicero, never in Quintilian; common in comedy):mandare, demandare alicui aliquid: aliquid rejicere ad aliquem: aliquid alicui delegare (of what one ought otherwise to do one’s self). To charge anybody with the care of my purse, concredere alicui marsupium cum argento (Plautus): with the care of a treasure, thesaurum alicui concredere (Cicero): with the care of one’s tafety, life, salutem committere alicui:caput permittere alicui (Curtius); vitam credere alicui (Terentius); vitam (ac fortunas suas) credere alicui (Lucilius, ap. Non):anybody with the care of one’s boy, alicujus curæ puerum demandare (Livius): anybody with a task, munus mandare or dare alicui: with the management of a great and difficult affair, rem magnam atque difficilem committere alicui (Cicero): with the management, direction, etc., of anything, alicui rei præficere aliquem: with the defense of a city, alicui urbem tuendam dare: to charge anybody with the whole management of a business, totam rem ad aliquem rejicere. || Set down as a debt, rationibus inferre; inducere in rationem aliquid, also simply inducere alicui aliquid (Cicero; e.g., sumtum alicui):Vid. imputare aliquid (proper and improper) was not used in the Golden Age, but was by Columella, Seneca, Quintilianus, and Tacitus: aliquid expensum ferre (to set it down as paid to him; to charge his account with it). IMPR., assignare, tribuere alicui aliquid: vertere in aliquem aliquid. [Vid. ASCRIBE.] || To accuse, accusare: incusare: insimulare: in alicujus rei insimulationem vocare. [SYN. under ACCUSE.] To charge anybody with pride in anything, superbiæ tribuere alicui aliquid. Also aliquid alicui exprobrare, objicere (cast it in his teeth). || Put a price on, indicare (to ask: opposed to promittere, to bid or offer). What do you charge for this? quanti indicas? to charge 100 sesterces, indicare centum nummis.
CHARGE, s., || commission, mandatum: res mandata: negotium: to neglect a charge, negligenter rem mandatam gerere (Cicero): a written charge, mandata scripta: to impose a charge on anybody, alicui dare mandatum, negotium; negotii aliquid alicui dare: to give anybody a written charge addressed to another, literas mandataque alicui ad aliquem dare (Cicero):anybody a charge by word of mouth, verbis mandatum dare alicui (Sal); verbo mandatum dare (Cicero: Furnio plura etiam verbo quam scriptura mandata dedimus).|| Cost, sumtus: impensa: impendium [SYN. in EXPENSE]: at my charge, meo sumtu; privato sumtu: at the public charge, publico sumtu: to be at charges, impensam, sumtum facere (in aliquam rem); sumtum in aliquid impendere, sumtum imponere, insumere, ponere in re: to be at no charges, nullam impensam facere. || What is intrusted to anybody’s care, by participle creditus, concreditus, commissus, commissus ac commendatus alicui;creditus et commissus alicui: (if only for a time), fiduciarius (e.g., opera fiduciaria, Herzog, Cæsar, B. C, 2, 17): depositum (thing deposited). || Monitory address, adhortatio. || Office, munus: munia: officium: partes: provincia. [SYN. in OFFICE]. To attend to one’s charge, munus administrare, or (Curtius) exsequi; munere suo fungi (impigre, Plinius); officium facere, præstare, etc.:to neglect one’s charge, male administrare or tueri munus (public office): de or ab officio decedere: officium prætermittere, negligere, deserere, officium suum non facere: officio deesse: ab officio discedere or recedere (neglect or violate one’s duty). To refuse a charge, munus recusare: to resign a charge, abdicare so munere.|| Oversight, care, cura (care over or of): custodia (keeping of). (The words are found in this connection and order), cura custodiaque: sometimes tutela (protecting care): præsidium (care of one who presides, etc). To give anybody the charge of anything, credere alicui alicujus rei custodiam (Nepos): aliquid in custodiam alicujus concredere, committere, tradere (Plautus): of a person, aliquem alicujus curæ custodiæque mandare; also custodem alicui ponere, apponere, imponere (for security): aliquem alicui in dlsciplinam tradere (for instruction): of a business, præesse, præfectum esse alicui rei: præsidere alicui rei (e.g., over the games, the affairs of the city, etc): curare, regere, moderari aliquid: administrare aliquid. To be given in charge to anybody, in custodiam alicujus concreditum, commissum, traditum esse (Plautus):curæ alicujus commissum, traditum essa || Accusation, accusatio: incusatio: insimulatio: criminatio: crimen: false charge, calumnia. To bring against anybody a charge of, crimen alicui afferre or inferre: aliquem in crimen vocare, adducere.To condemn anybody on a charge of, etc., condemnare aliquem alicujus rei. Vid. SYN. and mare phrases under ACCUSE, ACCUSATION, || Attack of troops, incursus: incursio: excursio (of light troops). Frequent charges of caralry, procella equestris (Livius): to sound a charge, bellicum canere: to order a charge of cavalry,equites immittere in hostem. || A load of powder, *pulveris pyrii quantum sclopeto immitti (or in sclopetum infundi) solet.
CHARGEABLE, ||expensive, sum tuosus: pretiosus, magni pretii: multorum nummorum: carus. [SYN. in EXPENSIVE.]|| On which anything can be charged, circumlocution; e.g., a field chargeable with so much tax, ager cui — vectigal imponitur or imponendum est.Sometimes an adjective will serve; e.g., chargeable with a tax, vectigalis: with a tribute, tributarius.
Chargeable with a fault, affinis culpæ: with any base act, affinis alicui turpitudini: qui affinis alicui turpitudini judicatur.
CHARGEABLENESS, Vid. EXPENSIVENESS.
CHARGEFUL, Vid. CHARGEABLE (= expensive).
CHARGER, || large dish, patina:lanx: magis or magida: scutula, scutella. [SYN. in DISH.] || War-horse, equus militaris. In Vergilius, bellator equus. It is better to use equus only, as the usual term for ”horse.”
CHARILY, parce: maligne: anguste, exigue (especially of expenditure).
CHARINESS, malignitas (that withholds some portion of what is due to others):parsimonia (alicujus rei). CHARIOT, currus (general term): carpentum: pilentum: tensa or thensa. [SYN. in CARRIAGE.] || For journeys, cisium: rheda: carruca: petoritum or petorritum. || For racing and war, currus (in Silver Age, curriculum): essedum (the war chariot of the Gauls, Britons, etc., afterward used at Rome as the usual chariot for a journey): covinus (war chariot armed with scythes of the Gauls, Britons, etc). A chariot drawn by two horses, bigæ: by four, quadrigæ or currus quadrigarum.To ride in a chariot, in vehiculo (curru, etc) sedere: to drive a chariot, currum regere: turn it in any direction, currum aliquo flectere: get into one’s chariot, inscendere in currum: upset a chariot, currum evertere: to stop a chariot, currum sustinere: to keep a chariot and horses, currum et equos habere: to go in a hired chariot, *meritorio vehiculo, or meritoria rheda uti.
CHARIOT-RACE,
curriculum equorum (Livius, 45. 33).
CHARIOTEER, auriga: agitator (when engaged in a race).
CHARITABLE, beneficus (the proper word): benignus (charitable both in feeling and conduct). (The words are found in this connection and order), bencficus et benignus: liberalis (giving freely). To be charitable, *stipem conferre in egentes;*stipe sublevaro egentium inopiam: benefacere egentibus. || Kind; lovingly disposed, etc., humanus. To put a charitable interpretation on anything, aliquid in meliorem partem accipere or interpretari.
CHARITABLENESS, beneficentia: benignitas: liberalitas (Cicero makes these parts of beneficentia).
CHARITABLY, benigne, liberaliter (benefice is unclassical). (The words are found in this connection and order), benigne ac liberaliter: comiter: clementer: leniter: indulgenter (but none of these come up to the full meaning).
CHARITY, || Christian love, caritas (Eccl., Augustin). ||Alms, stips: beneficium (as good deed). To ask for charity, stipem emendicare ab aliquo: to live by charity, aliena misericordia vivere (Cicero);stipe precaria victitare (Ammianus, 26, 10);mendicantem vivere (Plautus): by anybody’s charity, *ope alicujus sustentatum vivere. To give away money in charity, stipem conferre in egentes: stipe sublevare egentium inopiam. || To be in charity with anybody, bene velle alicui; amicum esse alicui: to be out of charity with anybody, iratum or iratum et offensum esse alicui.
Charity begins at home, proximus sum egomet mihi (Terentius); ego mihi melius esse malo, quam alteri (after Terentius, Andria, 2, 2, 16).
CHARLATAN, || quack, etc., circulator: pharmacopola circumforaneus.|| Empty boaster, jactator; ostentator; homo vaniloquus.
CHARLATANERY, || quackery, *circulatoriæ medicamentorum venditiones.|| Empty boasting, circulatoria jactatio: of literary men, circilatoria literatorum vanitas: of a physician, ostentatio artis et portentosa scientiæ venditatio.
CHARLES’S WAIN, ursa major (Cicero):arctus major (Hyginus): septentrio major (Vitruvius). Vid. Septentriones includes the Greater and Lesser Bear.
CHARM, || incantation, etc., carmen:canticum (the prescribed form): cantio (the uttered form, or utterance of the form):fascinatio: effascinatio (both of fascinating by the look and by words). To repeat a charm, incantare carmen.
Charms, veneficia et cantiones: venenum (prepared drugs). To bring it about, as by a charm, that, etc., quodam quasi veneno perficere, ut, etc. || Attraction, gratia: venustas (attractive beauty). Seductive charms, lenocinia: personal charms, venustas et pulchrirado corporis. The charms of nature, amœnitates naturæ. Any thing has no charm for me, nihil voluptatis mihi aliquid affert. Any thing has a charm for me, inest in aliqua re stimulus, qui me ejus appetentem facit; studio alicujus rei teneor, or only teneor aliqua re; ad aliquid me fert naturalis irritatio; alicujus rei mihi innata dulcedo est (has a natural charm for me).
CHARM, v., fascinare: effascinare (often with ablative: voce, lingua, voce atque lingua). To charm away anything, aliqind carminibus levare (e.g., a disease: after Plautus, Mil., 4, 6, 57). To charm ( = restrain by a charm), aliquid carminibus compescere (e.g., ignes, Ovidius). || Subdue by pleasure, etc., capere: rapere: delenire. A girl whose beauty charms, puella, cujus forma rapit (Propertius). [Vid. DELIGHT, v.] To summon by incantations, adjurare (late, Lactantius): carminibus elicere (e.g., infernas umbras, Tacitus).
CHARMED, || under the influence of a charm, incantatus (Horatius); præcantatus (Petronius). || Delighted, VID.
CHARMER, || magician, etc., magus:veneficus; or feminine, maga, venefica, saga. || FIG., of one who charms by herbeauty, puella, cujus forma rapit (Propertius):puella or mulier venustissima; puella, or mulier specie, or forma venustissima; mulier omnibus simulacris emendatior (Petronius). My charmer, deliciæ meæ.
CHARMING, venustus (full of attractive beauty: properly ofpersons, but also of things): forma or specie venusta (of perianal beauty): gratus (agreeable: of a place. Horatius., gratum Antium): amœnus (the proper word of beautiful country, houses, etc): lepidus: suavissimus. You live in a charming house, amœnissime habitas.
CHARMINGLY, amœne: venuste. [Vid. DELIGHTFULLY.] All was going on charmingly, prorsus ibat res.
CHARNEL-HOUSE, ossuarium (n. script).
CHART, *mare et adjacentia loca in tabula picta.
CHARTER, diploma, atis (post-Augustan).|| Privilege, licentia: venia, etc.
CHARTER, v., conducere (navem).|| Chartered rights. Vid. PRIVILEGE.
CHARTER-HOUSE, *cœnobium Carthusianum.
CHARY, cautus (cautious): malignus (withholding from others a portion of what is right or fair).
CHASE, || hunt, venari: excitare et agitare (drive from covert and pursue):sectari (pursue): canibus venari (hunt with dogs). || FIG., to follow as a thing desirable, venari aliquid (e.g., landem):sectari or consectari aliquid. || Drive away, agere: pellere: expellere: ejicere: extrudere (the three last, chase out of or from). To chase to a place, agere usque ad locum (e.g., hostes ad castra):from the city, etc., civitate aliquem pellere, expellere, ejicere: from one’s houses, aliquem domo extrudere a sese. || Put to flight (enemies, etc), aliquem fugare, aliquem in fugam dare, vertere, convertere or conjicere: persequi: insequi (to pursue): || To chase metals. Vid. ENCHASE. CHASE, s., venatio: venatus (properly and figuratively, the former as action): venandi studium (lore for it). Belonging or relating to the chase, venaticus: venatorius.To be fond of the chase, venandi studiosum esse; *venandi studio teneri:to accompany anybody to a chase, venantem comitari. To live by the chase, venando ali. The goddess of the chase, dea venatrix (Ovidius). || Animals chased, venatus: venatio (e.g., frequens ibi et varia venatio). || Beasts of chase, feræ: feræ majores, minores. The right of chase, *jus feras (minores or majores) venandi.
CHASM, hiatus: specus, caverna. SYN. in CAVERN.
CHASTE, castus: castus purusque: purus et castus: integer (unpolluted). (The words are found in this connection and order), castus et integer; integer castusque: pudicus (modest): sanctus (pure in the eyes of the Deity). (The words are found in this connection and order), sanctus et castus.
Chaste love, amor castus: amor sanctus (amores sancti).
Chaste morals, mores pudici. To live a chaste life, caste or sancte vivere.This play is chaste in subject and language, hæc ad pudicos nnores facta fabula est. || Chaste = correct in language, style, etc., (sermo) purus, rectus, bonus, or emendatus.
CHASTELY, caste: pudice: sancte.
CHASTEN, castigare (with a view to the amendment of the offender): punire (general term). FIG., to chasten the body, *se ipsum or corpus suum castigare: castimoniam corporis servare (after Cicero, De Legg., 2, 10, 24). To chasten anybody’s pride, superbiam alicujus retundere.
CHASTENESS. [Vid. CHASTITY.] In style, etc.
CHASTISE, castigare: punire. [SYN. in CHASTEN.] Vid. PUNISH.
CHASTISEMENT, castigatio: poena.To receive chastisement, castigari: puniri. SYN. in CHASTEN.
CHASTISER, punitor: castigator: vindex: ultor (avenger).
CHASTITY, castitas: pudor: pudicitia (shame, modesty): morum integritas or sanctitas (purity of morals and life): castimonia corporis (especially of religious chastity).
CHAT, fabulari: confabulari: fabulari inter se: sermones cædere (λόγους κόπτειν): garrire: blaterare. SYN. in BABBLE.
CHAT, s., confabulatio (late): sermo:sermones.
CHATTELS, res moventes: res quæ moveri possunt.
CHATTER, v., || of some birds, strepere: of the raven, crocire: crocitare.|| Of the teeth: to chatter with one’s teeth, dentibus crepitare. His teeth chatter, dentes colliduntur. || Talk idly, etc., garrire: blaterare: hariolari: alucinari:nugari: fabulari: confabulari: fabulari inter se: sermones cædere. SYN. in BABBLE.
CHATTER, s., strepitus. || Idle prate, garritus (late): confabulatio (late): garrulitas, loquacitas (loquacity). Sometimes gerræ: nugæ (the former only in comedy: the senseless words of a foolish person: nugæ, trifling stuff): fabulæ (idle talk, with no foundation in fact): ineptiæ (silliness; silly talk).
CHATTERER, garrulus: loquax: blatero: nugator [SYN. in BABBLE, BABBLER]: qui silere tacenda nequit.
CHATTERING, [Vid. CHATTER, s.]|| Of the teeth, crepitus (dentium).
CHAW, mandere: manducare.
CHAWDRON. Vid. ENTRAILS.
CHEAP, vilis (the proper word, opposed to carus): parvi or non magni pretii: non magno parabilis (to be purchased for a moderate sum).
Cheap times, vititas (opposed to caritas): vilitas annonæ (with reference to the price of corn: opposed to caritas annonæ). To be cheap, parvi pre tii esse: parvo pretio vendi. To buy anything cheap, aliquid parvo pretio emere;aliquid ære pauco emere (Gellius): as cheap as possible, quam minimo pretio. Dog cheap, vilissimo pretio. To come off cheap, levi pœnd defungi, or *leviore quam pro delicto pœna defungi. CHEAPEN, liceri aliquid (bid a price for it).
CHEAPLY, parvo pretio: parvo sumtu.
CHEAPNESS, vilitas: in selling anything, vilitas in vendenda aliqua re.
CHEAT, v., fraudare (the proper word):firaudem or fallaciam alicui facere: inducere: dolum alicui nectere or confingere:fallere (also with fraude): imponere alicui:fraude or dolo capere: eludere: fucum facere alicui: alicui verba dare: frustrari:circumducere (comedy). [SYN. in DECEIVE]. To cheat
anybody of anything, aliquem fraudare or defraudare aliqua re: of one’s money, aliquem circumducere or circumvertere argento; aliquem emungere argento: perfabricare aliquem (all in comedy):one’s creditors, fraudare creditores. To try to cheat anybody, fraudare aliquem tentare: fallaciam intendere in aliquem. I am cheated of my hopes, spes me fefellit, or frustrata est, or destituit.
CHEAT, s., fraus: fraudatio: dolus malus or dolus: circumscriptio: fallacia.(In plural, (The words are found in this connection and order), doli atque fallaciæ): ars:artes: machinæ. SYN. in DECEIT.
CHEATER, fraudator: homo ad fallendum paratus or instructus: circumscriptor: quadruplator: præstigiator: planus:falsus (of a cheating fortune-teller. Suetonius):falsarius (a forger). SYN. in DECEIVER.
CHEATING, dolus: dolus malus: doli atque fallaciæ: ars: artes: machinæ;fraus. [Vid. CHEAT, s.]. SYN. in DECEIT.
CHECK, v., inhibere: cohibere: reprimere: comprimere: supprimere: sustinere: sistere (to stop; of living and running objects: inhibere, of lifeless objects in motion: currens sistitur; currus inhibetur. Döderlein’s Synonyms). To check horses, equos sustinere (opposed to agere, incitare): frenare: refrenare (to bridle; to hold in check): coercere (to restrain; hold within proper limits. etc.): obviam ire alicui rei (to meet a difficulty or danger by counter-acting measures): moræ esse alicui; moram alicui or alicui rei aflerre ( Cicero), inferre, interponere (Cæsar): tardare, retardare (delay the execution of an action):one’s breath, animam comprimere (Terentius);spiritum retinere (Celsus., hold ones breath):a vessel, navigium inhibere (stop it): to check a sedition, uproar, etc., seditionem, motus comprimere. A marsh checked the cavalry in their pursuit of the enemy, palus equites ad insequendum hostem tardavit (Cæs): to check the enemy, hostium impetum morari (Cæsar), retardare, refrenare (Nepos). [Vid. CHECK, s.] To check one’s self, se sustinere, se reprimere se cohibere.|| To check an account, rationes contra scribere (after contrascriptor rationum, Inscript).
CHECK, s., retardatio: retentio: inhibitio (act of holding in, delaying, etc):mora (delay). To give a check to anybody [vid. CHECK, v.], in mora esse or moræ esse alicui; moram alicui afferre (Cicero), inferre, interponere (Cæsar), facere (Livius), objicere, offerre (Plautus). To hold the enemy in check, hostem morari (Cæsar).: efficere, ut hostis retardetur (Nepos): a progressu hostem arcere (Cicero). || Loss, blow, etc., in war, detrimentum: calamitas: incommodum:clades. To receive a check, calamitatem, incommodum or detrimentum accipere (Cæsar); incommodum habere or incommodo affici conflictari (Cæsar). A slight check, detrimentum parvulum. To give anybody a check (in war), alicui cladem afferre or inferre; alicui detrimentum inferre: alicui detrimento esse (Cæsar): alicui incommodum afferre (Cæsar). If they should receive any cheek, si adversa pugna evenerit. The state would have received a severe check, magna clades atque calamitas rempublicam oppressisset (Cicero).|| Check on anybody for payment, perscriptio: syngiapha: also tessera nummaria (Suetonius,). To pay by check, delegatione solutionem perticere (by referring one’s creditor to a third person, Seneca): solvere ab aliquo (Cicero). To give anybody a check upon another, aliquem delegare alicui (Cicero), or ad aliquem (Seneca); alicui delegare aliquem, ab quo fiet numeratio. To honor a check, delegationem recipere: to refuse to honor a check, rescribere pecuniam.|| In chess: check to your king, cave regi: to say check to the king, monere, ut caveatur regi. || Countersign, *tessera contra scripta (e.g., at a theatre).
CHECKER, v., variare or distinguere, with anything, aliqua re: intermiscere (intermingle). || To tesselate, vid.
CHECKER-WORK, opus sectile (in large pieces of different-colored marble):opus intestinum (inlaid work): opus vermiculatum or tessellatum: vermiculatæ ad efligies rerum et animalium crustæ.SYN. in MOSAIC.
CHEEK, gena (check; the fleshy side of the face: mostly genæ, plural): hucca (the lower part of the side of the face): mala (the upper jaw; also cheek, physiologically: but = genæ only in præ-Augustan poets and post-Augustan prose writers): maxilla (the lower jaw). Pale cheeks, genæ exsangues: hairy cheeks, genæ pilosæ or hirsutæ: smooth shaven, genæ erasæ: hanging cheeks, buccæ fluentes (Cicero): to have hollow cheeks, macilentis esse mails: to paint or rouge one’s cheeks, linere malas cerussa: to have one’s cheeks rouged, buccas belle purpurissatas habere (Plautus): rouged cheeks, painted cheeks, buccæ cerussatæ (Cicero). To inflate or blow out one’s cheeks, buccas inflare, sufflare (Plautus). Having large cheeks, bucco: bucculentus (Plautus).|| Cheek-bone, *os Zigmaticum (technical term): maxilla: mala (mala, upper jaw: maxilla, lower jaw).
Cheek-teeth, dens maxillaris, molaris genuinus.
CHEER, provisions, etc., cibus: alimenta:epulæ: cibaria: victus, etc. [SYN. in FOOD.] To give or offer anybody good cheer, apparatis epulis aliquem accipere, excipere, invitare: to load one’s table with good cheer, mensas conquisitissimis epulis exstruere. Poor cheer, victus tenuis (Cicero), asper (Plautus), parcus (Silius). Princely cheer, victuis basilicus (Plautus). || State of mind, etc., hilaritas (cheerfulness): lætus animus (good cheer): to be of good cheer, bono or læto animo esse; animo vigere: with good cheer, alacer. What cheer ? quo animo es ? quid tibi animi est ?I am not in good cheer, non bono sum animo.|| Cheers, as shouts of joy or applause, clamor et gaudium (Tacitus): clamor lætus (Vergilius). To receive anybody with cheers, clamore et gaudio, or clamore læto aliquem excipere.
CHEER, v., TR., hilarare: exhiiarare aliquem (Cicero): relevare, recreare, confirmare aliquem: to cheer up the countenance, vultum exhiiarare: frontem explicare, diffundere vultum or faciem (Seneca):the mind, animum relaxare, discutere: resolvere animi tristitiam: tristes cogitationes discutere (Celsus): to cheer up an afflicted person, excitare, crigere, confirmare afflictum: a desponding person, excitare jacentem or abjectum et jacentem;sublevaro stratum et abjectum: a depressed spirit, animum demissum et oppressum erigere. Any thing cheers me up a little, me recreat et reficit aliquid. || Incite, encourage, excitare aliquem: aliquem or alicujus animum excitare or erigere: aliquem hortari, cohortari, adhortari (ad aliquid): aliquem incitare, incendere, inflammare: stimulos admovere or calcaria adhibere alicui (spur him on): incitare et inflammare alicujus studium.
CHEER, v., INTR. To cheer up, animum relaxare; diffundi (Cicero): hilarem se facere (Terentius): frontem explicare (Horatius): exporrigere (Terentius): se erigere, extollere, or suscitare; se consolari (these four all Ciceronian: of cheering up from despondency, etc). Do but chrer up a little, relaxa modo paulum animum (Cicero).
CHEERER, circumlocution with verb, qui recreat, etc. || = “Exhorter,” ” inciter,” hortator: adhortator: (stronger) stimulator (Cicero): exstimulator (Tacitus):impulsor (Cicero). CHEERFUL, lætus:hilaris:alacer [SYN. in JOYFUL]:remissus (opposed to severus). He is of a cheerful temper, magna est in aliquo hilaritas:vegetus:vividus:vigens. SYN. in LIVELY. CHEERFULLY, alacri animo:hilare.
CHEERFULNESS, lætitia:hilaritas:alacritas. He is a person of great cheerfulness of temper, magna est in aliquo hilaritas.
CHEERILY, hilariter:alacriter. CHEERLESS, tristis:mœstus:abjectus or abjectior:afflictus:fractus:demissus fractusque:fractus et demissus. || Of things, voluptate carens:voluptatis expers. A cheerless life, *vita sine lætitia ac voluptate;peracta.
CHEERLY, Vid. CHEERFUL.
CHEERY, Vid. CHEERFUL.
CHEESE, caseus. To make cheese, caseos facere or conficere (general term):caseos formare or figurare (to shape them). Little cheese, caseolus. Soft cheese, mollis caseus (Plautus).
CHEESE-CAKE, placenta caseata (after Apuleius, Metamorphoses, 1, p. 103, 34).
CHEESE-FRAME, forma casearia.
CHEESE-MONGER, *qui caseos vendit:caseorum propola.
CHEESE-ROOM, taberna casearia (Ulpianus, Dig., where they are sold):caseale (where they are kept).
CHEESE-VAT, crates, in qua caseus siccatur (Columella).
CHEESY, caseatus (provided with cheese; mixed with cheese).
CHEMICAL, *chemicus.
CHEMISE, s., indusium. CHEMIST, *chemiæ peritus:*chemicus. Chemist and druggist, pharmacopola. CHEMISTRY, *chemia:*ars chemica.
CHEQUER, Vid. CHECKER. CHERISH, fovere (to cherish; properly, by imparting genial warmth: then, figuratively, to love and protect tenderly: aliquem, Cicero):aliquem carum habere; aliquem magni facere or æstimare:curare (attend to):fovere ac tollere (Tacitus, to cherish and help forward). To cherish hope, spem fovere; spem habere:to cherish hatred against anybody, odium habere in aliquem:to cherish one’s grief, dolorem fovere:to cherish anybody’s memory, memoriam alicujus colere:gratissimam alicujus memoriam retinere:to cherish the memory of anything, memoriam alicujus rei tenere, retinere, servare, conservare; memoria aliquid custodire, sepire, tenere. Any body cherishes my memory, memoria mea viget in alicujus animo, hæret in alicujus mente (Cicero). His memory will be cherished in all ages, memoriam illius excipient omnes anni consequentes. Continue to cherish my memory, bona, grata, jucunda memoria mei vigeat in animo tuo; fac mei bene memor sis; noli committere, ut memoria mei unquam animo tuo effluat (Cicero). I shall always cherish his memory, memoria illius nunquam ex animo meo decedet (Cicero).
CHERISHER, qui fovet, etc.
CHERRY, cerasum. Cherry-tree, cera-sus (also the fruit in Propertius).
Cherry-orchard, *locus cerasis consitus. Cherry-colored, cerasïnus.
Cherry-tree gum, *resina cerasina (not gummi).
Cherry-wine, *vinum e cerasis factum (after Pallad). Cherry-stone, os cerasi.
CHERRY-BAY, *laurocerasus (Linnæus).
CHERUB, *Cherub, *Cherubus, plural *Cherubim, *Cherubi.
CHERUBIC, Vid. ANGELIC. CHERVIL, chærefolium (Plinius., 19, 8, 54). In Greek, pæderos [παιδέρως] and chærephyllum [χαιρέφυλλον], which Columella always uses:scandix chærefolium (Linnæus).
CHESS, lusus latrunculorum:lusus latruncularius (a game of the ancients, resembling chess or draughts). To play at chess, latrunculis ludcre (poctical, prœlia latronum ludere).
Chess-board, tabula latruncularia (*Seneca, Ep., 117, 30). Chessmen, latrunculi:latrones.
CHEST,arca:cista:capsa:armarium:scrinium:pyxis. Little chest, arcula:capsula:capsella:cistula:cistellula [SYN. in BOX].
Chest of drawers, armarium. || Breast, pectus:thorax:præcordia, plural (cavity of the chest with the heart and lungs):latus:latera (especially with reference to the state of the lungs):a weak chest, latus imbecillum (opposed to latera bona:my chest grows stronger, lateribus accedunt vires. Broad-chested, pectorosus. || Money-box, area:loculi (a private man’s):fiscus (a sovereign’s: Silver Age):ærarium (the state chest;treasury . also with privatum, a private man’s).
CHEST, v., in area concludere, includere, sepire, obsepire.
CHESTNUT, castanea (the tree):(nux) castanea (the fruit). Horse-chestnut, *æsculus hippocastanum.
Chestnut (of color), badius, spadix. A chestnut-grove, castanetum. CHEVALIER, eques.
CHEVAUX-DE-FRISE, ericius (Cæsar);also cervus (Cæsar, B. G., 7, 72, Herzog). CHEW, mandere:manducare.
Chew the cud, ruminare or ruminari (transitive and intransitive):remandere (transitive and intransitive:post-Augustan). || FIG., meditate, vid.
CHICANE, CHICANERY, calumnia (false accusation):prævaricatio (perversion of justice by an advocate, who is guilty of collusion with the opposite party). To practice chicanery, calumniari:to have recourse to the arts of chicanery, intendere animum calumniis:to prolong a contest by chicanery, calumnia extrahere. To practice chicanery against anybody, calumnias alicui intendere:malitiosa juris interpretatio (Cicero, perversion of justice). CHICANE, v., calumniari:calumnia extrahere:against anybody, calumnias alicui intendere. Vid. CHICANE, s.
CHICANER, calumniator:prævaricator [SYN. in CHICANE]:quadruplator (one who tries to get anybody’s property by cunning arts):juris contortor (a perverter of justice).
CHICK, CHICKEN, pullus:pullus gallinaceus. Chickens, also pulli ex ovis orti. Vid. Pullus was also used (as chick) as a term of endearment (Horatius, Sat., 1, 3, 45).
Chicken-hearted, ignavus:timidus:ignavus ac timidus:timidus atque ignavus. Chicken-pox, purpura (technical term). Chick-weed, alsine (alsine media, Linnæus):*anagallis arvensis. CHICKLING VETCH, lathyrus (Linnæus).
CHICK-PEA, cicer.
CHIDE, vituperare:reprehendere:(verbis) increpare:increpitare:culpare [SYN. in BLAME]:objurgare (to reproach with a fault;opposed to laudare):conviciari (to make railing accusations):exagitare, destringere (to make sharp attacks on a man):corripere (to blame with harsh words):cavillari (to blame with irony):exprobare (alicui aliquid, to reproach a man with something as dishonorable to him). To chide anybody on account of anything, reprehendere aliquem de or in aliqua re; vituperare aliquem de aliqua re; objurgare aliquem de, or in aliqua re, or aliqua re only. To be chided, objurgari, vituperari; in vituperationem incidere, cadere, venire, or adduci; vituperationem subire. To chide in gentle terms, levi brachio objurgare aliquem (de aliqua re). CHIDER, objurgator:reprehensor.
CHIDING, objurgatio:reprehensio. A gentle chiding, lenis objurgatio.
CHIEF, s., caput; princeps; *reipublicæ gerendæ princeps:to make anybody the chief of a confederacy, *fœderis principatum deferre alicui:the chief (in rank and dignity) of a state, vir primarius populi:dux (general term):auctor:princeps (he who takes the lead in anything). || Commander in chief, dux belli:imperator:prætor (leader in war, the latter especially of Greek commanders in chief ατρατηγός). || Leader, caput:signifer:fax (chief of a party, a conspiracy, etc):the chief in a civil war (who gave the signal for its breaking out), tuba belli civilis (Cicero. ad Div., 6, 12, 3):the chief of the cavalry, magister equitum;præfectus, with or without, equitum (general term). CHIEF, adj., primus (first in order or time, with others after him):summus:maximus:præcipuus (post-Augustan, principalis:except in causæ principales:opposed to secondary causes):primarius (first in rank, dignity, or value). The chief men in the state, capita rerum or reipublicæ:primores:primores civitatis or populi (by connections, birth, power, credit), principes (by intellect, talents, powers of debate, activity, etc.; hence distinguished above primores, who are a body):proceres (the chief by natural position, nobility opposed to commonally):optimates (as a political class, the aristocracy). The chief point, caput alicujus rei:summa alicujus rei:cardo alicujus rei (on which all turns, Varro and Quintilianus):momentum (ῥοπή, the critical, decisive point). The chief good, summum bonum. It was always his chief care, ei semper maxima or antiquissima cura fuit:to make anything one’s chief business, omne studium in aliqua re ponere. This is the chief point, hoc caput est:hoc maximum or primum est.
CHIEF-PRIEST, vid. HIGH-PRIEST. CHIEFLY, præcipue:potissimum:imprimis:maxime. SYN. in ESPECIALLY. CHIEFTAIN, CHIEF= “commander in chief.”
CHILBLAIN, ulcus, quod fit ex frigore hiberno:vitium frigoris. Vid. The meaning of pernio and perniunculus is doubtful. CHILD, (a) a human being, without regard to sex and age, but with reference to the parents; is to be expressed in Latin in singular by filius (son) or filia (daughter), unless the sentence may be turned in such a manner as to admit the verb nasci. CHILFREN, liberi, orum: κυρικιμασαηικοprogenies (offspring, descendants):stirps (literally, the stem; both can stand for ” a child,” when this is used in a pregnant sense for ” issue,” ” offspring; ” proles and suboles are poetical in this sense):natus (for filius), by no means admissible in good prose, any more than the feminine nata (for filia) and the plural nati (natæ), e.g., natus meus or de me natus, etc. It is a different thing when we find in Cicero (Læl., 8, 27), bestiæ, quæ ex se natos ita amant, etc., and inter natos et parentes, because here the opposition between the parent and the offspring is intended to be prominently marked out;or whenever natus or nata ex, etc., appears as a pure participle, with which filius (or filia) is to be understood, as Nepos., Epam., 10, 2:ne tu pejus consulas, qui talem (sc. filium) ex te natum relicturus sis;and again, namque ex me natam (sc. filiam) relinquo pugnam Leuctricam [vid. the context of the passage]. To beget children, liberos procreare:I have no child (progeny), stirps mihi deest; nullam liberorum stirpem habeo:my children are dead, orbus sum:to deprive anybody of the hope (of bearing) children, alicui spem partus adimere:to bear children to anybody, liberos ex aliquo parere or eniti:my children! (as a term of affection in addressing even grown up persons), mi fili! o bone! mea bona! mea filia! my pretty children! mea lepida! || With regard to age, (α) yet unborn, fetus or partus (in late medical writers, embryo):(β) of a tender age, infans (until it can speak):pner (boy):puella (girl). || Children, pueri; puellæ; parvi, parvuli (the little ones):a young or little child, puer (puella) infans:from a child [vid. CHILD-HOOD]. || To get with child, prægnantem facere:(if by violence), *stupro per vim oblato. prægnantem facere. To be with child, gravidam or prægnantem esse (by anybody, ex aliquo):ventrem ferre, partum ferre or gestare. || (Any thing is) mere child’s play, ludus:res facillima. CHILD-BED, to be translated by puerperium (the bearing), partus (the birth);e.g., to be in child-bed, parturire:puerperio cubare:infantem parere or partu edere. A woman in child-bed, puerpera. To die in child-bed, *parturientem exstingui. The pains of child-bed, partus dolores, or for context dolores only. CHILD-BIRTH. Vid. CHILD-BED. CHILDHOOD, prima ætas:prima ætatis tempora (general term):infantia:infantiæ anni (the time when the child can not (or not quite) speak):pueritia:ætas puerilis (boyhood):from childhood, a prima (or ab ineunte) ætate;a prima infantia (Tacitus, Ann., 1, 4, 3);ab initio ætatis;a primis ætatis temporibus;a parvo or parvulo;a puero (and, in plural, a parvis or parvulis, a pueris, of several, as well as if one speaks of himself in the plural):a teneris, ut Græci dicunt, unguiculis (translation of the Greek ἐξ ἁπαλῶν ὀνύχων, only in the epistolary style of Cicero, ad Div., 1, 6, extr). || IMPROPR, in the sense of imperfect state, e.g., of arts, etc., prima initia, plural.
CHILDISH, puerilis:ineptus (stronger term):childish conduct, puerilitas:mores pueriles:to take a childish delight in, etc., pueriliter exsultare:it is childish, puerile est. In a childish manner, pueriliter (e.g., ludere, facere).
Childish play, lusus infantium or puerorum. Childish fooleries, ineptiæ, nugæ. CHILDISHNESS, puerilitas:mores pueriles. || A childishness, *puerile factum or puerile actum (cf. Theb., 5, 503, where we find acta puerilia):petulantia puerilis (childish rashness):to commit childishnesses (all
manner of childishnesses), pueriliter multa et petulanter agere;pueriliter se agere or facere (the latter in Cicero, Acad., 2, 11, 33):pueriliter ineptire. CHILDLESS, orbus:liberis orbus (one’s children or child being dead):liberis carens:liberos non habens:qui est sine liberis:cui deest stirps (who has no children). To be childless, liberis orbum esse:liberos non habere;liberis carere (according to the distinction just given). To become childless, to be rendered childless, orbum fieri:to render anybody childless, aliquem liberis orbum facere.
CHILDLESSNESS, *stirpa nulla:orbitas (state of having lost one’s children).
CHILD-MURDER. Vid. INFANTICIDE. CHILD-LIKE, puerilis (in years):pius erga parentes (affectionate to his parents):integer:incorruptus (pure, uncontaminated; e.g., animus).
CHILL, s., frigus (as causing frost. etc, opposed to calor;hence, also, the chill produced by fever, and figuratively of the coldness of indifference):algor (the chill, inasmuch as it is felt):gelu (inasmuch as it freezes anything, used only in the ablative):horror (the chill in a fever):water with the chill taken off, aqua (potio. etc) egelida et frigidæ potior (Celsus). To take the chill off anything, *aliquid egelidum facere, egelare (late; Cælius Aurelianus).
CHILL, adj., subfrigidus (late):frigidus:algens:algidus [SYN. in COLD]. Vid. Egelidus is that from which the chill has been taken off, the ex being privative. To be chill, frigere:algere:(figuratively) languere:to become chill, frigescere:refirigescere:refrigerari.
CHILL, v., refrigerare (also figuratively, ” to chill,” ” to damp”):firigidum facere. FIG., refrigerare:comprimere:reprimere.
CHILLINESS, frigus (general term):*horror quidam frigidus (shivering and chilliness).
CHILLY. Vid. CHILL, adj.
CHIME, s., *tintinnabulorum concentus:*sonitus campanarum. || Harmony, Concordia vocum:sonorum concentus. or concentus concors et congruens.
CHIME, v., strike a bell, *campanam pulsare. || Harmonize, concinere:conspirare:consentire:congruere [vid. AGREE]:not to chime [vid. DISAGREE]. To chime in with a person’s discourse, *succinere alicui or alicujus sermoni;or succinere only (i.e., ” sing the same tune after him:” clamat “victum date:” succinit alter:”et mihi,” etc, Horatius, Ep., 1, 17, 43).
CHIMERA, commentum (fiction):portentum:monstrum (a bold, adventurous fiction):plural, opinionum commenta.
CHIMERICAL, fictus:commenticius (invented):inanis:vanus (only existing in the imagination):portentosus:monstruosus (strange, adventurous in general).
CHIMNEY. The nearest word is fumariolum (Tertullianus, a hole for letting out the smoke), but the thing was unknown to tlu ancients, as the smoke found its way out either through the window-holes or through the tiles of the roof; therefere, in classical language, domus fumat (the house smokes, as in Cicero, Sext., 10, 24) for our “the chimney smokes: “culmen fumat (the roof smokes, Vergilius, Ecl., 1, 82):caminus (stove in a room):one’s own chimney-corner, focus proprius. A chimney with a good fire in it, caminus luculentus (Cicero).
CHIMNEY-SWEEPER, *caminos detergendi artifex. CHIN, mentum.
CHIN -COUGH, *tussis clangosa, or clamosa, or ferina (technical term).
CHINA, || the substance, murrha (most probably, according to the latest researches, our own china; vid. Roloff, Museum of Archæology, vol. ii., p. 3). || Any thing made of china, opus murrhinum:vas murrhinum, or plural, vasa murrhina. CHINE, spina.
CHINK, rima:fissura (a greater one). || A jingling, circumlocution with tinnire, e.g., tinnienda re (of an instrument, after Varr., R. R., 3, 16, 30), (also with money; vid. Cicero., Att., 14, 21, extr):tinnitum ciere is poetical.
CHINK, v., rimas fieri pati;rimas agere:findi. || To jingle, vid. above.
CHINKY, rimosus;plenus rimarum.
CHIP, schidia (σχίδιον), or pure Latin assula (for burning, e.g., of pine-wood, schidia or assula tædæ):scobs:ramenta, plural (of sawing, boring, or filing):particula (general term), frustum:frustulum (of bread):crusta (of marble, etc., for mosaic work):recisamentum (of carved or cut wood):a chip of broken matter, fragmentum. PROV., A chip of the same block, ejusdem farinæ. CHIP, v., concidere in partes:also concidere only:consecare (by means of cutting):(ascia) dolare:dedolare:edolare (to chip with an axe roughly):ascia polire (to make smooth with an axe).
CHIP-AXE, ascia:securis (hatchet):bipennis (double-edged).
CHIPPINGS. Vid. CHIP, s. CHIRP, (of crickets) stridere:pipire (of young birds):pipilare (Catullus, of a sparrow):pipare (Varro., of a hen). Vid. also TO WARBLE.
CHIRPING, clangor (the proper word, of sparrows):circumlocution with verbs under CHIRP, v. CHIRURGEON, Vid. SURGEON. CHIRURGERY, Vid. SURGERY.
CHISEL, acalprum fabrile (Livius., 27, 49, init):cælum (graving-tool, hollow chisel):tornus (turner’s chisel). CHISEL, v., scalpere:cælare (with the graving-tool).
CHIT, Vid. INFANT, CHILD. CHIT-CHAT. Vid. CHAT, s. CHITTERLINGS, Vid. GUTS. BOWELS.
CHIVALROUS, equester (relating to a knight):*quod equitem decet (becoming a knight):fortis (brave). || Adventurous, vid.
CHIVALRY, ordo equester (the order of knights):dignitas equestris (knighthood, as a dignity):equites (the knights):res equestris (as a thing). CHIVES, Vid. FILAMENTS. CHLOROSIS, *chlorosis.
CHOCOLATE, *quadræ cacaoticæ (squares of chocolate):*calda cacaotica (the drink).
CHOICE, || permission or power to choose, optio:eligendi optio: (the former the more common):also optio et potestas:potestas optioque (the proper word):arbitrium (a man’s free will). To give anybody his choice, alicui optionem dare, facere or deferre (all Cicero, the first common; not optionem ferre):facere alicui potestatem optionemque, ut eligat; facere alicui arbitrium in eligendo:to give anybody his choice of two things, alicui po testatem optionemque facere, ut eligat, utrum velit:to give anybody his free choice in any matter, alicujus or alicujus rei optionem mittere:alicutns eligendi optionem alicui dare:alicui permittere arbitrium alicujus rei (e.g., whether it is to be peace or war, pacia ac belli). The choice is left to you, or you may make your choice, optio tua est:if I had my choice, si optio esset:it is left to his free choice, optio ei est or data est. It is only a choice of evils, nihil est medium. To give anybody his choice, which of his colleagues he will have, alicui permittere, ut ex collegis optet, quem velit. || Election, act of choosing, delectus:electio:creatio (to an office). An elegant choice of words, verborum delectus elegans; elegantia verborum, sermonis. Vid. “To make one’s choice” [vid. CHOOSE], ||Care in choosing, delectus:too scrupulous in the choice of words, in verborum delectu nimius:with judgment and choice, cum delectu:eleganter:without judgment or choice, sine (ullo) delectu:promiscue:temere. || The best, robur:flos, etc.;also optima, noun plural, but mostly by adjective.
CHOICE, || select, etc., conquisitus:conquisitus et electus:exquisitus:eximius:egregius:præstans.
Choicest, conquisitissimus. The choicest wines, veterrima vina. The tables were covered with the choicest dainties, mensæ conquisitissimis epulis exstruebantur.
CHOICENESS, excellentia, præstantia.
CHOIR, chorus canentium. || Part of a church, apsis ur absis, idis (Isidorus, Origines, 15, 18, 7, and Paulinus, Ep., 12, both of whom doubt whether it is absis, idis, or absida, æ, Freund’s Dictionary):statio canentium (place of the singers in the church).
CHOKE, TR., animam or gpiritum intercludere (to stop the breath violently):suffocare (to kill by closing the organs of respiration, whether by an internal obstacle [quem crassior saliva suffocat. Sen.] or by external means):[alicui elidere spiritum, or (poetically) fauces, or collum, is to kill by external pressure on the throat:to throttle, strangulare, with a cord, etc.] INTR. suffocari: spiritu intercluso exstingui:by anything, *aliqua re suffocare. || IMPROPR., suffocare:strangulare ( to bind too tight, and so deprive of nourishment, e.g., trees):exstinguere:restinguere:auferre:tollere. Fear chokes his voice, metus vocem præcludit. || Block up, obturare:obstruere. Vid. OBSTRUCT. CHOLER, ||bile, bills. || Anger, bilis:ira:iracundia:stomachus. SYN. in ANGER. CHOLERIC, || bilious, biliosus (Celsus):cholericus (Plinius):cholera laborans (having the jaundice, Celsus). || Passionate, fervidus, e.g., ingenium (a choleric temperament):vehemens:iracundus.
CHOOSE, eligere (to choose one out of several, without reference to any particular end):deligere (to choose what is or seems to be the best for a particular end:eligitur qui ex promiscua multitudine legitur:deligitur, qui ex pluribus, sed idoneis legitur):seligere (choose and set apart):optare (decide for what one thinks good and advisable;in prose nearly always followed by a disjunctive proposition):habere delectum alicujus rei (e.g., verborum, to proceed with judgment and choice in anything):adhibere (choose out and apply to a purpose, Quintilianus, 9, 4, 11). Sometimes exquirere (if careful search is implied). To choose a place for a camp, locum castris capere;idoneum locum castris deligere:to choose one out of them all, unum e cunctis deligere:fit men for any purpose, idoneos alicui rei homines deligere:a son-in-law, aliquem sibi generum deligere (Livius);to choose death before slavery, mortem servituti anteponere:of two evils to choose the least, ex malis minimum eligere:a line of life, vitæ rationem inire:a husband for one’s daughter, maritum filiæ prospicere:words, expressions,
verba eligere, deligere:some one person as an example for imitation, unum sibi ad imitatum deligere (Cicero). To let anybody choose, alicui optionem dare, facere, etc. [Vid. CHOICE.] || Wish, be willing, velle. I don’t choose, nolo. I choose rather, malo:if you choose, si vis, si tibi placet:as you choose, ut libet:whether I choose or not, velim nolim. I don’t choose either to — or to — , neque — neque — in animo est (Terentius). || Elect (to an office). vid. || PHR., I can not choose but, non possum non (with infinitive) facere non possum, quin (with subjunctive).
CHOP, off, decidere:abscidere (to cut off with a sharp instrument; not to be confounded with abscindere, which is to tear off violently):præcidere (chop of from the fore part of anything):succidere (from below):desecare. To chop off anybody’s head, caput alicui abscidere or præcidere (both Livius):abscidere caput a cervicibus alicujus (a dead man’s, Cicero):caput decidere alicui gladio (Curtius):anybody’s hands, manus alicui præcidere (Hirtius):manum præcidere gladio (Cicero):anybody’s ears, desecare aures (Cæsar):decidere aures (Terentius). || Chop up, mince, concidere:minute, or minutim, or minutatim concidere:minutatim consecare. || Devour eagerly, devorare, or comedere. || Exchange, mutare:permutare:commutare. || To chop round (of the wind), se vertere (e.g., to the southwest) in Africum. || Altercate, altercari (cum aliquo):to chop logic with anybody, *dialectice disputare cum aliquo:*dialecticis acuminibus aliquem compungere (after Cicero, 2 De Or., 158). || Of the skin, scindi:a chopped skin, rhagades or rhagadia (Plinius; written by Celsus as a Greek word: cutis scinditur: ῥαγάδια Græci vocant). CHOP, || portion chopped off [vid. CHIP]. || Of meat, offa, more commonly ofella (e.g., quæ non egeant ferro structoris ofellae, Martialis). A mutton chop, perhaps *ofella vervecina. A pork chop, offa or ofella porcina (offa penita, Plautus., is thus defined by Festus, offa porcina cum cauda in cœnis puris offa penita vocatur).
CHOPS, rictus (oris), hiatus (oris). Sometimes fauces.
CHORAL, by circumlocution:generally, chori, etc.
CHORD, chorda (χορδή), or. in pure Latin, fides (but fides is always used in the plural = “the strings; “except Cicero, Fin., 4, 27, 75, and in poetry):nervus ( νιῦρον , chord of animal sinews or gut). To touch the chords, nervos tangere. || Of a (geometrical) are, basis (βάσις). CHORISTER, puer (or homo) symphoniacus (Cicero; puer or servus symphoniacus, who sang. etc., to amuse his master):*choro canentium ascriptus. The leader of the choristers, choragus (leader of the choir in Greek and Roman plays):magister, qui numeris chori canentium præit (Columella, 12, 2, 4):qui præit ac præmonstrat modes (Gellius, 1, 11, p. med). CHOROGRAPHER, chorographus (χωρογρίφος, Vitruvius).
CHOROGRAPHY, chorographia (χωρογραφία, Vitruvius).
CHORUS, chorus.
CHOUGH, corvus graculus (Linnæus).
CHOUSE, Vid. BAMBOOZLE, CHEAT.
CHRIST,
Christus.
CHRISTENDOM, populus Christianus (late):*universi Christiani:*orbis terræ Christianus.
CHRISTEN, Vid. BAPTIZE.
CHRISTENING, Vid. BAPTISM.
CHRISTIAN,
Christianus. A Christian, Christianus:
Christianæ legis studiosus (Ammian. Avoid the poetical Christicula). To make a man a Christian, *sacris Christianæ legis imbuere aliquem:legi Christianæ aliquem ascribere (after Ammian):to become a Christian or Christians, doctrinam Christianam amplecti:sacra Christiana or cultum Christinnum et puram religionem suscipere (of a state or other body being converted to Christianity: after Livius, 1, 7, and Cicero, Legg., 1, 23, 60). To be a Christian, Christianæ legis esse studiosum; *Christum or Christianam legem sequi; *Christianam doctrinam profiteri. Christian-name, prænomen. A persecutor of the Christians, Christianæ religionis insectator (Eutropius):populi Christiani vexator (Sulpicius Severus). An enemy or opponent of the Christians, Christiano nomini inimicus or infestus (after Nepos., Hann., 7, 3; Sal, Cat., 52, 22; , or inimicissimus, infestissimus.
CHRISTIANITY, religio Christiana (Eutropius):*doctrina Christi or Christiana:cultus Christianus (the worship):*sacra Christiana (the service, especially consideres as sacrificial):*sensus Christianus:pietas, with or without Christiana (the piety or religious sense of a true Christian).
CHRISTIANLY, *ut decet Christianum:pie.
CHRISTMAS-BOX, strena (at Rome, a New-year’s gift; post-Augustan).
CHRISTMAS-DAY, *dies natalis Christi:dies festus Christi (after Livius., 25, 23). Not dies nativitatis Christi.
CHRISTMAS -WEEK, *dies Christi nati festi ac sollemnes. To keep Christmas- week, diem festum Christi [per triduum] agere (after Livius., 25, 23).
CHROMATICS, *pigmentorum (or colorum) ratio. || With reference to an unknown species of ancient music, chroma, n. (χρῶμα, the thing):chromatice (the doctrine, Vitruvius):chromaticum genus (Macrobius, Somnium Scipionis, 2, 4, fin).
CHRONIC, diseases, morbi longi (opposed to acuti):morbi chronici (late, but now technical term).
CHRONICLE, v., in annales referre:memorias prodere or tradere:posteris tradere. CHRONICLES, chronica, plural, libri chronici:libri qui chronici appellantur (post-Augustan):annates libri:commentarii annorum, or annates only (year-books, in which the affairs, etc., of the state were recorded year by year):fasti (year-books or tables, on which the names of the consuls, dictators, etc., with their remarkable actions, victories, triumphs, etc,, were recorded, the year, month, and day being accurately set down). The chronicles of a town, commentarius rerum urbanarum (Cælius in Cicero, Epp). CHRONICLER, annalium scriptor:chronographus (Sidonius, Ep., 8, 6):scriptor rerum or rerum gestarum. CHRONOLOGICAL, *chronologicus:to arrange the events of several years in a chronological order, res gestas plurium annorum, observato cujusque anni ordine, deinceps componere (Gellius, 5, 18, a. med):to disturb the chronological order of anything, in aliqua re perturbare æta tum ordinem (Cicero, Brut., 64, 223). Without observing chronological order, nou servato temporis ordine.
CHRONOLOGICALLY, servato temporis ordine;observato cujusque anni ordine:to arrange (the) events chronologically, temporum ordines explicare (Cicero, Brut., 4, 15).
CHRONOLOGY, *chronologia (may be retained as a technical term, if necessary):temporum ratio ( as computation of the time):ætatum or temporis ordo:temporum ordines (as series of time):descriptio temporum:computatio temporis or temporum:to occupy one’s self with chronology, temporum annales persequi:annos dinumerare. Roman chronology, Romanorum annalium ratio:attention to chronology, the study of chronology, notatio temporum.
CHRONOMETER, *chronometrum (χρονόμετρον).
CHRYSALIS, nympha.
CHRYSOBERYL, chrysoberyllus.
CHRYSOLITE, topazius.
CHRYSOPRASUS, chrysoprasus.
CHUB, *perca cernua (Linnæus). || A rustic, homo rusticus:stipes:caudex (as an epithet).
CHUBBY-CHEEKED, bucculentus (Cum).
CHUCK (of a hen when feeding her young ones), singultus.
CHUCK, v., singultire (Col., 8, 11, 15):glocire (of a hen that is going to sit, Columella, 8, 5, 4).
CHUFF, homo agrestis:homo rusticus:merum rus (stronger term).
CHUFFY, inhumanus:inurbanus:agrestis:rusticus.
CHUM, contubernalis:he wished to have him for his son’s chum, *volebat eum esse in filii sui contubernio.
CHUMP, caudex.
CHURCH, (a) the sacred building, ædes sacra:(b) the congregation, *œtus sacer:*sacra publica, orum, n. (the divine service):to go to church, *sacra publica adire; *sacris publicia adesse:to perform the church-service (of the clergyman), rebus divinis interesse:to attend church, sacris adesse (of a layman):(c) THE CHURCH (i. e., the whole body of the visible Church), legis Christianæ studiosi (Ammianus, 25, 10);*qui Christum sequuntur; *civitas or respublica Christianorum; ecclesia (ecclesiastical). CHURCH-BUILDING, *ædium sacrarum æditicatio.
CHURCH -DISCIPLINE, *disciplina ecclesiastica.
CHURCH-FURNITURE, supellex qua ad res divinas uti solemus (Columella, 12, 3, 1).
CHURCH-GOER, qui ad ædes sacras venit:qui sacris publicis adest. To be a regular church-goer, *numquam a cœtu sacro or a sacris publicis abesee.
CHURCH-HISTORY, *res populi Christiani.
CHURCH-LATIN, *Latinitas scriptorum ecclesiasticorum.
CHURCH-PROPERTY, bonum ecclesiasticum (single article):(as estate), fundus ecclesiasticus.
CHURCH-RATES, *vectigal res sacras sustinendi causa impositum.
CHURCH-TOWER, *turris ædi sacræ imposita.
CHURCH-WARDEN, *rerum ecclesiasticarum curator (general term):*ærario ecclesiastico præfectus.
CHURCH-YARD, (a) place around a church (general term), *area, quæ ædem sacram cingit:(b) cemetery, vid.
CHURL, homo illiberalis:homo tenax:homo avarus:avaritia ardens (strongest term). || Clown, rusticus (opposed to urbanus):agrestis:homo vultu motuque corporis vastus atque agrestis.
CHURLISH, illiberalis:tenax:sordidus:parcus. || Clownish, rusticus:agrestis:inurbanus:rudis:incultus.
CHURLISHLY, tenuiter:parce. (The words are found in this connection and order), parce ac tenuiter:illiberaliter:sordide:rustice:inurbane. κυρικιμασαηικο
CHURLISHNESS, inurbanitas:rusticitas:mores inculti or rustici
CHURN, labrum:sinum (vessel for milk).
CHURN, v, butyrum facere. CHYLE, chylus. CHYMIC, CHYMICAL, chemicus. CHYMIST,
*chemiæ peritus; *chemicus. CHYMISTRY, *chemia; *(ars) chemica CICATRICE. Vid. SCAR. CICATRIZE, INTR., ad cicatricem pervenire or perduci;cicatricem ducere or inducere (Celsus, 7, 28):it seems likely to cicatrize, ad cicatricem tendit (Celsus):after the wound has cicatrized, ubi inducta vulneri cicatrix est. The wound cicatrizes, cicatrix coit or obducitur:TR,, ad cicatricem perducere.
CICERONE, mystagogus:qui hospites ad ea, quæ visenda sunt, ducere solet, et unumquidque ostendere (both Cicero, Verr., 4, 59, 132; the latter as an explanation of the former).
CICERONIAN. A Ciceronian, *qui Ciceronem sequitur; but Ciceronianus may perhaps be retained:a genuine or true Ciceronian, vere Ciceronianus:germanus Cicere (Muretus).
CICISBEO, sodalis (vid. Martialis, 9, 3, 8) CIDER, vinum ex mails factum (Palladius, 3. 25, 19). CIMETER, acinaces.
CINCTURE, cingulum:zona (the former pure Latin: zona, borrowed from the Greek ζώνη, was likewise used for the girdle of a woman, e.g., puellæ zonam solvere, after Catullus, 2, 11).
CINDER, carbo emortuus. Vid. ASHES. CINNABAR, minium (for which some of the ancients erroneously used cinnabaris: vid. Plinius, 38, 7, 38, Hard):to dye with cinnabar, miniare:cinnabar mine, metallum miniarium; also miniarium only:of the color of cinnabar, or of a cinnabar color, miniatus:miniaceus:miniatulus (dyed with cinnabar):minio colore (red like cinnabar):cinnabar color, color minii (properly):color minius (like cinnabar; e.g., a cinnabar-red color).
CINNAMON, cinnamum:cinnamomum.
CINQUEFOIL, quinquefoliuim (Celsus, Plinius: adjective, quinquefolius).
CIPHER, *nota numeri;litera (with the ancients, since they used letters to express numbers):*zero (a cipher indicating a nought). || Nothingness, to be a cipher, numerum esse (figuratively, only serve for filling up, as Horatius, Ep., 1, 2, 27, nos numerus sumus):nihil valere; nihil auctoritatis habere; nulla alicujus habetur ratio (stronger):nullo in oratorum numero esse (of an orator):to become a mere cipher, ad nihilum venire. || Conventional or occult marks of writing, notæ (Suetonius):literæ secretiores (Gellius):what is written in cipher, furtivum scriptum (Gellius). To write in cipher, per notas scribere (Suetonius, Cæsar, 56):to make out what is written in cipher, investigare et persequi notas.
CIPHER, v., ratiocinari:to learn to cipher, or ciphering, *arithmetica discere:to be experienced in ciphering, in arithmeticis satis exercitatum esse.
CIRCLE, circulus:circus (of a greater extent, but doubtful in this meaning, since in Cicero, N. D., 2, 18, 47, and De Rep., 6, 15, 15, the manuscripts vary between circus and circulus):orbis (with regard to circumference as terminating in itself). To describe a circle, circulum describere (circino); circinationem describere;ducere rotundam circinationem:to describe a circle round anybody or anything, circumscribere aliquid or aliquem (with a compass, a staff, etc., circino, virga or virgula):circulo aliquid or aliquem includere (to inclose anybody or anything in a circle within which one is to remain):to form a circle, orbem colligere:in orbem consistere (both of soldiers, for the sake of better defending themselves; also in orbem, i.e., orbe collecto, se tutari):to form a circle round anybody (e.g., of auditors), corona aliquem cingere: to fight in (the form of) a circle, in orbem pugnare:to argue in a circle, *eodem revolvi:iufirma ratione uti, quæ videtur pro ratione afferri, sed idem dicit, quod in expositione dictum est (after Auct. ad Herenn). A vicious circle (in argument). *demonstratio eodem se revolvens (cf. Auctor ad Herennium, 2, 18,27). || Social assembly, circulus (i.e., a meeting for entertainment):convivium (party). (The words are found in this connection and order), in circulis et conviviis:congressio familiarium (circle of friends):corona [vid. above]. || Circuit, vid. || To reason in a circle, eodem revolvi (after Cicero, Divin., 2, 5). || District, pagus. CIRCLE, v., circumdare alicui rei aliquid or rem aliqua re:cingere aliqua re:circumstare (stand round):circumsedere (sit round):circumsistere (place one’s self round with accessory notions of oppressing):circumcludere. || To move round in a circle, circumire (go round):circumvolare:circumvolitare (fly round, of birds and persons).
CIRCUIT, || compass, ambitus (with reference to expansion in general; e.g., cœli ac terrarum; of the camp, castrorum):circuitus (with reference to circumference):circumscriptio (e.g., ofthe earth, terræ):complexus (with reference to the space encompassed; e. e., cœli, mundi, etc). The moon completes her circuit round the earth in a month, orbis lustrationem luna menstruo cursu complet. || Of a judge, e.g., to go on the circicit, jure dicundo conventus circumire:circa fora proficisci ibique quærere et judicia exercere:provinciam obire (of a Roman prætor, etc., Cicero).
CIRCULAR, in orbem circumactus:in orbem sinuatus:orbiculatus:circinatæ rotunditatis (Plinius, 16, 23, 25):ad circinum fabricatus (made by compasses):(a later word is circularis):qui in orbem fertur. To go around anything in a circular course, ut circino circumductum cingere aliquid (e.g., of a river):to move with a circular motion, in orbem agi. or circumagi or circumferri. In a circular manner, etc., in orbem.
CIRCULAR LETTER, literæ circum aliquos dimissæ; from context literæ only:to send a circular letter to tie municipal towns, literas circum municipia dimittere. CIRCULATE, INTR., in orbem agi, or circumagi, or circumferri. The blood circulates, sanguis per venas arteriasque ultro citro commeat:my blood circulates more freely, sanguis liberius meat. TR., to circulate a report, rumorem spargere, dispergere, dissipare:a report is circulated, rumor, fama or sermo est:sermo datur (Livius):this report is circulated, sermo hic datur:money is circulated, pecunia in communem usum venit.
CIRCULATION, circumactio (e.g., rotarum):circulatio. || Circulation of the blood, *circulatio sanguinis. || Of money, communis usus:to be in circulation, in communem usum venisse.
CIRCUMCISE, circumcidere:a circumcised Jew, Judæus curtus, or recutitus, or verpus.
CIRCUMCISION, circumcisio (of the Jews, Scriptores Ecclesiastici).
CIRCUMFERENCE, || line that bounds a circle, etc., peripheria (περιφέρεια, *Marc, Cap. 8, p. 278), or, in pure Latin, extrema linea circinationis, or linea circumcurrens. The island is 25,000 paces in circumference, insula viginti quinque milia passuum circuitu patet;insula cingitur viginti quinque milibus. || Compass, vid.
CIRCUMFLEX, circumflexus accentus (Diomedes, 425; P., and other grammarians):apex = the mark of a long syllable placed over the vowels (vid. Spald., Quintilianus, 1, 5, 23):to place the circumflex over a syllable, syllabam circumducere (Quintilianus, 3. 172, and 12, 10, 33), or circumflectere (Gellius, 4, 7, 2);syllabam apice circumducere (if it it contracted from two vowels, Quintilianus, I, 5, 23;compare Ritter, Gramm. Lat., p. 87, note):a syllable which has the circumflex, syllaba circumflexa.
CIRCUMFLUENT, qui circumfluit, cingit, circumfunditur:circumfusus:circumfluus (poetical, and Tacitus).
CIRCUMFUSE, circumfundere aliquid alicui rei or aliquid aliqua re. CIRCUMJACENT, circumjacens (aficui loco).
CIRCUMLOCUTION, || periphrasis, circuitio, circuitus eloquendi, circuitus plurium verborum, circumlocutio (all as grammatical technical terms for περιφρασις, Cicero, Quintilianus).
Cf., Aroid circumscriptio, amfractus verborum (which in this sense has not the sanction of any old writer), and periphrasis, which is a Grecism. A poetical circumlocution, circumlocutio poetica (Gellius). If our language does not possess the word, we must employ a circumlocution, si non reperitur vox nostras, vel pluribus et per ambitum verborum res enuncianda est (after Suetonius, Tib., 71, extr). To describe anything by circumlocution, pluribus verbis aliquid exponere or explicare (Cicero, Quintilianus):pluribus et per ambitum verborum aliquid enunciare (Suetonius, Tib., 71):circuitu plurium verborum ostendere aliquid (Quintilianus): also simply circumire aliquid (Quintilianus, 8, 2, 17; 12, 10, 32).
Cf. Circumscribere with or without verbis is more ” to describe,” define,” etc.:circumscriptio is rather “a period.” To use a long circumlocution, aliquid copiosa loquacitate circumire.|| Beating about the bush, ambages.
CIRCUMNAVIGATE, ab omni parte circumvehi aliquid (Livius., 36, 21), not circumnavigare (which in Velleius, 2, 106, fin. = “sail about in.” The passage is occani circumnavisarat sinus).
CIRCUMSCRIBE, finire:includere:coercere:circumscribere (especially to put limits to the exercise of an office):terminare:determinare (Livius):terminis sepire (Cicero). To circumscribe anybody’s power, finire potestatem (Livius):the power of the tribunes, tribunos plebis circum scribere (Cæsar):to be circumscribed within narrow limits, in exiguum gyrum compulsum esse (Cicero). To circumscribe within a narrow field, in exiguum angustumque concludere. To be circumscribed, certarum rerum cancellis circimscriptum esse. [Vid. LIMIT, RESTRAIN)|| CIRCUMSCRIBED = norrow: a circumscribed mind, angustum ingenium:angustiæ pectoris:angustus, imbecillus animus:animus tenuis et infirmus (Cæsar). To be of circumscribed abilities, anguste ab natura instructum esse.
Circumscribed means, angustiæ rei familiaris.
CIRCUMSPECT, circumspectus (post-classical, in Quintilianus, Celsus, Suetonius, etc., of persons and things; e.g., circumspectus judicium):consideratus (both passive, ” well-weighed,” of things [e.g., considerata judicia, Cicero], and active,
“one who weighs things well” [e.g., homo, Cicero]):providus. (The words are found in this connection and order), prudens et cautus; prudens et providus; cautus et providus:diligens (careful:also of thing):gravis (one who acts from sound principles, after due deliberation).
CIRCUMSPECTION, circumspectio (Cicero):circumspectum judicium (well-weighed judgment; for which Gellius has circumspicientia). (The words are found in this connection and order), circumspectio et accurata consideratio (Cicero):cautio:prudentia:diligentia:gravitas (habit of acting carefully after deliberation). The thing demands much circumspection, res multas cautiones habet; res est multæ diligentiæ. With circumspection, vid. CIRCUMSPECTLY.
CIRCUMSPECTLY, omnia circumspiciens (pericula), Cicero:considerate:cogitate (not cogitato, Stürenburg ad Cicero, Arch., H, 18):caute:circumspecte (Gellius):diligenter:attente:circumspecto judicio.
CIRCUMSTANCE, res (the most general word):causa (the state, posture, situation, of a thing). (The words are found in this connection and order), res et causa:tempus, especially the plural tempora (posture of things brought on by the circumstances of the time):ratio (a reason founded in circumstances; hence the circumstance itself):momentum (the decisive circumstance):conditio (condition, limitation):mora (delay):ambages (circumstance of words). Trifling circumstances, parvæ res:parva momenta. The Latins, however, do not usually employ a distinctive substantive, but prefer some general, indifferent expression to convey this notion; as, this circumstance moved me, hoc me movit, or hac re motus sum. On this circumstance rests the whole business, in eo tota res vertitur (in eo cardo rei vertitur, not to be recommended). According to circumstances, pro re:pro re nata; ex or pro tempore; pro tempore et pro re (Cæsar, B. G., 5, 8). The circumstances of the times, tempora:ratio temporis or temporum; temporum vincula (Cicero, Fam., 10, 6, 2). To act according to circumstances, ex re consulere. Under these or such circumstances, his rebus; quæ cum ita sint or essent (things being so):in hoc or in tali tempore (in such an exigency; under such untoward circumstances. In this meaning the preposition ” in” is mostly expressed). Under present circumstances, in præsentia (opposed to in posterum). To suit one’s self to circumstances, tempori servire (cut one’s coat according to the cloth):necessitati parere (make a virtue of necessity). To be in good circumstances, in rebus secundis esse; in bona conditione constitutum esse. To be in straitened circumstances, parce ac duriter vitam agere. In his embarrassed or desperate circumstances, in extremis rebus suis. My circumstances are none of the best, res meæ sunt minus secundæ. To be placed in the same circumstances, in eadem causa or eodem loco esse; eadem est mea causa. I am grievously dissatisfied with my own circumstances, vehementer me pœnitet status mei. A man is always dissatisfied with his own circumstances, suæ quemque fortunæ maxime pœnitet (Cicero). Suppose yourself in my circnmstances, eum te esse finge, qui sum ego (Cicero). || Circumstances ( = state of affairs), rerum status:a great change of circumstances has taken place, magna facta est rerum commutatio; versa sunt omnia:the untoward circumstances of the time or of affairs, iniquitas rerum. || Show, array, apparatus; ornatus; ostentatio. CIRCUMSTANCED, comparatus; affectus. The thing is so circumstanced, se ita res habet; res est ejusmodi, ut, etc. CIRCUMSTANTIAL, non neccssarius, adventicius. || Detailed, accuratus, verbosus (wordy), copiosus (diffuse, full). || Circumstantial evidence, *testimonia, quæ etiamsi ad tollendam dubitationem sola non sufficiunt, tamen adjuncta ceteris plurimum valent (after Quintilian., 5, 99). A proof from circumstantial evidence, *probatio non necessaria illa quidem, sed credibilis. To be condemned on circumstantial evidence, *probatione non necessaria ilia quidem sed credibili convictum esse. To give a circumstantial account of anything (in writing), accurate perscribere aliquid:accurate scribere aliquid or de re. Vid. also EVIDENCE.
CIRCUMSTANTIALLY, accurate; multis or pluribus verbis; copiose:singulatim or singillatim (each thing, one by one).
CIRCUMVALLATE, circumvallare (surround with palisades):vallo et fossa munire or cingere:circummunire:munitione sepire (with works generally). Vid. next word.
CIRCUMVALLATION, circummunitio. Lines of circumvallation, circummunitiones (with ramparts and ditches, Auctor Belli Hispaniensis, 38, towards the end). To form lines of circumvallation, circummunire opera, or opere (vid. Editors of Cæsar, B. C, 3, 66 ):round a city, urbem operibus or vallis castellisque circummunire:vallum in oppidi circuitu ducere:oppidum circumvallare (with ramparts, etc):urbem corona cingere or circumdare; mœnia urbis corona aggredi (with troops; the word being used in a looser sense):round the enemy, hostem circumvallare; vallo crebrisque castellis hostem circummunire.
CIRCUMVENT, circumvenire:fraudem or fallaciam alicui facere:dolum alicui nectere, confingere:fucum alicui facere. SYN. in DECEIVE.
CIRCUMVENTION, fraus:fraudatio:circurascriptio:ars:artes:machinæ:fallacia. (The words are found in this connection and order), doli atque fallaciæ. SYN. in DECEIT. CIRCUMVOLVE, TR., circumvolvere:circumagere:convertere. INTR., circumvolutari (Plinius):circumagi, se circumagere:circumferri:circumverti (of wheels, the heavenly bodies, etc):in orbem circumagi or se circumvolvere.
CIRCUMVOLUTION, circumactio:circumactus:ambitus (solis). CIRCUS, circus (of which the adjective is circensis). CISTERN, cisterna:puteus (Hirt., B. Alex., 5, fin). Cistern-water, aqua cisternarum or cisternina:aqus specubus et puteis extracta (Hirtius, B. Alex., 5, towards the end).
CITADEL, castellum:arx.
CITATION, evocatio (general term for summoning a person — before a court, etc):vocatio (before a court, Varro in Gellius, 13, 12):in jus vocatio. || Quotation = passage quoted, locus allatus or laudatus (citatus, allegatus, productus, not good). || Act of quoting (passages, examples, etc), prolatio (e.g., exemplorum):commemoratio (the mentioning of them):relatio (Quintilianus). CITE, || before a court, citure in jus, or in judicium vocare:evocare (general term for to summon an absent person). || Quote, proferre:afferre [not producere; and it is better to avoid adducere, for which Seneca, De Ira, 2, 16, 2, is the only passage cited, ea animalia in exemplum hominis adducit, quibus, etc. Krebs allows citare with or without testes or auctores. Livius has magistratuum libros Macer Licinius citat identidem auctores]:laudare (to cite with approbation):notare (with censure):memorare:commemorare:ponere:proponere ( of examples):to cite as authority, auctorem laudare, or memorare (Cicero), or citare (Livius):to cite as a witness, testem proferre, producere or (with praise) laudare:a passage, locum afferre:dictum scriptoris commemorare, referre (often, habitually):usurpare:I like better to cite examples from Grecian history than from our own, malo Græcorum quam nostra proferre:I will cite this one example, ponam illud unum exemplum.
CITHERN, cithara. Vid. HARP. CITIZEN, civis (who has the rights of citizenship; opposed to peregrinus):oppidanus, incola urbis (the inhabitant of a city, townsman; opposed to vicanus, a villager):togatus (the citizen in his robe of peace; opposed to paludatus or miles, the warrior):plebeius, homo ignobilis (one of the commonalty; opposed to patricius or vir nobilis):paganus (a common citizen; often opposed to soldiers, Plinius, etc) The citizens, civitas, cives; plebs, plebeii (opposed to the nobles):oppidani:incolæ urbis; pagani. CITIZEN LIKE, civilis (becoming a citizen, affable, etc):civilis, communis, popularis (usual in common life):plebeius.
CITIZENSHIP, civitas, jus civitatis (the right of attaining citizenship):civitatula (with reference to a petty town, Seneca, Apocol., p. 852). To give anybody the rights of citizenship, admit him thereto, civitatem alicui dare, impertire, tribuere; aliquem in civitatem accipere or recipere; aliquem in civitatem or in numerum civium asciscere; civitate aliquem donare; civem aliquem facere:diploma civitatis alicui offerre (Suetonius, the best phrase for our “giving the freedom of the city”), aliquem ascribere civitati or in civitatem. To receive the rights of citizenship, or the freedom of the city, consequi civitatem; recipi in civitatem; civitate donari; civitati alicui ascribi; in civitatem pervenire:to receive the rights of citizenship (or freedom of the city) from anybody, civitatem impetrare ab aliquo:for anybody, civitatem impetrare alicui:not to choose to avail one’s self of the rights of citizenship, civitatis beneficio uti nolle:to obtain the rights of citizenship by stealth, civitatem furari:to lose them, civitatem perdere:to take them away from anybody, civitatem alicui adimere; also aliquem de civitate exterminare or ejicere.
CITRON, ||the tree, citrus, citrus medica (Linnæus):of citron-wood, citreus:candied citron, cortex mali citri conditus. || Citron (the fruit), malum citrum:(pomum) citreum.
CITY, urbs (always with respect to the greatness, wealth, etc., of its inhabitants; hence, also, a capital city, and especially Rome):oppidum (as a place of habitation secured against attacks from without):civitas (the collective inhabitants of a city as bound together by common laws, institutions, and usages; the burgesses or freemen, as such; the city, in a civil regard):municipium (a free city, especially in, Italy, having its own laws and magistrates, whose inhabitants, if they had received the jus civile Romanum, were regarded as Roman citizens, had the
right of voting at assemblies of the Roman people, and might hold public offices, but had not the Roman sacra; otherwise they were only permitted to serve in the Roman legions, and to stand for military offices):colonia (a Roman colony of citizens or allies):præfectura (a city suspected of disaffection, which was not governed by its own magistrates according to its own, laws, but by a prefect sent from Rome).
City and country, urbs agrique. The territory of a city, territorium urbis:ager urbis. In all the cities; from city to city, oppidatim. At the expense of the city (i.e., of the public), sumtu publico, also publico. || The city (i.e., the people thereof), incolæ urbis, urbani;oppidani. || ” Freedom of the city,” vid. CITIZENSHIP.
CITY, as adj. urbanus, or gen. urbis:oppidanus, or gen. oppidi. A city life, vita urbana. the city magistrates, magistratus urbani:publicus (if opposed to privatus). CIVET, *zibethum:civet-cat, *castor zibethicus (Linnæus):*viverra zibetha (Linnæus).
CIVIC, civilis:civicus:civium. Vid. CIVIL.
CIVIL, civilis:civicus:civium (civicus, in the best prose, is found only with corona [“the civic crown”]:civilis, relating to a citizen, etc., does not occur in the sense of “popular,” “condescending,” etc., till after Augustus. Livius has sermo civilis; and in following writers it is used for ” civil” or ” courteous.” The genitive civium is used when what is asserted, holds good of each citizen or many individual citizens of the whole body; e.g., orationes civiles are speeches regarding the state:orationes civium. speeches made by inditidual citizens):togatus (concerning the citizen when wearing the toga, or “gown of peace;” opposed to militaris:hence togati; opposed to milites):the civil year, annus civilis:the civil day, dies civilis. A civil process, causa privata, lis:a civil right, jus civile (in the wider sense; opposed to jus naturale: also as “private right;” opposed to jus publicum).The civil list, *domestici sumtus principis:a civil governor, qui provinciæ præest sine imperio:proconsul (in the time of the Roman emperors). A civil officer, magistratus (opposed to imperium):officium civile (opposed to officium militare).
Civil and military offices, migistratus et imperia.
Civil war, belluin civium:bellum civile:bellum intestinum or domesticum; sometimes arma or castra civilia:during a civil war, inter arma civilia:to abhor civil war, a civilibus castris abhorrere:arma civilia fugere:to take part in a civil war for a long time, diu in armis civilibus commorari.
Civil discord, discordia or dissensio civilis. To foment civil discord, discordiam in civitatem inducere. A civil contest, certamen civile.
Civil death, diminutio or deminutio capitis maxima (loss of freedom, family, and the rights of citizenship). || Polite, etc., urbanus (courteous):affabilis (conversing pleasantly with inferiors):comis (kind and condescending toward inferiors):blandus (of soft, winning speech):civilis (of a prince or great man treating inferiors with the simplicity of a plain citizen, that is, as their equal. In this sense it was used by the post-Augustan writers):benignus (kind):facilis (opposed to difficilis:a pleasant person to have to do with in social intercourse, from being obliging, easily satisfied, etc):officiosus (ready to perform kind offices, pay kind attentions, etc):a civil invitation, invitatio benigna:he is very civil toward me, perhonorificus in me est. CIVILIAN, juris peritus; juris or jure consultus:juris sciens; in jure prudens; juris interpres:a distinguished civilian, juris peritissimus or consultissimus; juris scientissimus:to be an eminent civilian, juris intelligentia præstare; magnam prudentiam juris civilis habere:to be looked upon as an eminent civilian, valde juris consultum videri:to practice as a civilian, de jure respondere.
CIVILITY, urbanitas:humanitas [SYN. in AFFABLE]:comitas:officia urbana (civilities):atiabilitas. (The words are found in this connection and order), comitas affabilitasque sermonis (in conversation):to treat anybody with great civility, perofficiose et peramanter aliquem observare; omni comitete aliquem complecti:to show a civility to anybody, gratum facere or gratificari alicui:to dismiss anybody with great civilities, aliquem dimittere cum bona gratia. CIVILIZATION, cultus humanus civilisque; cultus atque humanitas; also (perhaps) elegantior (delicatior) cultus or institutio:to lead men to civilization, homines a fera agrestique vita ad humanum cultum civilemque dedncere (Cicero, De Or., 1, 8, extr) [vid. CIVILIZE]:civilization has not made great progress among those nations, hi populi a cultu atque humanitate longissime absunt (Cæsar. B. G., 1, 1).
CIVILIZE, expolire hominemque reddere; omni vita atque cultu excolere atque expolire; ad humanitatem informare or effingere:ab fera agrestique vita ad humanum cultum civilemque deducere (Cicero):the civilized nations, populi eruditi (vid. Cicero, Rep., 2, 10):a civilized state, bene morata et bene constituta civitas (Cicero. Brut., 2, 7).
CIVILLY, urbane:humaniter; comiter:officiose; also belle; e.g,, to decline civilly. belle negare.
CLACK, s., || ceaseless talk, babbling, loquacitas (Cicero):garrulitas (Quintilianus and Seneca: garritus, very late, Sidonius). CLACK, crepare:crepitare:crepitum dare. || Let the tongue run, garrire.
CLAD, vestitus:to be clad in gold and parple, insignem auro et purpura conspici:the earth is clad with flowers, etc., terra vestitur floribus, herbis, etc.; herbis prata convestiuntur. CLAIM, poscere (in expectation that the claim will be granted):deposcere:exposcere (urgently):postulare:expostulare (when one has a right: expostulare, urgently):flagitare:efflagitare (impetuously): Cicero, Milon.. 34, p. in., makes a climax thus, misericordiam implorare, requirere, exposcere, flagitare. (The words are found in this connection and order), poscere et flagitare:petere:expetere (more by means of entreaty than claim):exigere (to claim; e.g., wages, debts, etc):persequi pecuniam, etc. (if before a court):per literas flagitare (by letter):to be entitled to claim, jure quodam suo postulare posse; justam postulandi causam habere; sibi vindicare, sumere or assumere aliquid (to lay claim to it). To claim the throne, regnum affectare, quærere (Livius); imperium affectare (Terentius):the name of a learned man, nomen docti sibi vindicare, sumere.
CLAIM, s., postulatio;postulatum (demand):jus (right: general term):petitio (claim preferred in a court; also, the right to make such a claim):vindiciæ (judicial or formal claim to a thing or person). A suit to establish such a claim, lis vindiciarum. An unjust claim, injustæ vindiciæ. To prefer a claim to anything, rem sibi or ad se vindicare (by law or otherwise) [vid. TO CLAIM]:an intolerable claim, postulatum intolerabile:an impudent claim, postulatio impudens:very moderate claims, postulata lenissima:to make an unjust claim, iniquum postulare:I grant a claim, quod aliquis postulat concedo:to desist from a claim, postulationem alicujus rei adjicere:to give up or surrender a claim, jus suum dimittere or remittere; de jure suo decedere:to give up a claim to anything, remittere rem; decedere de re. The person on whom a claim is made (judicially), unde petitur. || The claims of anything, quod dandum or tribuendum est alicui rei (the latter if the claim is one of right). The claims of friendship, quod dandum est amicitiæ:of duty, quod tribuendum est officio.
CLAIMANT, qui petit:petitor (in a court of justice).
CLAMBER, eniti in aliquid (upward):descendere, se demittere in aliquid (downward):derepere in aliquid (slowly and downward). CLAMMINESS, lentitia (Plinius). CLAMMY, tenax (e.g.. like wax, waxy):resinaceus (like resin, resinous):glutinosus (like glue, gluey).
CLAMOROUS, strepens:fremens:tumultuosus:violentus:vehemens.
Clamorous passions, importunæ libidines.
Clamorous disapprobation, reclamatio (of a particular statement):acclamatio (Cicero; in the historians it is clamorous approbation). To receive anything with clamorous approbation, magno clamore approbare aliquid; plausu et clamore prosequi aliquid:anybody, clamore et vocibus alicui astrepere.
CLAMOR, clamor (frequently in the plural, if it means the clamor of several persons):convicium (of a turbulent assembly of persons). (The words are found in this connection and order), clamor conviciumque; clamor atque convicium:voces (clamor combined with shouts of a turbulent mass of people):vociferatio:vociferatus (loud, vehement cries from displeasure, pain, wrath, etc):quiritatio (Livius), quiritatus (Plin.; wailing clamor; e.g., infantium):strepitus (clamor, as din):fremitus (hollow murmuring of a multitude):clamor inconditus:clamor dissonus; clamores dissoni; clamor dissonus in diversa vocantium (some shouting one thing, some another):a dreadful clamor, clamor ingens; arises, fit, or oritur, or exoritur:to raise a clamor, clamare:vociferari (violently):to receire with clamor (e.g., anybody’s arrival), clamoribus excipere aliquid or aliquem:with clamor, cum clamore; cum vociferatu:to proclaim or call out anything with clamor, clamare aliquid.
CLAMOR, v.. clamare (general term; intransitively and transitively of a loudly raised voice in speaking, shouting; also to proclaim clamorously. etc):conclamare (intransitively and transitively, to clamor together; of a multitude of persons):vociferari (intransitively and transitively, to clamor violently, passionately, with exertion, from pain, anger, dissatisfaction, etc):clamorem edere or tollere:quiritare (pitiably):strepere:strepitun edere (to clamor so that it resounds):strepitnm facere (with anything, aliqua
re):tumultum facere:tumultuari (clamor turbulently; the former also in a camp at the approach of the enemy):clamitare (loudly). || To clamor against anybody, acclamare alicui (Cicero); clamore aliquem sectari; alicui obstrepere, alicui reclamare, conviciis lacessere aliquem. || To clamor for anything, flagitare. efflagitare aliquid.
CLAMP,confibula lignea (Cato De Re rustica, 12) CLAMP, v., *confibula lignea jungere, constringere, etc. CLAN, gens:tribus. CLANDESTINE, clandestinus (without the knowledge of others):furtivus. CLANDESTINELY, furtim; clam; clanculum (comedy).
CLANG, cantus tubarum, cornuum, sonus:sonitus (as state; when anything produces a clang):clangor (of cymbals. etc.; also of the wings of great birds in their flight):crepitus (the loud clang, e.g., of arms, glasses, goblets, etc.).
CLANK, crepare:crepitum dare:sonare (general term for producing a noise) with arms, concrepare armis (of several persons).
CLANK, s., strepitus:crepitus (of goblets, etc):sonus or sonitus (e.g., armis, etc). CLANSMAN,gentilis:tribulis.
CLAP, || strike, ferire; pulsare (repeatedly):verberare (whip). To clap to the door (in one’s face), fores objicere. To clap the bands together, collidere manus (violently, as an orator does):manus complodere (in approbation, for joy, grief, wonder, etc):plaudere manibus, or plaudere; manu plausum facere (to clap in token of applause). To clap a person or thing, plaudere, applaudere alicui or alicui rei; applaudere et approbare aliquid.To clap the wings, alis plaudere:alas quatere cum clangore. || To join to, addere aliquid alicui rei or ad aliquid:adjicere:aliquid alicui rei or ad aliquid:apponere alicui or ad aliquid:imponere aliquid in rem. To clap a ladder against a wall, scalam muro applicare or apponere. To clap chains upon a person, catenas alicui injicere. To clap a guard upon one, custodes alicui addere, indere. To clap a plaster on in wound, vulneri cataplasma imponere. To clap one thing upon another (fasten it), affigere aliquid alicui rei.To clap spurs to a horse, equo calcaria subdere; equum calcaribus concitare; calcaria adhibere or admovere. To ciap a man into prison, in vincula, in carcerem conjicere; in carcerem detrudere. To clap under, subdere, subjicere. To clap a lawsuit on a man’s hack, litem alicui in tendere. impingere. CLAP, || a sort of hammer to strike on a chisel; a mallet, malleus. || Sound, strepitus: fremitus, fragor (stronger term):plausus (especially with the hand):crepitus (with the wing).thunder-clap, cœli fragor; fragor cœli or cœlestis:tonitrus (tonitrua occurs in the plural, but nowhere the singular tonitru. vid. Ramsh., §30, 5):fulmen (the flash of lightning together with a clap of thunder). || Mark of approbation (by clapping one’s hands), plausus. (The words are found in this connection and order), plausus clam oresque:collisæ manus. Cf. Acclamatio, especially of the people at the appearance of a popular favorite:in the historians only, but in Cicero = mark of disapprobation.
CLAP-TRAPS, Vid. TRAPS.
CLAPPER, sistrum (the clapper used at the worship of Isis):*campanæ pistillum (clapper of a bell):crepitaculum (general term: e.g., of a mill). CLAPPING of the hands, collisæ manus (as oratorical artifice):plausus (as mark of applause). CLARET, vinum rubellum ( pale red mine. Cf. Tis grape of which, after the conjecture of Voss, Vergilius, Ecl., 5, 7, labruscum: œnanthe).
CLARIFICATION, to be formed by one of the verbs in CLARIFY
CLARIFY, deliquare (by pouring off a liquor. Columella, 12, 39, 2):percolare (by filtering):defæcare (clarify off the dregs):despumare (of honey):diffundere (of wine, vid. the interpretation to Horatius, Ep., 1, 5, 4). || Clear up, clarum reddere.
CLARION, tuba:lituus. SYN. in TRUMPET. CLARIONET, tibia argutior. CLASH, TR., collidere. INTR.:|| PROPR., dash against each other, collidi (inter se):concurrere inter se (run together; e.g., of two ships):with anything, offendere aliquid. IMPR., || in a hostile manner, inter se collidi (of things):concurrere:together, inter se; with anybody, cum aliquo (in conflict; e.g., of soldiers). To clash (of litters), aspere concurrere:if two consonants clash together, si binæ consonantes collidantur (Quintilianus, 9, 4, 37):inter se concurrere (of simply coming together; but Krebs is wrong in saying that collidere is never used of letters and syllables). || Be at variance; be inconsistent, inter se pugnare, repugnare, discrepare or dissidere. His actions clash with his words, facta ejus cum dictis discrepant. The answers (of the witnesses) clash, non congruentia respondent. Take care not to put together “clashing metaphors,” id in primis est custodiendum ut, quo ex genere cœperis translationis, hoc desinas (Quintilianus). “Clashing metaphors” (Addison), inconsequentia translationum (after Quintilianus, B, 6, 50). || To make a clashing sound, increpare (of arms, Ovidius; of a discus, Cicero). CLASH, s., CLASHING, s.,|| collision, concursio: concursus (the running together; e.g., of ships, enemies, etc., the former as act, the latter as state or thing):conflictio (Cicero. and Quintilian, e.g., duorum inter se corporum, Quintilianus). The clashing together of letters, literarum aspera concursio (Cicero):collisus (Plinius), collisio (Just.), are both post-Augustan. || Discrepance; hostile opposition, etc., repugnantia:pugna:discrepantia (e.g., scripti et voluntatis):diversitas.
CLASP, s., fibula:retinaculum (general term). || Embrace, amplexus, complexus. CLASP, v., fibulare (Columella):infibulare (Celsus):fibula subnectere. With hands clasped together, digitis inter se pectine junctis (Ovidius, Met., 9). To be clasped together (of parts which fit one into the other, commissum esse):inter se commissa esse:cuire; (post-Augustan). To clasp each other’s hands, dextram dextræ committere (in pledging their faith; poetical, Ovidius) || Grasp, prehendere, apprehendere. || Embrace, amplecti, complecti , circumplecti (quite round; e.g., a tree):amplexari (embrace tenderly):circumplicare ( fold about: of a serpent, for instance). To clasp one about the waist, aliquem medium complecti.
Clasped in each other’s arms, inter se complexi. The vine clasps with its tendrils whatever it meets, vitis claviculis suis, quidquid nacta est, complectitur.
CLASPER (of a vine, etc), clavicula.
CLASP-KNIFE, *culter plicatilis. CLASS, classis (the proper word also in, a school):ordo (order, rank):genus (race, “genus;” e.g., of men, birds, etc.).Those of the lowest class, homines infimi ordinis or generis:of all classes of citizens, pupils, classes (not ordines) civium, discipulorum:men of the same class, ejusdem ordinis homines. One of the first class of citizens, classicus (Gellius, 7, 13). To arrange scholars in classes, pueros in classes distribuere (Quintilianus). Philosophers of the lowest class, philosophi, qui mihi quintæ classis videntur (Cicero). Cf. In Natural History, there are no “classes of animals,” but only genera animalium (Krebs). To be at the head of the class (at school), classem ducere (Quintilianus, 1, 2, 23). By classes, generatim.
CLASS, CLASSIFY, in classes describere; generatim distribuere.
CLASSIC, A classic, scriptor primæ classis (Cicero):scriptor subtilis atque elegans (with reference to fine selection of words and beauty of style). OBSERVE, Gellius (an affected writer of the age of the Antonines, 130 A.D) has scriptor classicus, opposed to scriptor proletarius:speaking of him with reference to the division of Roman citizens into classes. The classics, scriptores primæ classis; scriptores optimi, præstantissimi, maximi, præcipui, venustissimi atque politssimi (with reference to style):optimi Latinitatis auctores (with reference to Latin style). The (Greek and Latin) classics, antiqui scriptores utriusque linguæ:veteres scriptores Græci et Latini. CLASSICAL, || best, most distinguished (of writers, whose works are master-pieces), optimus:præstantissimus:præcipuus:eximius:primæ classis. “A classical writer” [vid. CLASSIC]. || With reference to Greek and Roman writers:”Classical literature” [vid. CLASSIC].
Classical antiquity, antiquitas Græcorum et Romanorum:antiquitas docta et erudita (with reference to learning):antiquitas elegans (with reference to art). For a long time no author should be read who is not classical of his kind, diu non nisi optimus quisque legendus est:to acquire a copiu verborum by perusing works that are classical, copiam verborum parare optima legendo.
CLASSIFICATION, descriptio in classes.
CLATTER, v., crepare or (stronger) crepitare:sonare (general term). To clatter with their arms, armis concrepare:their arms clattered, increpuere arma. || Chatter, vid.
CLATTER, s., crepitus (e.g., ringing of glasses).
Clatter of arms, armorum sonus or sonitus. CLAVICLE,Vid. SHOULDER-BLADE.
CLAUSE, || member of a sentence, comma (technical term, but written in Greek characters by Cicero and Quintilianus), or pure Latin, incisum:incisio (both Cicero: smaller portion):membrum (larger portion):clausula (in jurists, a clause, chapter, etc., in edicts, laws, etc):caput (head, chapter):comprehensio (period): κυρικιμασαηικοenuntiatio, enuntiatum (sentence). To add a clause to a law that, etc., ad legem adjicere, ut, etc. || Limitation, exceptio. ||Condition. conditio.
CLAW, unguis. || Of a crab, brachium.
CLAW, v., ungues injicere alicui; unguibus discerpere; scalpere (scratch).
CLAY, argilla (generally):creta figularis or qua utuntur figuli (potter’s clay). Of day, fictilis (made of clay, earthen):figlinus (made by the potter). || Earth, lutum.
CLAYEY, argillosus. CLAYISH, argillaceus.
CLEAN, v. [vid CLEANSE]. To clean a room, verrere pavimentum (scilicet, cubiculi, Juvenalis):a house, ædes (Plautus):the streets, vias (Suetonius). || To clean anybody out ( = take from him all he has), everrere et extergere omnia (vid. ” sweep clean” under CLEAN, adj).
CLEAN, || free from stains, etc., purus (without any spot or blemish): mundus (only of solid surfaces, which are free from dirt or stains). (The words are found in this connection and order), mundus purusque.
Clean vessels, vasa pura:clean linen, *lintea pura:a clean piece of paper, charta pura: to wash clean, pure lavare. “To keep clean” (vid. CLEAN, v., CLEANSE]. To keep things clean (i. e., habitually), munditiæ studere, munditiam adhibere (vid. Cicero, Off., 1, 36, 130). To sweep clean ( = plunder anything so as to leave nothing for another), everrere et extergere (e.g., templa. Cicero, Verr., 2, 21. 52). FIG., to have clean hands ( = not to have stolen anything), manus abstinere alieno; ab alieno abstinere cupiditatem aut manus. OBSERVE, aqua pura is not clean, but unmixed water. || Free from moral impurity, purus; integer. (The words are found in this connection and order), purus et integer:castus. (The words are found in this connection and order), purus et castus:castus purusque (chaste, both of body and mind):impollutus:incontam inatus.
CLEAN, adv., (quite, altogether), prorsus, plane;funditus (from the foundation):totus (e.g., he is clean altered, totus commutatus est). Numantia was clean destroyed, Numantia funditus deleta est. || Sometimes expressed by a compound word, or by some other turn of expression; e.g., to empty the bottle clean, lagenam exsiccare:a jug, potare fæce tenus cadum. To leap clean over anything, transilire aliquid or trans aliquid.
CLEANLINESS, munditia, mundities:overdone, odiosa et exquisita nimis.
CLEANLY, adj., purus (clean);mundus (clean, of things;and loving cleanness, of persons). Over-clean, justo mundior. CLEANNESS, munditia:mundities:(puritas does not occur in the best prose). || Moral purity, integritas (unspotted character):castitas (chastity):sanctitas (holiness). The clianness uf anybody’s hands, abstinentia ( = alieno abstinere; nulla re conciliare facilius benevolentiam multitudinis possunt ii, qui reipublicæ præsuut, quam abstinentia et continentia). CLEANSE, purgare, repurgare, expurgare, purum facere (general terms, purificare not to be recommended):februare (by o sacrifice; a religious word):mundum facere, mundare, emundare (purge from dirt):eluere (wash or rinse out):abluere (by washing off):tergere, detergere (wipe off, sweep):extergere (wipe out):verrere, everrere (sweep, sweep out):lustrare (consecrate by a purifying sacrifice):expiare (expiate):cleanse the sewers, cloacas purgare, detergere:the stables, stabula, bubilia puigare or emundare:the body from filth, abluere corpus illuvie; sores, expurgare ulcera:the forum of the marks of crime, expiare forum a sceleris vestigiis.
CLEANSER, purgator (e.g., cloacarum, of the sewers):qui aliquid purgat, repurgat, emundat, mundum facil, etc.
CLEANSING, purgatio; lustratio; expiatio. A means of cleansing, februum (for an offering):purgamen alicujus rei (for expiation). A cleansing medicine, vid. ARERIENT. CLEAR. || To the sight; bright; light; etc., clarus (dear-shining; naturally clear and bright):lucidus (full of light, and shedding light):pellucidua (transparent in itself):perspicuus (transparent, that may be seen through):limpidus (only of water, naturally light and clear):illustris (in the light, bright):nitidus, nitens (of a pure brightness):serenus (clear, unclouded; of the sky, day, etc.; figuratively, of the brow):lætus, hilaris or hilarus (cheerful; of the countenance):purus (pure, clean, unspotted; also, unmixed, as water, air, also sky, gems, ets):mundus (clean). Not to be clear about anything, non habere, quod liqueat. A dear sky, clear weather, serenum, serenitas, sudum.Still and clear weather, tranquilla serenitas.It becomes clear, disserenascit; ’tis so, disserenat.
Clear water (not mixed), aqus pura. || Also, clear, i.e., plain, evident, manifest, either to the eye or the mind, perspicuus, apertus, minifestus. evidens; testatus (shown, as it were, by witnesses):notus, cognitus (known):certus (certain):planus (intelligible, plain):elarus, lucidus. dilucidus, illustris (bright, lucid):expressus (exactly expressed):distinctus (well-ordered; also of the speaker). It is clear, est perspicuum, planum, evidens, manifestum:apparet, in aperto est; lucet; liquet. It is clearer than the light, luce, or omni luce, or solis luce clarius est; perspicuum est omnibus.
Clear marks of crime, expressa sceleris vestigia. A clear description, dilucida et signiticans descriptio. || Clear, to the hearing, canorus, ( clear sounding; opposed to fuscus, thick, hallow: clarisonus is poetical):acutus (sharp, high; opposed to gravis, deep):clarus (clear, audible, loud; opposed to obtusus):candidus (clear, not thick), A clear voice, vox clara or splendida (this last implies sweetness also):vox explanabilis (articulate):vox levis. To make the voice clear, splendorem vocis afferre (Plinius)
Clear utterance, os planum or explanatum. || Clear, as a quality of the sight, of the hearing, and also of the mind, acutus (sharp, keen. acute: properly and figuratively):acer (sharp, piercing; of the sight and the mind):perspicax (sharp-sighted, piercing:of a person as to his mind):sollers (intelligent, discerning, judicious):ingeniosus (inventive, talented):sagax (sagacious, as to scent or hearing, or as to mind). A clear head, ingenium acutum, acre; aciea mentis, acumen ingenii. || Clear, i. e., free, unencumbered, liber, solutus; liber et solutus:unimpaired, unhurt, integer (whole). intactus (untouched, unimpaired), inviolatus (unviolated), invulneratus (unwounded), incorruptus (untainted, spoiled in no part), incolumis (unhurt), salvus (with life), sospes (saved by the mercy of Heaven).
Clear of a thing, liber, or liberatus re, or a re; vacuus re or a re; expers alicujus rei; intactus aliqua re.
Clear of debt, ære alieno vacuus (having no debts):ære alieno solutus (freed from them):to get clear of debt, exire ære alieno, æs alienum dissolvere. To get clear of a thing, se aliqua re exuere, se ex aliqua re explicare, expedire; fugere, effugere aliquid, subterfugere aliquid; evadere ex, etc.; elabi alicui rei or ex re (e.g., custodiæ vinculis). To keep (one’s self) clear of, fugere, defugere, cavere:keep anothtr, prohibere or defendere aliquid ab aliquo or aliquem ab aliqua re. To come off clear, vivum, salvum, integrum evadere (come off safe):absolvi (be acquitted):pœnas non dare (escape punishment):aliquid impune facere, fecisse. You shall not get off clear, as you suppose, hoc tibi non sic abibit; hoc non impune feceris; hoc non impunitum omittam. || Innocent, pure, innocens, insons, culpa vacuus or carens; purus, cactus, integer, sanctus. A clear conscience, coniscientia optimæ mentis; conscientia recte facti or recte factorum; mens bene sibi conscia:to hare a clear conscience, nullius culpæ sibi conscium esse, sustentari præclara conscientia sua. With a clear conscience, sine sollicitudine religiouis; salva fide; salvo officio; salvis legibus; boua mente or bono animo. To be clear of a thing, insontem esse alicujus rei. || Fair, impartial, integer (unbiased), incorruptus (unbribed), æquus (equal, even, just), studio et ira vacuus (dispassionate). || Free, open, patens, apertus; purus (not covered with trees or other things):expeditus (unobstructed):facilis (easy):a clear sea (i.e., without ice), *mare glacie solutum. To give a thing clear course, rem non impedire. To make a clear way, viam sibi aperire:(of those who give way) loco cedere. || Full, entire, solidus, sine ulla deductione; integer, plenus; totus. I set that down as clear gain, id lucro appono, in lucro pono, puto esse de lucro. CLEAR, || to make clear, pure, bright. etc., purgare:repurgare:expurgare:purum facere (general term, purificare, not to be recommended):mundum facere:mundare:emundare (both post-Augustan):abluere (to wash off):tergere:detergere (wipe off): extergere (to wipe out):verrere:everrere (by sweeping):to clear a language from incorrect expressions, expurgare sermonem; sermonem usitatum emendare (after Cicero, Brut. 74, 259); consuetudinem vitiosam et corruptam pura et incorrupta consuetudine emendare:to clear one’s conscience. (by the confession of anything), conscientiam exonerare:se exonerare (Curtius., 6, 8, 12, and 9, 9). || Excuse one’s self fully:to clear one’s self from a charge by an oath, *jurare se sceleri non affinem esse:*jurejurando se purgare. to clear one’s self from a charge, crimen amoliri; culpam diluere:to clear one’s self from vices, vitia ponere. || To clarify, vid. || TO CLEAR UP:(a) INTR., the weather clears up, disserenascit (*Livius, 39, 46):has cleared up, disserenat (*Plinius, 18,35, 82):(b) TR., to clear up a doubt, difficulty. etc, illustrare aliquid:lurem or lumen alicui rei afferre (affundere, erroneous) dare alicui rei lumen:explanare aliquid (to make intelligibe):aperire (develop, all of them with accessary notion of the thing’s being dark or intricate):explicare (unfold; of difficulties):interpretari (interpret; words and things which seem to be without sense to a person not initiated in them):occulta et quasi involuta aperire:doubts, dubia aperire:an error, errorem aperire; lucis aliquid afferre rebus:solvere:dissolvere:resolvere:expedire (to unravel; to untie, as it were; e.g.. a knot):enodare (intricate or insidious matters; e.g., the snares of the law, laqueos juris):an ambiguity, ambiguitatem solvere, resolvere:captious questions, captiosa solvere; captiones explicare. discutere. || CLEAR OFF ( = pay
off), e.g., tribus pensionibus solvere pecuniam, to clear off a debt in three instalments:to clear off a debt, æs alienum solvere, dissolvere; se liberare ære alieno; nomen solvere, dissolvere, expedire (all of debts), also solvere, reddere debitum; solidum solvere (the whole debt):ad assem solvere:(to clear off every sixpence, not ad denarium, vid. Cicero, Quintilianus, 4, extr., and ad Att., 2, 6, extr). || To disencumber, tutum reddere or præstare (e.g., a place, the sea, etc., of enemies, ab hostibus, or of robbers, a latronibus, or prædonibus, i.e., to overcome them):to clear trees from moss, arbores emuscare (general term):arboribus muscum abradere:arbores interradere (by scraping it off):to clear out the sewers, cloacas purgare or detergere. || To clear away, tollere (e.g., tollere mensam; tollere patinam. to clear the table):tollere de loco; ex loco (from a place):amoliri (of obstacles; also with addition of e medio, with labor and difficulty):to clear away obstacles, impedimenta superare; ea quæ obstant transcendere (to overcome them):amoliri quæ impedimento sunt (remove them by great exertions, after Terentius, Andria, 4, 2, 24). || CLEAR OUT (= empty):to clear a roum, a house, etc., vacuum facere:vacuefacere:purgare (to clear of anything unnecessary, e.g., fossas):detergere (of sewers, trenches. etc., cloacas, fossas). || To pay the custom-house duty, portorium dare. || To gain, e.g., a good deal of money is cleared by anything, permagna pecunia ex re conficitur. I clear some money by anything, pecunias facio or capio ex re:what is cleared by the mines, pecunia, quæ redit ex metallis; pecunias, quas facio ex metallis. I clear nothing. except by anything, est solum mini aliquid (e.g., prædium) in reditu (Plinius, Ep., 4, 6, 1):that by which anything is cleared, fructuosum; quæstuosum:a great deal is cleared by the vineyards, uberrimus est reditus vinearum:a certain amount is cleared by anything, aliquid statum reditum. præstat (Plinius, Ep., 3, 19, 5):fifty talents are cleared every year from that district, ex ea regione redeunt quotannis quinquaginta talenta. || To sell off or clear a shop, divendere:distrahere:foras, quidquid habeo, vendo (Plautus, Stich, 1, 3. 67). || To acquit, absolvere, of anything, alicujus rei (of a crime, injuriarum), or with regard to a thing, aliqua re or de aliqua re (e.g., regni suspicione, de prævaricatione):exsolvere (of anything, aliqua re):liberare (of anything, aliqua re).
CLEAR, adv. Vid. CLEAN, adv. CLEARANCES, apocha (ιποχή, general term for receipt), or accepti latio:*apocha manu sigilloque firmata:*literæ rei acceptæ or traditæ testes. || For a ship, *portorii soluti apocha:*portorii accepti latio.
CLEARLY, clare:perspicue:evidenter:plane:lucide:dilucide:enodate:enucleate:expresse:to speak clearly, perspicue dicere:plane et aperte dicere:plane et dilucide loqui:distincte dicere (clearly and intelligibly):plane et articulate eloqui (so that every syllable is heard, Gellius, 5, 9):to say anything clearly and plainly, articulatim distincteque dicere aliquid (opposed to fuse disputare aliquid et libere, Cicero, Legg., 1, 13. 36):to write clearly, plane, aperte. perspicue scribere:distincte ac distribute scribere ( with distinctness and proper order or arrangement; with reference to the sense):literate perscribere (with regard to the letters, vid. Cicero, Pis., 25, extr):to write clearly to anybody, enucleate perscribere ad aliquem:to pronounce clearly, exprimere et explanare verba (Plinius, Paneg., 64, 3). OBSERVE, evidenter is used by Livius, and therefore correct; but there is no authority for evidenter videre:it should be plane, aperte, penitus. perspicue videre (Krebs). || Obviously, undoubtedly, sine dubio (Cicero):procul dubio (Livius):haud dubie; (not sine ullo dubio):sine ulla dubitatione (without any hesitation):certe (certainly). This reading is clearly the right one, hæc lectio haud dubie or sine dubio vera est:this reading is clearly preferable. hæc lectio sine ulla dubitatione præferenda est.Often by circumlocution with manifestum est. He is clearly a fool, manifestum est, eum esse stultum.
CLEARNESS, claritas (general term):splendor:candor (brightness):serenitas (of the sky), also serenum; sudum:acies mentis or ingenii; ingenii acumen (of the understanding):pelluciditas (Vitruvius, 2, 8, 10), or perspicuitas (perspicuity:also of the transparency of glass):evidentia, also lux (with reference to the mind or understunding). Cf. Tacitus, Dial., 23. 6. plenitas (not planitas) sententiarum is the correct reading; vid. Ruperti:splendor vocis (clearness of the voice; splendor verborum. however = beauty of expression , vid. Cicero, Brut., 49, 164, and Plinius, Ep., 7, 9, 2): elegantia (clearness and correctness of expression, with reference to grammar, Cicero., De Or., 3, 10; 39). || Purity, munditia:mundities:castitas:integritas.
Cf. Puritas is to be rejected from classical prose.
Clearness of language, sermo purus, or emendatns, or purus et emendatus (by no means sermonis puritas); incorrupta integritas:incorrupta sanitas (clearness of expression, as quality of the orator, Cicero, Brut, 35, 132; De Ope. Gen, 3, 8):mundities verborum or orationis (clearness in speech; i. e., the absence of all vulgarisms. etc., Gellius, 1, 23; 10, 3):cœli serenitas (clearness of the sky). CLEAR-SIGHTED (in anything), sagax ad aliquid perspiciendum:a clear-sighted man. vir prudentis consilii. CLEAR-SIGHTEDNESS,perspicacitas.
CLEAR-STARCH. v., *amylo solidare; from amylum (αμυλον).
CLEAVE, INTR., hærere in aliqua re; adhærere alicui rei:inhærere alicui rei or in aliqua re, e.g., lingua adhæret or inhæret:adhærescere alicui rei or ad aliquid:inhærescere in aliqua re. FIG., to cleave to a habit, *institutum suum mor dicus tenere:to words, *in verborum quasi cortice hærere:to cleave to a person continually, quasi umbra aliquem ec quitur aliquis; se agglutinare (Plautus, Menaechmei, 2, 2, 63):manere (to remain fast) hæret ei peccatum (he cleaves to his fault) se dare, se dedere, se tradere alicui or alicui rei:se addicere alicui (to cleave to a person or thing from inclination):morem gerere, obsequi alicui (cleave to a person):indulgere alicui rei (cleave to anything):studere alicui rei (stronger term):se conferre ad studium alicujus rei:dedere ae studio alicujus rei:totum se tradere alicui (stronger term for to cleave to anybody), also totum alicujus esse:alicujus esse proprium (Cicero, ad Div., 7, 30, 2):multum esse in re (stronger term for to cleave to anything; e.g., in venationibus). Vid. CLING.
CLEAVE, TR., tindere (general term):diffindere (asunder):cædere (with an axe; e.g., lignum):cleft, fissus (general term, as Suetonius, Cæsar, 61, ungula):bisulcus (in two parts = cloven, ungula: pes: lingua):to cleave a rock, saxum diffindere:discutere (to strike asunder; e.g., murum):secare (cut; properly and improperly): persecare:intersecare (properly):scindere (properly and improperly):to clean, in the middle, medium secare:ictu findere (with a blow):dissecare. Cloven footed animals, bisulca. plural. A horse with hoofs cloven like fingers, equus in modum digitorum fissis ungulis (Suetonius).
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CLEAVER, qui findit (of person):dolabra (butcher’s chopping-knife).