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BACK, adv., retro, retrorsum: when used elliptically it is expressed by cede! cedite! recede! recedite! mostly expressed by re in composition; e.g., to call back, revocare: to turn back, reverti (the past tenses from the perfect, reverti: hence reverteram, etc., seldom reversus sum.
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But the participle reversus has the active meaning):of a driver, equos flectere: to run back, recurrere: to fly back, revolare: to roll back, revolvere: to drive the enemy back from the city, hostes ab urbe repellere or rejicere: to go back to the origin and head of anything, aliquid alte et a capite repetere.
BACK, v., a., || Mount, conscendere (e.g., equum, to back or mount a horse).|| To back or take the part of anybody, suffragari alicui; alicui favere; juvare or adjuvare aliquem; adjumento esse alicui; aliquem consilio et re tueri, or opera et consilio juvare: sustentare:sustinere. || To back or retreat, se recipere, retrorsum movere; to back water, navem retro inhibere: inhilbere navem remis, or inhibere remis only.
BACKBITE, TR., calumniari (to accuse falsely and with malignant intention); falso criminari aliquem apud aliquem:de fama or existimatione alicujus detrahere: male dicere alicui: to speak ill of behind the back, absentem rodere (Horatius):de aliquo absente detrahendi causa maledice contumelioseque dicere (Cicero, Off., 1,37, 134); alicui absenti male loqui (Terentius, Phorm., 2, 3, 25). I am backbitten, detrahitur de mea fama.
BACKBITER, calumniator; calumniatrix; obtrectator.
BACK-BONE, spina, or spina dorsi.
BACK-DOOR, postica (scilicet, janua); ostium posticum, also merely posticum: Janua aversa or interior [with the same distinction as in BACK-GATE].
BACK-GATE, porta aversa (opposed to front gate): porta postica, or postica only (gate m the back buildings): of a camp, porta decumana.
BACK-GROUND, recessus: of a painting, quæ in pictura abscedunt or recedunt.To be in the back-ground, recedere, abscedere (opposed to prominere).
BACKSIDE, || para posterior; pars aversa. || Of an animal: nates (of a man): clunes (buttock, ofmen or animals: diminutive, cluniculæ).
BACKSLIDE, patria sacra deserere:Christianorum sacra deserere.
BACKSLIDING, defectio a sacris.
BACKSLIDER, defector (Tacitus); apostata (Scriptores Ecclesiastici).
BACKWARD, adv.. retro; retrorsum:to go back, retro ire, or ambulare, or gradi: backward and forward, ultro citroque. || To go backward = become worse:deteriorem, deterius fieri; in deterius mutari: in pejorem partem verti et mutari.He goes backward in his learning, non discit, sed dediscit. His affairs go backward, res ejus deteriore loco sunt.|| With the back turned toward the spectator, aversus. Bears creep down from trees backward, ursi arbores aversi derepunt.
BACKWARD, adj., ab aliquo or ab aliqua re aversus, alienus: tardus (opposed to celer, velox: also of the mind); lentus (opposed to citus. and, of the mind, to acer): segnis (opposed to promtus): according to Döderlein, tardus denotes slowness with reference to the great length oftime spent; whereas lentus with reference to quietness of motion (Handbook, p. 209):backward in transacting business, tardus in rebus gerendis: backward in writing, cessatorem esse in literis: backward in learning, tardus ad discendum, or in discendo; lentus in discendo; ingenio tardo; piger (slothful). || Loitering, etc., cunctans; cunctabundus; cessans; moram faciens. || Late, with reference to time: serus: serotiuus: backward figs, seræ fici: grapes, serotinæ uvæ.
BACKWARDNESS, ignavia (opposed to industry and alacrity), (The words are found in this connection and order), tarditas et ignavia; socordia atque ignavia; pigritia; inertia; segnities [SYN. in SLOWNESS]; fuga laboris; desidia; languor et desidia:or if backwardness is seated in the will, animus alienus; animus invitus.
BACON, lardum (contraction of laridum, Plautus).
BAD, || in a physical sense, malus:bad weather, tempestas mala, adversa, fœda: a bad journey, iter difficile, incommodum: a very bad road, via deterrima:bad money, numi adulterini: a bad throat, angina: bad eyes, oculi lippi: to have bad eyes, lippire: he who has bad eyes, lippus:a bad head, porrigo. || In a moral sense, malus (bad by nature: opposed to bonus):pravus (corrupted, by bad habit): bad by nature and corrupted by habit, malus pravusque: homo nequam (a bad or worthless fellow: opposed to frugi): to have a bad heart, esse ingenio malo pravoque:a bad conscience, conscientia mala: to be in bad repute, male audire: to get on badly, male proficere in aliqua re. According to Döderlein, malus homo is a morally bad man; but nequam, a good-for-nothing man, whose faultiness shows itself in aversion to useful labor, and a propensityto roguish tricks, in opposition to frugi; pravus, a man whose character has taken a vicious direction, in a physical,
or intellectual, or moral point of view, in opposition to rectus (Hand-book, p. 131): bad times, tempora iniqua, aspera, luctuosa; temporum iniquitas; temporum calamitates(the badness of the times): bad news, nuncius tristis, acerbus: to hear bad news, malum nuncium audire: a bad wife, mulier or uxor sæva, incommoda et importuna; bad company, socii mali: to set a bad example, esse exempli mali: to try to mend a bad business, rem proclinatam adjuvare. || With reference to health:æger (bad in health), ægor atque invalidus: very bad, gravi et poricuioso morbo æger: to fall into a bad state of health, in adversam valetudinem indicere: to be bad again, in morbum recidere; de integro in morbum incidere: to be bad or sick, ægrotare (opposed to valere); ægrotum esse; in morbo esse; morbo laborare or affectum esse; valetudine affectum esse; morbo vexari, or conflictari, iniqua valetudine conflictari: to be very bad, graviter or gravi morbo ægrum esse. Vid. SICK.
BADGE, signum; nota; indicium (in a general sense): insigne (a badge of honor): insignia triumphi; ornamenta triumphalia: many have obtained badges of merit witliout deserving them, insignia virtutis multi etiam sine virtute assecuti sunt.
BADGER, ursus meles (Livius). The meles or mæles of the ancients is, however, more probably the marten. Vid.Schneider, Varr., R. R., 3, 12, 3. || One who speculates in corn or provisions, fenerator or tocullio, ex annonæ caritate lucrans (Suetonius, Ner., 45).
BADGER, v. a., cruciare; excruciare; torquere; stimulare: angere; vexare:to badger with questions, aliquem rogitando obtundere: to badger to death with questions, aliquem rogitando enecare: to badger with entreaties, aliquem precibus fatigare: to badger with complaints, aliquem querelis angero. [The canis vertagus (hound employed in badger-hunting, Livius) expels with difficulty the badger from his hole ( caverna ursi melis), when the animal is hunted for his skin, pellis ursi melis; hence to annoy incessantly is “to badger,” or treat as you would a badger.]
BADINAGE, ludus; jocus; nugæ; tricæ. To employ badinage, jocularia fundere; ridicula jactitare; ludere; jocari; cum aliquo ludere, jocari; aliquem ludibrio habere: away with your badinage, quin tu mitte istas tricas; aufer nugas!
BADLY, male; prave; nequiter: to think badly, or have a bad opinion of a person, male opinari de aliquo: to speak badly of a person, alicui male dicere: to behave badly to a person, injuriam alicui facere or inferre: to turn, out badly, male or secus cadere: to manage matters badly, male rem gerere: he is afraid that he may come off badly, metuit, ne malum habeat:anybody is coming off badly, male se habet aliquis; male agitur cum aliquo.
BADNESS, || badness of character, ingenium malum pravumque; improbitas; nequitia. || Of conduct: flagitium; probrum; scelus.
BAFFLE, ad vanum, or ad irritum, or ad vanum et irritum redigere (avoid ad nihil redigere in this sense: it is strictly, “to reduce to nothing,” Lucretius, Livius):disturbare (unsettle what had been settled): perimere (destroy): to be baffled, irritum fieri; ad irritum cadere, or recidere, or venire: to baffle expectation, spem fallere, or ludere, or destitucre: to see one’s hopes baffled, spem perdere; spe excidere; a spe decidere; spe dejici: one’s hope is baffled, spes ad irritum cadit, or redigitur:to baffle all a person’s plans, conturbare alicui omnes rationes: if some accidents or avocation had not baffled his design, nisi aliqui casus aut occupatio ejus consilium peremisset: death baffles all his hopes and all his plans, omnem spem atque omnia vitæ consilia mors pervertit.In this manner was this undertaking baffled, ita frustra id inceptum iis fuit.
BAG, saccus; culeus (a larger bag of leather, for sewing parricides in, and for various purposes): follis (a leathern bag for money, or leathern purse): marsupium (a money-bag): crumena (a small moneybag or purse; according to Plautus, Asin., 3, 3, 67, and True, 3, 1, 7, worn about the neck): zona (a small bag or purse slung around the body). A little bag, sacculus:saccellus: folliciilus.
BAG, v. a., in saccum, or sacco condere (to put in a bag):sacco ingerere. INTR., tumescere; intumescere; extumescere; turgescere (to swell like a bag that is full):deformem in modum sinuari (of clothes).
BAGATELLE, res parvi momenti:nugæ: apinæ (Martialis, sunt apinæ tricæque et si quid villus istis). I look upon anything as a mere bagatelle, aliquid mihi jocus or ludus est. To the Greeks, false testimony is a mere bagatelle, Græcis juajurandum jocus est, testimonium ludus.
BAGGAGE, sarcinæ, impedimenta, orum, neuter (both, also, of an army: sarcinæ, that of individuals; impedimenta, that of the whole army, especially as carried in wagons or by beasts of burden): impedimenta et carri (the baggage and wagon by which they arc transported): to plunder the baggage, impedimenta diripere: to take tile baggage, impedimenta capere; impedimentis potiri: to take all their baggage from the enemy, omnibus impedimentis hostem exuere: to lose the baggage, impedimenta amittere; impedimentis exui: soldiers without baggage, milites expediti: to fight while encumbered with their baggage, sub onere confligere: to attack the enemy while they were encumbered with their baggage, hostes sub sarcinis adoriri. || As a word of contempt, sordes; lutum; scortum.
BAGNIO, || a bathing-house: balineum or balneum, plural, mostly as heteroclite, balneæ or balineæ, seldom (inCicero, never) balinea or balnea, orum: the plural
is used of public baths, the singular of private, Varro, L. L., 9, 41, §68 [vid.
BATH]: balnearia, orum (private bathing-places in gardens, villas, etc., Cicero, Att., 13,29,2; Cicero, Quintilianus, Fr.,3,l,l, §1): thermæ (public buildings erected by the emperors for bathing and taking exercise); lavatio (a place for bathing: by later writers, lavacrum):|| lupanar; lustrum (a brothel).
BAIL, sponsio; fidejussio, vadimonium (a recognizance or bail to appear in a court of justice): cautio (a security): satisdatio (guarantee, or security for the paformance of a stipulation): to promise bail, vadimonium promittere: he who has made the promise, qui est in vadimonio: to give bail, sponsionem or vadimonium facere;sponsione se obstringere; satisdare: to take bail, satis accipere: to forfeit bail, vadimonium deserere: to demand bail, vadem poscere: of anybody, aliquem vadari. || A bail, or one who gives bail: sponsor; fidejussor; vas, vadia, m; præs. Cf., According to Döderlein, sponsor is a surety in a general sense, who guarantees any thing whatever; whereas vas and præs are sureties in a court of justice; vas, one who gives security for the appearance of one or other party in court; præs, who gives security for a claim of government (Hand-book, p. 203). To give leg bail, clam se subducere: luga se subtrahere.
BAIL, v., || give bail for anybody, sponsorem, prædem esse pro aliquo:spondere, fidem interponere pro aliquo; vadem fieri alicujus sistendi (for his appearance); prædem fieri pro aliquo or alicujus rei; obsidem alicujus rei fieri:vadem se dare alicui pro aliquo. || Accept bail for anybody, vades (prædes) accipere alicujus rei: vadimonio interposito aliquem liberare (of a person who would otherwise be kept in prison).
BAILIFF, administrator: procurator (manager of the affairs of an absentee by commission): villicus (an under-steward of a manor): to commit the management of an estate to a bailiff, villicum fundo familiæque præponere: apparitor (an officer of a court of justice, whose business it is to execute arrests, etc.; also lictor: but these words answer in part only to our bailiff or catchpoll): the high bailiff, quæsitor ac judex primus.
BAIT, v., || to furnish a hook, etc., with a bait, escam imponere or obducere (a hook, hamo). || To allure by food a fish, etc.; i.e., to bait for: inescare; cibo inescare; cibo allicere. || On a journey, subsistere in itinere; iter intermittere (to suspend one’s journey): devertere: deverti:deversari (to turn in for refreshment, etc.):at anybody’s house, ad or apud aliquem:anywhere, ad or in locum. Observe, divertere can not be used except where the parties separate, and some go to one inn, some to another. To bait horses, equorum reficiendorum causa subsistere (after Cæsar, B. Civ., 2, 42, end):equorum reficiendorum causa apud aliquem, or ad aliquem locum devereari. || To set dogs upon, immittere canes alicui or in aliquem.|| To attack as dogs do, morsu apprehendere; mordicus premere aliquid:morsu appetere aliquem. Figuratively = assail pertinaciously: invadere in aliquem:incursare in aliquem: vexare, agitare, lacessere aliquem. || To bait a bear or a bull, ursum or taumm cum canibus committere.
BAIT, s., esca, illecebra (properly and improperly): cibus ad fraudem alicujus positus: also, from context, cibus only.To catch with a bait, cibo inescare. || BULL-bait. Vid. BULL.
BAITING -PLACE, deversorium: taberna deversoria: deverticulum.
BAIZE, pannus laneus crassioris telæ.
BAKE, coquere (general term for making hard by heat; bread, bricks, etc.):torrere, torrefacere, siccare (to dry, parch, etc.; e.g., igni fruges; terram solis ardore).Intransitive, coqui: percoqui: excoqui:bricks baked in a kiln, lateres cocti or coctiles: to bake bread, panes coquere.
BAKE-HOUSE, pistrina: pistrinum.
BAKER, pistor; furnarius; furnariam exercens (pistor is the slave employed in baking; furnarius, the freeman exercising the trade): a baker of fancy bread, pistor dulciarius, or merely dulciarius: a baker’s wife, furnarium exercentis uxor (Suetonius, Vit, 2): a female baker, pistrix (Varro, L. L., 5, 31, § 138): the guild of bakers, corpus, collegium furnariorum: a baker’s apprentice, furnarium exercentis (according to Suetonius, Vit.. 2), or pistrinæ alumnus (according to Tacitus, Ann., 15, 34, 3): baker’s bread, panis a propola emtus (Cicero, Pis., 27, extract): the baker’s market, forum pistorium: baker’s man or boy, opera piatoria (mostly in the plural, operæ pistoriæ).
BALANCE, s., || for weighing: trutina (τρυτάνη properly the hole in which the tongue of the balance plays: then general term for balance: trutinæ, quæ stateræ dicuntur, Vitruvius, 10, 3, 8, 4): libra (a pair of scales): statera ( mostly steel-yard; seldom pair of scales): lanx (the scale of the balance): to weigh in a balance, pendere; trutina examinare (Cicero, De Or., 2, 38, 159): not to weigh in too nice a balance, non aurificis statera, sed populari trotina examinare: librare.|| Equality of weight, momentum par [not æquilibritas, or æquilibrium. Vid. Dict.]. The balance is destroyed, portionum æquitas turbatur: to disturb the balance of the mind, æquitatem animi turbare (Seneca): in a balance, pari momento, or suis ponderibus libratus: to maintain a balance of power, providere, ne æqua civitatum conditio turbetur: to lose one’s balance, labi. || That which is wanting to make equal, or the difference,
quod reliquum restat. || Of a watch, libramentum. || Fig., consideratio; reputatio; deliberatio; comparatio.
BALANCE, v., || to keep in equilibrium, aliquid suis ponderibus librare.INTR., suis ponderibus librari (after Cicero, Tusc, 5, 24, 69): librare; pendere; pensare; ponderare; trutina examinare: to balance virtues and vices against each other, perpendere vitia virtutesque: to balance every word, unumquodque verbum statera examinare (Varro, Non., 455, 21; Cicero, De Or., 2, 38, 159). || To balance an account, rationes consolidare (Cicero). || To balance or make equal, adæquare aliquid cum aliquo.
BALANCER, pensitator: to be a most minute balancer of words, esse verborum pensitatorem subtilissimum (Gellius, 17, 1).
BALCONY, podium: Mænianum (in the circus, to view the games. Vid. Bremi, Suet., Cal., 18): solarium denotes a sort of terrace on the houses of the Romans, for basking in the sun.
BALD, glaber (ψιλὀς , by nature or by shearing; applies to the parts of the body, but not of the head, where hair is wanting; and to places where plants, trees, etc., should stand): calvus (without hair or feathers by nature, or through old age: with reference to men, it merely applies to the head; with reference to animals, to the whole body): bald in front, præcalvus:bald behind, recalvus (both post-Augustan): a bald head, calvitium (not calvities or capitis levitas): bald places, where nothing grows, glabreta, orum, neuter: to be bald, calvere; calvum esse; glabrere; glabrum esse: to grow bald, calvum fieri; glabrum fieri: to be growing bald, calvescere; glabrescere: to make bald, calvum facere; glabrum facere; glabrare. Cf., According to Döderlein, lævis, levis (λεὶος), means smooth, in opposition to rough and rugged, and gives a pleasant impression of elegance; whereas glaber (γλαφυρός), in opposition to rough, covered with hair, and grown up, and gives an unpleasant impression of deficiency.|| Unadorned, inelegant (of style):inornatus: incomtus: incultus: impolitus:exilis. || Mean, worthless: abjectus: humilis: vilis.
BALDERDASH, farrago (with reference to the contents), sartago (with reference to the words, Persius).
BALD-HEAD, calvitium (not calrities).|| He who has a bald head, calvus (by nature or age: opposed to comatus): pilis defectus (by age, Phaedrus, 5, 7, 2).
BALDNESS, calvities; capitis levitas.
BALDRIC, cingulum, zona (the former as genuine Latin, zona as derived from the Greek, ζώνη): zona applies especially to the finely-wrought girdles of females; both apply to the division of the earth, and the girdle in which money is carried). ||”The baldric of the heaven” (Spens.), the zodiac, orbis or circulua signifer; circulus,qui signifer vocatur; also merely signifer by later writers the Greek term zodiacus(ζωδιάκός) was introduced. BALE, fascis, fascis mercium (of goods): to make into bales, in fasces calligare; merces in fasciculos colligare. A heavy bale, mercium moles. || Calamity, miseria; res miseræ or affictæ; calamitas; malum; damnum.
BALEFUL, infelix; miser; calamitosus; luctuosus; perniciosus; exitiosus; exitialis; funestus: to be baleful, perniciei esse; nocere.
BALE OUT, v., exhaurire: not exantlare in good prose.
BALK, || a beam, tignum; trabs.|| Between two fields: confinium (space left uncultivated, to divide two fields, Beier ad Cicero, De Off., 2, 18, 64):limes (cross-way forming the boundary between two fields, Sallustius, Varr., R. R., 1, 16, 6, where limes et confinium). || Disappointment, frustratio; ludificatio.
BALK, v., || disappoint, frustrate:fraudare (the proper word to cheat, injure, or rob any body by an abuse of his confidence): decipere (fo deceive; outwit by a suddenly executed plot): circumvanire (outwit by an artfully laid plot): destituere (to leave in the lurch; also, to deceive, beguile of: deos mercede, Horatius: spem, Livius): frustrare, more commonly frustrari (to let any body expect in vain the fulfilment of a promise or hope: aliquem spe auxilii, Livius: exspectationem alicujus, Plinius: spes me frustrata est, Terentius): eludere (to make sport of; also, to evade an attack: aliquem; manus scrutantium, Petronius: vim legis, Suetonius): ludificari (ea, quæ hostes agerent, Livius): ad vanum or ad irritum, or vanum et irritum redigere (to render what has been done useless): disturbare (throw into confusion, and so destroy).To balk anybody’s hope, expectation, etc., spem fallere, ludere or destituere: to be balked, falli (to be deceived); irritum fieri; ad irritum cadere, recidere or venire: to see one’s expectation balked, spem perdere; spe excidere; a spe decidere; spe dejici; spes ad irritum cadit or redigitur: frustrari spe (Sallustius): spes aliquem frustrata est (Terentius). To balk all a man’s plans, conturbare alicui omnes rationes. Death has balked all his hopes and plans, omnem spem atque omnia vitæ consilia mors pervertit. || Omit, refuse, Vid. || Attempt to shun, eludere (aliquem; hastas): declinare (impetum, Cicero).
BALL, || any round body, pila: a ball to throw or play with, pila with or without lusoria. The Romans had four kinds of balls: pila trigonalis or trigon (a small, hard
ball stuffed with hair, played by three persons who stood in the form of a triangle, each striking it to the other with the hand or with a racket, Martialis, 4, 19, 5: to play with this ball was datatim pila ludere, Plautus, Curc, 2, 3, 17): follis: folliculus (a large leathern ball, also called follis pugillatorius. According to Georges andthe Dictionary of Antiquities, it was filled with air; but Martial would seem to make it stuffed with feathers: plumea seu laxi partiris pondera follis, 4, 19, 7. To play with this ball was, pila expulsim ludere, Varro in Non., 104, 27): paganica (a large ball, but smaller than the follis: it was stuffed with feathers, and played with in the open air, in country districts, etc.: in pagis): harpastum (ἄρπαστον, ἁρπάζω: a ball filled with cloth, feathers, etc. It was played by two parties, each of which endeavored to snatch it from the other and keep it from them; hence Martialis: sive harpasta manu pulverulenta rapis, 4, 19, 6):to throw a ball, pilam jactare or mittere:to return a ball, pilam remittere: repercutere or retorquere: the ball slips, pila e manibus labitur: to keep the ball up, pilam cadentem revocare: to raise it up again after it has fallen, repetere pilam, quæ terram contigit: to play at ball, pila ludere; pila se exercere; pila exerceri:to be fond of playing at ball, ludere studiose pila:pilæ studio teneri: a good player at ball, lusor bonus or exercitatus et doctns, opposed to tiro et indoctus: a play-fellow at ball, collusor: we are but balls in the hands of the gods, dii nos qua si pilas homines habent (Plautus, Capt. Prol., 22): a billiard-ball, globulus eburneus.Foot ball. follis, folliculus. || Any round mass, globus, pila. The earth-ball, pila terræ; or, better, globus terræ. The eyeball, pupula, pupilla, acies. The ball of the thigh-bone, caput ossis femoris.Ink-ball, used in printing, folliculus typographicus.The ball of the foot, plantæ pars exstantior. For musket-ball we may say glans; for cannon-ball, globus; for bomb, pila. || A little ball, globulus, pilula, folliculus. || An entertainment for dancing, saltatio: to give a ball, saltationem instituere: to go to a ball, saltatum ire: to be at a ball, saltationi interesse.
BALLAD, perhaps carmen epicolyricum.A street-ballad, carmen triviale (Juvenalis, 7, 55, Ruperti): ballad-singer, cantor circumforaneus.
BALLAST, saburra: to lade a ship with ballast, navem saburra gravare; navem saburrare.
BALLET, pantomimus: embolium (Cicero: interlude, Oratio pro Sestio, 54, 116). Ballet-master, qui pantomimum docet. Ballet-dancer, pantomimus (fem, pantomima):emboliaria (of a female, Plinius).
BALLOON, machina aerobatica (air-balloon).
BALLOT, globorum suffragia: to ballot, globis suffragia ferre: a ballot-ball, globus; tessera; calculus: a ballot-box, arcula; capsula; cistula, in qua tesseræ conduntur: to ballot, globis suffragia ferre.
BALL-ROOM, locus quo utriusque sexus juvenes saltandi causa veniunt (after Cicero, Laelius. 15, 36):œcus in quo saltant.
BALM, balsamum: opobalsamum: balsami succus or lacrima (Plinius, 12, 25, 54):balsami olcum (Plinius, 23, 4, 47): unguentum; fomentum. || Figuratively, solatium (comfort): fomentum (soothing application).
BALMY, || of balm; balsaminus (βαλσ μινος, Plinius, 23, 4, 47). || Smelling of balm, balsamodes (βαλσαμώδης, Plinius, 12, 19, 43): suaves odores spargens: to emit balmy odors, suaves odores spargore:flowers emit a balmy fragrance, suaves odores afflantur e floribus. || Soft, mollis, lenis, dulcis, suavis.
BALSAM, Vid. BALM.
BALSAMIC, Vid. BALMY.
BALUSTRADE, pluteus or pluteum:cancelli: clathri.
BAMBOO, arundo Indica: calamus Indicus (Plinius, 16, 36, 65: arundo Bambos, Livius): bamboo spears, hastæ gramineæ (Cicero, Orationes in Verrem, 4, 50, 125).
BAMBOOZLE, circumvenire; illudere et destituere; fraudem or fallaciam alicui facere; dolum alicui nectere, confingere; fallere; alicui imponere: alicui fucum facere: aliquem circumducore (= lead him by the nose, Comedy): alicui verba dare [SYN. in DECEIVE]. He got his associates into a scrape, deceived, abandoned, and completely bamboozled them, socios induxit, decepit, destituit, omni fraude et pertidia fefellit (Cicero).
BAMBOOZLER, fraudator: homo ad fallendum paratus or instructus: circumscriptor: præstigiator: deceptor: a complete bamhoozler, homo ad fraudem acutus; veterator; homo totus ex fraudefactus: to be a complete bamboozler, totum ex fraude et fallaciis constare.
BAN, || an interdiction: (1) Secular, aquæ et ignis interdictio: to place under a ban, aqua et igni interdicere alicui.(2) Ecclesiastical, sacrificiorum interdictio; anathema, atis, neuter, excommunicatio: to place under a ban, sacrificiis interdicere alicui (Cæsar, B. G., 6, 13, where the expression is thus explained; quibus ita interdictum, ii numero impiorum ac sceleratorum habentur; iis omnes decedunt, aditum eorum sermonemque defugiunt, ne quid ex contagione incommodi accipiant; neque iis petentibus jus redditur, neque honos ullus communicatur); aliquem anathematizare; excommunicare (Scriptores Ecclesiastici); also devovere aliquem.|| Curse, exsecratio; devotio; imprecatio. || Bans of marriage, præconia sponsalitia:futurarum nuptiarum
promulgatio. In the canon law, proclamationes sponsi et sponsæ in ecclesiis fieri solitæ. || Ban of the empire, proscriptio ab imperatore et ordinibus Germaniæ irrogata, and from context merely proscriptio.
BAN, v., exsecrari; devovere; diras alicui imprecari; aliquem detestari; detestari in caput alicujus minas et pericula: detestari in caput alicujus iram deorum.According to Döderlein, exsecrari means “to curse”, when one would exclude a guilty person from human society, as devoted to the infernal gods, in opposition to blessing; detestari means ”to curse”, when one wishes to deprecate evil by an appeal to the gods against a person or thing, in opposition to “praying in behalf of” (Hand-book, p. 1).
BAND, s., || that which binds, vinculum: ligamen; ligamentum. || That which binds together, copula. || For the hair, redimiculum; tænia; fascia.|| For wounds, fascia; vinctura; ligamentum ad vulnus deligandum: mitella (for a broken arm). || An ornament for the head, vitta; infula (for the priests); lemniscus (ribbon of a garland).|| Of iron about a beam, armilla. || A troop or company, globus; turba; caterva ; grex; manipulus; turma (of cavalry); manus; multitudo: bands of robbers, latronum globus; a band of conspirators, conjuratorum globus: armed bands, armatorum copia.
BAND, v., sociare; consociare; se jungere; se conjungere alicui or cum aliquo; se conjungere cum copiis alicujus; arma consociare cum aliquo; signa conferre ad aliquem.
BANDAGE, s., fascia; (if small) fasciola; ligamentum ad vulnus deligandum; vinctura.
BANDAGE, v., deligare, alligare, obligare.
BAND-BOX, capsa; capsula.
BANDIT, sicarius (one who lends and hires out his hand to a secret assassination): also, from context, insidiator; latro.
BANDY, ultro citro agere, modo huc modo illuc pulsare. || Agitate, agitare, vexare, exagitare. || To bandy looks, fidenter inter se aspicere: words with one, verba commutare cum aliquo (as a friend); cum aliquo altercari.
BANDY-LEGGED, varus; valgus; vatius ; cruribus varis, or valgis, or vatiis:compernis: varus and valgus mean bent outward, or “bow-legged”; vatius and compernis, bent inward, or “knock-kneed”.
BANE (poison), venenum, virus. || That which destroys, pestis, peruicies: ruin, mischief pernicies, exitium.
BANEFUL, venenatus; veneno imbutus, infectus or tinctus. || Fig., acerbus; perniciosus; exitiosus; exitialis; funestus; damnosus: to be baneful, perniciei esse; nocere: who does not know that this is of a baneful nature? quis non intelligit hanc rem nocere?
BANEFULNESS, vis nocendi (Tacitus, Ann., 15, 34): natura perniciosa, exitialis, or damnosa.
BANG, s., percussio; percussus; plaga [vid. BLOW]: a bang on the head, percussio capitis: a bang at the door, pulsus ostii.|| A noise, ingens fragor, or ingens sonitus.
BANG, v., pulsare aliquid aliqua re:percutere aliquid aliqua re: to bang one’s head against the wall, caput illidere or impingere parieti; i.e , with a murderous intention from despair: to bang anybody with fists, aliquem pugnis cadere or colaphis pulsare: with a stick, aliquem fusti verberare: to be an adept in banging and beating, ad pulsandos verberandosque homines exercitatissimum esse: to bang or drub soundly, mulcare, with or without male.
BANISH, alicui aqua et igni interdicere, exsilio afficere, in exsilium agere or exigere, ex urbe or ex civitate pellere, expellere, ejicere, exturbare; relegare (to a certain place, without depriving of the rights of a citizen and of one’s property): deportare (to transport to a distant, desert place; this was the severest kind of banishment, and subjected a person to the loss of citizenship and of property, and cutoff all hope of return): for ten years, relegare in decem annos: anyone to an island, aliquem relegare, deportare, projicere in insulam. || Fig., to banish doubt expellere dubitationem; all suspicion, delere omnem suspicionem ex animo, love from the heart, amorem ex animo ejicere, amovere: the authority of the senate from the state, exterminare auctoritatem senatus e civitate: to banish sorrow, mœstitiam ex animis pellere. A banished man, exsul (who has been driven from his country, or has fled from it in order to escape from punishment): extorris patria, extorris (as being homeless, without reference to punishment); relegatus, deportatus.
BANISHMENT, interdictio aquæ et ignis, ejectio: involuntary, to a distant, desert place, and attended with the forfeiture of the rights of citizenship, deportatio: to an appointed place, with no forfeiture, relegatio: exsilium (state of banishment, voluntary or involuntary). To go into banishment, in exsilium ire, proficisci, pergere; exsulatum ire, abire; solum vertere exsilii causa, solum mutare. To live in banishment, in exsilio esse, exsulari.To return from banishment, exsilio redire.Place of banishment, exsilium: to recall from banishment, revocare de or ab exsilio; reducere de exsilio; in patriam revocare,or restituere.
BANK, || of a river, ripa. A steep bank, ripa ardua, locus arduus: precipitous, ripa prærupta, præceps; locus præruptus, præceps; præceps, præcipitium.|| Heap of earth, agger; moles; tumulus; clivus, locus editior. || Bank of oars, scamnum; transtrum. || Sandbank, syrtis (σύρτις); or, in pure Latin, pulvinus (Servius, ad Æn., 10, 303). || For money, mensa publica; argentaria, with or without mensa; ærarium mercatorum: to put money in the bank, pecuniam apud mensam publicam occupare; to pay from the bank, a mensa publica numerare: the person who does this, mensarius.|| Of a gaming-house, area aleatoria: to break the bank at a single throw, totam aleatoris aream uno jactu exhaurire.
BANK, v., molem or aggerem exstruere: to bank a river in, fluvium extra ripas diffluentem coercere. || To bank with; deposit in a bank, pecuniam apud argentarios deponere.
BANKER, argentarius; mensarius; numularius: to be a banker, argentariam facere: to be an eminent banker, maximam argentariam facere.
BANK-NOTE, tessera mensae publicæ.
BANKRUPT, ære dirutus: decoctor (through extravagance): bonis eversus:a fraudulent bankrupt, creditorum fraudator: to become a bankrupt, a mensa surgere; dissolvere argentariam (of a banker); cedere foro (of a tradesman): conturbare (absolutely): corruere, cadere (opposed to stare): decoquere, with or without creditoribus; ære dirui: to become a complete bankrupt, naufragium omnium fortunarum facere: to become a bankrupt through misfortune, and not by one’s own fault, fortuna vitio non suo decoquere: to be near being a bankrupt, in ære alieno vacillare. Cf., Observe that decoquere is used for one who, by a private arrangement, assigns his property to his creditors.
BANKRUPTCY, ruinæ or naufragium fortunarum; naufragium or eversio rei familiaris: tabulæ novæ (of a state; new debt-books for the advantage of the debtor):to declare one’s bankruptcy, fenus et impendium recusare: a person is on the verge of bankruptcy, fortunarum ruinæ alicui impendent: it amounts to a national bankruptcy, res ad tabulas novas pervenit.
BANNER, signum militare, or signum only; vexillum: to raise the banner or standard, signum or vexillum proponere; vexillum tollere: to lower the banner or standard, vexillum suhmittere: to fight under any body’s banners, signa alicujus sequi; castra alicujus sequi: to desert anybody’s banners, signa militaria relinquere; a signis discedere: to return to the banners, ad signa se recipere.
BANNIAN, (a sort of light undress), perhaps vestis domestica.
BANNISTERS, (corrupted from BALUSTERS), epimedion (Inscriptiones, Orelli).
BANNOCK, an oaten cake, placenta aveuacea; panis avenaceus.
BANQUET, epulæ (general term for meal, whether frugal or sumptuous, whether en famille or with guests, at home or in public): convivium (a social, convivial meal): dapes (a religious meal; a feast on the offerings): epulum (a solemn meal, mostly political, in honor of something):comissatio (a gormandizing meal; a feast): to prepare a banquet, convivium instruere, apparare, comparare, ornare, exornare: to gire a banquet, cœnam or epulum alicui dare: to hold a banquet, convivium habere, agere: to go to a banquet, convivium inire; se convivio reddere: to invite to a banquet, aliquem ad cœnam invitare or vocare: to be at a banquet, convivio interesse. INTR., convivari; epulari apud aliquem: convivium celebrare: sumptuously, saliarem in modum epulari.
BANTER, v., ludibrio sibi habere aliquem; aliquem irridere (to laugh at):aliquem deridere (to mock): aliquem cavillari (mock in a bantering, ironical way):to banter any body with bitter irony, acerbis facetiis aliquem irridere: anybody about anything, aliquid ludibrio habere; aliquid irridere or deridere: jocari in aliquid; aliquid cavillari: per ludibrium exprobrare alicui aliquid.
BANTER, s., irrisio (derisus, post-Augustan; derisio is very late, Arnobius, Lactantius): cavillatio; ludibrium; ludus; jocus:to be the subject of anybody’s banter, alicui ludibrio esse.
BANTLING, infans; pusio, onis, m.
BAPTISM, baptisma, atis, neuter (Βαπτισμα), or Latinized, baptismum (Scriptores Ecclesiastici): pure Latin, sancta lavatio: register of baptism, tabulæ, in quas infantium, qui sacris Christianis ininati sunt, nomina referuntur.Certificate of baptism, vid. BAPTISMAL.
BAPTISMAL, ad baptismum pertinens:baptismal font, baptisterium: baptismal name, prænomen: baptismal certificate, literæ, quæ aliquem sacris Christianis initiatum esse testantur: to give a baptismal certificate, alicui literis testari, eum sacris Christianis initiatum esse; or (if the date is the point) alicui literis testari, quo die sacris Christianis initiatus fuerit.
BAPTIST, baptista, æ, m. (Βαπτιστής).
BAPTIZE, baptizare (Scriptores Ecclesiastici):sacris Christianis initiare: to see that a child is baptized, infantem sacris Christianis initiandum curare.
BAR, || between two rafters, tignum transversum. || For fastening doors, repagulum; obex: pessulus; sera; claustrum: to remove the bar, repagulum, or pessulum, or seram removere; seram demere; domum or januam reserare:to burst the bars, repagula convellere; claustra refringere. || Where causes are tried, judices: subsellia: forum.On my first appearance at the bar, ut primum form attigi. He has left the bar, salutem dixit foro. κυρικιμασαηικοThe bar requires a good, strong voice, subsellia graviorem et pleniorem vocem desiderant. To plead at the bar, causas agere. The bar (advocates, etc.), patroni causarum, jurisconsulti; corpus jurisconsultorum. || Of a tavern, cancelli. || In music, linea transversa.|| An obstacle, impedimentum; mora. || Of gold, silver, later aureus; later argenteus: silver in bars, argentum non signatum forma, sed rudi pondere (Curtius, 5, 2, 12).
BAR, || to fasten with a bar, obserare; ostium or fores obserare; pessulo januam claudere or occludere; pessulum foribus or ostio obdere. || FIG. to obstruct, impedire aliquem ab aliqua re, or merely aliqua re (never in aliqua re); impedimento esse alicui (alicui rei); ad aliquid (never in aliqua re) impedimentum afferre alicui rei faciendæ; obstare or officere alicui and alicui rei alicujus. || To forbid, vetare with an accusative and infinitive following: interdicere alicui aliqua re (in the Golden Age, never alicui aliquid, or with ne following, denotes power to prevent): alicui prædicere, with ne or ut ne, denotes warning; interdicere alicui domo sua (Suetonius, Oct., 66). || To prevent, arcere aliquem re or ab aliqua re:propulsare aliquid ab aliquo, or aliquem aliqua re, or ab aliqua re. || Except, exclude: barring, excepto, -a, -is; nisi. Barring that, illud si exceperis, excluseris.
BAR-MAID, ministra cauponæ (Rescript of Constantine, Codex Justinianus, 9, 9, 29).
BARB, || a Barbary horse, equus Punicus or Numidicus. || Of an arrow, uncus; hamus.
BARBACAN, || a watch tower, specula. || A loop-hole, fenestra ad tormenta mittenda relicta (Cæsar, B. C..2, 9, extract).
BARBARIAN, barbarus (foreign, with the accessory notion of the want of civilization): rudis, hebes et impolitns; humanitatis expers. || Cruel, immanis ac barbarus: like a barbarian, barbare; inhumane; sæve; crudeliter: to speak like a barbarian, barbare loqui: the speech of a barbarian, sermo horridulus atque incomtus.
BARBARIC, || foreign, barbaricus.
BARBARISM (uncouth expression),barbarismus. || CRUELTY, Vid.
BARBARITY, barbaria; barbaries (rudeness and ignorance): immanitas, crudelitas, sævitia (cruelty): to cure anybody of barbarity, aliquem mansuefacere atque excolere.
BARBAROUS, [Vid. CRUEL.] Barbarous Latin, sermo horridulus atque incomtus.
BARBED, hamatus; hamis instructus.
BARBEL, a sort of river-fish, barbus:mullus (sea-barbel): mullus lutarius (fen-barbel).
BARBER, tonsor: to officiate as barber, radere or abradere barbam alicujus (with a razor, novacula): tondere alicujus barbam (with a pair of scissors, forfex): sometimes to use scissors, sometimes a razor, modo tondere, modo radere barbam (Suetonius, Oct., 79): the art or business of a barber, tonstrinum (Petronius, 46, 7, and 64, 4): to teach the business of a barber, aliquem tonstrinum docere; aliquem tondere docere: a barber’s knife or razor, culter tonsorius or novacula: a barber’s instruments, ferramenta tonsoria (Martialis, 14, 36):a barber’s shop, tonstrina; tabema tonsoris: a femals barber, tonstrix: of or belonging to a barber, tonsorius.
BARD, bardus: vates: the song of the bards, bardorum or vatum carmen. Cf., BARD properly means “a Druidical poet”, but is also used for “a poet” in general; but in the latter sense should betranslated vates, and not poeta, for poeta is a technical expression, and denotes a poet only as an artist; whereas vates is an old Latin and religious expression, and denoting a poet as a sacred person. Vid. Döderlein’s Hand-book, p. 31.
BARE, nudus (like γυμνός, uncovered and unprotected): apertus (without covering; opposed to tectus; post-Augustan. inopertus):non tectus (after Augustus, intectus).|| Detected, manifestus. || Plain, nudus, inornatus, simplex. || Poor, nudus, egenus, inops. || Thread-bare, tritus, attritus, obsoletus. || Of style, jejunus, exilia. || Mere, merus, sincerus.|| Bare-headed, capite detecto or aperto:to sleep on the bare ground, humi cubare:to make bare, nudare, aperire: bare-faced, impudens; procax. A bare-faced fellow, homo perfrictæ frontis: bare-facedness, impudentia: os impudens, or durum, or ferreum: to make a bare-faced request, impudenter aliquid postulare: bare-foot, nudis pedibus.
BARE-FACED, BARE-FOOT, Vid. BARE
BARELY, vix ac ne vix quidem (ἀκριβῶς καὶ μόλις): vix ægreque (χαλεπῶς καὶ μόλις).
BARENESS, circumlocution by adjective under BARE, for nuditas is found but once (Quintilianus., 10, 2, 23), and is there a doubtful reading. || Leanness, macies (as a condition): macritas (as a quality).|| Poverty, paupertas; egestas.
BARGAIN, pactum: pactio: to make a bargain with anybody, pacisci cum aliquo; pactionem facere, or conficere cumaliquo: to make a good bargain (= purchase), bene or recte emere: to make a bad bargain, male emere: to give into the bargain, gratis addere: not to stick to one’s bargain, ab emtione abire or recedere (Ulpianus, Dig., 2, 14, 7, § 6):
to be a good hand at a bargain, ad suum questum callere.
BARGAIN, v., pacisci cum aliquo; pactionem facere, or conficere cum aliquo.
BARGE, actuariolum; lenunculus; scapha; navicula; navigiolum.
BARGEMAN, navicularius; portitor.
BARK, || the rind of a tree, cortex (the exterior); liber (the inner): to live on the bark of trees, cortice ex arboribus vivere.|| Peruvian bark, cortex Peruvianus, or febrifugus: the bark-tree, linchona (Livius). || A small ship, or vessel, scapha and cymba (of the broader sort); linter (long and narrow, like a canoe, Döderlein).
BARK, v., || to strip trees of bark, decorticare or delibrare arbores. || Like a dog, baubari (to utter the natural sound of dogs): latrare ( in a hostile manner):latratus edere; gannire applies to the “bow-wow” of a little dog. Hence, figuratively, latrare means to wrongle, and gannire to chatter. (Döderlein’s Handbook, p. 121.)”His bark is worse than his bite,” (canis timidus) vehementius latrat quam mordet (Prov.., Curt., 7, 4, 7).
BARLEY, hordeum: of barley, hordeaceus: barley-bread, panis bordeaceus:a field of barley, ager hordeo consitus:barley-corn, granum hordei: barley-meal, farina hordeacea; farina hordei: barley-sugar, alphanicum: barley-broth, ptisana (quæ fit ex hordeo understood, Plinius, 22, 25, 66): ptisanarium(Horatius, Sat.,2,3,155): barley-water, hordeum in potum resolutum (Plinius, 18, 7, 12, no. 3, § 68).
BARM, || leaven, fermentum fæcibus zythi expressum.
BARN, horreum: barn-fioor, area.
BARNACLE, || a kind of sea-fowl, anser marinus. || A farrier’s instrument, postomis, idis, f. || A sort of spectacles, perspicillum: barnacles had not yet been invented, nondum oculi arte adjuti erant.
BAROMETER, barometrum; tubus Torricellianus: fistula Torricelliana (βαρόμετρον).
BARON, baro; liber baro.
BARONESS, baronis uxor; baronissa.
BARONET, baronettus.
BARONETAGE, baronetti nomen ac dignitas.
BARONY, baronatus, us, m.: to create a baron, baronis dignitate ac nomine ornare.
BARRACK, togurium castrense; contubernium.
BARREL, seria (a long cask); dolium (a round cask): orca: cupa: cadus: wine from the barrel or cask, vinum de cupa.|| Of a gun, sclopeti tabus. || A cylinder, cylindrus.
BARREL, v., in dolium infundere.
BARREN, infecundus (in reference to procreative power; also to the soil: opposed to fecundus): sterilis (ta reference to productive power, what bears no fruit; also of the soil, of the year: opposed to fertilis, and [in reference to the soil ] opimus. Fig., in reference to the female sex).
BARRENNESS, sterilitas (opposed to fertilitas).
BARRICADE or BARRICADO, muni mentum: septum; claustrum.
BARRICADE, v., obstruere (to stop the passage by placing things in a row) oppilare (by raising piles or some suck things): intersepine (by a fence): operibus et munitionibus sepire. Fig., præcludere.
BARRIER, cancelli: septa, orum: fines, termini: to go beyond the barriers, extra cancellos egredi; fines transire: to break through the barriers, in septa irrumpere:not to overstep tke barriers of modesty, fines verecundiæ non transire.
BARRISTER, causarum actor; causidicus: patronus causæ: to become a barrister, ad causas et privatas et publicas adire; attingere forum; cœpit aliquis in foro esse: a noisy, blustering barrister, rabula de foro; rabula latratorque: to be a barrister, causas agere, actitare; causas dicere in foro; versari in foro: to employ a barrister, adoptare sibi patronum; deferre causam ad patronum: the occupation of a barrister, opera forensis, causidicatio; advocatio; patrocinium: a barrister’s fee, merces advocati; honorarium causidici.
BARROW, || a vehicle moved by the hand, ferculum; vehiculum trusatile.A mound, tumulus; grumus (tumulus, like ὄχθος, means either a natural or artificial elevation; grumus, only an artificial elevation, like χῶμα). || A hog, verres castratus; majalis.
BARTER, v., INTR., mutare res inter se (general term): mutare or permutare merces: mutare or permutare aliquid:with anybody, res mutare cum aliquo (general term); merces mutare cum aliquo; do you wish to barter? vin commutemus? TR., commutare aliquid: one thing for another, mutare aliquid aliqua re or (mostly) cum aliqua re; permutarealiquid aliqua re.
BARTER, s., mutatio; permutatio mercium: mutatio ementium (the barter of persons making purchases in this way, Tacitus): to purchase by barter, res inter se mutare; emere (singula) non pecunia sed ompensatione mercium. To introduce traffic by barter, res inter se
mutare instituere.
BASE, illiberalis (unworthy of a gentleman): abjectus (despicable): turpis (shameful): improbus (unprincipled):fœdus (abominable): a base design, fœdum consilium. || Base-born, nullo patre natus; incerto patre natus; spurius; nothus (νόθος, born out of wedlock: opposed to justa uxore natus; legitimus):adulterino sanguine natus. || Base coin, nummi or numi adulterini: to make base coin, pecunias vitiare (Eutropius, 9, 14); monetam adulterinam exercere (Ulpianus, Dig., 48, 13, 6, § 1); numos adulterinos percutere (Suetonius, Ner., 25). || Of base extraction, humili or ignobili, obscuro or tenui loco ortus; humili fortuna ortus: of the basest extraction, infimæ conditionis et fortunæ; intimus; sordido loco ortus; infimi ordinis or generis; infimæ sortis.
BASE, basis; fundamentum. || Pedestal, stylobates (στυλοβάτης) || Of a mountain, radices montis (not pes montis).|| A base voice, vox gravis or ima (†); sonus gravis: deep base, sonus gravissimus: to sing a base, voce ima canere (†): a base-viol, fides gravioris soni:a player on the base-viol, gravioris soni fidicen: base notes, notæ vocis imæ.
BASELY, illiberaliter; abjecte et sine dignitate; turpiter; turpiter et nequiter; fœde: to act basely toward anybody, turpiter in aliquem esse malevolum: I’d rather do anything than act basely, extimesco, ne quid turpiter faciam.
BASENESS, illiberalitas; animus abjectus; improbitas; ignavia; nequitia.
BASHAW, satrapes or satrapa; præfectus; purpuratus.
BASHFUL, pudens; pudicus; verecundus; pudibundus. Cf. Pudicus and pudens denote an habitual feeling; pudibundus, a temporary state, Döderlein. SYN. in BASHFULNESS.
BASHFULLY, pudenter, verecunde; modeste.
BASHFULNESS, pudor (general term, as a sense of honor, both as a preventive feeling and as shame for having done anything disgraceful): pudicitia (natural shame, aversion to be exposed to the gaze of others, and its fruit, chaste sentiment; bashfulness): verecundia (dread of doing anything that will make us feel ashamed before those whom we respect). (The words are found in this connection and order), pudor et verecundia; pudicitia et pudor; pudor pudicitiaque. Vid. SHAME.
BASILSK, basiliscus.
BASIN, pelvis: aqualis (for washing):aquæ manale (for the hands), Varro: in later writers, aquiminale, aquiminarium, Pand.): malluvium (at a sacrifice, for the hands, Paul.. Fest.): labrum; crater (for the reception of spring-water): navile (for ships). || Small pond, piscina, piscinula. || Reservoir, castellum, dividiculum (whence it was carried by pipes, etc.).|| Cove, sinus (maris or maritimus).
BASIS, Vid. BASE.
BASK, apricari.
BASKET, corbis (general term, especially a larger sort of basket, in husbandry, for collecting fruits: corbis messoria):fiscus (a wicker-basket for holding money):qualus or qualum (a closely-compacted wicker-basket of a conical shape, through which oil and must were strained: it also served other purposes in husbandry): quasillus (a lady’s work-basket): canistrum (κάναστρον or κανῆς, a basket for bread, fruits, etc.): calathus (κάλαθος, a basket for wool or flowers, in the form of an open lily): sporta (a hand-basket made of broom, rushes, or willow: served, according to Asconius, ad Cicero I, Verr., 8, p. 280, ed. Schütz, also to hold money): panarium (bread-basket): scirpea (made of rushes):a little basket, corbicula: corbula: fiscella: fiscellus: quasillus: sportula; sportella (in these sportulæ the clients at the sumptuous banquets of rich patrons received their portions).
BASKET-MAKER, corbium textor; qui corbes ex vimine facit; qui corbes virgis contexit.
BASKET-WOMAN, gerula (post-Augustan).
BASS, || in music. [Vid. BASE] || A mat of straw or rushes, storea or storia; matta.
BASS-RELIEF (sculpture, the figures of which do not stand out in their full proportion), protypon (opposed to ectypon, full relief, Plinius, 35, 12, 43): torcuma, atis, 71. (τόρευμα), or pure Latin, cœlatura, or cœlatum opus.
BASSOON, gingrina major.
BASTARD, nullo patre natus: incerto patre natus: spurius (the offspring of an unknown father and a prostitute: opposed to certus): pellice ortus: nothus (νόθος, of a known father and a concubine: opposed to justa uxore natus; legitimus, Spald., Quintilian., 3, 6, 97): adulterino sanguine natus (μοιχικός, where there is a violation of the marriage contract, Plinius, 7, 2. 2).
BASTE, || to beat soundly, verberibus cædere; verberibus castigare; verberibus or flagris implere; male mulcare; verberibus subigere or irrigare (comic); verberibus mulcare: with a stick, alicui fustem impingere: aliquem fuste coercere (Horatius, for the purpose of keeping him in order). || To baste or besprinkle, perfundere: conspergere: rigare; irrigare; instillare aliquid alicui rei. || To sew slightly, præsuere (Plinius, 12, 19, end).
BASTINADO, to inflict the
bastinado on anybody, alicujus plantas virgis verberare (Cicero, Orationes in Verrem, 5, 43, 112): there is no Latin substantive exactly corresponding to “bastinado”: ictus fustis or fustium (Tacitus) is the nearest.
BASTION, propugnaculum (bulwark); castellum (Cæsar, B. G., i., 8, Herzog).
BAT, || a winged animal, vespertilio.|| A sort of club, clava; fustis.
BATCH, || kind. Of the same batch, ejusdem generis (of the same kind): ejusdem farinæ (equally bad: after Persius, 5, 115).
BATE, TR., lessen, minuere: imminuere: deminuere aliquid, or aliquid de aliqua re: extenuare: levare: sublevare:elevare: remittere aliquid or de aliqua re. [Syn. in LESSEN] To bate one’s breath, spiritum retinere: animam comprimere.|| Lessen the price of anything, etc, detrahere aliquid de aliqua re (e.g., de tota pecunia quinquagesimam partem): deducere, detrahere aliquid de summa: deductionem, decessionem de pecunia facere: to bate 10 per cent., remissionem centesimarum denarum facere. Intr., || minui: se minuere: also minuere only:imminui (to be lessened inwardly): remitti, se remittere and remittere only (to leave off: of rain, cold, a fever, etc.): levari: sublevari (to be lightened): leniri, mitigari (to be softened). Anger abates, ira defervescit.
BATH, || place for bathing: balineum or balneum, plural balineæ or balneæ, seldom (with Cicero. never) balinea or balnea: the plural is used when the bathing place consists of several rooms, and therefore more particularly applies to public baths. The divisions of the balinea were:cella frigidaria, or frigidarium, for cold bathing; cella tepidaria, or tepidarium, where the water was lukewarm; cella caldaria, or caldarium, for a warm bath; sudatorium, or sudatio, or assa, orum, neuter, a sweating-room heated by steam: balnearia, orum, neuter (private bathing-places in gardens and villas, Cicero, Att., 13, 29, 2; Cicero, Quintilianus, Fr., 3, 1, 1, § 1): thermæ (magnificent public edifices erected by the emperors, in which were the balneæ, fencing-rooms, and walks): lavatio (o place for bathing: in later times, lavacrum): to heat the bath, balineum calefacere: to take a bath, lavatum ire in balneas; in balneum ire, ambulare: to take a cold bath, ad frigidam exire; frigida lavari: to take a vapor-bath, ad flammam sudare (Suetonius, Oct.,82). || Bathing: lavatio; lotio; lotus, usus aquarum (as a means of health): lavatio frigida, calida; lavatio frigidæ, calidæ aquæ: to get ready for the bath, balineo præparari. || A bath-keeper, balneator; balneatrix (Petronius, Senv. Vergilius, Æn., 12, 159).
BATHE, v., TR., lavare: abluere: aliquem lavare; aliquem demittere in balneum: in lukewarm water, aliquem immittere in tepidam. IMPR., to bathe with tears, lacrimis lavare aliquid (e.g., a letter, tabellas, Plautus, Pseud., 1, 1, 8: the face, vultum, Ovidius, Met., 9, 679). V. INTR., to bathe, or bathe one’s self, lavari: lavare (seldom, if ever, used by Cicero): in a shower bath: aqua perfundi (vid. Auctor ad Herennium, 4, 9 and 10): in a river, flumine corpus abluere in cold water, frigida lavari: to be bathed in tears, effundi in lacrimas; lacrimis perfundi: bathed in tears, lacrimis perfusus: a bathing-place, locus, quo juventus lavandi et natandi causa venit (vid. Cicero, Cæl., 15, 36): a bathing-dress, subligaculum; subligar: season for bathing, tempus aquarum usui commodum:bathing utensils, balnearia or balneatoria instrumenta (Marcianus, Dig., 33. 7, 17, §2): balnearia, ium, neuter. (Apuleius, Metamorphoses, 3, p. 134, 36): bathing-tub, labrum or solium:alveus.
BATING, prep., præter; excepto; exceptis; si excipias: bating a few, all were taken alive, paucis ex hostium numero desideratis cuneti vivi capiebantur.
BATOON, a truncheon or marshal’s staff, scipio, insigne imperii.
BATTALION, cohors: agmen (on the march): orbis (a circular battalion: the ancients were ignorant of our square battalions; with them agmen quadratum meant the whole army under one leader, formed into line of battle so as to resemble a parallelogram. Vid. Fabricius, Sall, Jag., 100, 1. Herzog, Hirt., B. G., 8, 8, extr. Dissen., Tibull., 4, 4, 1, 100).
BATTEN, TR. || Fatten, saginare:pinguem facere or reddere: opimare:with any thing, alere aliqua re. || Fertilize,fecundare: fecundum reddere:fecunditatem dare alicui rei: uberare.INTR., pinguescere; saginari.
BATTER, v., TR., pulsare: verberare:perfundere; elidere (to batter anybody’s head with a stone, alicujus caput saxo):diminuere (caput, cerebrum): contundere (aliquem saxis): batter down, disjicere (arcem, mœnia, munitiones): diruere or demoliri (tecta, muros, urbem, monumentum); e fundamentis disjicere;funditus evertere: battered, confectus, perfractus; elisus; disjectus: battering-ram,machina, qua muros quatiunt or percutiunt; aries: to bring the battering-ram against the walls, arietem muro or muris admovere: to shake the wall with the battering-ram, ariete or arietis pulsu murum quatere: the battering-ram has made a breach in the wall, aries percussit murum.
BATTERY, agger (the earth thrown up):tormenta in aggere disposita (the guns belonging to the battery): to bring a battery against the walls, tormenta muris admovere: to place a battery on the hill, tormenta in colle disponere. || An electric battery, phialarum Leidensium complexus.|| Violent striking. Vid. ASSAULT.
BATTLE, pugna (any conflict, from a single combat to the bloodiest pitched battle; like μαχή): acies (the conflict of two contending armies drawn up in battle array): prœlium (the occasional rencounter of separate divisions of the armies, as an engagement, action, skirmish; like συμβολή). Wearied by the length of the battle, they withdrew from the engagement, diuturnitatepugnæ defessi prœlio excesserunt: a sharp battle is fought, fit prœlium acri certamine: a battle more like the encounter of banditti than a military engagement, pugna latrocinio magis quam prœlio similis: the battle was long and well contested, pugnatum est diu atque acriter:to go into battle, in prœlium ire; in prœlium or aciem prodire; in aciem or certamendescendere: to lead an army to battle, exercitum in aciem educere: to lead to battle 100,000 foot, in aciem centum millia peditum producere: to offer battle, productis copiis pugnandi potestatem facere: to join battle, prœlium committere; manum conserere: to renew the battle, pugnam novam integrare; prœlium redintegrare or renovare: to win the battle, prœlio or pugna superiorem discedere; victorem prœlio excedere: to lose the battle, pugna or prœlio inferiorem discedere; prœlio vinci or superari.
BATTLE ARRAY, acies: to put the army in battle array, aciem instruere (poetically, aciem struere): copias or exercitum instruere: to put themselves in battle array, ordinatos or instructos consistere: to stand in battle array, armatos in acie stare; aciem instructam habere; instructos stare: to march in battle array, instructos acie proficisci (Vergilius, Æn., 11, 449).
BATTLE-AXE, bipennis (an axe with two edges).
BATTLE-CRY, cantus prœlium inchoantium (Livius): baritus (not barritus or barditus) was the battle-shout of the old Germans, Tacitus. To raise the battle-cry, clamorem attollere.
BATTLEDOOR, pala lusoria; palmula lusoria.
BATTE-FIELD, locus pugnæ: locus ubi pugnatur, or pugnatum est, or pugnandum est: to choose a battle-field, locum ad pugnam deligere.
BATTLEMENT (of a wall), pinna.
BATTLE-PIECE, tabula in qua est prœlium; tabula picta prœlii; prœlium pictiun. A beautiful battle-piece, pugna in tabula præclare picta. || Field or battle. Vid. BATTE-FIELD.
BAVIN, fascis; fasciculus (as being bound together, fascis lignorum, stramentorum): manipulus; fasciculus manualis (as forming a handful). || In war, crates:fesciculus ex virgis alligatus.
BAWBLES, crepundia (children’s rattles): nugæ (trifles; trifling things or persons, Cicero): gerræ (comic, and common word for nugæ): tricæ (trumpery, trifles, nonsense): res parvæ: res minutæ: res nihili: res parvi momenti. To be delighted with mere, or such mere bawbles, meris or tantis nugis delectari.
BAWD, || procurer: leno: libidinis minister. || Procuress: lena: libidinis ministra.
BAWDRY, verborum obscenitas, Cicero.
BAWDY, immundus (unclean, impure):spurcus (filthy, nasty; disgusting to the eyes or nose: figuratively, of moral impurity): obscenus (exciting disgust, horror, loathing, when seen or heard; e.g., pictures, speeches, etc., versus obscenissimi, Cicero). Bawdy song, versus obsceni; canticum obscenum. To sing a bawdy song, obscena canere or cantare. To use bawdy language, verbis obscenis uti; obscena dicere: obsceno jocandi genere uti.
BAWL, vociferari; clamorem edere or tollere: to bawl after any body, clamare or inclamare aliquem: clamore aliquem insequi; clamoribus aliquem consectari:to bawl with might and main, maxima voce clamare: altum clamorem tollere, or simply clamitare: to bawl in anybody’s ears, clamando aures alicujus fatigare (Lit., 9, 20), or obtundere (Terentius, Heauton Timorumenos, 2, 3, 89), aures alicujus personare (Horatius, Epistolae, 1, 1, 7). To bawl out against anybody, allatrare aliquem (properly and figuratively, especially of envious, cowardly railers at better men than themselves).
BAWLER, clamator: proclamator: latrator:buccinator.
BAWLING, vociferatio; vociferatus; clamor; clamitatio.
BAY, adj., badius; spadix (applied to a horse).
BAY, s., sinus (with or without maritimus or maris understood): bay window, fenestra arcuata; fenestra convexa ( viewed externally): cava (internally). || Position of a stag facing the hounds.To stand at bay, perhaps, canes mordicus prementes defendere:canea invadentes or incursantes defendere:adversus canes se cornibus defendere:canibus invadentibus obvertere cornua (after Plautus, Pseud., 4, 3, 5: nunc mi obvortatcornua). To bring to bay, ferum consistere cogere (after Cæsar, B. G., 4, 5).
BAY, baubari (derived from the natural sound of a dog): latrare: latratus
edere.TR., allatrare aliquem (in an envious, cowardly way, post-Augustan: of persons only).
BAYONET, perhaps pugio: to fix the bayonet, pugionem erigere or sclopeto præfigere.
BAY-TREE, laurus: bay-leaf, folium lauri; folium laureum or laurinum:crowned with bay, laureatus.
BE, esse; exstare (to be extant): versari; commorari (to be in a place): to be of that age, ea esse ætate: to be in one’s tenth year, decimum annum agere: to be at home, domi suæ esse: to be not at home, esse foris: to be with anybody, cum aliquo, apud aliquem esse: to be constantly with any body, assidue cum aliquo esse; a latere alicujus non discedere: to let anything be, aliquid permittere; aliquid fieri pati: aliquid mittere, or missum facere (to let anything alone): let them be, mitte hæc: let me be, mitte or omitte me: it is so, res ita est; res ita se habet: what is the matter? quid (quidnam) est? quid accidit?what is the meaning of this? quid hoc sibi vult? what is it to you? quid tibi est? how are you? quomodo vales i quomodo te habes? be it so, esto: in Latin the indicative is frequently used where we use the subjunctive; as, longum est, itwould be tedious: difficile est, it would be difficult: had it not been for Horatius Cocles, nisi Horatius Cocles fuisset. || Being = to be, esse. In ablative absolute before a noun it is untranslated: Teucer being our leader. Teucro duce: you being our helper, te adjutore or adjuvante. This being the case, quæ quum ita sint. || As BEING, utpote, quippe. Democritus, as being a learned man, thinks the sun of great size, sol Democrito magnus videtur, quippe homini erudito: the people that could easily be numbered, as being small, populus numerabilis, utpote parvus. || As
BEING ONE WHO, etc., quippe qui, utpote qui, ut qui, with subjunctive. Cf., Being or as being are sometimes quite omitted, and a simple apposition used: e.g., “the Gauls, as being (or being) a military nation,” etc, Galli, homines bellicosi, etc. Observe, for phrases compounded with “to be,” as “to be near,” “to be on the side of,” etc., vid. NEAR, SIDE, etc.
BEACH, litus (the shore, as the line which separates the land from the sea: ora, acta (the space and tract of land that borders on the sea, as the coast): Cf., acta (Cicero) is a word of Greek extraction, denoting the coast as beautiful and attractive.Tacitus (Hist., 3, 76) expresses it by the circumlocution amœna litorum.
BEACON, specula (watch-tower): ignium significatio (a beacon as lighted to convey intelligence): pharus (φἁρος, light-house, Suetonius, Calig., 46: turris. ex qua ut ex Pharo, noctibus ad regendos navium cursus ignes emicarent).”To light a beacon, ignibus facere significationem (to light signal-fires). Beacon-lights, ignis e specula sublatus, Cicero: prænunciativi ignes (Plinius).
BEAD, globulus; sphærula; margarita (pearl). || Rosary, sphærulæ precatoriæ; globuli quibus apud Catholicos numerantur preces.To tell one’s beads, preces ad certum globulorun numerum fundere.
BEADLE, accensus: accensus academicus (at universities). || In a church, ædituus (door-keeper of a temple; sexton).
BEAGLE, canis vestigator.
BEAK, rostrum (also of a ship); rostellum (diminutive): to attack each other with their beaks, rostrum conserere rostro:beaked, rostratus; aduncus.
BEAKER, poculum; calix (κύλεξ, a beaker of clay, glass, or metal, with one or more spouts. Vid. Juvenalis, 5, 47, calix quatuor nasorum): scyphus: cantharus. SYN. in CUP.
BEAM, tignum; trabs. [trabs, a longer and narrower beam; tignum, a shorter and thicker one. A raft consists of trabes, not of tigna; whereas the wood-work of a building, which, as a pillar, is destined to support something, is composed of tigna, not of trabes, by which the cross-beams only are denoted, Döderlein]. PROV., to see motes in the eyes of others, and not to see beams in one’s own, magis in aliis cernere, quam in nobismet ipsis, si quid delinquitur (Cicero, Off., 1, 41, 146); κυρικιμασαηικο videre nostra mala non possumus; alii simul delinquunt, censores sumus (Phaedrus, 4, 10, 5); aliorum vitia in oculis habemus, a tergo nostra (Seneca, De Ira, 2, 28, 6); papulasobservas alienas, ipse obsitus plurimis ulceribus (Seneca, De Vit. Beat., 27, 4); quum tua pervideas oculis mala lippus inunctis, cur in amicorum vitiis tam cernis acutum, quam aut aquila aut serpens Epidaurius? (Horatius, Sat., 1, 3, 25, sqq.).|| Ray of light, radius. || Of a balance, scapus (Vitruvius); jugum.
BEAM, v., radios fundere: fulgere (both of light and of illuminated objects): radiare (“to emit beams:” in the sense of “glitter” it does not belong to sober prose):with anything, radiare aliqua re: a ray of hope beams upon me, spes aliqua mihi affulget, or ostenditur: to beam with silver light, radiare lumine argenti (Ovidius, Met., 2, 4).
BEAN, faba (the common bean, vicia faba, Linnaeus: a small bean, fabulus, fabula):a kidney-bean, phaselus or phaseolus (phaseolus vulgaris, Linnaeus): of or belonging to beans, fabaceus or fabacius; fabarius: of beans, fabalis; fabaginus: bean stalks, fabalia, ium, neuter.
BEAR, ursus; ursa (of or belonging to bears, ursinus): ursa; arctos (the constellation): the Great Bear, Ursa Major; Helice: the Lesser Bear, Ursa Minor; parvula Cynosura (vid. Cicero, Acad., 2, 20, 66): the bears conjointly, Septentriones (hence in Vitruvius the Great Bear is Septentrio Major; the less, Septentrio Minor). || Bear’s foot, acanthus (a plant): bear’s-grease, adeps ursinus: bear-warden, ursi magister (Livius, 37, 41). Fig. (=rough, unpolished), incultus: agrestis (unmannerly): ferus: immansuetus (wild, not tamed) (The words are found in this connection and order), ferus agrestisque: asper (rough).
BEAR, sustinere (to hold up so as to keep from sinking or falling): ferre (to bear as a burden): bajulare (to carry a load, as a porter): portare (to transport from one place to another, whether for one’s self or far others): gerere:gestare (in a general sense, as vestem; annulum):indutum esse aliqua re; indui aliqua re; amictum esse aliqua re, toga, pallio. etc., ornatum esse aliqua re (to bear as a badge; e.g., a gold chain, aureo torque: shield and spear, scuto teloque); cinctum or succinctum esse aliqua re (to be girded with: gladio): to be borne through the city in a palanquin, lectica ferri, portari, gestari, vehi per urbem: to bear to the grave, funere efferre, efferre: bear arms against one, arma ferre contra aliquem: to bear one upon the shoulders, bajulare aliquem: the ice bears, aqua satis conglaciata est.|| Carry away, ferre, auferre, abducere, rapere: of a victory, etc., deportare, reportare, consequi, adipisci: bear the bell, palmam ferre. || Bring, afferre, adducere, advehere; referre, deferre. || To bear sway, dominari regnare, imperium exercere: to bear affection to one, amare aliquem: bear one good-will, animo esse in aliquem benevolo, alicui favere: bear one company, comitari; deducere: I bear the name of Alexander, est mihi nomen Alexandro (or Alexander, rarely Alexandri): bear one hatred, odisse aliquem, infensum esse alicui: bear witness, testimonium dicere, testimonium perhibere:bear in mind, memoria habere, tenere.|| Bear up, support, sustinere, sustentare.|| Endure, tolerare, sustinere, pati, perpeti, perferre: able to bear hunger and cold, inediæ et algoris patiens: unable to bear, impatiens (with genitive): to be able to bear neither cold nor heat, neque frigora, neque æstus facile tolerare.|| Suffer, undergo, pati, affectum esse aliqua re, premi aliqua re. || Suffer, allow, pati, sinere, ferre: I will not bear it at all, non feram, non patiar, non sinam (in connection, Cicero, Cat., 1, 5, 10): the thing will not bear delay, res dilationem non patitur, res differri non potest. || Bear with; as, you must bear with your father, mos gerendus est patri: a friend’s vices, peccatis amici indulgfire: necessity, dare necessitati veniam: to bear with one’s sorrow, dolori parcere: we must bear with one another’s faults, nobis inter nos nostra vitia toleranda. || Produce, yield, ferre; afferre (of trees); efferre (of the soil):to bear fruit, ferre fruges, afferre fructum:to bear, v. n., ferre fruges (also merely ferre), afferre fructum (efferre, especially of the field): the tree bears, arbor fert; not every year, arbor non continuis annis fructum affert: the field bears ten-fold, ager effert or efficit cum decimo. || Give birth to, parere, eniti, (with effort and pain): to bear children to one, liberos ex aliquo parere, eniti: of a place, patriam esse alicujus, ferre aliquem. || To bear a part in a thing, partem alicujus rei sustinere, alicui rei interesse. || Be answerable for: to bear the risk, periculum in se recipere, rem aliquam sui periculi facere: the loss, præstare damnum: the charges, sumtus toierare, suppeditare.|| To bear, behave, himself, se gerere; agere, facere: as any one, pro aliquo se gerere; in a thing, in re: to bear one’s self as a friend, amice agere:prudently, prudenter se gerere: to bear himself worthy of his ancestors, dignum se præbere majoribus. || To bear through, carry out, ad finem perducere; absolvere.|| To bear off, avertere, defendere.|| To bear down, prosternere, proturbare; figuratively, deprimere, frangere, opprimere,obruere: bear back, repellere, propulsare: bear on, promovere, impellere.|| Bear up against, obniti; resistere. || To bear out. securum præstare; culpam alicujus rei demovere ab aliquo, aliquemdefendere de aliqua re. || To bring to bear, ad effectum adducere. || To bear, tend, tendere, cursum dirigere. || To bear upon, premere, urgere, incumbere, inniti. || To bear out, stand out, jut out, prominere, procurrere. || To bear up against misfortunes, malis non cedere: constantem esse in malis: do not succumb to misfortunes, but bear up against them manfully, tu ne cede malis, sed contra audentior ito (Horatius). || To bear off, vela dirigere ad aliquem locum: navem or cursum dirigere aliquo:he bore off for the port to which he was bound, cursum direxit, quo tendebat.|| To bear away the prize, palmam referre.|| To bear witness,testem esse; testimonium dicere; pro testimonio dicere; testari; tostilicari: to bear false witness, falsum testimonium dicere or præbere: the very words bear witness to the fact, ejus rei ipsa verba testimonio sunt. || To bear company, esse cum aliquo; aliquem comitari; alicui comitem se addere, or adjungere: those that are like each other, bear each other company; or, birds of a feather flock together, pares cum paribus, veteri proverbio, facillime congregantur (Cicero, Cat. Maj., 3, in.).
BEARD, s., barba (applied to man, animals, and inanimate things): lanuso; barba prima; barba incipiens (the first beard; lanugo also applies to the down offemales): aruncus (beard of a goat):fibræ (beard of an oyster): a little beard, barbula: a good or long beard, barba longa, promissa, magna: a rugged or grisly beard, barba horrida, hirsuta: a red beard, barba aenea: a red-bearded man, aenobarbus; qui barbam aeneam habet: having a beard, barbatus: having an apology for a beard, or just enough to swear
by, barbatulus: having a nice little beard, qui barbula delectatur: having a strong beard, bene barbatus: to coax a beard, barbam alere: to let a beard grow, barbam promittere: to shave off the beard, radere or abradere barbam alicujus (with a razor, novacula): to trim the beard, tondere alicujus barbam (with scissors, forfex: to trim and shave the beard, modo tondere, modo radere barbam. || The beard of corn, or prickles, aristæ.
BEARD, v., to take by the beard, barbam alicui vellere. || Fig., confidenter alicui resistere: confidenter resistentem respondere, contumacem esse in aliquem.
BEARDLESS, imberbis; glaber (one who has a bare chin; Seneca, Ep., 47, 5, of a slave).
BEARER, || one who bears, gerulus (in a general sense, post-Augustan): bajulus (a porter, or carrier): the bearer of anything, portans or gestans aliquid; gestator alicujus rei (post- Augustan,Plinius, Ep., 9, 33, 8). || Of news, nuncius.|| of letters, tabellarius. || of a corpse, lecticarius (bearer of a lectica or lecticula, which served as a bier for the rich): vespillo: sandapilarius (bearer of a sandapila, the bier of the poor. All three late, but probably only from accident).
BEARING, in a general sense, portatio (transporting from one place to another): gestatio (in the arms or on the shoulders): vectio (conveyance in some seirt of carriage by means of quadrupeds, Cicero, N. D., 2, 60): vectatio (on horse-back).|| Mien and gesture, gestus; gestus motusque: to have the bearing of a learned man, viri docti speciem præ se ferre. || Situation of a place, situs.|| Reference to any thing, ratio: to have a bearing upon anything, pertinere, referri ad aliquid; aliquid respicere:that has no bearing on the subject, alienum re or a re.
BEAST, bellua: bestia: pecus (opposed to man; bellua and pecus, with intellectual reference, as devoid of reason; bestia and fera, with moral reference, as wild, and hostile to man; bellua denotes, particularly, agreat unwieldy animal, as the elephant, whale, sea monsters; pecus, a domestic animal, particularly the less intelligent, as a bullock, sheep, opposed to the wild; bestia, a destructive animal, particularly those that are ravenous, as the tiger, wolf, etc.;fera, a wild animal of the wood, as the stog, wolf, etc., opposed to domestic animals, Döderlein):a little beast, bestiola; animalculum:like a beast, belluarum more; pecudum ritu: a beast of burden, jumentum: to live like a beast, beluinis voluptatibus se dedere: the life of a beast, vita spurcissima:the beast-market, forum pecuarium: a tax on beasts, tributum in pecus impositum.|| A beast, (fig.), homo spurcus, immundus: bellua (stupid animal), bestia: or by adjective, ferus, immanis (savage):spurcus (or spurcissimus): immundus (filthy, foul). Vid. Belluinus or beluinusis late.
BEASTLINESS, spurcities.
BEASTLY, rationis expers; belluinus.|| Metaphorically, immundus; obscenus; spurcus.|| Beastly language, spurciloquium.
BEAT, v., pulsare aliquid (fores, ostium).To beat the forehead, ferire frontem: to heat the wall, ferire parietem:the waves beat against the shore with the greatest noise, fluctus se illidunt maximo cum sono in litus. || To beat on something with something, pulsare aliquid aliqua re: if with violence, percutere aliquid aliqua re: if to produce a sound, concrepare aliqua re ad aliquid; e.g., with the sword on a shield, gladio ad scutum: to beat or strike the head violently against a stone, capite graviter offenso impingi saxo: against the door, capite illidi or impingi foribus: if voluntarily, caput illidere or impingere alicui rei: to beat to pieces, perfringere aliquid. || The rain beats against one’s face, imber in os fertur: to beat with a stick, aliquem or aliquid petere baculo: the pulse beats, venæ micant: the heart beats, cor palpitat: if violently, cor salit: to beat the cymbals, cymbalissare (Cassius Hemina, apud Non., 90,25); æra concrepare (Petronius, 22, quite at the end):the drum, tympanizare; tympanum pulsare: the lyre, pulsare chordas lyræ.To beat with fists, aliquem pugnis cædere; aliquem colaphis pulsare: with a club, aliquem fusti verberare; fusti in aliquem animadvertere; aliquem verberibus cædere, or in aliquem verberibus animadvertere: to beat soundly, aliquem cædere virgis acerrime: if with the fist and on the face, alicujus os manu pulsare; pugnum alicui impingere in os: if with the flat of the hand on the cheek, alicui alapam ducere: to beat to death, aliquem verberibus necare; aliquem usque ad mortem mulcare: to be beaten, vapulare: if as a punishment, tergo plecti. To beat anybody black and blue, pingere aliquem pigmentis ulmeis; variare aliquem virgis et loris; alicujus corium maculosum facere (all Plautus). || To beat or conquer, vincere; superare: to beat the enemy completely, hostem fundere fugareque: to beat to the ground, aliquem ad terram dare or affligere; aliquem affligere solo; aliquem affligere et ad terram dare. || To heat about the bush (fig.), sciscitari, perscrutari aliquid ex ahquo. || To beat down, sternere, prosternere, opprimere.|| To beat in, adigere alicui rei or in aliquid (e.g., cuneum arbori, or clavum in tignum). || To beat into, verberibus inculcare. || To beat out, expellere, propellere extra (e.g., extra portam); ejicere, extrudere, or protrudere foras, loco or ex loco; exturbare: to beat out or thrash, e spicis grana excutere, or discutere, or exterere; frumentum deterere; messem perticis flagellare; spicas baculis excutere; spicas fustibus tundere or cudere; frumentum pulsibus tribularum deterere; messem tribulis exterere: if cattle are employed,
e spicis grana excutere jumentis junctis et tribulo; spicas exterere pecudibus, or jumentorum ungulis; spicas exterere grege jumentorum inacto: if horses are employed, messem exterere equorum gressibus. [Vid. THRASH] || To beat up (with a ladle or spoon), rudicula peragitare; rudicula or rudiculis miscere: to beat up for soldiers, mercede conducere milites.
BEATEN, verberatus, etc.: when applied to a path, via trita; iter commodum.
BEATER, s., || instrument for beating, fistuca; pavicula; tudes; tudicula; pistillum. || A person who beats, qui verberat, etc.
BEATIFIC, adj., beatus; beatum reddens.
BEATIFICATION, in piorum numerum ascriptio or relatio.
BEATIFY, beatum reddere; beare; aliquem beatum prædicare; aliquem in piorum numerum ascribere or referre:to be beatified, piorum sedem et locum consequi.
BEATITUDE, summa felicitas: Cf., beatitas and beatitudo are used by Cicero, but only in the strict philosophic style (N. D., 1, 34, 95). || With reference to a future world, immortalis vitæ sensus jucundissimus.
BEAU, homo elegans, or elegantior (one icho is recherche in dress, etc.: bellus homunculus (a neat, dapper little fellow): juvenis barba et coma nitidus; de capsula totus (Just as if he came out of a bandbox). Seneca, Ep., 115, 2: trossulus (originally meant eques Romanus; toward the end of the republic it was usedas a nickname for a petit maitre. Vid. Ruhnken, Sen., Ep., 76, 1).
BEAVER, || the animal, castor; fiber: of bearer, castoreus; fibrinus: skin of the beaver, pellis fibrina. || Beaver-hat, capitis tegimen (or tegumentum) e fibrinis pilis contextum. || A part of the helmet that covers the face, os galeæ: buccula.
BEAUTIFUL, formosus; pulcher; venustus (formosus means beauty as far as it excites pleasure and delight by fineness of form; pulcher, as far as it satisfies the taste by its parfectness; venustus, at far as by its charms it excites desire and captivates: vultu pulchro magis quam venusto, of a cold, heartless sort of beauty, by which no one felt attracted, Döderlein): beautiful to behold, facie polchra, or formosa, or egregia; specie venusta; forma pulchra,eximia: to write a beautiful hand, lepida manu literas facere: to write a beautiful style, eleganter, or venuste, or belle, or pæclare, or ornate scribere.
BEAUTIFULLY, pulchre; venuste; belle; eleganter; egregie; eximie: to speak beautifully, eleganter, or venuste, or belle, or bene, or ornate dicere.
BEAUTIFY, excolere (e.g., the city, urbem): to beautify by words, aliquid verbis adornare, or oratione exornare: to beautify or bedeck, speciem addere.
BEAUTY, polchritudo ( in a general sense, whatever, whether material or ideal, excites admiration): species (whatever pleases the eye): forma (whatever delights by symmetry): venustas (whatever attracts, aplicable to things or persons, orationis, verborum): venustas et pulchritudo corporis: amœnitas (applied to places, objects, etc.): beauties of style, dicendi veneres: if artificial, lenocinia. orum (Quintilianus, 8, Præf., 26): she is a perfect beauty, mulier est onmibus simulacris emendatior (Petronius, 126, 13); pulchritudine, or forma, or venustate insignis est: a sense of beauty, elegantia (sensus pulchri, or pulchritudinis, is not Latin): to possess an exquisite sense of beauty, esse excultæ cujusdam elegantiæ.
BECALM, v. a., To becalm the mind, aliquem, or alicujus animum placare, mitigare, lenire or delenire. permulcere; alicujus iram lenire, mollire, sedare; multitudinem, plebem reprimere; seditionem lenire, or sedare; dolorem mitigare.|| The sea, fluctus componere.
Becalmed at sea, ventis destitutus.
BECAUSE, quia (ὅτι, ” because,” introducing the real and primary cause):qaoniam (ἐπεί, “since,” “as,” denoting the ground and occasion): quod (often of a supposed ground held by another as opposed to one perceived and held to be the true one by ourselves: with subjunctive, it often states a apparent ground, in connection with quia which introduces the real one. Hence quod is found with the suljunctive more frequently than quia, especially of past time. Quod refers more to the mind of the speaker or person referred to; quia to the thing itself): quum (subjunetive), quando, quandoquidem (properly “when,” are often = “since,””as:” as siquidem also is). Cf., The clause is made more emphatic by an ideo or idcirco in the other clause: ideo — quod or quia (not quoniam): idcirco — quod or quoniam (less commonly quia). The clause with quod, qoia, may precede. Propterea quod or quia (close together): qui, quippe qui (with subjunctive; e.g., when we went to bed, I fell into a sounder sleepthan usual, because I had sat up late, ut cubitum discessimus, me, qui ad multam noctem vigilassem, artior, quam solebat, somnus amplexus est: the brightness of the sun is greater than that of fire, because it gives light to the immense world far and wide, solis candor illustrior quam ullus ignis, quippe qui immenso mundo tam longe lateque colluceat). Sometimes “because” is rendered by an ablative absolute : the ancient Romans wished for monarchy, because they had not yet experienced the sweetness of liberty, Romani veteres reguari volebant, libertatis dulcedine nondum experta. Sometimes “because” isrendered by a participle: he could take no part in the war, because he was preventedby illness, morbo impeditus bello interesse non potuit. Dionysius always burned his beard, because he durst not trust his head to a barber, Dionysius cultros tonsorios metuens candenti carbone sibi adurebat capillum. I can not, because I am engaged, per negotia mihi non licet.|| Of a preventive cause, præ: to be scarcely heard, because of the noise, præ strepitu vix audiri. || Because of (as a preposition) is generally rendered by propter or ob: also ergo (on account of, following a genitive governed by it).
BECK, s., nutus: with the eyes, nutus
oculorum: with the finger, natns digiti:to be at anybody’s beck, ad nutum alicujus paratum, or præsto esse: to watch the least beck, alicujus nutum diligenter intueri: to act at a person’s beck, ad nutum cujus aliquid facere; nutu, quod volet aliquis,conficere: it costs me but a beck, and it is mine, nuta aliquid ab aliquo consequi possum: it would cost me but the slightest beck, si innuissem modo, hoc facile perfici posset: to give a private beck, fartim nutu signum dare.
BECKON, v., innuere; annuere (to answer “yes” by beckoning): abnuere, renuere (to answer “no” by beckoning):signa dare nutu (to give signs by beckoning, Ovidius, Fast., I, 418): to beckon with the finger, innuere digito: with the head, capite nutare: with the eyes, nictare, signa dare nutu oculisque (Ovidius): to beckon silence, manu poscere silentium; nutu jubere silentium fieri (Cicero, De Div, 1, 28, 59): to beckon a person to one, nutu aliquem ad se vocare.
BECOME, v., fieri: evadere (to turn out): Cicero became consul, Cicero consul factus est: to become a perfect orator, perfectum oratorem evadere: to become surety, sponsorem fieri pro aliquo: what will become of you? quid de te fiet? what will become of him? quid illo fiet? quid te futurum censes? (Observe, in this construction the ablative with, or, more commonly, without, de is used, or the dative, Zumpt.) To become a beggar, ad mendicitatem redigi: from a beggar to become a rich man, ex mendico fieri divitem.The infinitive termination escere indicates, in Latin, an incipient state: to become warm, calescere: to become rich, ditescere.|| To become or befit, decere, with accusative of the person whom anything becomes: it becomes, æquum est, par est, with the infinitive after it; convenit, with the accusative and infinitive after: it is not becoming, non decet: it is not at all becoming, minime decet; both with accutative and infinitive; e.g., it does not at all become an orator to be in a rage, oratorem irasci minime decet.”Becomes” is frequently translated by est with a genitive when it denotes a quality; as, it becomes a young man, est juvenis; but if the object is a personal pronoun, the possessive pronoun is used; e.g., it becomes you, tuum est. “To become” is also rendered by aptum, accommodatum esse alicui: to become a person well, honestare aliquem; convenire alicui; dignum esse aliquo: not to become a person well, dedecere or indecere aliquem; indecorum, dedecori torpe esse alicui; indignum esse aliquo: to do things that ill become a soldier, rei militaris dedecus admittere:he thinks that these things become not his dignity, hæc dignitate sua leviora ducit:this dress becomes her well, hæc vestis satis decet eam (Plautus, Most, 1, 3. 10):modesty becomes youth, pudor juvenilem ornat ætatem.
BECOMING, aptus: accommodatus; conveniens; consentaneus: to be becoming, aptum consentaneumque esse; convenire.
BECOMINGLY, apte: accommodate; convenienter; decore; honeste; eleganter; ut decet: to act becomingly, cum dignitate agere; honeste se gerere; decorum sequi; servare, tenere, costodire: to dance becomingly, eleganter or commode saltare: to speak becomingly, belle et festive dicere.
BECOMINGNESS, quod decet aliquem; decentia, decorum: to study becomingness, in aliqua re quid deceat considerare, or videre: to have a sense of becomingness, quid deceat sentire.
BED, lectus; lectulus (either to deep in or rest on): lectus cubicularis; cubile (a bed to sleep in; torus is seldom used except in poetry): grabatus (a low couch to rest on, either for invalids or students, σκίμπους): lecticula lucubratoria (a couch on which the ancients rested by day, in order to meditate and study): lectus genialis (the marriage bed): sponda (a bedstead); strata or stragula, alto with cubicularia, noun plural understood (all the parts belonging to a couch or bed): alveus (the bed of a river): to make the bed, lectum sternere: to go to bed, ad lectum transgredi (Suetonius, Oct., 76); cubitum ire or discedere; dormitum se conferre; quieti se tradere: to get out of bed, surgere, with or without cubitu, or e lectulo: to put to bed, collocare aliquem in cubili:to keep one’s bed, in lecto esse; lecto teneri; lecto affixum esse. I cannot get out of bed for the life of me, prorsum e lectulo surgere nequeo: to be separated from bed and board, cubilibus discerni (Tacitus, hist., 5,5,2): to die on the bed of honor, in acie cadere; egregia morte defungi. PROV., Early to bed and early to rise, etc., mane quod to occeperis negotium, id totum procedit diem (Plautus: sometimes Aurora Mosis amica). || To be brought to bed, parere; partum edere: to be brought to bed of a son, filium parere. || Bed-chamber, cubiculum dormitorium, or only dormitorium (Plinius, 30, 6, 17): cubiculum noctis et somni (Plinius, Ep., 2, 17, 22): zotheca; zothecula (a little cabinet to sleep in, Plinius, Ep., 2, 17, 21; 5, 6, 38): tie bed-rooms (as a part of the house), dormitorium membrum (Plinius). || Bed-clothes, opertorium lecti (the coverlet: opposed to stragulum, the mattress. Vid. Seneca, Ep., 87, 2): lodix; lodicula. || Bed-fellow, lecti socius.|| Bed-post, fulcrum lecti. || Bed-ridden, lecto affixus. || Bed-time, tempus dormiendi. || Bed in a garden, area; areola. Hot-bed, area stercore satiata:area vitreis munita (if with frames, Conf. Plin., 19, 5, 23). To lay out in beds, areis distinguere: in areas dividere.A violet-bed, violarium. || An oyster-bed, ostrearium (artificial). || Beds of sulphur, sulphurata (sc. loca). || Layer, VID.BEDABBLE, aspergere; conspergere; respergere; humectare.
BEDAGGLE, inquinare aliquid aliqua re: to bedaggle one’s self, se inquinare aliqua re, e.g., wilh filth, cæno or sordibus.
BEDAUB, linere; oblinere; perlinene; ungere; perungere; conspurcare.
BEDECK, v., ornare; exornare: with something, ornare or exornare, or distinguere aliqua re [SYN. in BEDIZEN]: excolere aliqua re or ornatu alicujus rei, e.g., the walls with marble, parietes marmoribus:a room with pictures, cubiculum tabularum pictarum ornatu. I bedeck myself to please you, me exorno, tibi ut placeam: the heavens bedecked with stars, cœlum astris distinctum et ornatum:the shores bedecked with cities, litora urbibus distincta.
BEDEW, TR., irrorare; poetically, rore rigare; bedewed, roscidus: to bedew the cheeks with tears, humectare genas lacrimis:to be bedewed, humescere: the eye is bedewed with tears, oculus humectat.
BED-FELLOW, lecti socius.
BEDIM, TR., obscurare (either literally or figuratively): tenebras offundere or obducere alicui rei or alicui ( to overcast, so that anything is no longer in clear light, either literally or figuratively): to bedim or wrap in darkness, noctem offundere alicui rei: the light of a lamp is bedimmed by that of the sun, obscuratur et offunditur luce solis lumen lucernæ: oblivion shall never bedim the remembrance of thee, tuam memoriam nulla oblivio obscurabit:to bedim the reputation, nomini or decori officere.
BEDIZEN, ornare; exornare; adornare: excolere (to embellish with decorations of all sorts): distinguere (with things which, by color, brilliancy, and other qualities, set off any thing ): to bedizen a speech, dicendi non ornamenta quærere sed lenocinia (after Quintilianus, Proœm. to Book 8, 26): orationem variare ac distinguere quasi quibusdam verborum sententiarumque lenociniis: to bedizen a narration, narrationem gratia et venere exornare:to bedizen a description, nimium depingene aliquid: to bedizen one’s failings, vitia sua fucare, colorare. “To bedeck” and “to bedizen” may be thus distin guished:”to bedeck” is simply to adorn; “to bedizen,” to set off by excess of ornaments.
BEDLAM, domus, qua continentur homines insani: he is fit for Bedlam, huic helleboro opus est (Plautus, Pseud., 4, 7, 89): send him to Bedlam, naviget Anticyram (Horatius, Sat., 2, 3, 166).
BEDLAMITE, homo insanus or furiosus.
BEDRENCH, perfundere aliqua re (to saturate with moisture): bread with water, panem aqua: anything with tears, aliquid lacrimis.
BEDUNG, stereorare; stercore satiare.
BEE, apis: little bee, apicula: tame bees,apes cicures; wild, apes feræ or silvestres: the male bee, fucus: the bees that gather honey, (apes) gerulæ: food for bees, cibus apium; sandaraca, cerinthus: young bees, apium fetus or soboles; pullities: bee-eater, merops apiaster (Livius):bee-fancier, apium amore captus; apes colens: bee-hives, apiurium; alvearium:queen-bee, regina apium: the ancients took the queen-bee for a male, and thence called her rex or regulus apium: a single hive, alvus or alveus; vasculum; domicilium; tectum (apium): a swarm of bees, examen (apium): the management of bees, apium educatio; apium cura or cultus; alveorum cura: the hum of a bee, bombus: the sting of a bee, ictus apis; aculeus; spiculum.
BEECH, fagus ( fagus silvatica, Livius):beechen, or made of beech, fageus; faginus; fagineus.
BEEF, (caro) bubula: beef-eater, fig., corporis custos, or stipator: satelles: miles prætorianus (according to Roman custom): beef-steak, carnes bovillæ in carbonibus superimpositæ (Theodorus, Priscianus, 1, 7).
BEER, cerevisia (a beverage made from corn, described by Tacitus, Germ., 23, 1, humor ex hordeo aut frumento in quandam similitudinem vini corruptus): to brew beer, cerevisiam coquere: to sell beer, cerevisiam divendere; also cauponam exercere: a brewer of beer, cerevisiæ coctor: the art of brewing beer, ars corevisiæ coquendæ: vinegar made of beer, acetum cerevisiæ: a barrel of beer, dolium cerevisiæ: a pot of beer, lagena cerevisiæ: a glass of beer, vitrum cerevisiæ: a beer-cellar, cella cerevisiaria.
BEET, beta: beet-root or red beet, beta rubra (Plinius).
BEETLE, scarabæus (an insect). || Fistuca (a rammer to drive stakes into the ground): pavicula (an instrument used in paving, or in leveling the ground): tudes: tudicula (the latter used for pounding olives, Columella). || Beetle-headed, bardus:beetle-browed, tristi or torvo supercilio.
BEETLE, v., prominere: projici: projectum esse (e.g., of a town running out into the sea, in altum): procurrere, excurrere (ab aliqua re—in aliquid of peninsulas, etc., running out into the sea).
BEEVES, pecus bubulum or cornutum; boves.
BEFALL, accidere; evenire; contingere; obvenire; obtingere (accidere and evenire denote both favorable and unfavorable occurrences; but the accidentia, unexpected, overtaking us by surprise; the evenientia, expected, foreseen: contingere, obvenire, obtingere, are generally confined to fortunate occurrences; the accidentia are fortuitous, the evenientia result from foregoing acts or circumstances; the contingentia are the favors of fortune; theobtingentia and obvenientia are what falls to one’s lot, Döderlein). To bear whatever may befall, quemcunque sors tulerit casum subire.
BEFIT, aptum, accommodatum esse alicui rei or ad aliquid; idoneum esse ad aliquid: convonire ad aliquid (be suitable to the nature of anything, and therefore befitting it). Cf., Neither respondere alicui rei, nor quadrare ad aliquid, nor congruere alicui rei, are here applicable: decere with an accusative of the person (become): æquum est; par est, with an infinitive; convenit, with an accusative and infinitive (it is proper, etc.), it is not befitting, non decet; not at all befitting, minime decet, both with the accusative and infinitive: it is not at all befitting for an orator to be in a passion, oratorem irasci minime decet:”it befits” is sometimes translated by est with the genitive; as, it befits a young man, est juvenis; but if the object is a personal pronoun, the possessive pronoun takes its place; as, it befits thee, tuum est.
BEFOOL, infatuare (to lead one to commit a folly, a silliness): occæcare (to blind): pellicere (to make a fool of by allurements of a youth or maiden): aliquem lactare et falsa spe producere (to feed anybody with false hopes): decipere (to deceive): in fraudem impellers. To be befooled, in fraudem deduci.
BEFORE, || to express priority in space and time: ante (before, without reference to nearness or distance, denotes the relation of precedence with reference to a subsequent object, and is opposed to “behind,” whetherin time or space): ob (before, in space only, with reference to the surface of an object): pro (before, forward: of direction or position with reference to an object behind it): before my censorship, consulship, etc., ante me censorem, consulem: before his death, ante obitum, vivus. The day before, pridie ejus diei: abhinc (ago: reckoning back from the present time; the numeral and its substantive may be either in the accusative or ablative, but it must be a cardinal, not an ordinal, and abhinc must stand first; e.g., four years before the present time, abhinc quatuor annos): to sail before the wind, secundo vento cursum tenere: before the city, ante urbem:before the camp, ante castra; pro castris; before the door, ante januam; a janua (e.g., to look out before the door, a janua prospicere). I have that always before my eyes, id mihi semper obversatur ante oculos (Cicero.): before the feet, ante pedes: before the eyes, ante oculos (positum esse); ob oculos (versari); ante oculos versari:before the time, ante tempus; ante diem: a long time before, olim: to ride before anybody, aliquem equo anteire: to go before anybody, aliquem anteire, antecedere, antegredi. He died before his father, prior quam pater moriebatur: to drive a herd before one, præ se armentum agere:to send anybody before one, aliquem ante se mittere; præmittere: to have the river before one, flumen præ se habere: he arrived two days before me, biduo me antecessit (Cicero). κυρικιμασαηικο|| In the presence of, coram: before anybody, coram aliquo; præsente aliquo; inspectante aliquo: to speak before the people, coram populo dicere (if the people are accidentally present); apud populum dicere (if the people are officially present): to praise anybody before his face, aliquem in os laudare.|| Sometimes “before” is rendered in Latin merely by a case; e.g., to rise or stand up before anybody, alicui assurgere: to humble one’s self before anybody, alicui se demittere: to flee before anybody, aliquem or alicujus aspectum fugere:ante (standing before, especially in comparison with one other): præter (beyond, more than, etc.). Vid. Præ never implies such pre-eminence as may exist among equals, but a putting aside of all the rest in comparison with this (“Si dicas, ‘hic est præ ceteris dignus,’ hoc dicas: hic dignus est, ceteri non item,” Frotscher).|| “Before” of pre-eminence or comparative superiority: to stand before Alexander (to surpass him), ante Alexandrum esse: to love anybody before others, aliquem præter ceteros amare (but not aliquem præ ceteris amare, which would mean to love anybody alone, and not to love others): to be before all others in worth, præter ceteros dignum esse (not præ ceteris dignum esse, i.e., alone worthy, others not being so): to be before anybody in any thing, præstare alicui aliqua re; antecellere alicui aliqua re. || Sometimes “before” means “under the jurisdiction;” as, to bring anybody before the judge, aliquem ad judicem adducere:to summon before a court, aliquem in jus vocare.
BEFORE, without case, is often rendered by ante or præ in composition: ante, antea; antehac (pefore this, hitherto):prius, citius; in fronte; ante pectus, in pectore; supra (above): go you before, I will follow, I præ; sequar. I ought to have declared the matter before, oportuit rem prænarrasse me: you must speak before, we afterward, vos priores esse oportet, nos posterius dicere: to go before, præire, priorem ire: the enemy pressing on them before, quum hostis instaret a fronte: shortly before, paulo ante: long before, multo ante, ante multo, longe ante: a few days before, paucis ante diebus, paucis diebus ante: before you come to the gate, priusquam ad portam venias: the year before he died, anno antequam mortuus est: he who was consul the year before, superioris anni consul: as I have said before, ut supra dixi, ut supra dictum est: to taste before, prægustare:never before, antehac nunquam, nunquam ante hunc diem. || Before, before that (of time), prius quam or priusquam, ante quam or antequam, antea quam or anteaquam (all with indicative or subjunctive):before I depart this life, antequam ex hac vita migro: the year before I was censor, anno ante me censorem: the day before I wrote these things, pridie quam hæc scripsi: before any authority came from you, nondum
interposita auctoritate vestra.|| Before, beforetime, in former time, olim, quondam. || Rather, sooner, potius, citius, prius; rather than, potius quam, citius quam, prius quam.I will die before I, etc., mori malo, quam, etc. || Already, jam, dudum, jam dudum.|| Before-mentioned, quem (quam, quod) supra dixi — qui supra dictus est (not supra dictus, memoratus, nominatus).
BEFOREHAND, adv., to be beforthand, paratum promtumque esse; with any thing, providere, instruere aliquid;in expedite habere aliquid: to have money beforehand, pecuniam in numerato, or præ manu habere. “Beforehand” is often translated by præ or ante in composition, to take any thing beforehand, aliquid præcipere (Jurist.): to determine anything beforehand, aliquid præfinire, præstituere:to be on one’s guard beforehand, præcavere: to be beforehand with anybody in anything, prævenire aliquem aliqua re:to be beforehand with anybody’s wishes, desideria alicujus prævenire: to pay beforehand, in antecessum dare or solvere (post-Augustan); ante tempus or antedictum diem solvere: repræsentare (pay down at once).
BEFOUL, inquinare aliquid (aliqua re):to befoul one’s self with anything, se inquinare aliqua re, e.g., with dirt, cœno or sordibus; maculare; commaculare; maculis aspergere; spurcare; conspurcare.
BEFRIEND, favere alicui, alicujus rebus or partibus (to befriend both in will and action): alicui studere; alicujus esse studiosum (to befriend by affection and kindness): juvare, adjuvare aliquem (applicable both to persons and to lucky circumstances): esse alicui adjumento; afferre alicui adjumentum (applicable to persons only): fovere aliquem: fovere ac tollere aliquem: sustinere ac fovere aliquem; gratia et auctoritate sua sustentarealiquem (to befriend anybody in reference to civil honors): benevolentia aliquem prosequi: benevolentiam alicui præstare, or in aliquem conferre (show him kindness, good-will, etc.): suffragari alicui (to give him one’s vote, interest, etc.):prosperare aliquem; obsecundare alicui (of favorable circumstances). || To be befriended by anybody, gratiosum alicui, or apud aliquem esse: by nature, naturam fautricem habere (in aliqua re). The ships, being befriended by darkness, reached the land, naves noctis inteventu ad terram pervenerunt.
BEG, TR., || to request, pray for, rogare, orare aliquem aliquid: flagitare; efflagitare aliquid ab aliquo (with eagerness and impetuosity): to beg the gods, precari a diis; precatione uti; precationem ad deos facere: to beg humbly anything from anybody, supplicare alicui pro re:petere, postulare suppliciter aliquid ab aliquo; orare aliquem supplicibus verbis orare or rogare aliquem suppliciter: to beg importunately and almost with tears, omnibus precibus, pæne lacrimis etiamobsecrare aliquem: to beg in the most earnest manner, aliquem ita rogare, ut majore studio rogare non possim: to beg the life of a malefactor, petere vitam nocenti: let me beg of you, oratus sis; rogati sitis or estote: let me beg and beseech you, quæso, oro, obsecro. || To beg the (favor of anybody’s) company, aliquem invitare, vocare: to beg anybody’s company to dinner, aliquem ad cœnam vocare or invitare: to beg any body’s company at one’s house, aliquem domum suam invitare [condicere alicui, with or without cœnam, or ad cœnam, is to invite one’s self; to fix to dine with anybody].
BEG, INTRANS., mendicare: stipem cofere or colligere (to beg alms): of anybody, mendicare or emendicare stipem ab aliquo (Suetonius, Oct., 91): from house to house, ostiatim stipem cogere: to live by begging, mendicando or mendicantem vivere; stipe precaria victitare (Ammianus, 26, 10).
BEGET, gignere (general term of men, animals, etc.): generare (more select expression: of the gods, nature. etc.): gignere et procreare: liberos procreare; liberis (sc. procreandis) operam dare; liberos ex (not ab) aliqua gignere; liberos ex (not ab) aliqua sustulisse or suscepisse. Only-begotten, unicus (not unigenitus, which, however, may be retained as a technical term in theology). || Fig., to cause, creare (e.g., periculum, errorem, voluptatem): procreare (periculum):parere (dolorem, tædium, somnum). To beget suspicion in anybody, suspicionem alicui movere, importare, facere, efficere,dare, præbere: also suspicionem parere, Nepos: hesitation, doubt, dubitationem alicui inferre, injicere, also dare, Cæsar; some doubt, nonnullam in dubitationem aliquem adducere: fear in anybody, timorem alicui facere, injicere, incutere.
BEGGAR, mendicus: beggar-woman, mulier mendicans: as proud as a beggar, stulta ac mendica arrogantia elatus (Cæsar, B. C, 3, 59): a beggar’s wallet, mendici pera: a beggar’s brat, puer (or puella) mendicans: as poor as a beggar, in summa egestate or mendicitate esse; in summa mendicitate vivere; vitam in egestate degere.
BEGGAR, TR., ad rerum omnium inopiam redigere; ad famem rejicere; omnibus bonis evertere: to beggar one’s self, ad meudicitatem se detrudere (Plautus, Men., 1, 3, 21): one who is beggared, alicui res ad rastros rediit (a comic expression): to be beggared, ad rerum onmium inopiam redigi.
BEGGARLY, mendicus (like a beggar): miser (wretched): exilis (mean). Adv, exiliter: a beggarly affair, res vilissima or levissima; luteum opus or negotium (Cicero, Verr., 4, 14, 32).
BEGGARY, mendicitas ( πτωχεία ):egestas (want of necessaries); egestas ac mendicitas: to rescue anybody from beggary, precario victu liberare aliquem (Curtius, 4, 14, 23): to be reduced to beggary, ad mendicitatem redigi; ad pudendam paupertatem delabi; bonis exhauriri.
BEGIN, incipere; inchoare; ordiri or exordiri (incipere denotes beginning, in opposition to leaving
off; opposed to cessare, desinere, etc.: inchoare, in opposition to completing; opposed to perficere, peragere, etc.: ordiri or exordiri, in opposition to advancement: opposed to continuare, pergere, etc., Döderlein): initium facere alicujus rei: aggredi aliquid, or ad aliquid faciendum (to begin, or set to, to anything): to begin a statue, signum instituere: cœpisse (followed by an infinitive): he began the slaughter with me, cædis initium fecit a me: to begin again, alicujus rei telam retexere. Cf,. Before the passive infinitive the perfect of cœpisse is cœptus est, or cœptum est: we are beginning to be consulted, consuli cœptisumus: they begin throwing the vessels, vasa conjici cœpta sunt: to begin a speech, initium dicendi facere; exordior dicere; aggredi ad dicendum: to begin a lawsuit. litem intendere alicui; a quarrel or action, causam jurgii inferre. INTR., incipere (of persons and things): initium facere, with anybody or anything (i.e., to take him or it first), ab aliquo or ab aliqua re:let my speech end where it began, unde est orsa, in eo terminetur oratio: the new year begins with sharp frosts, frigoribus novus incipit annus (Ovidius, Fast., 1, 149): the name begins with a C., C est principium nomini (Plautus, Trin., 4, 2, 70): one division of the Gauls begins at the Rhone, Gallorum una pars a Rhodano incipit:the country of the Belgæ begins at the extremity of Gaul, Belgæ ab extremis Galliæfinibus oriuntur. The ridge begins at the sea, jugum montis a mari surgit.|| To be in an incipient state; mostly translated by inchoative verbs in scere:it begins to grow light, lucescit; dilucescit; illucescit: it begins to be warm, calescit.|| Idiomatic uses: why don’t you begin? quid stas? quid statis? the battle begins, prœlium committitur; hostes acie concurrunt. Never, etc., since the world began, nunquam, etc., post homines natos, post hominum memoriam (not post initium or ab initio mundi): to begin well and end badly, bonis initiis ordiri, tristes exitus habere (of events). || “To begin” may sometimes be translated by primum: to begin by telling one’s name, nomen primum memorare.
BEGINNER, auctor (the beginner, or person with whom the plan or idea originated):instimulator; concitator; instimulator et concitator (the beginner, or first mover, e.g., of a mutiny, etc.) [Vid. AUTHOR] || He who is learning the rudiments of anything, elementarius (especially in writing and reading, Seneca, Ep., 36, 4): tiro; rudis; tiro ac rudis in aliqua re (unexercised in anything):a beginner in any service is novicius (applied by the ancients to a new slave): to be a beginner, prima elementa discere; primis elementis or literis imbui: to be still a beginner, in tirociniis hærere: to be something more than a beginner, paulum aliquid ultra primas literas progressum esse.
BEGINNING, initium (the point from which anything begins: opposed to exitus): principium (the beginning, as that part of the whole which stands before the other parts in things, and goes before them in actions: opposed to extremum): primordium (the beginning as the primeval source and origin of anything): orsus; exorsus; inceptio (have an active meaning): tirocinium (the first attempts or experiments): limen for “beginning” (e.g., belli) is to be avoided as a poetical expression.”Beginning” is often rendered by primus, um; e.g., prima epistolæ verba, the beginning of a letter (Seneca, Ep., 15, 1): the beginning of a disturbance, primus timultus (Livius, 1, 6): the beginning of a speech, prima orationis verba; exordium, proœmium (the introduction, never initium): the beginning of an art or science, elementa; rudimenta; incunabula: the beginning of a play, commissio: at the beginning of spring, vere novo, or ineunte vere; inito vere (if it has begun):at the beginning of night, prima nocte; primo vespere: at the beginning of day, prima luce: to relate from the beginning, ab ultimo initio repetere; altius ordiri etrepetere: to relate from beginning to end, ordine rem omnem narrare: from beginning to end, a carceribus usque ad calcem (PROVERB): the beginning of the world, principia or primordia rerum:from the beginning of the world, post homines natos; post hominum memoriam (after negatives): without beginning or end, æternus: to have neither beginning nor end, nec principium nec finem habere: the end suits the beginning, principiis consentiunt exitus: from the beginning, a principio: in the beginning, principio.
BEGIRD, to bind round nrith anything, cingere or succingere aliquem aliqua re; accingere alicui aliquid: to begird one’s self cingere se, or cingi, or accingi aliqua re.
BEGONE, amove te hinc, abi in malam rem! begone, ye profane! procul este profani! begone from my sight, abscede procul e conspectu meo! facesse hinc!apage te! apage iis! begone and be hanged! abi in malam rem, or in malam crucem (comic); quin tu abis in malam pestem,malumque cruciatum? (Cicero, Phil., 13, 21, 48).
BEGREASE, linere; oblinere; perlinere: ungere; perungere (with any fat substance): to begrease the paper with anything, illinere aliquid chartis (Horatius, Sat., 1,4,36).
BEGRIME, fuligine oblinere; begrimed, foligine oblitus.
BEGRUDGE, invidere alicui: to begrudge a little, subinvidere alicui: invidere alicui aliquid; invidere alicui honorem; nullius equidem invideo honorl.
BEGUILE, fraudem or fallaciam alicui facere; dolum alicui nectere, confingere; decipere; fallere: he completely beguiled his companions, socios induxit, decepit, destituit, omni fraude et perfidia fefellit:circumvenire: fraude aut dolo capere eludere: alicui imponere: alicui fucum facere: alicui verba dare: to beguile
or balk, frustrari: to beguile or lead by the nose, circumducere (comic): to beguile anybody of anything, defraudare aliquem aliqua re: to beguile anybody of his money, aliquem circumducere or circumvertere argento; aliquem emungere argento; perfabricare aliquem (the last two comic expressions): to beguile his creditors, fraudare creditores: to attempt to beguile anybody, fraude aliquem tentare; fallaciam intendere in aliquem:hope beguiled me, spes me fefellit, or destituit, or frustrata est: to beguile time, fallere boras: to beguile the long night, spatiosam fallere noctem (Ovidius).
BEGUILER, fraudator: homo ad fallendum paratus, or instructus: circumscriptor: quadruplator (one who by tricks and chicanery seeks to get the property of others into his own power): veterator; homo totus ex fraude factus (opposed to homo sine fuco et fallaciis).
BEHALF, usus: commodum: in my behalf mea causa; meam ob causam:propter me (in behalf or an account of me): meo nomine (in my behalf or person): meis verbis (in my behalf or in my name; e.g., salute him in my name, where meo nomine would not be Latin): pro me (in my behalf or stead; in behalf of anything or anybody, alicujus causa or gratia; in thy behalf, tua causa).
BEHAVE, se gerere (with adverb): to behave with propriety, honeste se gerere:to behave as anybody, gerere or agere aliquem; agere pro aliquo (i.e., to behave as or represent anybody: so agere or gerere aliquem, and se agere pro aliquo are incorrect; but se gerere pro aliquo is correct; as, se pro cive gerere, to act as a citizen, Cicero, Arch., 5): to behave toward anybody suitably to his rank, dignitati alicujus consulere: to behave liberally toward anybody, aliquem liberaliter habere:to behave harshly toward anybody, aliquem aspere tractare. Cf., With se gerere an adverb should be used, not an adjective:not se modestum, immodestum, urbanum, etc., gerere, but modeste, immodeste, urbane, etc., se gerere. To behave in a matter, se gerere in re: to behave foolishly in a matter, præpostere agere rem. It is characteristic of a great man to behave himself in so high an office in such a manner as, etc., permagni hominis est, sic se adhibere in tanta potestate, ut, etc. || WELL-BEHAVED, bene moratus (morally): modestus (showing moderation and good breeding). Ill-behaved, rudis incultus.
BEHAVIOR, vivendi ratio, or from context, ratio alone: mores: good behavior, morum probitas: bad behavior, mali mores; morum perversitas; improbitas:what sort of behavior is that? quid istic mos est? The young woman’s behavior is somewhat, or too, light, ingenium liberius quam virginem decet (Livius): behavior toward anybody, ratio qua quis utitur adversus aliquem: good behavior, boni mores, vita bene morata; urbanitas humanitas: unassuming, modest behavior, modestia: unbecoming, improper behavior, impudentia: obliging behavior, liberalitas; officium: attentive behavior, observantia: proud, insolent, haughty behavior, superbia, insolentia: to be bound to one’s good behavior, ad bene se gerendum obligari: to be on one’s behavior to anyone, observare aliquem. || Air, bearing, habitus, gestus: a noble behavior, ad dignitatem apposita forma et species: in the motion ofthe body, dignitas motus.
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|| Elegance, gracefulness, decor, decorum, decentia; urbanitas, politior humanitas; elegantia.